Download a ‘De-Baptism Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts in the Faith in Which They Have Been Ycertificate’ from the Internet

2012 42/1 MARCH

... you continue to make all

these good things, O Lord,

you sanctify them,

fill them with life,

bless them, and

bestow them upon us.

EUCHARISTIC PRAYER I

Certainly a note can be placed beside the To fulfil the true meaning of the entry in the baptismal register sacrament, children must later be

recognising that someone formally formed in the faith in which they have COMPOSER AND PERFORMER: wishes to set aside their baptism and its been baptised, says the introduction to implications. The Code of Canon Law the rite. The foundation of this once made reference to a formal act of formation will be the sacrament itself, defection from the Church but several of What the which they have already received. these phrases were removed by Pope Christian formation, which is their Benedict in 1999 leaving only mention in due, seeks to lead them gradually to ART OF MUSIC DE-BAPTISM? several places of ‘notoriously’ or learn God’s plan in Christ, so that they ‘publically’ abandoning the faith. The may ultimately accept for themselves might teach us concerning the ou can download a ‘De-Baptism Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts in the faith in which they have been YCertificate’ from the internet. I 2006 had defined such a formal act of baptised (RB 3). ART OF THE HOMILY suppose you’d fill in the details and sign defection as an internal decision to leave the Catholic Church, realised and The Church believes that its most basic it and ... what? Frame it, perhaps, and and necessary duty is to inspire all to send a copy to the church where you manifested in an external way, and that true and living faith by which they were baptised. Or make it public to your received by the competent ecclesiastical hold fast to Christ and enter into or by Ralph Morton Improvising is making the music up on the spot. It is facebook friends. It seems there is quite authority. Such an act is more than the composition, but it is ‘immediate composition’. This confirm their commitment to the New a demand for this service, though often removal of one’s name from a govern- sounds like total freedom, but it is certainly not. There is a Covenant (CI 3). enough it is probably a bit of a joke. ment registry of church membership. Would you like some feedback on your homily? Just ask discipline to improvisation. One is governed by certain Faith however is a free response to the the “muso”. Church musicians who play or sing every given musical themes and one’s task is to subject the The wording on the certificates varies. Overall, however, I admit that I think the grace of God. A response given freely Sunday (and sometimes at multiple Masses) can be experts themes to musical processes which will produce a viable Some are more strident than others. de-baptism certificate is an intriguing at judging homilies, if only because they hear so many. I work. Improvisations are often simpler works than notated may also be freely withdrawn. The Generally they will announce that the idea. I do not like it that people are estimate that during my lifetime I have heard in excess of works – there is a limit to the intricacy of design that an choice of de-baptism which some may person, having been subjected to the rite rejecting their baptism; I am sorry, not 8,500 – the good, the bad, and (unfortunately) the ugly. improviser can produce while thinking on his feet, and yet make challenges us to realise the This essay however is not concerned with what musicians they need to be structured. However improvisations may of baptism before the age of consent, for institutional reasons, but rather that affirmation that baptism demands. might tell us about homilies, but what the art of music have a greater sense of spontaneity and relevance since now after due consideration, revokes any they have not found the Gospel of Christ Being with the parish community for might tell us about constructing and delivering a homily. they are created in real time. One can’t practise an implications of the rite and renounces life-giving and salutary. But at least Sunday Mass is a baptismal choice. Composing improvisation, but one can practise the process of the church that carried it out. Some signing a public de-baptism certificate improvisation, and to be a good improviser, one needs Taking part in the ministry of the reject aspects of the faith, some repudiate says that the person has taken a stand. The music that you hear in (say) a piano Classical recital is plenty of practice! The improvisation student spends years Church and living a Gospel life all week the result of two activities: composing (creating/writing) any culpability associated with the Though we are mostly baptised before practising how to do the fundamentals of music on the spot is a baptismal choice. Renewing our and performing (‘doing’/actualising). We are used to the Church and its history, and most are we know it, that is not the end of the - developing themes, modulating from one key to all other baptismal promises each year at Easter model in music where composing and performing are two keys, working on accompaniment styles or contrapuntal keen that their baptism is not counted in matter. Throughout our life, decade as we celebrate the death and separate activities, in fact, not only separate activities, but techniques. statistics of church membership. after decade, we continually redefine our separate in person, place and historical time. Beethoven attitude to what has been done for us. resurrection of Christ is an annual composes a piano sonata in Vienna in 1809 and Horowitz By now the reader has probably related these two An allied action is possible in countries Where do we stand in relation to our opportunity for us to say, Yes, I am glad plays it in a piano recital in New York in 1985. Such traditions of composing music to homily preparation and where a percentage of income tax is baptism, our faith, our belonging to the I was baptised! I want to belong to the composition and performance depends on the invention of delivery. On the one hand, there are those who ‘notate’ their homilies completely. On the other hand, there are the assigned to registered churches. Across church? If the response at some point is communion of disciples of Christ. I modern musical notation which enables the performer to Europe, in the Netherlands and Belgium, read what the composer has written improvisers. Actually a homily is rarely a true negative, is this not better than just would have it no other way because the improvisation in the sense of being impromptu. The Germany and Austria, people are opting drifting, living as though baptism is Gospel brings me life in all its fullness. But there is another tradition in Classical music, that of improvised homily is prepared by thought and prayer out of state church taxes. In this case irrelevant and our faith impotent? improvisation, where the composer is also performer, and during the week and even by writing some notes, but is they generally cannot have access to a Perhaps this Easter we could compose the music is ‘made up’ on the spot without the benefit of delivered by filling in and extending the written points or church wedding or funeral. Many of Infant baptism has had a long history. our own notation, and without the luxury of time to practice. Most headings. What can the art of music teach us about each of these people may not necessarily want to In some periods children were baptised people are aware that this occurs in the art of jazz, but these practices? into a stable society impregnated with don’t realise that it has existed for centuries as a Classical reject their faith or their baptism, but do Dfsujgjdbuf tradition alongside notated musical work. The first thing to remember is that while a notated piece wish to put some distance between Christian values. Believing and and an improvised piece are created under different After due consideration, Let’s examine these two traditions in more detail. themselves and the institutional Church. belonging could be taken for granted. circumstances, they are both ‘writing’ and the goals and the The tide of Catholics retreating from the I affirm.... Notating a piece or ‘writing it down’ offers several rules are the same. The composer wants to make an More troubling is the case of a expressive and aesthetically pleasing piece, and the same Church in Europe demonstrates that this What would you write? advantages and benefits. Many composers find the act of Frenchman who, last October, is no longer the case. The liturgical rite working on a piece ‘on paper’ as opposed to ‘in time’ aids rules of harmony, melody writing, form and structure govern each, whether the music is notated or improvised. successfully mounted a lawsuit to have makes it clear that baptising infants the generation of ideas. One idea suggests other ideas or his name permanently deleted from the ways become apparent in which the material can be Composers are ‘ideas collectors’. Many of them keep addresses those who cannot have or manipulated. Secondly, when you have a certain amount church records. I find this problematic but is rather a music notebooks which they carry with them to jot down profess personal faith, of material on paper, you can analyse it more easily and ideas while out for a walk or whatever. Likewise the because, whether one likes it or not, a baptism in the faith of the Church. It see its structure (or structural weaknesses). Finally, the baptism in infancy is an actual event and preparation for a homily is not just what is done when you recognises the primacy of God’s grace – written record of what you have allows you to reflect over sit down a few days before delivering it; it is what has gone an historical fact. The past cannot be given without any human merit time on the music, and gradually hone the raw material of a on for years before. Certainly, a lot of that material comes changed or undone even by a court of whatever – to which the person is called first draft into a polished final draft. Notation allows for out of your head, but keeping a written store of ideas, more advanced and deeper criticism. law. to respond. thoughts, quotations and anecdotes can be very helpful general preparation.

2 LITURGY NEWS March 2012 March 2012 LITURGY NEWS 3

Certainly a note can be placed beside the To fulfil the true meaning of the entry in the baptismal register sacrament, children must later be recognising that someone formally formed in the faith in which they have COMPOSER AND PERFORMER: wishes to set aside their baptism and its been baptised, says the introduction to implications. The Code of Canon Law the rite. The foundation of this once made reference to a formal act of formation will be the sacrament itself, defection from the Church but several of What the which they have already received. these phrases were removed by Pope Christian formation, which is their Benedict in 1999 leaving only mention in due, seeks to lead them gradually to ART OF MUSIC DE-BAPTISM? several places of ‘notoriously’ or learn God’s plan in Christ, so that they ‘publically’ abandoning the faith. The may ultimately accept for themselves might teach us concerning the ou can download a ‘De-Baptism Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts in the faith in which they have been YCertificate’ from the internet. I 2006 had defined such a formal act of baptised (RB 3). ART OF THE HOMILY suppose you’d fill in the details and sign defection as an internal decision to leave the Catholic Church, realised and The Church believes that its most basic it and ... what? Frame it, perhaps, and and necessary duty is to inspire all to send a copy to the church where you manifested in an external way, and that true and living faith by which they were baptised. Or make it public to your received by the competent ecclesiastical hold fast to Christ and enter into or by Ralph Morton Improvising is making the music up on the spot. It is facebook friends. It seems there is quite authority. Such an act is more than the composition, but it is ‘immediate composition’. This confirm their commitment to the New a demand for this service, though often removal of one’s name from a govern- sounds like total freedom, but it is certainly not. There is a Covenant (CI 3). enough it is probably a bit of a joke. ment registry of church membership. Would you like some feedback on your homily? Just ask discipline to improvisation. One is governed by certain Faith however is a free response to the the “muso”. Church musicians who play or sing every given musical themes and one’s task is to subject the The wording on the certificates varies. Overall, however, I admit that I think the grace of God. A response given freely Sunday (and sometimes at multiple Masses) can be experts themes to musical processes which will produce a viable Some are more strident than others. de-baptism certificate is an intriguing at judging homilies, if only because they hear so many. I work. Improvisations are often simpler works than notated may also be freely withdrawn. The Generally they will announce that the idea. I do not like it that people are estimate that during my lifetime I have heard in excess of works – there is a limit to the intricacy of design that an choice of de-baptism which some may person, having been subjected to the rite rejecting their baptism; I am sorry, not 8,500 – the good, the bad, and (unfortunately) the ugly. improviser can produce while thinking on his feet, and yet make challenges us to realise the This essay however is not concerned with what musicians they need to be structured. However improvisations may of baptism before the age of consent, for institutional reasons, but rather that affirmation that baptism demands. might tell us about homilies, but what the art of music have a greater sense of spontaneity and relevance since now after due consideration, revokes any they have not found the Gospel of Christ Being with the parish community for might tell us about constructing and delivering a homily. they are created in real time. One can’t practise an implications of the rite and renounces life-giving and salutary. But at least Sunday Mass is a baptismal choice. Composing improvisation, but one can practise the process of the church that carried it out. Some signing a public de-baptism certificate improvisation, and to be a good improviser, one needs Taking part in the ministry of the reject aspects of the faith, some repudiate says that the person has taken a stand. The music that you hear in (say) a piano Classical recital is plenty of practice! The improvisation student spends years Church and living a Gospel life all week the result of two activities: composing (creating/writing) any culpability associated with the Though we are mostly baptised before practising how to do the fundamentals of music on the spot is a baptismal choice. Renewing our and performing (‘doing’/actualising). We are used to the Church and its history, and most are we know it, that is not the end of the - developing themes, modulating from one key to all other baptismal promises each year at Easter model in music where composing and performing are two keys, working on accompaniment styles or contrapuntal keen that their baptism is not counted in matter. Throughout our life, decade as we celebrate the death and separate activities, in fact, not only separate activities, but techniques. statistics of church membership. after decade, we continually redefine our separate in person, place and historical time. Beethoven attitude to what has been done for us. resurrection of Christ is an annual composes a piano sonata in Vienna in 1809 and Horowitz By now the reader has probably related these two An allied action is possible in countries Where do we stand in relation to our opportunity for us to say, Yes, I am glad plays it in a piano recital in New York in 1985. Such traditions of composing music to homily preparation and where a percentage of income tax is baptism, our faith, our belonging to the I was baptised! I want to belong to the composition and performance depends on the invention of delivery. On the one hand, there are those who ‘notate’ their homilies completely. On the other hand, there are the assigned to registered churches. Across church? If the response at some point is communion of disciples of Christ. I modern musical notation which enables the performer to Europe, in the Netherlands and Belgium, read what the composer has written improvisers. Actually a homily is rarely a true negative, is this not better than just would have it no other way because the improvisation in the sense of being impromptu. The Germany and Austria, people are opting drifting, living as though baptism is Gospel brings me life in all its fullness. But there is another tradition in Classical music, that of improvised homily is prepared by thought and prayer out of state church taxes. In this case irrelevant and our faith impotent? improvisation, where the composer is also performer, and during the week and even by writing some notes, but is they generally cannot have access to a Perhaps this Easter we could compose the music is ‘made up’ on the spot without the benefit of delivered by filling in and extending the written points or church wedding or funeral. Many of Infant baptism has had a long history. our own notation, and without the luxury of time to practice. Most headings. What can the art of music teach us about each of these people may not necessarily want to In some periods children were baptised people are aware that this occurs in the art of jazz, but these practices? into a stable society impregnated with don’t realise that it has existed for centuries as a Classical reject their faith or their baptism, but do Dfsujgjdbuf tradition alongside notated musical work. The first thing to remember is that while a notated piece wish to put some distance between Christian values. Believing and and an improvised piece are created under different After due consideration, Let’s examine these two traditions in more detail. themselves and the institutional Church. belonging could be taken for granted. circumstances, they are both ‘writing’ and the goals and the The tide of Catholics retreating from the I affirm.... Notating a piece or ‘writing it down’ offers several rules are the same. The composer wants to make an More troubling is the case of a expressive and aesthetically pleasing piece, and the same Church in Europe demonstrates that this What would you write? advantages and benefits. Many composers find the act of Frenchman who, last October, is no longer the case. The liturgical rite working on a piece ‘on paper’ as opposed to ‘in time’ aids rules of harmony, melody writing, form and structure govern each, whether the music is notated or improvised. successfully mounted a lawsuit to have makes it clear that baptising infants the generation of ideas. One idea suggests other ideas or his name permanently deleted from the ways become apparent in which the material can be Composers are ‘ideas collectors’. Many of them keep addresses those who cannot have or manipulated. Secondly, when you have a certain amount church records. I find this problematic but is rather a music notebooks which they carry with them to jot down profess personal faith, of material on paper, you can analyse it more easily and ideas while out for a walk or whatever. Likewise the because, whether one likes it or not, a baptism in the faith of the Church. It see its structure (or structural weaknesses). Finally, the baptism in infancy is an actual event and preparation for a homily is not just what is done when you recognises the primacy of God’s grace – written record of what you have allows you to reflect over sit down a few days before delivering it; it is what has gone an historical fact. The past cannot be given without any human merit time on the music, and gradually hone the raw material of a on for years before. Certainly, a lot of that material comes changed or undone even by a court of whatever – to which the person is called first draft into a polished final draft. Notation allows for out of your head, but keeping a written store of ideas, more advanced and deeper criticism. law. to respond. thoughts, quotations and anecdotes can be very helpful general preparation.

2 LITURGY NEWS March 2012 March 2012 LITURGY NEWS 3

Most Classical music is very highly structured, planned, might confuse the listener. Is briefer better? How can this or perhaps even silence)? Are the rests/silences organised and proportioned. As listeners we may not be idea be expressed more succinctly, strongly, inspirationally appropriate? Do I have unfortunate speech patterns aware of the plan, or even that there is a plan, but we are or with greater challenge? This is easier for the priest who (perhaps a staccato delivery, or losing the ends of certainly aware of the effect of the plan in the quality of the writes his homily in full – you simply critique your script! If sentences by shouting or mumbling)? music. Structure, organisation and proportion help the you are an improviser, critiquing is probably more a matter Musicians often mark their scores copiously with pencil composer to speak with clarity and force and the listener to of recording or remembering the homily and replaying it marks using a set of signs. Some are standard (e.g. f or p navigate the intricacies of a musical work or homily. after the fact – on the assumption that your critique will for loud or soft); some they develop themselves. You will Sometimes composers use standard plans (they are called help you next time in making better choices. find that marking a homily in the same way helps you to ‘forms’ such as sonata form, ternary form, binary form) and Good composers go out of their way to study the music of remember what to do, but also allows you to experiment sometimes they develop a plan themselves which exists others either by listening to concerts and recordings or by with different expressive devices at particular places. just for that piece. Within these plans we find the studying musical scores. I would strongly support the idea Having a list of some of these devices, ‘marking your score’ exposition of new ideas, repetition (either exact or varied), of regularly listening to others preach, but I recognise that allusions to previous statements, development, and often and then experimenting with the application of them can this really is tough for clergy, since clergy are often all all be helpful and can improve your delivery significantly. final summary. Looking at the structure of your homily is presiding at Mass and preaching at the same time. important – you need to know what you intend to say, and In other words, I am suggesting that you practise. I can However, there are opportunities at least to read sermons well imagine the expressions of dismay, disdain or scorn make sure that everything contributes to that. Proportion is these days in books and on the internet. In the end, a good important. Musicians know that the length of time you on the faces of priests as they read this! “You expect me to homily is just one example of good writing; so reading spend some hours each week reading through my homily spend on an idea is a measure of its significance. An good writing in magazines, novels or other books, with an arresting introduction that leads to a major point is out loud?” Actually, I don’t. The process of practice is attention to construction and expression, is a means of complicated; perhaps the following suggestions will help. excellent, but if you spend more time on the introduction improving one’s own writing. than the point, the congregation may only remember the Most keyboard players who are studying at tertiary level introduction. Performing practise eighteen or more hours a week. I don’t suggest ‘Structure’ can also refer in a more global sense to the There are many who will bristle at the suggestion that you do that, but perhaps knowing that fact may make the relation of the homily to the whole Mass. When delivering a homily is performance. ‘Performing’ in burden of a little bit of practice each week less onerous. performers plan concerts, they think carefully about how popular culture and usage is often related to that which is Secondly, practice is a burden even for the best players. each piece fits in to the whole. The total concert must have fake, trivial, superficial and insincere. But there is another There is a great story about Pablo Casals the famous cellist variety as well as unity. Listener should feel that they have side to performance. Those who have been fortunate whose friends once took him on a sightseeing trip in the not listened to a random collection of pieces but some kind enough to see Gielgud or Olivier performing Shakespeare mountains where his hands were injured in a rock fall. The of progression, leading to a climactic point and leaving one often believe they have been confronted with the most friends were devastated that the most famous cellist of their feeling emotionally satisfied. Likewise the homilist needs genuine and profound statement of the human condition time was injured and might never play again! But Casals to be aware of the ‘whole’ in his preparation, and how his possible. Some arts cannot exist without performance. was elated. He might never have to practise again! homily fits in. I am often amazed at how completely The notes written on the page are not ‘the music’; they are Practice can be a burden even for the best of us. unaware some homilists appear to be concerning the simply a blueprint. They become the music when Good practice normally involves technique: for the whole Mass in the content of the homily. Certainly they performed, when they are translated into sounds. No A choir director arriving at a new performance venue will musician probably scales, arpeggios and other exercises. A preach to the Lectionary readings, but so often the points performance, no music. Likewise with a homily. A often test the acoustics, checking the amount of teacher (singing, speech or acting) can recommend the they make could be made so much more convincingly by preacher has no choice concerning whether he is to be a reverberation, or the way that particular venues will type of vocal exercises you might work on. reference to the text of the entrance hymn, the mood of a performer or not – he is. The choice concerns how well it deaden certain ranges in the acoustical spectrum and Good practice always has a point or a reason. Mindless choral anthem, some phrase in the Eucharistic Prayer, or is done. favour others. Likewise, a homilist needs to check a new repetition of your homily from beginning to end doesn’t even the receiving of the Body and Blood Christ later in the church, or at least be able to judge the nature of an acoustic Here a just a few lessons we might learn from the art of seem to me to have much point. A pianist often works in Mass. and adjust volume, speed of delivery, and the articulation music. small chunks, working on them at different speeds, or with of consonants appropriately. While structure refers to the parts and how they relate, I regularly recommend that seminarians have a few years different tone colours, playing with different ways of ‘style’ is a more difficult concept to grasp. It has to do with of voice lessons with a good singing teacher. This is for A singer of course has to obey the dictates of the musical emphasising a particular passage or phrase, sometimes the character of a musical work both in how it is written musical reasons, but a course of singing lessons also help score, but how does he or she play expressively and overemphasising some elements, or ‘playing with’ the and how it is performed. Is it jazz, dance, love song, one’s speaking voice. A homily is not a conversation and a convey the appropriate emotion? It’s a subtle combination amounts of silence at the end of a music sentence. Practice symphony, work song? Each of these has its own conversational tone is not appropriate. It is public of tempo, tempo changes, minor fluctuations of rhythm, is creative. You won’t necessary do all of the things you try identifiable character. Homilists have pet styles which they speaking; it needs (even in these days of microphones and clarity of notes (particularly faster notes), emphasis of in practice, but trying them will give you a greater range of do well. Here are some adjectives which might loosely amplification) a ‘public’ voice and projection. The word important or climactic notes, changes in tonal colour, use possibilities to choose from. describe certain styles of homily: folksy, friendly, homely, rests or silences, and so on. ‘projection’ implies a number of qualities or habits: a How might you relate these piano practice techniques to relaxed, hortatory, inspiring, challenging, expository, conscious attempt to ‘throw’ one’s voice to the back of the Let’s relate these to questions that a homilist might ask practising in your situation? Take a paragraph sentence by didactic, historical, anecdotal, dramatic, creative etc. room, a breathing technique which fills the lungs with himself. How high or low is the general pitch of my sentence, and say the sentence five times, each time in a Listeners grow tired of the same style week by week, but more air but also sends the air to the vocal cords and normal speaking voice? Is it improved by being pitched different way, working on some particular technique. For there is another reason why having at least a modest resonators under greater pressure than for normal speech, higher or lower? Is there a point in a homily where a example, you might try different stresses to particular variety of styles in your repertoire is important. Each style a conscious attempt to enunciate vowels and articulate higher or lower pitch than my normal pitch is expressive words, different inflections (how the speaking voice rises in its own way is limiting – it can’t say everything. The consonants clearly, and a vocal quality which naturally for that particular section? How are my vocal inflections and falls in pitch) different speeds, different emphasis on fullness of the gospel cannot be conveyed by one style ‘carries’. That carrying quality comes from the existence of (the way that the pitch of a sentence goes up or down at consonants, different lengths of silence before or after only. ‘upper partials’ or ‘upper harmonics’ in the voice which the end)? Is my normal speaking tempo too fast for clarity important words. The devil is in the detail is an important Composition is about the ‘big picture’ but also about the singers call ‘ring’ (for those who are technically minded, (or too slow and therefore perhaps boring)? Could a dictum for the one who practises! A large part of practice is ‘small picture’. The devil is in the detail! When you listen the vibrations have been measured at approximately 2800 particular paragraph, sentence or phrase benefit from a dealing with small details. I remember a piano lesson once to Beethoven or Bach, you often have the impression that cycles per second). These give carrying power and clarity slower or faster delivery than my normal delivery? Are my where the teacher spent almost a whole hour helping me there is not a note out of place, that every musical sentence to the voice, and can be developed by a good singing vowels clearly differentiated from one another? Are the perform the first three notes in the right hand of a is exactly right. Equally we need to critique our homilies at teacher. While projection implies a louder voice, it is vowels pleasant to listen to (‘strine’ – probably not a good Beethoven Sonata! Of course, you won’t have time to the level of the word, the phrase and the sentence. Can this important to recognise that being heard and understood is ‘sound’ for a homily – is often a matter of the sound of the rehearse every sentence of your homily like this, but if you sentence be expressed better? Is this exactly the right not just a matter of raw power and volume – in fact vowels used)? Are the consonants clear? Is such and such do it for one paragraph a week, you will find that there is a word? Words have shades of meaning and sometimes depending on volume alone will probably tire the voice a section or phrase a climactic point, and therefore one that transfer effect, and the practice will benefit all parts of the they may allude to different experiences in ways which and weary the listeners! needs to be emphasised (with tone quality, pitch, tempo, homily.

4 LITURGY NEWS March 2012 March 2012 LITURGY NEWS 5

Practising rarely involves just one piece, but often a range of pieces, some of which a pianist may or may not play in public. But practising a range of works can often help in one particular work. Likewise, it’s helpful not only to practise your homily but also the Collects or Eucharistic SACRAMENTAL PREPARATION Prayer or even poetry or a Shakespearean speech. It would be easy to think while reading this that my aim is Are we asking more of parents just when they are less able to provide it? for you to develop a theatrical or stagey mode of presentation which (you might fear) would sound fake, and ‘not you’. That is not the aim at all. In fact the aim is to make you sound natural and more ‘you’, actually to find your best ‘you’. You need to find your voice, both literally and figuratively, but the journey can be long and by Beth Nolen and Bill Griffiths Pope Benedict, speaking to priests in Bressanone while he In practice the RCIA is often taken for a process of labyrinthine. was on holidays a few years ago, emphasised this point: evangelisation and catechesis, whereas it is essentially a

That is one reason why a good teacher is a great help. Where there is no element of faith, where first liturgical rite incorporating and actualising catechetical, Musicians are used to weekly lessons with a teacher over s the tide of regular Sunday Mass attendance ebbs Communion would be only a party with a huge dinner, theological and pastoral perspectives. Within a total many years, and even when they have developed a and many Catholic families become more nominal fancy dress and nice gifts, then it would no longer be a process of growth in understanding and conversion of life, professional and international career, you often find that Athan cardinal, parishes and schools are faced with sacrament of faith. But on the other hand, if we can see the liturgical rites are celebrated. The RCIA is in fact a the best of them will come back to a trusted teacher for a greater numbers of children and young people presenting even a tiny flame of desire for communion in the Church treasure trove of riches, an open-cut mine where rare lesson or two quite regularly. A good singing teacher for sacramental preparation (Penance, Confirmation, and [and] also a desire in these children who want to enter earths and valuable minerals are ready for the taking to understands vocal technique and how to solve technical first Communion) without the context of active Catholic into communion with Jesus, it seems right to be rather enrich parish sacramental preparation programs. How problems safely, understands interpretation and family life presumed by the rites. (The word rites is used generous. (The Tablet, 16 August 2008) may a parish offer support to parents who want their expressivity. A good teacher provides a good pair of ears. loosely here, for there is no formal rite for admission to children to receive the sacraments but are unsure of their holy Communion, save locally enduring family and parish Therefore, sacramental preparation is one of the key own role and responsibility? Is it possible to engage You don’t know how you sound to the audience. The opportunities that parishes have to assist families in their trusted listener can also judge whether you are being too customs.) families in a kind of catechumenal process around the search for sacramental meaning. Across Australia, it is moments of the great liturgical rites, beginning with dramatic or not dramatic enough, too fast or too slow, in a Since presenting their children for Baptism, parents have common to hear stories from people who have had such way that you cannot. been encouraged to a true and living faith. The Baptism preparation for parents and continuing through positive experiences of engaging with the meaning of the the family preparation for Confirmation and first The homilist. introduction to the Rite of Confirmation says: The ritual, that they have returned to participate in the weekly initiation of children into the sacramental life is Communion? Finally, having considered many technical aspects of eucharistic life of the parish. The phrase such people ordinarily the responsibility and concern of Christian commonly use is, ‘It makes sense to me now’. So, far from homilies, let’s ponder the homilist. As a choir director, I parents. They are to form and gradually increase a spirit stand in front of my choir several times each week for despairing that many of the candidates for the sacraments of faith in the children and…prepare them for the fruitful are not known in their local faith community, parishes rehearsal and for performance at Mass. My choir does not reception of the sacraments of confirmation and the necessarily know the details of my life –my wife’s name, need to make the most of this prime opportunity – one Eucharist. The role of the parents is also expressed by time when families are freely willing to participate in where I studied, whether I have had a car accident or even their active participation in the celebration of the how many children I have. But over time, they learn who I something for the sake of faith – to provide families with a sacraments (RC 3). powerful experience of Church. am and they ‘know’ me. They regularly note my facial expression, gesture and body language; my reaction to The Christian heritage is indeed expressed within socio- THE SEARCH FOR MEANING stressful situations and manner of working with them; my cultural norms, but it must be appropriated at the level of a preparation (or lack of it), seriousness about the task, This is the first disconnect. How does the parish build a personal faith. Christian identity is grounded in the humour, empathy, and so on. They come to know me at a workable bridge to parents who are disengaged from the Christian being able to commit to the Church’s confession weekly eucharistic life of the faith community, but who fairly profound level, perhaps more than I would wish! As of faith and to the celebration of the Sacraments. So the you preach, your congregation gains greater knowledge of seek Confirmation and Communion for their child? While pastoral minister is best advised to provide a gracious this presents no small challenge, there are two elements you as well as the faith preach. People may not be able to personal witness to faith, to be an evangelist to the family. articulate what they know, but rest assured they ‘learn’ you, that parish ministers and leaders of sacramental teams need Come and see is the invitation Jesus gives to those seeking they learn the depth of your spirituality, the profundity of to keep at the forefront of their planning and pastoral to be his disciples (Jn 1:39). practices: your faith, the quality of your humanity, and you can’t hide The pastoral minister cannot abdicate the responsibility of it from them. 1. Contact with these parents about sacramental teaching Christian truths, but the living of these truths is Here is some advice from the coalface, to extend the On occasions I have heard the same sermon text delivered preparation does not happen on a level playing field. The more important than simply their comprehension. In 1975 mining metaphor! by two different homilists, and the difference has been so parish not only has the rule book and the referee’s whistle Pope Paul VI articulated this concept: …the first means of to hand, but it also has the wind behind it. It is not useful, ♦ Check the section in the RCIA which contains the great that you would swear they were two completely evangelisation is the witness of an authentically Christian Christian Initiation of Children who have reached different homilies. Part of the difference is the in the first instance, to focus on the parents’ motivation life. He then makes the point that people listen more (their personal faith/ecclesial life is by definition often seen catechetical age for models on adapting prayers and rituals performance, but part is the person. The same words willingly to witnesses than to teachers, but if they do listen to children. deliver different meaning because unconsciously they are as ‘lacking’); nor is it helpful to use the gift of the sacrament to teachers, it is because they are witnesses (Evangelii overlaid the people’s knowledge of the deliverer. as some sort of bargaining chip to encourage more active Nuntiandi 41). ♦ Affirmations by parents and sponsors and the participation in parish life. community may be used to invite participation in the A good homily therefore is not just about good HE S UIDE sacramental program (RCIA 252ff). composition and good performance. In the end it is also 2. The very fact that these adults have come forward to T RCIA A G about good character, integrity, personal congruence, spirit seek sacramental preparation for their children indicates The RCIA (Rite for the Christian Initiation of Adults) ♦ Penitential prayers and/or the rite of Penance could be and spirituality. It is about the change wrought in the that faith is actually alive within the family somewhere, and should be normative in all Christian initiation. In its sound an effective part of sacramental preparation (RCIA 271ff). homilist by faith. In the homily, your words tell me about there is a desire for these children to be part of the Catholic liturgical, pastoral, catechetical and theological norms, community in some way. Those who have decided that ♦ Use biblical stories such as the conversion of St Paul Jesus, but I should actually meet him in your person. Maxwell Johnson calls it the most mature form of liturgical (Acts 9). Tough challenge! the Church holds absolutely no meaning for them anymore renewal from Vatican II. Its vision should somehow shape do not engage with the community in any way, and they the preparation of baptised children who present for ♦ Some of the blessings for the catechumenate may be  Dr Ralph Morton is music director at the Cathedral of St make deliberate, conscious decisions that their children Confirmation and first Communion. Here is the second adapted for children who have already been baptised. Stephen in Brisbane. will not receive any of the sacraments. disconnect.

6 LITURGY NEWS March 2012 March 2012 LITURGY NEWS 7

♦ The gesture of the enrolment of names may What then could we do through a parish begin a period of sacramental preparation. At sacramental program to build on people’s WE PRAISE YOU, WE BLESS YOU, WE THANK YOU the parish Sunday Mass, children might present experience and understanding of the their name cards (suitably decorated) which are sacraments? Can a parish create ways for Blessings for Real Life in the Australian Context subsequently distributed to parishioners who families to meet others through the Sunday Mass become their prayer sponsors. to enhance a sense of belonging? How can we help our children understand our story by Kerry Rush eclectic and secular spirituality. Blessings (1989) which is the approved Perhaps something could also be made of the ♦ (personal, family, parish) in the context of At the core of a blessing is the (Rossiter, Religious Education source for Catholic blessing rites. But Presentations of the Creed and the Lord’s Prayer. Eucharist? Children’s Liturgy of the Word on recognition of God’s presence in the Journal of Australia, 2011, 27/1, pp. rites generally need to be adapted. Sunday, for example, provides an opportunity to 9-15.) A growing majority of DRAWING MEANING FROM SACRAMENTAL world. It has a double action. We Specifically, we need to reflect on the work directly with the children who will Australians have a spirituality that is RITUALS praise and bless God’s goodness and we local context to determine appropriate celebrate the sacraments, opening up the work invoke God’s blessing upon the things more individualistic than communal; occasions in Australian life for rites of of God in their lives, helping them to pray with To participate fully in the sacramental rites we and events of our life. eclectic in that it combines bits and blessing. Some of these will be need to understand the purpose of the rituals thanksgiving in their hearts. pieces from diverse sources (only personal events to be celebrated with and how they provide meaning for our daily All families come to sacramental preparation The contexts in which blessing rituals sometimes from their religious occur in Australia are many and family blessing rituals: a graduating lives. Sacramental rituals mirror the deepest with rich life experiences, some understandings tradition); more subjective in identity parts of our lives, provide meaning for who we diverse. It would be safe to say that student before schoolies week, getting a of the rites and rituals, and seedlings of faith in that it focuses on the private and are and who we are called to be, and celebrate blessings in Australia used to be almost driving license, receiving news of a waiting to be watered and nurtured. personal more than the communal; what has already been happening in our lives. Sacramental preparation that focuses on the always Christian and were bestowed by pregnancy, setting up the Christmas and finally secular in that it often has For example, each of us yearns for a sense of ritual of the sacrament has much potential to be clergy for believers: the priest blessed tree. Other occasions for public little or no overlay of religious cultural belonging, but parents do not decide during the a great springboard for developing community, rosaries and holy images, homes and blessings will occur in times of natural celebration of the sacrament of baptism that they creating treasured memories and fostering faith. meanings. disasters, civic anniversaries, want their child to belong to the Church. They civic events. Nowadays, many Families will have the opportunity to contribute blessings are not expressly religious. community festivals, the change of make this decision long before the baptism, for in creative ways, unpacking the meaning of the I studied recently a Western Australian seasons. example, at the time of their marriage, and then, rituals in their own lives. Indeed, if the process blessing of the rivers, a rite with many Whether the blessing ritual is domestic in the baptismal liturgy, it becomes a reality. of preparing for the sacraments is truly Leaders of sacramental programs can assist successful, families will be more likely to feel references to personal beliefs, values or public, we need to have a clear idea families to gain deeper insights into the liturgical connected, welcomed, nourished, part of the and positions, and combining diverse of what are we doing. The rite needs a rituals for the sacraments if they: faith community and affirmed and supported on parts of sacred stories and poems from clear structure and good leadership. A their faith journeys. different religions, including some blessing ceremony is meaningful when understand that families are the biggest ♦ from indigenous spirituality. We also influence on developing the faith of a child. the leader has a rich theological CONCLUSION read of the blessing of animals, the It is not the part of the faithful to understanding of blessing and the ♦ employ therefore the key principles of adult Sacramental preparation has greatly changed blessing of a fleet, or the blessing of bemoan this changed reality but to see capacity to express it for the learning so that parents develop confidence to from previous generations when it could be grapes in the Barossa Valley. Such it as an opportunity to provide contemporary context of each talk to their children about their faith. safely assumed that all children would be part of blessings, albeit frequently theatrical Catholic/Christian blessing rituals that particular occasion. ♦ create ways to engage families in the liturgy. the regular worship of the parish with their connect with and evangelise the wider pageant rather than ritual, seem to In a blessing rite, the creator God is families. community. Broad interest in blessing ♦ identify elements or aspects of each liturgical mean a great deal to those who create blessed and God blesses all creation. Sacramental preparation therefore needs to on a variety of occasions does highlight ritual that is mirrored in our own lives so that the them and those who take part. But an What this divine blessing and the change to meet the need of the times. This the great possibility the Church has to key parts of the liturgical rituals provide activities ABC news report on the Barossa event glimpse of God’s kingdom looks like means meeting families where they are on their offer rituals that are authentic to the or conversation starters. is instructive. The chancellor of the and feels like in the here and now faith journeys and using the preparation time as tradition, underpinned by a rich ♦ provide something at each Sunday Mass for Barons of Barossa at the Blessing of needs to be crystallised in words, a great opportunity to engage with families and the Grapes expressed a strong sense of theology, intentional, relevant and the children that turns the spotlight on their break open the meanings of the sacraments and symbols and gestures. This is the meaningful. As a kind of cultural special journey to full initiation. the rituals. It also means employing creative scepticism; one of the grape growers challenge for the planner and the was not sure how much good luck counterpoint, we can give witness to a ♦ unpack the richness of how the sacramental ideas to engage families in a process that is life- leader. It is an opening for people to a spirituality that is personal and rites provide us with a mirror for meaning in our giving and memorable, that has the potential to would come out of blessing of grapes mystery, an invitation to what God daily spiritual lives with questions such as these, change the way in which the family chooses to but said it would probably have some communal, local and universal, offers, which is the ultimate gift of an perhaps in a workshop setting for families live their faith. effect; other grape growers were religious and Trinitarian. Those intimate, loving, life-sustaining participating in the sacramental program: In addition, the sacramental preparation process hoping the blessing would improve the present may come to experience an relationship with the eternal Creator of What do we actually celebrate through these provides parishes with an opportunity to terrible weather. authentic spirituality that is ancient yet all that exists. When the rite resonates sacrament? evaluate how they live each of the elements Yet there is an opportunity for appears freshly contemporary. with the real life experience of the celebrated in the sacramental rites. Being an How do we experience these elements in our evangelisation here. Situations such as We begin with the basic faith stance people assembled, then the presence of authentic Catholic community is about more daily lives? this can be nuanced and placed in the that God is the source from whom than individuals coming to Sunday Mass. the Holy Spirit and God’s grace is How do we experience these elements through Sacramental preparation provides a valuable broader context of God’s providence every good gift has come. We proclaim palpable. Such a blessing ceremony the ritual? opportunity to reflect on the questions: What do and our respect for all of God’s a trusting and loving relationship with will encourage those with faith and creation. We do need to recognise, God, the beginning and the end of evangelise those who are still searching What is our story? we have to offer to families who wish to be part (how does God deal with us?) of our community? How will families see our however, that research on creation and salvation. We praise for a life-sustaining relationship with Where is our celebrating community? parish giving witness to what we say in our rites? contemporary Australian spirituality – God’s goodness and petition God’s help. the Transcendent. When do we pray together? shown by these experiences of diverse Where a generally Christian context  Beth Nolen works for Brisbane Catholic Education as  Kerry Rush is a Senior Education (the importance of Sunday) blessing rituals – affirms Graham can be presumed, we begin with the a Consultant in Religious Education. Dr Bill Griffiths is Officer with ResourceLink Whence comes our nourishment? Rossiter’s conclusions that many proclamation of the word which CEO of the National Catholic Education Commission. (information and resourcing centre) young people, as well as adults, have recounts God’s faithfulness and kindness. at Brisbane Catholic Education. a more individualistic, subjective, This is presumed in the Book of

8 LITURGY NEWS March 2012 March 2012 LITURGY NEWS 9

APPOINTMENTS NEXT REVISIONS NEO-CATECHUMENAL ‘NO’ union with the priest and some families ELVIS HAS LEFT THE BUILDING ICEL (International Commission on ICEL has announced that new English A large gathering of adherents to the even hold hands. The ‘orans’ gesture of translations of the Marriage and Neo-catechumenal Way met in Rome in openness in prayer is found in catacomb English in the Liturgy) has appointed an American, Bishop Arthur Serratelli, as its Confirmation rites are being sent to the January. The invitation to bishops for murals of the first centuries. As a new chairman. Bishop Arthur Roche of English-speaking bishops conferences for the event announced that the ‘purpose of contrast, the Italian bishops successfully sought permission for people to stretch Leeds is stepping down after a decade at comment. These new translations will this meeting is that His Holiness will sign the helm. Melbourne’s Archbishop Denis be consistent with the Missal and accord a Decree from the Congregation for our their arms during the Lord’s Prayer Hart is vice-chair. with the principles of Liturgiam Divine Worship recognising the full if they chose to do so. The bishops Authenticam. After consultation during approval of the liturgies of the Neo- 2012 and revision early in 2013, a final catechumenal Way’. This did not DOUBLE DUTCH conference of England and text for the vote of conferences should be happen. Instead it was stated that any The new translation of the Roman Missal Wales has available next year. Then the approved variation from the norms of the Church into Dutch is proving difficult. The At the beginning of March, a very appointed a version will go to the Holy See for its as indicated in the liturgical books must language is spoken slightly differently in successful conference was held in Hobart new secretary confirmatio at which stage, on past be understood as a liturgical abuse. The After almost half a century in Rome Holland and Belgium and until now experience, further revisions will no Pontifical Council for the Laity did issue for 42 National Liturgy Representatives, to its Depart- mainly members and consultants of the teaching at the Pontifical Oriental there have been variants in the Missals doubt be made. Published books are a decree giving a nihil obstat to the Institute, Jesuit Robert Taft has moved to ment of Christ- National Liturgical Council. It purpose they use. The Vatican is insisting on a therefore still several years away. (non-liturgical) ‘celebrations’ in their a retirement centre in Weston, ian Life and Worship after a six-year was to set the agenda for liturgical single translation in each language. catechetical directory but they gained no Massachusetts. Known for his pithy vacancy. He is Benedictine Paul Gunter IN MEMORIAM renewal for the coming decade. To this Apart from putting the Latin into new permissions for their liturgical sayings in the classroom (There are two who teaches at the liturgy faculty at end, a dozen short papers had been understandable Dutch, there is the practices. The movement, founded in things you do not do alone: liturgy and Sant’Anselmo in Rome and who is deeply prepared on the various sacraments and struggle to find a common text. Cardinal Spain in 1964, celebrates Mass with lay sex), he has been a stellar scholar of involved in promoting the traditional rites and a very concise and pertinent Wim Eijk of Utrecht said it was unlikely preaching and people receiving Oriental liturgy, constantly consulted by Latin use of the Tridentine Mass. Martin discussion was held on each of them. they could achieve a unified version of communion in their seats – the Catholic and Orthodox Churches alike. Foster who has been acting secretary During the meeting, the role of Executive the Lord’s Prayer. consecrated elements being passed from At 80 years of age, he is still working on becomes assistant secretary (Gunter will Secretary formally passed from Fr Peter Closer to home, Hong Kong is waiting one person to another. (They have the sixth and final volume of his remain in Rome) and director of the Williams to Dr Paul Taylor as the for another year before introducing the received permission to have the sign of magisterial history of the Liturgy of St liturgy office in London. National Office for Liturgy shifts from new translation so that people’s peace at the end of the Liturgy of the John Chrysostom. But he is taking Parramatta to Melbourne. understanding will be enhanced through NEW LECTIONARY Word.) They regularly celebrate their things more slowly these days. One of Rosalie Bonighton (1946-2011) left, further catechesis. The bishop, Cardinal Archbishop Mark Coleridge reports that own exclusive Sunday Mass on a CORRECTION the advantages of getting old, he said, is Tong Hon, is a member of Rome’s Vox composer of church music, died in Saturday evening, although the pope, in that what the Byzantine liturgy refers work on the English Standard Version Ballarat just a few days before Christmas. We misspelled the name of the generous Clara committee. Lectionary has advanced (see the last his address to the gathering, urged them to as the dread tribunal of Christ that She was an active organist and member to Hobart photographer of our cover issue of Liturgy News). Copyright promote their integration into the you’re going to stand before puts the CHURCH FUNERALS IN AUSTRIA of the Australian Academy of Liturgy and life of the greater ecclesial community, images in the last issue. She is Mary- fear of God into you, and so you move arrangements are in place and a draft of the Royal School of Church Music. Nine Anne Johnson, editor of the diocesan Austrian Catholics who opt out of the which finds its ordinary form in the to pray more. That already has had the first half of a Sunday Lectionary has of her compositions are included in resource Connections. Church by signing a document at their liturgical celebration of the parish... it an influence on my spiritual life. been circulated for comment. He Gather Australia, and in the Jubilee local Council office do not have to pay is important not to separate oneself explained that the ESV proceeds from Year of 2000, Catholics around the church tax. Consequently they were from the parish community, and more or less the same hermeneutical country sang her winning setting of regarded as apostates and not given a particularly in the celebration of the base as the new translation of the Missal, words by Kevin Hart in the ‘Song of Catholic funeral. The Tablet reports that Eucharist which is the true place of and that such a ‘hermeneutical Jubilee’ competition. new guidelines from the Austrian consonance’ based on the translation universal unity, where the Lord bishops conference have now determined principles enshrined in Liturgiam Eleanor Bernstein, right, religious of the embraces us in our various states of three ways for Catholic priests to Congregation of St Joseph, died on 12 spiritual maturity and unites us in the Authenticam is pleasing to Rome’s accompany the bereaved families of such Congregation for Divine Worship. March 2012. She had a degree from the one bread that makes us one body. Catholics. If the deceased explicitly University of Notre Dame in theology expressed a wish for a Catholic burial in Meanwhile the Canadians who have and liturgical studies and for twenty FORBIDDEN OR BIDDEN been using the NRSV for their Lectionary a will or credibly before a witness, a years was at the university’s Centre for Is everything allowed except what is continue to experience endless problems Catholic funeral with a Requiem Mass Pastoral Liturgy, mostly as its director. forbidden or is everything forbidden with the Holy See in publishing their will now be possible. It the deceased did She was involved in its annual pastoral except what is allowed? In introducing remaining volumes. On the other hand, not expressly reject a Catholic burial, a liturgy conferences and in editing its the new Missal translation last the Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Catholic funeral ceremony can be held at publications. She retired from the centre November, a bishop in Kentucky USA 500 YEARS OLD: Pope Julius II, in many ways a typical example of the corrupt Walsingham, established for UK the funeral home and at the graveside, in 2001. issued an edict saying that only the priest Renaissance papacy, was also a great patron of the arts. He had Bramante begin St Peter’s Anglicans coming into full communion, but there can be no Mass. If the May they rest in peace. was to extend his hands during the Basilica and commissioned brilliant artworks from Raphael and Michelangelo. He asked has been permitted the liturgical use of deceased clearly expressed that they did Lord’s Prayer at Mass. No gesture was Michelangelo to decorate the Sistine Chapel in 1506, but the artist was unwilling at first and the Revised Standard Version. Their OUR COVERS FOR 2012 will feature not want a church burial or had given prescribed for the laity so no gesture went to Florence for a couple of years. Then after four years work, 500 years ago this year, proper liturgical calendar has also been a poetic quotation from each of the four up the faith, then that wish must be should be performed. People frequently he completed the ceiling frescos. Recently cleaned and restored to brilliant colour, they approved, retaining some Anglican principal Eucharistic Prayers to help respected. adopt this ancient gesture of prayer in reveal the stories of the Creation, the Fall and Noah’s Ark to millions of viewers each year. celebrations and titles. focus on aspects of the new translation.

10 LITURGY NEWS March 2012 March 2012 LITURGY NEWS 11

THREE RESPONSES to Support is available. In Brisbane, for  HELENTHERESE GOOD. music. A number of things motivate Ralph Morton has written on these example, the Queensland me to continue this for the long term: pages before about the importance of a CHURCH MUSICIAN Conservatorium at Griffith University It is hard for me to pinpoint when I firstly, the discovery of new music that technique. As a trained classical offers the Walter Monz Organ Bursary began participating in music for Mass. encapsulates completely the theology musician who has played in seemingly unable to retire Certainly I had played for celebrations to those involved in liturgical organ of the day or season in a beautiful orchestras great and small, I cannot playing. I can attest to its great value. whilst at school and on occasion in setting; and secondly, the exhilaration agree more. Without the ability to my parish, but I became seriously In the last issue, Gail Young RSCMQ runs the excellent Pipes & of being part of a body of sound play the notes, we are actually involved during my time of adult faith within the liturgy, knowing that this detracting and distracting from the told the story of how she Pizza workshops which demystify the instrument. In both these programs, education. I spent three years experience unifies us as the body of liturgy. Sadly, in this technological studying at the Tenison Woods became involved in liturgical most of the participants are young. Christ. The work of choosing music age where viewing and listening are Education Centre under the Josephite music over sixty years ago. School choirs and youth group production, conducting, liturgy and for the Mass provides an element of so easy, the collective participatory sisters of Lochinvar who opened the musicians often contribute to parish even the basics of how an organ creativity: I enjoy designing a liturgical music skills of our community grow She lamented the lack of doors of understanding and spiritual liturgy in our area. All is not lost for works.) I was an avid listener to the season to be musically unified, yet less and less each day. We simply do succession planning for expression for me. I am a the future of church music. ABC radio program ‘For the God who continually shaping a journey that is not have a pool of musicians to call younger musicians. Sings’, rising at 5.30am every Sunday professional violinist and had already challenging, comforting and uplifting. on to serve at our Masses. I look forward to the day when studied for many years at the to listen and take notes. The parish should be especially Here three younger church professional music leaders will Conservatorium. However, for being Theology and music. One needs to supportive (financially) in training a enhance the musical experience for These efforts to enthuse us and a music minister, I consider this have the support of the parish priest. musicians tell their story. new generation of musicians. It might all, but am most grateful to Gail continually raise the standard of our training in theology and liturgy to be A singing presider is a model for the consider setting up a scholarship performance gave us a terrific lesson equally important because it enables congregation: it is very difficult to Young, Dot Mara and the many other scheme for young singers to train as in life about service and striving to do me to implement my musical skills in galvanise a group of non-singers volunteers who have inspired the love cantors or for the teaching of something well. I am still motivated the most useful way. It may sound when there is conspicuous silence of liturgical music and singing for so keyboard skills. High quality music-  LIZ HAMPSON. to promote quality music which odd but, for the first time during this from the front! His leadership also long. making will bring forward many draws people into worship – speaking course, I considered my work and presents good liturgical theology. The I grew up in a Brisbane parish that participants; we cannot tolerate poor had neither a school nor nuns to God and about the things of God, faith life to be connected! people need to embrace their role in instead of about ourselves. I am full, active and conscious music-making just because we have a attached to it. There were a couple of  ROLAND BARTKOWIAK. Part of the Body. After nearly a history of drawing on the service of families with teenage and older girls sustained by parishioners’ positive participation. Changing the culture of Hooked for life. As organist at St lifetime of journaling about the volunteers. The Church can no longer who played the organ and guitars at comments about the choir and the vocally ‘shy’ churchgoers is just one Brigid’s Church at Red Hill in Sunday scriptures (thanks Mum), the afford not to use professional Mass. When I was eleven, I was repertoire, always seeking new element in this awareness. All Brisbane, I actively plan the music words of the readings are always musicians. Gail Young’s article in the invited to join their number. I could challenges and springing some members of the music team also need program, direct the choir and help run alive, relevant and vital to me, and I last issue outlined beautifully the play the piano but had never touched surprises here and there. Nurturing a access to formation sessions in both a voice training program. Over half of long to share their splendour and consequences of inattention on this an organ. I was given a run-through choir that continues to grow and basic liturgical knowledge and the choir’s thirty members are under significance with my fellow matter. Our liturgy, indeed our future, of what stops I should use, advised maintain vigour is a dynamic musical skills. is at stake. 20 and our repertoire extends beyond parishioners through the medium of not to worry about the pedals and off contribution to building the life of the hymns and Mass settings to chant, I went. I remember Mum (who was a parish community and people’s polyphony and four-part SATB singer) sitting next to me the first few participation in worship. I striving to motets. model myself on those who were times. My piano lessons continued until I finished high school. As a boy in the early 60s, shortly after influential in my development so that watching the Walt Disney movie we can maintain a choral tradition In my early 30’s after the birth of our Almost Angels about the Vienna Boys similar to the one which inspired me first child, we moved to Rosalie parish Choir, I auditioned as a chorister for in my youth. in Brisbane where the music the Adelaide Cathedral Choir. I was coordinator, the incomparable Dot Recommendations for the future... over-awed by the massive stone Mara, heard of my history and invited interior, beautiful artworks and ♦ Most importantly, engage a well- me to join the musicians’ roster. I historical furnishings. Then the huge qualified musician who has a genuine have appeared on it ever since. pipe organ erupted as clouds of interest in church music and liturgy, My motivation is my love of music, incense billowed from the procession. and provide remuneration commensurate with the time and my faith in God and the desire to be a I was hooked for life by the contributing member of a delightful experience of worship with its sense effort required. community. It has been a great joy to of reverence, mystery and beauty. ♦ If a choir doesn’t exist, then set one have my children sing with me as Training and Motivation. As a teen, I up, with regular weekly rehearsals. cantors as they have grown. I am also was fascinated by the dexterity of the Our choir has a break half way privileged to have a beautiful JW organist on the massive pipe organ through for supper and a chat which Beginning on Pentecost Sunday, the Australian bishops are inviting the local Church to Walker & Sons 1885 pipe organ to th and could not wait to grow legs long maintains interest. Our annual choir embark on a year of retreat as we celebrate the 50 anniversary of the opening of the Second play and support in choosing music enough to play the pedals. An camp is very popular. Vatican Council. It will be an opportunity to contemplate the face of Christ, build a and finding appropriate settings from enthusiastic organ teacher gave me a professional liturgist who lives in the ♦ Drawing on the skills of the more spirituality of communion, and undertake a mission for the new evangelisation. It is hoped formal lessons, the parish organist parish. talented and experienced members, that Australian artists can be engaged to help us contemplate the face of Christ with encouraged me and gave me invest time and energy in the discernment and wisdom. So for the future... More young opportunities to play hymns from the development of the youth so that they people learn a musical instrument Living Parish Hymnal at Mass, and I will continue to participate and pass An artist such as Ian de Souza offers us new eyes. This work, Passion, Death and now than when I was young. benefited from a one-year course in on their skills. Resurrection of Christ (2007) was a finalist in the W.A. Mandorla Contemporary Religious Identifying teenage talent within the church music run by the Adelaide Art Award. The representational image of Jesus is painted in ink on fine rice paper and parish is possible. Planting the seed ♦ A quality organ goes a long way TAFE college. (All the TAFE lecturers allowed to bleed through successive layers of rice paper, delicately transforming it into a more ethereal and spiritual image. The and extending the invitation are held church positions and the towards attracting good musicians. important. Normalising participation program included history, theory, Use good quality repertoire. Do image of the suffering Christ is transformed into an expression of the light and radiance of the risen Christ. It might also is a key to involvement. practical organ technique, voice things in such a way that the people represent graphically the process of contemplation as one moves beyond the historical surface to the deeper mystery of the risen want to come back for more. Christ. 12 LITURGY NEWS March 2012 March 2012 LITURGY NEWS 13

resource for school aged children in years Foundation to 12 in Edward Foley (general editor), Australia. Its purpose is to develop student formation in the A Commentary on the Order Eucharist and assist their full, active and conscious participation. Lessons Learnt in School of Mass of The Roman Missal, Produced by the National Catholic Education Commission and Fraynework Multimedia, the materials are organised into year level (Collegeville: Liturgical Press, 2011) 694 groupings and themes (see box). This dynamic resource hosts a + xxviii pages. THE NEW ROMAN MISSAL  variety of teaching tools and learning activities to engage students and inform teachers. There are reflection and discussion questions by James Cronin by James Robinson and Margaret Connors and a great number of reliable and trustworthy references and web links. Other audiences for this resource include those who are

involved in the ministry of Children’s Liturgy in the context of the Parishes have generally taken the new translation of the prayers parish Mass and those who contribute to the faith formation of his is a scholarly work, an ten approved eucharistic prayers, plus perplexing phrase descended into hell. and responses at Mass in their stride. School communities have parents and children through Parish Sacramental Programs. T indispensible reference for libraries, the three prayers for Masses with The Latin word inferi occurs again in too, but they face some special issues and have some special Indeed, since the resource is openly available on the web, it can be clergy and religious, students and children (which are not printed in the the first and fourth Eucharistic Prayers. opportunities in the reception of the new Missal. Here are some of accessed by parents themselves. liturgists. After several major new Missal and are not included in this In the former it is translated rather the salutary lessons we are learning. introductory articles, the book takes each commentary). Reading about the blandly as Resurrection from the dead, Lesson 1: Renew not just what we say, but what we know and do part of the Order of Mass, including each theology behind the words, I discovered and in the latter – the best translation of that, despite references to God’s creation, the three – as For students and teachers, the new Roman Missal is an invitation of the Eucharistic Prayers, and offers first descent to the realm of to eucharistic renewal. The changes provide an opportunity to the Latin and the new English text side none of our present eucharistic prayers the dead. Why was this translation not seek to understand the purpose and meaning of what the assembly by side, and then provides articles on the deals in any consistent way with urgent used in the Creed when hell means say during Mass. By engaging with the new text, students and history of the Latin text and rite, its concerns like caring for the something quite different in teachers can be invited into the richness of a bigger theological theology, the new 2010 English environment. There are other attractive contemporary English? conversation: communion with others in a eucharistic celebration images of the work of Christ that need to translation, and the mystagogical For all its reticence to enter into the in a global, historical Church. It is important to raise the be added to the traditional ones of blood implications of the text and rite. The polemics of translation, the commentary awareness of students that the same sacred texts and actions are atonement and sacrifice. Personally, I articles are by twenty of the best English- still sometimes displays pungent remarks used all over the world. The introduction of the new words is an think we need to be working toward speaking liturgical scholars, mostly north on the English text. For example, opportunity to review with students their understanding of the new texts, ones which both grow out of American but including Anscar Chupungco comments on for you and gestures and symbols that are used during the liturgy. The Chupungco and Tom Elich from this side the existing ones and mirror the genius renewal caused by the new text then extends beyond the liturgy to for many spoken over the chalice at the of the world. It is designed to take some of today’s language and culture (see school curriculum, prayer life and student and teacher formation. consecration: It ignores the exegetical www.togetheratonealtar.catholic.edu.au distance from current polemics and to Sacrosanctum Consilium 37-40). Even though the initial implementation of the text has been context of the words Jesus pronounced provide an enduring resource and Insofar as it reviews the changes in completed, there is a significant ‘in’ provided by the new text to at the Last Supper. In effect, it limits reference on the Order of Mass. It has a translation made since 1973, this volume continue important conversations about liturgical planning, Lesson 4: Remind others of hospitality in liturgical celebrations the universal offer of salvation. …We helpful timeline leading to the new does indicate a way forward, even as it preparation and participation. can only hope that when the priest The school’s lived experience of the new Missal raises awareness of translation and a comprehensive index. hints that progress at the moment may Lesson 2: Review the habits used to prepare students for the diversity of people who attend our eucharistic celebrations. In be stalled. pronounces the words ‘for many’, participation in Eucharist the last decade, the Church has recognised that the demographics But it is not all heavy going. It is easy to everyone in the assembly will realise Among the positives of this commentary of Catholic schools have changed (see: The Catholic School in the look up specific phrases. For example, that what they hear is not what the Now is the time to review old habits! With the new text, comes a are the sections entitled ‘The Third Millennium). Simply, some students and families do not like the dewfall in Eucharistic Prayer II priest is saying. In the entire corpus of new awareness of what students say and do in Eucharist. Mystagogical Implications’. These Pragmatic issues often arise around liturgical planning in schools regularly engage with the parish in the same way that happened has raised some hackles, but one the ICEL2010 Order of Mass, this is valuable sections occur after each part of and these may have been addressed in the past with a functional 40 years ago. As faith communities, schools can provide discovers a richness that is not probably the most regrettable example the Mass has been analysed historically, approach (what works) rather than with liturgical principles. One hospitality to those who may not have had a recent experience of unbiblical. While the Bible does not of a slavish application of literal theologically and textually. There is an old habit is the inclusion of data projectors and accompanying Church. Despite best intentions, some can feel alienated because directly associate the dewfall with the translation (p. 481). Such outbursts excellent introductory article on power point presentations in liturgy. This technology is often the they are not familiar with the responses or liturgical gestures. Spirit, a text such as Exodus 16:13-15 however are rare. best way to induct students into using the new text during mass. Simply omitting an ‘Amen’ response from a printed or projected describes how the manna given in the mystagogy which is not simply In reviewing this habit, we must consider not only the words of text could exclude those who do not regularly attend liturgical desert comes from a layer of dew all catechesis, but a synthesis of catechesis, Reading this volume has made me aware the text, but how they are presented: power points should enhance celebrations. The new text puts us somewhat back at the ‘starting about the camp. Isaiah speaks of justice spiritual reflection, and lived charity, of the riches of our liturgical tradition participation, not be a distraction. Careful attention must be given block’ together. We are all learning and in this act we discover an descending from above like dew (45:8); with Christ and the whole community at and of future possibilities. May the day to appropriate graphics and artwork. Further, with the induction evangelising reality: access to all responses and an understanding in Hosea 14:5 God promises I will be like its centre (pp. 97-101). This approach soon come when the pendulum of of communities into new words, it is an opportunity to look again of the meaning of the words and ritualistic actions leads to greater the dew to Israel; and the song of Moses provides a way to get beyond the renewal moves again, when faithfulness at old actions. Schools can review their expectations about participation. announces that the proclamation of undeniable difficulties with the liturgical to a Latin text is complemented by procedures and practices for the reverent celebration of liturgy (for Initially, the introduction of the new Roman Missal may have God’s greatness will condense like the text itself and to learn to draw new life equally rapt attention to the culture of example, entering and leaving, responding, gestures and actions, seemed merely about some changes in words. The lesson is that dew (Deut 32:2). Thus, drawing from from our prayer. the intended audience and the manner of its communication. In the meantime, receiving communion or blessing). the change is much deeper. There are significant opportunities for several different perspectives, we begin to The commentary also allows us to pick the determination to get inside the text Lesson 3: Resource liturgical preparation review and renewal that can lead to on-going faith formation and appreciate a startling new image for the up inconsistencies in the translation and and use it to raise hearts to God must be deeper participation. work of the Holy Spirit. consequently helps us with the We are conscious now more than ever of our planning and the primary aim of all who use the interpretation of difficult words. The preparation for Eucharistic celebrations. New web-based resources For me, the book also highlighted gaps current Roman Missal. This fine work Apostles’ Creed uses the infelicitous and are now available that contribute significantly to the formation of  James Robinson and Margaret Connors are Education Officers in our euchology. There are currently helps one to do precisely that! students and teachers. Together at One Altar is one such in Religious Education with Brisbane Catholic Education Office.

14 LITURGY NEWS March 2012 March 2012 LITURGY NEWS 15 resource for school aged children in years Foundation to 12 in Edward Foley (general editor), Australia. Its purpose is to develop student formation in the A Commentary on the Order Eucharist and assist their full, active and conscious participation. Lessons Learnt in School of Mass of The Roman Missal, Produced by the National Catholic Education Commission and Fraynework Multimedia, the materials are organised into year level (Collegeville: Liturgical Press, 2011) 694 groupings and themes (see box). This dynamic resource hosts a + xxviii pages. THE NEW ROMAN MISSAL  variety of teaching tools and learning activities to engage students and inform teachers. There are reflection and discussion questions by James Cronin by James Robinson and Margaret Connors and a great number of reliable and trustworthy references and web links. Other audiences for this resource include those who are involved in the ministry of Children’s Liturgy in the context of the Parishes have generally taken the new translation of the prayers parish Mass and those who contribute to the faith formation of his is a scholarly work, an ten approved eucharistic prayers, plus perplexing phrase descended into hell. and responses at Mass in their stride. School communities have parents and children through Parish Sacramental Programs. T indispensible reference for libraries, the three prayers for Masses with The Latin word inferi occurs again in too, but they face some special issues and have some special Indeed, since the resource is openly available on the web, it can be clergy and religious, students and children (which are not printed in the the first and fourth Eucharistic Prayers. opportunities in the reception of the new Missal. Here are some of accessed by parents themselves. liturgists. After several major new Missal and are not included in this In the former it is translated rather the salutary lessons we are learning. introductory articles, the book takes each commentary). Reading about the blandly as Resurrection from the dead, Lesson 1: Renew not just what we say, but what we know and do part of the Order of Mass, including each theology behind the words, I discovered and in the latter – the best translation of that, despite references to God’s creation, the three – as For students and teachers, the new Roman Missal is an invitation of the Eucharistic Prayers, and offers first descent to the realm of to eucharistic renewal. The changes provide an opportunity to the Latin and the new English text side none of our present eucharistic prayers the dead. Why was this translation not seek to understand the purpose and meaning of what the assembly by side, and then provides articles on the deals in any consistent way with urgent used in the Creed when hell means say during Mass. By engaging with the new text, students and history of the Latin text and rite, its concerns like caring for the something quite different in teachers can be invited into the richness of a bigger theological theology, the new 2010 English environment. There are other attractive contemporary English? conversation: communion with others in a eucharistic celebration images of the work of Christ that need to translation, and the mystagogical For all its reticence to enter into the in a global, historical Church. It is important to raise the be added to the traditional ones of blood implications of the text and rite. The polemics of translation, the commentary awareness of students that the same sacred texts and actions are atonement and sacrifice. Personally, I articles are by twenty of the best English- still sometimes displays pungent remarks used all over the world. The introduction of the new words is an think we need to be working toward speaking liturgical scholars, mostly north on the English text. For example, opportunity to review with students their understanding of the new texts, ones which both grow out of American but including Anscar Chupungco comments on for you and gestures and symbols that are used during the liturgy. The Chupungco and Tom Elich from this side the existing ones and mirror the genius renewal caused by the new text then extends beyond the liturgy to for many spoken over the chalice at the of the world. It is designed to take some of today’s language and culture (see school curriculum, prayer life and student and teacher formation. consecration: It ignores the exegetical www.togetheratonealtar.catholic.edu.au distance from current polemics and to Sacrosanctum Consilium 37-40). Even though the initial implementation of the text has been context of the words Jesus pronounced provide an enduring resource and Insofar as it reviews the changes in completed, there is a significant ‘in’ provided by the new text to at the Last Supper. In effect, it limits reference on the Order of Mass. It has a translation made since 1973, this volume continue important conversations about liturgical planning, Lesson 4: Remind others of hospitality in liturgical celebrations the universal offer of salvation. …We helpful timeline leading to the new does indicate a way forward, even as it preparation and participation. can only hope that when the priest The school’s lived experience of the new Missal raises awareness of translation and a comprehensive index. hints that progress at the moment may Lesson 2: Review the habits used to prepare students for the diversity of people who attend our eucharistic celebrations. In be stalled. pronounces the words ‘for many’, participation in Eucharist the last decade, the Church has recognised that the demographics But it is not all heavy going. It is easy to everyone in the assembly will realise Among the positives of this commentary of Catholic schools have changed (see: The Catholic School in the look up specific phrases. For example, that what they hear is not what the Now is the time to review old habits! With the new text, comes a are the sections entitled ‘The Third Millennium). Simply, some students and families do not like the dewfall in Eucharistic Prayer II priest is saying. In the entire corpus of new awareness of what students say and do in Eucharist. Mystagogical Implications’. These Pragmatic issues often arise around liturgical planning in schools regularly engage with the parish in the same way that happened has raised some hackles, but one the ICEL2010 Order of Mass, this is valuable sections occur after each part of and these may have been addressed in the past with a functional 40 years ago. As faith communities, schools can provide discovers a richness that is not probably the most regrettable example the Mass has been analysed historically, approach (what works) rather than with liturgical principles. One hospitality to those who may not have had a recent experience of unbiblical. While the Bible does not of a slavish application of literal theologically and textually. There is an old habit is the inclusion of data projectors and accompanying Church. Despite best intentions, some can feel alienated because directly associate the dewfall with the translation (p. 481). Such outbursts excellent introductory article on power point presentations in liturgy. This technology is often the they are not familiar with the responses or liturgical gestures. Spirit, a text such as Exodus 16:13-15 however are rare. best way to induct students into using the new text during mass. Simply omitting an ‘Amen’ response from a printed or projected describes how the manna given in the mystagogy which is not simply In reviewing this habit, we must consider not only the words of text could exclude those who do not regularly attend liturgical desert comes from a layer of dew all catechesis, but a synthesis of catechesis, Reading this volume has made me aware the text, but how they are presented: power points should enhance celebrations. The new text puts us somewhat back at the ‘starting about the camp. Isaiah speaks of justice spiritual reflection, and lived charity, of the riches of our liturgical tradition participation, not be a distraction. Careful attention must be given block’ together. We are all learning and in this act we discover an descending from above like dew (45:8); with Christ and the whole community at and of future possibilities. May the day to appropriate graphics and artwork. Further, with the induction evangelising reality: access to all responses and an understanding in Hosea 14:5 God promises I will be like its centre (pp. 97-101). This approach soon come when the pendulum of of communities into new words, it is an opportunity to look again of the meaning of the words and ritualistic actions leads to greater the dew to Israel; and the song of Moses provides a way to get beyond the renewal moves again, when faithfulness at old actions. Schools can review their expectations about participation. announces that the proclamation of undeniable difficulties with the liturgical to a Latin text is complemented by procedures and practices for the reverent celebration of liturgy (for Initially, the introduction of the new Roman Missal may have God’s greatness will condense like the text itself and to learn to draw new life equally rapt attention to the culture of example, entering and leaving, responding, gestures and actions, seemed merely about some changes in words. The lesson is that dew (Deut 32:2). Thus, drawing from from our prayer. the intended audience and the manner of its communication. In the meantime, receiving communion or blessing). the change is much deeper. There are significant opportunities for several different perspectives, we begin to The commentary also allows us to pick the determination to get inside the text Lesson 3: Resource liturgical preparation review and renewal that can lead to on-going faith formation and appreciate a startling new image for the up inconsistencies in the translation and and use it to raise hearts to God must be deeper participation. work of the Holy Spirit. consequently helps us with the We are conscious now more than ever of our planning and the primary aim of all who use the interpretation of difficult words. The preparation for Eucharistic celebrations. New web-based resources For me, the book also highlighted gaps current Roman Missal. This fine work Apostles’ Creed uses the infelicitous and are now available that contribute significantly to the formation of  James Robinson and Margaret Connors are Education Officers in our euchology. There are currently helps one to do precisely that! students and teachers. Together at One Altar is one such in Religious Education with Brisbane Catholic Education Office.

14 LITURGY NEWS March 2012 March 2012 LITURGY NEWS 15

OUR COVER

Memories of childhood surface as I reflect on these words The concluding doxology of the first Eucharistic Prayer and this scene: holidays by the sea; sunshine and laughter; recognises not only that God bestows good things upon us building sand castles; collecting shells; and chasing the through Jesus, but that creation is a continuing process of waves as they rolled onto the beach. Above all, however, sanctifying, giving life, and blessing. Our God is a God was an overwhelming sense of loving and being loved. As who labours continually over his creation and whose love I ventured into the surf with my father, I knew that he is limitless. Gerard Manly Hopkins in his poem God’s would always be by my side and would never let go of me. Grandeur evokes a sense of the mystery, awe and mercy So began my love of the ocean and my first sense of the of God, and reminds us that no matter how much we use wonder of creation. It was also the start of my journey to or abuse these gifts, God is never defeated. seek and find God, a journey from a child’s certainty of a loving father to an adult’s certainty of a loving God. As my The world is charged with the grandeur of God. journey progressed so too did a deep sense of gratitude for It will flame out, like shining from shook foil; the gift of creation and the realisation that the beauty of It gathers to a greatness, like the ooze of oil creation reflects the beauty of God the Creator. Crushed. Why do men then now not reck his rod? Generations have trod, have trod, have trod; Saint Ignatius Loyola described God as being actively And all is seared with trade; bleared, smeared with toil; involved in this creation of our world. His image of God And wears man’s smudge and shares man’s smell: the soil was an active and generous God who showered us with Is bare now, nor can foot feel being shod. gifts. In his Contemplation on the Love of God, Ignatius And for all this, nature is never spent; urges us to consider these gifts: our lives, our families and There lives the dearest freshness deep down things; friends, our faith, our church, and the promise of life And though the last lights off the black West went forever with God. Oh, morning, at the brown brink eastward, springs – God is not content with just giving us gifts. He has given Because the Holy Ghost over the bent us himself in Jesus, who gives us his life, passion and death World broods with warm breast and with ah! bright wings. and continues to be present to us in his resurrected life. Jesus gifts us with himself in the Eucharist, literally putting by Ann Hoare, Faber Centre of Ignatian Spirituality himself in our hands. Photograph: Julie Moran

IN THIS ISSUE ... Editorial Board

Rev Dr Tom Elich (editor) 2 Editor: De-Baptism? Sr Maree Byron OSU 3 Composer and Performer Rev John Fitz-Herbert 6 Sacramental Preparation Mrs Elizabeth Harrington 9 We Praise You, We Bless You Ms Julie Moran

10 News Dr Ralph Morton Quarterly Bulletin of 12 Music: Three Responses Sr Ursula O’Rourke SGS THE LITURGICAL COMMISSION 13 Year of Grace: Face of Christ of the Archdiocese of Brisbane Articles for publication are welcome. 14 Lessons Learnt in School We reserve the right to edit material Volume 42 Number 1 15 Books: Mass Commentary in consultation with the author. March 2012 16 Our Cover CONTACT Liturgy News SUBSCRIPTIONS GPO Box 282, Brisbane Australia 4001

Mrs Leone Ryan Telephone (07) 3336 9444 © The Liturgical Commission $25 per year, post free, GST free Facsimile (07) 3221 1705 All rights reserved (overseas $34) E-mail [email protected] SINGLE COPY: $7 (+ postage) ISSN 1039-0464 Website www.litcom.net.au

16 LITURGY NEWS March 2012