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The Skills Road: Skills for Employability in Tajikistan Mohamed Ihsan Ajwad, Stefan Hut, Ilhom Abduloev, Robin Audy, Joost de Laat, Sachiko Kataoka, Jennica Larrison, Zlatko Nikoloski and Federico Torracchi The skills road: skills for employability in Tajikistan Report Original citation: Ajwad, Mohamed Ihsan , Hut, Stefan, Abdulloev, Ilhom, Audy, Robin, de Laat, Joost, Kataoka, Sachiko, Larrison, Jennica, Nikoloski, Zlatko and Torracchi, Federico (2014) The skills road: skills for employability in Tajikistan. World Bank, Washington, USA. Originally available from World Bank This version available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/60024/ Available in LSE Research Online: November 2014 © 2014 The World Bank LSE has developed LSE Research Online so that users may access research output of the School. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LSE Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute the URL (http://eprints.lse.ac.uk) of the LSE Research Online website. The Skills Road Public Disclosure Authorized Skills for Employability in Tajikistan Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Mohamed Ihsan Ajwad, Stefan Hut, Ilhom Abdulloev, Robin Audy, Joost de Laat, Sachiko Kataoka, Jennica Larrison, Public Disclosure Authorized Zlatko Nikoloski, and Federico Torracchi The Skills Road Skills for Employability in Tajikistan Mohamed Ihsan Ajwad, Stefan Hut, Ilhom Abdulloev, Robin Audy, Joost de Laat, Sachiko Kataoka, Jennica Larrison, Zlatko Nikoloski, and Federico Torracchi Standard Disclaimer: . This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Copyright Statement: . The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, telephone 978-750-8400, fax 978-750-4470, http://www.copyright.com/. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, fax 202-522-2422, e- mail [email protected]. Suggested citation: Ajwad, Mohamed Ihsan Stefan Hut, Ilhom Abdulloev, Robin Audy, Joost de Laat, Sachiko Kataoka, Jennica Larrison, Zlatko Nikoloski, and Federico Torracchi. 2014. “The Skills Road: Skills for Employability in Tajikistan.” World Bank, Washington, DC. i Table of Contents List of Figures ...................................................................................................................................................... iii Abbreviations and Acronyms ............................................................................................................................. v Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................. vi Overview ................................................................................................................................................................ 1 1 Labor Market Outcomes ............................................................................................................................. 6 1.1 Although total job creation has kept pace with population growth, formal sector job growth has lagged behind ........................................................................................................................................................ 6 1.2 Jobs are distributed unevenly and labor market discouragement is high ........................................................ 9 1.3 The labor market has undergone significant transformations ....................................................................12 1.4 Job quality remains a concern in Tajikistan ............................................................................................15 1.5 Labor market systems are weak, hindering the job search and skills signaling process ...............................18 2 Skills and Employability .............................................................................................................................20 2.1 The skill needs in the domestic and international market are evolving.......................................................21 2.2 Education matters to employers ...............................................................................................................23 2.3 Skills and employability are closely linked ...............................................................................................26 2.4 Workers with better skills use those skills more often in the workplace .....................................................33 3 Skill Formation over the Life Cycle ........................................................................................................36 3.1 Skills are formed throughout the life cycle .................................................................................................36 3.2 General educational completion rates are high, but preschool and vocational coverage rates fall short ...........37 3.3 While cognitive skills outcomes generally increase with educational attainment, there is significant variation within the different levels of education, raising questions about Tajikistan’s quality of education .................42 3.4 There is significant variation in non-cognitive skills within educational attainment levels ...........................45 4 The Skills Roadmap in Tajikistan ............................................................................................................49 4.1 Get children off to the right start by expanding access to quality early childhood development programs .......52 4.2 Ensure that all students learn by modernizing the curricula and improving teaching quality .......................53 4.3 Build job-relevant skills that employers demand by implementing labor market programs...........................54 4.4 Encourage entrepreneurship and innovation by increasing the quality of higher education............................55 4.5 Match the supply of skills with employer demand by improving labor market information systems ..............56 References ............................................................................................................................................................58 Appendix A: Questionnaire Sections ..............................................................................................................64 Appendix B: Constructing Cognitive Skills Scores Methods for Scale Development and Scoring ......65 Appendix C: Constructing Non-Cognitive Skills Scores Methods for Scale Development and Scoring ...............................................................................................................................................................................73 Appendix D: The Education System in Tajikistan ........................................................................................82 Appendix E: Summary Tables ..........................................................................................................................83 Appendix F: Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Skill Mean Scores ...................................................................91 ii List of Figures Figure 1: GDP growth in Tajikistan has outpaced other ECA and OECD countries in the last decade, 1996–2012 ......................................................................................................................... 7 Figure 2: Productivity levels are low but are growing, 2000–2011 ........................................................... 8 Figure 3: Tajikistan’s working age population is projected to increase in the next decades, 2000– 2011 .................................................................................................................................................. 9 Figure 4: While male employment rates mirror OECD employment rates, female employment rates are considerably lower than male employment rates, 2013 ...................................................10 Figure 5: Labor market discouragement is a problem in Tajikistan, especially among the youth, 2013 ................................................................................................................................................11
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