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Beam Scanning Annular Slot-Ring Antenna Array with Via-Fence for Wireless Power Transfer

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Beam Scanning Annular Slot-Ring Antenna Array with Via-Fence for Wireless Power Transfer Received: 11 November 2019 Revised: 15 January 2020 Accepted: 15 January 2020 DOI: 10.1002/mmce.22178 RESEARCH ARTICLE Beam scanning annular slot-ring antenna array with via-fence for wireless power transfer Laxmikant Minz | Seong-Ook Park Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Abstract Technology, Daejeon, South Korea Wireless power transfer has been the field of research for many decades, and with technological advancement and increase in wireless mobile devices, the Correspondence Laxmikant Minz, Department of Electrical future of wireless power transfer technology is very promising. The major Engineering requirement of wireless power transfer is an efficient and compact antenna Korea Advanced Institute of Science and array with high gain and flawless scanning performance. In this article, a 4 × 8 Technology, Daejeon, South Korea. Email: [email protected] element array is proposed with a gain of 18 dB and scanning capability of ±45 in azimuth and elevation plane at 5.8 GHz. The overall size of the array is Funding information 100 mm × 200 mm. The element separation in the array is only 0.48 λ. There National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), Grant/Award Number: was strong mutual coupling due to smaller separation, which has been mini- 2019R1A2B5B01069407 mized with the application of via-fence around the antenna element. A dual feed circularly polarized annular slot-ring antenna is proposed and analyzed with via-fence to develop an array of 4 × 8 elements. The antenna array reflec- tion coefficient obtained is less than 20 dB for different scan angles and the gain of the array obtained is also within 2 dB for ±45 scan angles. KEYWORDS annular slot-ring, beam scanning, mutual coupling, MWPT, stripline feeding, via-fence 1 | INTRODUCTION RF power conversion efficiency to beam focusing and multidevice charging, an efficient transmitter antenna Microwave wireless power transfer (MWPT) is a peren- array design is a prime component for the overall MWPT nial technology, initially demonstrated by Tesla in 1891 system. and since then there has been an extensive research in In this article, we present a circularly polarized (CP), this domain. For mobile devices like smartphones, the efficient, and compact wide-angle beam-steering 4 × 8 best accomplishment engineered so far is inductive antenna array design for long-range MWPT system. charging. Wireless inductive chargers are commercially There are different challenges in design of a beam- available, where wire tethering is gone but the device is steering antenna array for MWPT. First is the mutual still required to be in close bound to the charging pad for coupling, which affects impedance matching, reflection its charging. Research on long-range wireless power coefficient, radiation pattern, gain, steering angle with transfer1 is progressing and currently focusing on instal- relative phase shift, and so on. The coupling between ele- lation of multiple charging panels with a controlling base ments varies the antenna characteristics and prohibits station for charging multiple mobile/portable electronics compactness. Various research works have been con- devices over a range of 5 to 20 m, Figure 1. Applications ducted to study the mutual coupling effect in an array of MWPT are extending to RFIDs, IoTs, and even to and various techniques have been proposed to reduce the power lines.2 Among the various challenges from DC-to- mutual coupling.3-5 Parasitic patches and parasitic Int J RF Microw Comput Aided Eng. 2020;30:e22178. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/mmce © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 1of15 https://doi.org/10.1002/mmce.22178 2of15 MINZ AND PARK MWPT21-23 has steering capability of ±30 , ±39 , and ±40, respectively. Beam-steering capability depends on antenna element size and array element separation. A small element size annular slot-ring antenna is opted for the antenna array design as it has smaller size compared to conventional rectangular patch antennas and disk patch antenna. Moreover, due to simple construction slot-ring microstrip antenna can be easily integrated with RF components of the MWPT system. There is a size con- straint of 25 mm × 25 mm (0.48 λ × 0.48 λ) for single ele- ment due to the MPWT system in hand and the designed slot-ring antenna adjusted well in the limited area. Lastly, efficiency of the antenna is important for MWPT system. Low reflection coefficient and low dielec- tric loss are essential for radiation efficiency, whereas low polarization mismatch and high gain can minimize path loss and improve power transmission efficiency. Polariza- tion mismatch can be avoided with circular polarized antenna array. The designed annular slot-ring antenna is CPusing dual feed offset with 90 phase shift. The annu- lar slot-ring antenna is fed through proximity coupling. FIGURE 1 Long-range multipanel wireless charging scheme The advantage of using proximity-coupled feed is that it inherently blocks harmonics. The harmonic signal gener- meander line,6,7 soft or hard surfaces, defected ground ated by rectifying circuit could interfere with other sig- structure,8 bandgap structure,9-11 metamaterial,12 and nals and reduce the rectenna efficiency in MWPT system. electromagnetic three-dimensional (3D) wall13 are a few The designed CP annular slot-ring microstrip antenna techniques proposed in the literature to reduce mutual element operates at 5.8 GHz. The gain of the 4 × 8 array coupling by blocking or minimizing surface current flow. (200 mm × 100 mm) obtained is as high as 18 dB. In this These techniques are in common practice and easier to article, the annular slot-ring antenna design and perfor- fabricate (if planar); however, they are complex to com- mance is described in Section 2. Mutual coupling in slot- prehend and design. In addition, they often consume ring antenna and effect of coupling while forming array more time than antenna element design. Here we pro- is presented in Section 3. The proposed annular slot-ring posed a via-fence structure to minimize mutual coupling antenna with via-fence characteristics and results are between antenna elements. The proposed via-fence is a presented in Section 4. A single and double via-fence simple structure with multiple vias of diameter and sepa- analysis is presented in Section 5. Then the 4 × 8 array ration as small as possible as per fabrication limitation, model of annular slot-ring design with via fence using described in subsequent sections. Similar decoupling cav- unit cell approach is presented with fabricated array ity structures, made up of metal ring boundary shorted result in Section 6. with vias, were found to be simple in fabrication and effective to reduce mutual coupling.14-17 Antennas with via loading have been used in earlier research for gain 2 | ANNULAR SLOT-RING and bandwidth enhancement;18,19 we applied them here ANTENNA for mutual coupling reduction and to improve closely spaced antenna array performance. An annular slot-ring microstrip antenna has various ben- Second, the critical factor of an array panel employed efits. First, a slot-ring antenna is smaller and has an easy for MWPT system is its beam-steering capability. The construction than other planar or nonplanar anten- beam-steering ability of the array is required to be a max- nas.24,25 In terms of construction, the slot-ring size is imum of ±45 because a ±45 steering would be sufficient apparently not affected by the dielectric permittivity, to direct the high gain beam toward a device in any loca- which is a unique phenomenon compared with micro- tion over the confined space as in Figure 1. A wide-angle strip patch antenna, where structure fields diffuse beam-steering antenna array can be obtained either with through both substrate and free space, and the dielectric wide-beam antenna or with wide-angle impedance constant directly affect the patch dimension. The size of matching.20 Recent work on antenna array for the slot entirely depends on fundamental operating MINZ AND PARK 3of15 frequency. The fundamental operating frequency of the slot-ring antenna is simulated using commercial software slot-ring is the frequency for which mean circumference (CST MWS), and the simulated s-parameter results are of the slot-ring is equal to wavelength (λ). It can be for- shown in Figure 3. 26 mulated as : The simulated results in Figure 3 show that both S11 and S22 have good matching at 5.8 GHz and the S21 ð Þ kra =1 1 (or S12) is below 20 dB, indicating that two ports are iso- lated enough to operate antenna for dual linear polariza- 2π where k = λ is the wave number and ra is the average of tion as well as circular polarization if the phase outer and inner radius of slot-ring. A stripline feed slot- difference between two ports is 90 . The circular polar- ring antenna is shown in Figure 2. Top layer consists of a ized matching performance is also shown in Figure 3 by metallic layer with a slot-ring on it. The slot-ring is feed a plot with label S11 [1, 0] + S22 [1, 90], highlighting that through proximity coupling using a stripline feed, shown signals at port 1 and port 2 are of the same amplitude in shades. The symmetric structure of the ring makes it and the port 2 phase is shifted by 90 . The radiation pat- easier to get circular polarization. In Figure 2, two stri- tern of the designed slot-ring antenna for linear polariza- pline feeds are utilized to obtain a circular polarized or a tion (port 1 or port 2) and circular polarization is shown dual linear polarized antenna by mere control of phase in Figure 4. The gain of slot-ring is 6.9 dB. between two feeds.
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