Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science Training and Coaching the Paralympic Athlete Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science Training and Coaching the Paralympic Athlete EDITED BY Yves C. Vanlandewijck PhD Department of Rehabilitation Sciences Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Leuven Belgium Walter R. Thompson PhD College of Education and Human Development Georgia State University Atlanta, GA USA This edition first published 2016 © 2016 International Olympic Committee Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Registered office: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial offices: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK 1606 Golden Aspen Drive, Suites 103 and 104, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reusethe copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting a specific method, diagnosis, or treatment by health science practitioners for any particular patient. The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, thereader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. Readers should consult with a specialist where appropriate. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Vanlandewijck, Yves, editor. | Thompson, Walter R., editor. Title: Training and coaching the paralympic athlete / edited by Yves C. Vanlandewijck, Walter R. Thompson. Other titles: Handbook of sports medicine and science. Description: Chichester, West Sussex, UK ; Ames, Iowa, USA : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. | Series: Handbook of sports medicine and science | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016003735 (print) | LCCN 2016004115 (ebook) |ISBN 9781119044338 (pbk.) | ISBN 9781119045120 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119045106 (epub) Subjects: | MESH: Sports | Disabled Persons | Athletes | Sports Medicine Classification: LCC GV722.5.P37 (print) | LCC GV722.5.P37 (ebook) |NLMQT 260 | DDC 796.087–dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016003735 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Cover images: © International Olympic Committee Set in 8.75/12pt Stone Serif by Aptara Inc., New Delhi, India 1 2017 Contents Contributors, vi 7 Research needs for the development Foreword by IOC President Thomas of evidence-based systems of Bach, ix classification for physical, vision, and Foreword by IPC President Sir Philip intellectual impairments, 122 Craven, xi Sean M. Tweedy, David Mann, and Yves C. Vanlandewijck 1 Introduction to the Paralympic 8 Sport and technology, 150 Movement, 1 Osnat Fliess-Douer, Barry Mason, Larry Walter R. Thompson Katz, and Chi-hung Raymond So 2 Biomechanics and ergonomics, 21 9 Contribution of sport science to Helco van Keeken, Sonja de Groot, Riemer performance: Wheelchair rugby, 172 Vegter, and Lucas van der Woude Yves C. Vanlandewijck 3 Physiology, 53 10 Contribution of sports science to Claudio Perret and Thomas Abel performance: Swimming, 199 4 Paralympic sports medicine, 75 Brendan Burkett Cheri A. Blauwet, Jan Lexell, and Wayne Derman 11 Contribution of sport science to 5 The psychology of Paralympians and performance: Nordic skiing, 216 mental preparation, 96 Vesa Linnamo, Walter Rapp, and Stefan Jeffrey J. Martin J. Lindinger 6 Sociology of sport and coaching, 108 Index, 237 P. David Howe v Contributors Thomas Abel, PhD Osnat Fliess-Douer, PhD Professor for Paralympic Sport, Institute of Movement Director of Aquatic Therapy and Adapted Swimming and Neurosciences, German Sport University, Cologne, Programs, Zinman College for Physical Education and Germany, European Research Group in Disability Sports Sport Sciences, Wingate Institute, Netanja, Israel Cheri A. Blauwet, MD P. David Howe, PhD Medical Committee, International Paralympic Social Anthropologist of Sport, School of Sport, Committee; Department of Physical Medicine and Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and University, Loughborough, UK the Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Larry Katz, PhD Professor and Director, Sport Technology Research Brendan Burkett, PhD Laboratory (STRL), Faculty of Kinesiology, University of School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Calgary, Calgary, Canada Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia Jan Lexell, MD, PhD Sonja de Groot, PhD Medical Committee, International Paralympic Senior Researcher, Amsterdam Rehabilitation Research Committee; Department of Health Sciences, Lund Center | Reade, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; University and Department of Neurology and University of Groningen, University Medical Center Rehabilitation Medicine, Skane˚ University Hospital, Groningen, Center for Human Movement Sciences, Lund, Sweden Groningen, The Netherlands Stefan J. Lindinger, PhD Wayne Derman, PhD Associate Professor, Department of Sport Science and Medical Committee, International Paralympic Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria Committee; University of Cape Town Research Unit for Sports Science & Exercise Medicine, Cape Town, South Vesa Linnamo, PhD Africa; International Olympic Committee Research Professor, Head of Sports Technology Unit, Department Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyvaskyl¨ a,¨ Africa Jyvaskyl¨ a,¨ Finland vi Contributors vii David Mann, PhD Sean M. Tweedy, PhD IPC Classification Research Partner – Vision IPC Classification Research Partner – Physical Impairment, Research Institute MOVE Amsterdam, Impairment, University of Queensland, School of Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University, Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Brisbane, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Australia Jeffrey J. Martin, PhD Lucas van der Woude, PhD Professor, Division of Kinesiology, Health, and Sport Professor of Human Movement Sciences, Rehabilitation Studies, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA and Functional Recovery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Barry Mason, PhD Human Movement Sciences & Department of Senior Research Associate, Peter Harrison Centre for Rehabilitation Medicine, Groningen, The Netherlands Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK Yves C. Vanlandewijck, PhD, PT Professor of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Claudio Perret, PhD Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Institute of Sports Medicine, Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Leuven, Belgium Nottwil, Switzerland; European Research Group in Disability Sports Helco van Keeken, PhD Assistant Professor, University of Groningen, University Walter Rapp, PhD Medical Center Groningen, Center for Human Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Movement Sciences, Groningen, The Netherlands Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Riemer Vegter, PhD Chi-hung Raymond So, PhD Assistant Professor, University