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Revizija Roda Eumerus Meigen, 1822 (Diptera: Syrphidae) Na Balkanskom Poluostrvu

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Revizija Roda Eumerus Meigen, 1822 (Diptera: Syrphidae) Na Balkanskom Poluostrvu UNIVERZITET U NOVOM SADU PRIRODNO-MATEMATIČKI FAKULTET DEPARTMAN ZA BIOLOGIJU I EKOLOGIJU Ana (Stefanović) Grković Revizija roda Eumerus Meigen, 1822 (Diptera: Syrphidae) na Balkanskom poluostrvu - doktorska disertacija - Novi Sad, 2018 Uz neizmernu zahvalnost porodici na ljubavi i podršci, posebno bakama i dekama moje dece – Verici i Branku, mojoj mami i mom tati. Veliko hvala mom profesoru Anti Vujiću na podršci, pruženom znanju, prilikama i savetima. Hvala mojoj mentorki prof. dr Snežani Radenković na velikoj pomoći i razumevanju. Hvala Jeleni A. koja mi je nesebično pomogla u svim morfometrijskim i statističkim analizama korišćenim u izradi ove disertacije kao i na vrednim savetima i podršci. Hvala Zorici N. na stručnim savetima i Andrijani A. na podršci i pomoći u tehničkim detaljima. Hvala profesoru Slobodanu Glumcu što je svojim velikim zalaganjem otvorio vrata budućim generacijama istraživača. Hvala Nikoli Vranjkoviću na neiscrpnoj inspiraciji tokom izrade ove disertacije. Doktorsku disertaciju posvećujem mojim roditeljima. "Sve što mogu reći stane u dve reči..." SADRŽAJ 1 Uvod ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Ciljevi ........................................................................................................................... 3 2 Pregled literature................................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Opšte karakteristike familije Syrphidae ....................................................................... 4 2.2 Istraživanja sirfida na Balkanu..................................................................................... 6 2.3 Istorijat istraživanja vezanih za rod Eumerus .............................................................. 7 2.4 Opšte karakteristike roda Eumerus Meigen, 1822 ..................................................... 10 2.4.1 Razviće ............................................................................................................... 11 2.4.2 Morfološke karakteristike roda Eumerus ........................................................... 13 2.4.3 Sistematika roda Eumerus Meigen, 1822 ........................................................... 20 2.5 Istraživano područje ................................................................................................... 20 3 Materijal i metode rada ..................................................................................................... 23 3.1 Insekatski materijal .................................................................................................... 23 3.2 Metode ....................................................................................................................... 24 3.2.1 Morfološki karakteri ........................................................................................... 24 3.2.2 Analiza morfoloških karaktera ........................................................................... 25 3.2.3 Geometrijsko morfometrijska analiza ................................................................ 26 3.2.4 Analiza distribucije i indeksi diverziteta ............................................................ 28 4 Rezultati ............................................................................................................................ 30 4.1 Morfološka analiza .................................................................................................... 30 4.1.1 Analizirani morfološki karakteri adultnih jedinki .............................................. 30 4.2 Vrste i grupe vrsta roda Eumerus na Balkanskom poluostrvu ................................... 42 4.2.1 Eumerus tricolor grupa ....................................................................................... 45 4.2.2 Eumerus strigatus grupa ..................................................................................... 84 4.2.3 Podgrupa Eumerus bactrianus ......................................................................... 109 4.2.4 Eumerus clavatus grupa ................................................................................... 121 4.2.5 Eumerus minotaurus grupa .............................................................................. 130 4.2.6 Eumerus minotaurus kompleks ........................................................................ 136 4.2.7 Eumerus barbarus grupa .................................................................................. 141 4.2.8 Eumerus olivaceus grupa ................................................................................. 149 4.2.9 Eumerus ornatus grupa .................................................................................... 153 4.2.10 Eumerus obliquus grupa................................................................................... 167 4.2.11 Eumerus basalis grupa ..................................................................................... 175 4.2.12 Eumerus pulchellus grupa ................................................................................ 186 4.2.13 Ostale vrste ....................................................................................................... 195 4.3 Ključ za identifikaciju vrsta roda Eumerus na Balkanskom poluostrvu ................. 206 4.3.1 Mužjaci - I deo ................................................................................................. 206 4.3.2 Mužjaci – II deo, strigatus grupa ..................................................................... 212 4.3.3 Mužjaci – III deo, tricolor grupa ..................................................................... 213 4.3.4 Ženke – I deo.................................................................................................... 216 4.3.5 Ženke – II deo, tricolor grupa .......................................................................... 220 4.4 Analiza morfoloških karaktera adultnih jedinki roda Eumerus............................... 223 4.4.1 Matriks morfoloških karaktera ......................................................................... 223 4.5 Indeksi diverziteta ................................................................................................... 229 5 Diskusija......................................................................................................................... 231 5.1 Pregled vrsta roda Eumerus na istraživanom području ........................................... 231 5.2 Taksonomski karakteri ............................................................................................ 239 5.3 Analiza morfoloških karaktera ................................................................................ 241 5.4 Fenogram morfoloških karaktera ............................................................................ 244 5.5 Retke i zaštićene vrste roda Eumerus u Srbiji ......................................................... 245 6 Zaključak ........................................................................................................................ 247 7 Literatura ........................................................................................................................ 261 8 Prilog...............................................................................................................................253 LISTA ILUSTRACIJA Slika 1. Prikaz četiri životne faze kod roda Eumerus: jaja, larve, lutke i adulta. ................ 11 Slika 2. Larva trećeg stupnja vrste Eumerus funeralis. Dužina 14 mm. (A) dorzalno. (B) lateralno. (C) ventralno. 1–8 abdominalni segmenti; P – protoraks; Ms – mezotoraks; a – anteriorni spirakulum; b – longitudinalni nabori na progrudima; ga – žljeb između metatoraksa i prvog abdominalnog segmenta; gf – žljeb između nabora na prvom abdominalnom segmentu; s1 – prvi par senzila; s4 – četvrti par senzila; la – prvi režanj; la 2/3 – režnjevi 2a i 2b; la4 – režanj 4; prp – posteriorni respiratorni izraštaj; c – anteriorni nabor; d – anteno-maksilarni organi; g – mandibule; hf – horizontalni nabori na grudima sa senzilama 4 i 5; lo – lokomotorni organ; an – analni otvor; mp – usni delovi. Izvor: Rotheray i Gilbert 1999. ......................................................................................................................................... 12 Slika 3. Glava vrste Eumerus nigrorufus, in litt., dorzalno: levo mužjak, desno ženka. ..... 14 Slika 4. Glava mužjaka vrste Eumerus nigrorufus, in litt., lateralno. .................................. 14 Slika 5. Delovi grudi adultnih jedinki roda Eumerus, lateralno, terminologija po Thompsonu (1999). .................................................................................................................. 15 Slika 6. Desno krilo vrste Eumerus karyates, in litt., dorzalno: uzdužne vene: C – kosta; Sc – subkosta; R – radius; M – media; Cu – kubitus; A – analna vena; sv – vena spuria; poprečne vene: h – humeralna vena; r-m – radio-medijalna vena; bm - druga bazalna ćelija ................. 16 Slika 7. Zadnja noga mužjaka vrste Eumerus aurofinis, anteriorno. ................................... 17 Slika 8. Trbuh mužjaka vrste Eumerus niveitibia, dorzalno. ............................................... 18 Slika 9. Genitalni aparat mužjaka vrste Eumerus clavatus, lateralno: (A) epandrijum. (B) hipandrijum. (C) unutrašnje strukture hipandrijuma. ............................................................... 18 Slika 10. Mapa istraživanih lokaliteta
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