DOCSLIB.ORG

Systems for the Automotive Industry for Improved Safety of Pregnant Occupants

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Systems for the Automotive Industry for Improved Safety of Pregnant Occupants This item was submitted to Loughborough’s Institutional Repository (https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/) by the author and is made available under the following Creative Commons Licence conditions. For the full text of this licence, please go to: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ Systems for the Automotive Industry for Improved Safety of Pregnant Occupants by Alix Mary Weekes (BEng hons) A Doctoral Thesis Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy of Loughborough University June 2010 © Alix Mary Weekes 2010 Abstract ABSTRACT The thesis presents an investigation of pregnant women’s safety and comfort needs during car travel. A survey is used to investigate all aspects and problems of car travel. This survey is a comprehensive examination of the entire driving activity with much detail of reported difficulties from pregnant women that forms a novel resource for the automotive engineers. The survey results are used to generate guidelines for the automotive industry. A series of sled tests are presented that investigate seat belt use in pregnancy including the use of lap belt positioners. The peak abdominal pressure results clearly agree with current guidelines that the lap belt should be positioned across the hips and not across the abdomen. This research includes a novel anthropometric dataset for 107 pregnant women including measurements especially selected for the field of automotive design and to describe the changes of pregnancy. This includes investigation of pregnant driver’s proximity to the steering wheel. A novel measurement of ‘knee splay’ is used to define the pregnant women’s preference to sit with their knees widely spaced instead of knees together, in both normal sitting and in a car. Comparison is made between the pregnant women’s measurements and the available data in the literature for non- pregnant women and males, and this shows that pregnant women can be excluded from designs if the accommodation does not consider their needs. The pregnant women’s anthropometric data is presented as a novel website in order to make the data available to the automotive industry. This website is generated for use by automotive engineers and is designed to suit their usability needs and the general trends within the industry, in order to make the site more user-friendly and more likely to be used as a reference for pregnant occupant’s needs. ii Acknowledgements ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge the support and patience of my supervisor, Professor. B. Serpil Acar, to whom I am grateful for the continued encouragement. I also gratefully acknowledge the funding provided by the Department of Computer Science at Loughborough University. The “Automotive Design: Incorporating the Needs of Pregnant Women” project was funded by the EPSRC (Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, UK) GR/R13081 research grant of the Innovative Manufacturing and Construction Research Centre. I am also grateful to Thatcham for the funding provided in support of this thesis, and to Matthew Avery for his support. I thank Mr. Malcolm Griffiths of the Luton and Dunstable Hospital NHS Trust for his assistance. I also thank my colleagues and friends from both Loughborough University and Thatcham. I would like to thank all the volunteers who have given their time for measurements and questionnaires, without whom this research would have been impossible. In particular I appreciate the time given by my sister Katie Davis, and by my cousin Lisa Lane, both of whom were extremely helpful with refining the anthropometric measurement procedures. I also thank Katie Davis for allowing the use of her photograph throughout this thesis. I am grateful to my loving family for their support, in particular my parents for their gentle backing and belief in me. I would like to thank Matthew Edwards for his patience, encouragement, and support. iii Table of Contents CONTENTS Abstract..........................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgements...................................................................................................... iii List of Figures...............................................................................................................xi List of Tables ..............................................................................................................xvi List of symbols and Abbreviations ............................................................................xvii Glossary of obstetric Terms..................................................................................... xviii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .........................................................1 1.1 AIMS OF THE RESEARCH.........................................................................1 1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH..........................................................1 1.3 THESIS OUTLINE ........................................................................................2 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW................................................3 2.1 AUTOMOTIVE SAFETY NEEDS OF PREGNANT WOMEN................3 2.1.1 Pregnant women’s anthropometric data ..............................................4 2.1.2 Collisions involving pregnant women ...................................................8 2.1.3 Fetal fatality and injury risk..................................................................9 2.1.3.1 Injury mechanisms ..........................................................................9 2.1.3.2 Injury risk and seat belt use ..........................................................12 2.1.3.3 Seat belt usage in pregnancy ........................................................15 2.1.3.4 Education about correct seat belt use...........................................17 2.1.4 Legal requirements and guidelines regarding pregnant women’s safety................................................................................................................20 2.1.5 Other issues of car travel in pregnancy ..............................................22 2.1.5.1 Proximity to the steering wheel.....................................................22 2.1.5.2 Vehicle entry and exit....................................................................23 iv Table of Contents 2.2 HCI AND WEB USABILITY FOR AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERS AND DESIGNERS .......................................................................................................24 2.2.1 Human Computer Interaction (HCI) and web usability...................24 2.2.2 The automotive design process ............................................................29 2.2.3 Characteristics of automotive engineers and designers ....................38 2.2.4 Review of existing software for automotive designers and engineers ..........................................................................................................................43 2.2.4.1 PeopleSize .....................................................................................43 2.2.4.2 ARIS ..............................................................................................44 2.2.4.3 MADYMO .....................................................................................44 2.2.4.4 PC-Crash ......................................................................................45 2.2.4.5 Beltfit.............................................................................................45 CHAPTER 3: DATA COLLECTION OF SAFETY AND COMFORT ISSUES FOR PREGNANT WOMEN .........................46 3.1 PREGNANCY AND DRIVING QUESTIONNAIRE ...............................46 3.1.1 Pregnant driver survey.........................................................................47 3.1.2 Online method .......................................................................................48 3.1.3 Sample of pregnant women..................................................................48 3.1.3.1 Sampling method and representivity.............................................49 3.2 DRIVING AND SAFETY ............................................................................51 3.3 SEAT BELTS................................................................................................53 3.3.1 Legal requirements and guidelines for seat belt usage during pregnancy........................................................................................................53 3.3.2 Safety and comfort issues for pregnant women using seat belts ......53 3.3.2.1 Use of the seat belt........................................................................53 3.3.2.2 Positioning of the seat belt............................................................53 3.3.2.3 Problems using the seat belt .........................................................55 3.3.2.4 Awareness of seat belt safety ........................................................57 3.3.3 Seat belt positioners ..............................................................................57 3.4 AIRBAGS ......................................................................................................57 3.4.1 Guidelines for vehicle airbags during pregnancy ..............................57 3.4.2 Airbag safety and comfort issues for pregnant women.....................58 v Table of Contents 3.5 VEHICLE ENTRY & EXIT........................................................................60 3.5.1 Discussion of pregnancy related changes............................................62
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Court File No. ONTARIO SUPERIOR
    Court File No. ONTARIO SUPERIOR COURT OF JUSTICE (COMMERCIAL LIST) IN THE MATTER OF THE COMPANIES’ CREDITORS ARRANGEMENT ACT, R.S.C. 1985, c. C 36, AS AMENDED AND IN THE MATTER OF TK HOLDINGS INC., AND THOSE OTHER COMPANIES LISTED ON SCHEDULE “A” HERETO (collectively, the "Chapter 11 Debtors") APPLICATION OF TK HOLDINGS INC. UNDER SECTION 46 OF THE COMPANIES’ CREDITORS ARRANGEMENT ACT APPLICATION RECORD (re: Interim Recognition Order and Supplemental Recognition Order) (Returnable June 28, 2017) June 27, 2017 McCarthy Tétrault LLP Toronto Dominion Bank Tower Toronto, ON M5K 1E6 Fax: (416) 868-0673 Heather Meredith LSUC#: 48354R Tel: (416) 601-8342 Email: [email protected] Eric S. Block LSUC#: 47479K Tel: 416-601-7792 Email: [email protected] Paul Davis LSUC#: 65471L Tel: 416-601-8125 Email: [email protected] Trevor Courtis LSUC#: 67715A Tel: (416) 601-7643 Email: [email protected] Lawyers for the U.S. Foreign Representative TO: The Service List Index Tab Court File No. ONTARIO SUPERIOR COURT OF JUSTICE (COMMERCIAL LIST) IN THE MATTER OF THE COMPANIES’ CREDITORS ARRANGEMENT ACT, R.S.C. 1985, c. C 36, AS AMENDED AND IN THE MATTER OF TK HOLDINGS INC., AND THOSE OTHER COMPANIES LISTED ON SCHEDULE “A” HERETO (collectively, the "Chapter 11 Debtors") APPLICATION OF TK HOLDINGS INC. UNDER SECTION 46 OF THE COMPANIES’ CREDITORS ARRANGEMENT ACT APPLICATION RECORD (re: Interim Recognition Order and Supplemental Recognition Order) (Returnable June 28, 2017) INDEX Tab No. Documents 1. Notice of Application 2. Affidavit of Scott E. Caudill, sworn June 27, 2017 A. First Day Declaration B. Organizational Structure of the Debtors C.
    [Show full text]
  • Transactions on Transport Sciences
    VOLUME 6 NUMBER 4 2013 TRANSACTIONS ON TRANSPORT SCIENCES CZECH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY TRANSACTIONS ON TRANSPORT SCIENCES Publisher: CDV - Transport Research Centre, Líšeňská 33a, 636 00 Brno, Czech Republic E-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.cdv.cz/en/tots Editorial Office: Olga Krištofíková Hedvika Kovandová Jana Zelinková Petr Polanský Petr Šenk Martina Sobotková Periodicity: Quarterly Language: English Scope: International scientific journal for transport sciences Print version: ISSN 1802-971X On-line version: ISSN 1802-9876 Registration Number: MK EČ E 18012 The journal is published as open access journal on Versita and is included for example in these databases: DOAJ - Directory of Open Access Journals, JournalTOCs, Electronic Journals Library / Die Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek, EBSCO Discovery Service. More information on Abstracting & Indexing of journal on Versita - http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/trans Each paper in the journal is evaluated by two reviewers under the supervision of the International Editorial Board. Each peer-reviewed article is provided with DOI (Digital Object Identifier) number. International Editorial Board Editors in Chief Karel Pospíšil, Transport Research Centre, Brno, Czech Republic Miroslav Svítek, CTU in Prague, Czech Republic Members Konrad Bauer, BASt, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany Dagmar Bednářová, Univ. of South Bohemia České Budějovice, CZ Erik Bessmann, INRETS Bron, France Albert Bradáč, University of Technology Brno, CZ Vadim Donchenko, NIIAT Moscow, Russia Atsushi Fukuda, Nihon University, Japan Kostas Goulias, University of California, USA Georgious Giannopoulos, HIT, Greece Shalom A. Hakkert, Technion Haifa, Israel Gabriel Haller, RTA Rail Tec Arsenal Wien, Austria Jan Hromádko,Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, CZ Luděk Hynčík, University of West Bohemia in Pilsen, CZ Igor Kabaškin, TTI Riga, Latvia Boleslav Kadleček, CZ Univ.
    [Show full text]
  • AUSTRALIA Robert Hogan General Manager, Vehicle Safety Standards
    GOVERNMENT STATUS REPORT – was 3.3 per cent. Hospital admissions data also AUSTRALIA point to little, if any, national improvement in the number of people who were seriously injured in road crashes. Robert Hogan General Manager, Vehicle Safety Standards National Road Safety Strategy 2001–2010 Department of Infrastructure and Transport In November 2000, Australia’s transport Ministers AUSTRALIA endorsed the National Road Safety Strategy 2001– 2010. The strategy provided a framework for prioritising the road safety activities of federal, STATUS OF SAFETY PROBLEMS AND state, territory and local governments, as well as TRENDS other organisations that could influence road safety outcomes. Its target was to reduce the annual road General progress fatality rate by at least 40 per cent over the 10-year Australia has achieved substantial reductions in period to the end of 2010: from 9.3 deaths to no road crash fatalities over the last 30 years, despite a more than 5.6 deaths per 100,000 population. 50 per cent growth in population and a two-fold increase in registered motor vehicles. Between Despite significant gains over the decade, the 40 1980 and 2010, the nation's annual road fatality rate per cent reduction target was not reached (see declined from 22.3 to 6.1 deaths per 100,000 Figure 2). By the end of 2010 an actual reduction people. of 34 per cent had been achieved and the fatality rate stood at 6.1 deaths per 100,000 population – The chart below shows the progressive reduction in some way short of the 5.6 target.
    [Show full text]
  • Acronimos Automotriz
    ACRONIMOS AUTOMOTRIZ 0LEV 1AX 1BBL 1BC 1DOF 1HP 1MR 1OHC 1SR 1STR 1TT 1WD 1ZYL 12HOS 2AT 2AV 2AX 2BBL 2BC 2CAM 2CE 2CEO 2CO 2CT 2CV 2CVC 2CW 2DFB 2DH 2DOF 2DP 2DR 2DS 2DV 2DW 2F2F 2GR 2K1 2LH 2LR 2MH 2MHEV 2NH 2OHC 2OHV 2RA 2RM 2RV 2SE 2SF 2SLB 2SO 2SPD 2SR 2SRB 2STR 2TBO 2TP 2TT 2VPC 2WB 2WD 2WLTL 2WS 2WTL 2WV 2ZYL 24HLM 24HN 24HOD 24HRS 3AV 3AX 3BL 3CC 3CE 3CV 3DCC 3DD 3DHB 3DOF 3DR 3DS 3DV 3DW 3GR 3GT 3LH 3LR 3MA 3PB 3PH 3PSB 3PT 3SK 3ST 3STR 3TBO 3VPC 3WC 3WCC 3WD 3WEV 3WH 3WP 3WS 3WT 3WV 3ZYL 4ABS 4ADT 4AT 4AV 4AX 4BBL 4CE 4CL 4CLT 4CV 4DC 4DH 4DR 4DS 4DSC 4DV 4DW 4EAT 4ECT 4ETC 4ETS 4EW 4FV 4GA 4GR 4HLC 4LF 4LH 4LLC 4LR 4LS 4MT 4RA 4RD 4RM 4RT 4SE 4SLB 4SPD 4SRB 4SS 4ST 4STR 4TB 4VPC 4WA 4WABS 4WAL 4WAS 4WB 4WC 4WD 4WDA 4WDB 4WDC 4WDO 4WDR 4WIS 4WOTY 4WS 4WV 4WW 4X2 4X4 4ZYL 5AT 5DHB 5DR 5DS 5DSB 5DV 5DW 5GA 5GR 5MAN 5MT 5SS 5ST 5STR 5VPC 5WC 5WD 5WH 5ZYL 6AT 6CE 6CL 6CM 6DOF 6DR 6GA 6HSP 6MAN 6MT 6RDS 6SS 6ST 6STR 6WD 6WH 6WV 6X6 6ZYL 7SS 7STR 8CL 8CLT 8CM 8CTF 8WD 8X8 8ZYL 9STR A&E A&F A&J A1GP A4K A4WD A5K A7C AAA AAAA AAAFTS AAAM AAAS AAB AABC AABS AAC AACA AACC AACET AACF AACN AAD AADA AADF AADT AADTT AAE AAF AAFEA AAFLS AAFRSR AAG AAGT AAHF AAI AAIA AAITF AAIW AAK AAL AALA AALM AAM AAMA AAMVA AAN AAOL AAP AAPAC AAPC AAPEC AAPEX AAPS AAPTS AAR AARA AARDA AARN AARS AAS AASA AASHTO AASP AASRV AAT AATA AATC AAV AAV8 AAW AAWDC AAWF AAWT AAZ ABA ABAG ABAN ABARS ABB ABC ABCA ABCV ABD ABDC ABE ABEIVA ABFD ABG ABH ABHP ABI ABIAUTO ABK ABL ABLS ABM ABN ABO ABOT ABP ABPV ABR ABRAVE ABRN ABRS ABS ABSA ABSBSC ABSL ABSS ABSSL ABSV ABT ABTT
    [Show full text]
  • Owner's Manual
    Inglés 5FF012720 (07.20) 5FF012720 FORMENTOR Inglés (07.20) Owner’s manual Owner’s FORMENTOR Vehicle identification da a Confirmation of eceipt of documentation and vehicle keys Model: The following items were delivered YES NO with the vehicle: Vehicle Registration: On-board documentation Vehicle identification number: First key Date of vehicle registration Second key or vehicle delivery: Correct working order of all keys was checked SEAT Official Service: Location: SEAT S.A. is permanently concerned about continuous development of its types and models. For this reason we ask you to understand, that at any given time, changes regarding shape, equipment and technique may take place on the car delivered. For this reason no Date: right at all may derive based on the data, drawings and descriptions in this current handbook. All texts, illustrations and standards in this handbook are based on the status of information at the time of printing. Except for error or omission, the information included in the current handbook is valid as of the date of closing print. Signature of owner: Re-printing, copying or translating, whether total or partial is not allowed unless SEAT allows it in written form. SEAT reserves all rights in accordance with the “Copyright” Act. Service advisor: All rights on changes are reserved. This paper has been manufactured using bleached non-chlorine cellulose. Telephone: ❀ © SEAT S.A. - Reprint: 15.07.20 Introduction Thank you for your trust choosing a CUPRA WARNING vehicle. Read and always observe safety infor- With your new CUPRA, you will be able to en- mation concerning the passenger's joy a vehicle with state-of-the-art technolo- front airbag ››› page 33, Fitting and us- gy and top quality features.
    [Show full text]
  • Environment Transport Trade Statistics Timber
    Information Service Transport Trade Sustainable Energy Sustainable Statistics Housing and Land Management Land and Housing Timber United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Environment Palais des Nations, office 356 CH - 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland Telephone: +41(0)22 917 44 44 Fax: +41(0)22 917 05 05 Compendium of Legal E-mail: [email protected] Instruments, Website: http://www.unece.org United Nations Norms and Standards Economic Commission for Europe 2011 Printed at United Nations, Geneva–GE.11-20980–March 2011–1,200–ECE/INF/2011/2 ECE/INF/2011/2 ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE COMPENDIUM OF LEGAL INSTRUMENTS, NORMS AND STANDARDS 2 0 1 1 UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2011 ECE/INF/2011/2 iii Table of contents Pages Foreword.............................................................................................. v Environment ....................................................................................... 1-2 Transport............................................................................................. 3-9 Statistics ............................................................................................... 10-11 Sustainable Energy............................................................................. 12-13 Trade ................................................................................................. 14-23 Trade Facilitation......................................................................... 14-19 Agricultural Quality Standards.................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from the DAT Website Market Were More Open to Non-Original Tive of 1999 Requiring Consumers to Be (
    AutoANNUAL REPORT 2004 2 Verband der Automobilindustrie IMPRINT ISSN 0171-4317 Copyright: Verband der Automobilindustrie e.V. (VDA) 2004 Westendstrasse 61, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main Internet: www.vda.de Editor: VDA Communications Dr. Karsten Eichner Design: edition agrippa gmbh Gustav-Heinemann-Ufer 84-88, D-50968 Cologne Printing: Henrich Druck + Medien Schwanheimer Strasse 110, D-60528 Frankfurt am Main FOREWORD Verband der Automobilindustrie Annual Report 2004 3 investment is compelling – today, The fact that the number of jobs virtually two-thirds of all cars produced in Germany that could potentially be in the new EU states bear a German relocated abroad is on the increase badge. Thanks to local production facili- must surely send alarm bells ringing ties and a well-developed sales organi- for Germany’s policymakers. Domestic sation, the German-brand automakers growth is too weak to allow many new have established a leading position jobs to be created. There is an urgent there, commanding over 60 per cent need for measures to create greater of certain markets. And further sales value in Germany. This will require the successes can be expected: the backlog active involvement of the trades unions of demand is huge. and also calls for continued improve- ment of the business backdrop in gen- Besides proximity to the sales mar- eral. Clinging to the status quo, a kets, it is the attractive conditions that no-risk mentality and stubborn refusal to exist there that tempt many businesses change course do not help. Rather, the to invest in the new member states. situation calls for innovative solutions Faced with fierce global competition that will restore greater freedom for and pressure to reduce costs, more and entrepreneurial and creative potential more companies – especially suppliers – in Germany.
    [Show full text]
  • DEMOCRATISING CAR SAFETY: Road Map for Safer Cars 2020
    DEMOCRATISING CAR SAFETY: ROAD MAP FOR SAFER CArs 2020 1 DEMOCRATISING CAR SAFETY A ROAD MAP FOR SAFER CArs 2020 CONTENTS FOREWORD P3 FOREWORD BY MAX MosLEY We are living in an era of remarkable progress in car safety. It is now conceivable for some car models to be virtually free 8 of the risk of fatal injury in a typical road crash. Fifty years of THE INEXORABLE engineering innovation stimulated by regulation and consumer RISE OF GLOBAL P4 IntrodUction awareness, has made passenger cars safer than ever before. MOTORISATION Progress did not come easy, however, with determined action needed to mandate safety standards and to give consumers access to the safety information they needed. But it was worth the P8 THE INEXORABLE RISE OF GLOBAL effort because hundreds of thousands of lives have been saved. Motorisation This success story has happened in the high income countries that until recently dominated global car production, sales and use. Today we need to replicate this positive experience in the P12 THE UN Decade OF ACTION AND THE rapidly emerging automotive markets of middle income countries SAFE SYSTEMS APProacH that now account for around half of the world’s passenger car 26 production. That is why promoting safer cars, together with safer ARE SAFER CArs AFFORDABLE? roads, and safer road users, are the key features of the current UN Decade of Action for Road Safety. As the mid-point of the Decade P14 THE ROLE OF GLOBAL is reached it is time to accelerate implementation of policies that CAR SAFETY RegULATIONS will help to avoid so many unnecessary and avoidable fatalities.
    [Show full text]
  • Standards for Consumers – Update
    Internet version Standards for consumers – Update 2017 ISO Committee on consumer policy (COPOLCO) 1 Foreword The working group WG 2, Key areas for consumers, is a standing committee of ISO/COPOLCO. It supports members by identifying, monitoring and informing on key standards work of interest to consumers within ISO and IEC. This report 1. summarizes the latest standardization work identified by the working group 2. points out the specific consumer issues in the work 3. informs on the presence of consumer representative(s) Key persons are responsible for reporting the specific work collected in this report. This report is updated up to March 2017. A special thanks to the Key persons for their effort in making this annual status available. We have received no reports for the following areas: contact lenses care products, cosmetics and sun protection, mechanical contraceptives, preparations for instruction for use, energy services, and additive manufacturing (3D printing). In some cases, this is because the position of key person is vacant and needs to be filled. You can get involved in the work by contacting your National Standards Body or [email protected]. Questions and comments are welcome at [email protected]. 2 Table of contents Foreword ............................................................................................................................................ 2 1. Consumer warranties and guarantees ........................................................................................ 4 2. Customer Contact Centres .........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Final Document Consolidating the Results, Information and Analysis Obtained in Previous Steps; Policy Indications
    RESEARCH REPORT (relatório de pesquisa) PROJECT BRAZIL- ARGENTINA ON REGULATORY CONVERGENCE: Regulatory convergence in Brazil-Argentina integration: technical, sanitary, phytosanitary and environmental measures and their supporting standards Product 5: Final document consolidating the results, information and analysis obtained in previous steps; policy indications Coordination: Prof. Dr. Vera Thorstensen Researchers: Mauro Kiithi Arima Jr Tiago Matsuoka Megale Patrícia Alencar Silva Mello Maruska Ferreira de Aguiar Lucas da Silva Tasquetto Thiago Rodrigues São Marcos Nogueira Anna Caroline Nunes Cortellini This research report was developed with resources from the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA) and resulted from the Terms of Reference titled 18-Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean-95059-Consultant, under the ECLAC-IPEA Technical Cooperation Agreement. 2 REGULATORY CONVERGENCE IN BRAZIL-ARGENTINA INTEGRATION: TECHNICAL, SANITARY, PHYTOSANITARY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES AND THEIR SUPPORTING STANDARDS PRODUCT 5: FINAL DOCUMENT CONSOLIDATING THE RESULTS, INFORMATION AND ANALYSIS OBTAINED IN PREVIOUS STEPS; POLICY INDICATIONS Coordination: Prof. Dr. Vera Thorstensen Researchers: Mauro Kiithi Arima Jr Tiago Matsuoka Megale Patrícia Alencar Silva Mello Maruska Ferreira de Aguiar Lucas da Silva Tasquetto Thiago Rodrigues São Marcos Nogueira Anna Caroline Nunes Cortellini This research report was developed with resources from the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA) and resulted from the Terms of Reference
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 Chevrolet Bolt EV Owner's Manual
    18_CHEV_BOLT_EV_COV_en_US_U_84486646B_2018FEB19.ai 1 2/7/2018 3:13:49 PM C M Y CM MY CY CMY K 84486646 B Chevrolet BOLT EV Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico- 11434431) - 2018 - crc - 2/14/18 Contents Introduction . 2 In Brief . 5 Keys, Doors, and Windows . 32 Seats and Restraints . 56 Storage . 105 Instruments and Controls . 108 Lighting . 150 Infotainment System . 157 Climate Controls . 186 Driving and Operating . 193 Vehicle Care . 254 Service and Maintenance . 321 Technical Data . 330 Customer Information . 332 Reporting Safety Defects . 342 OnStar . 346 Index . 358 Chevrolet BOLT EV Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico- 11434431) - 2018 - crc - 2/14/18 2 Introduction Introduction This manual describes features that Helm, Incorporated may or may not be on the vehicle Attention: Customer Service because of optional equipment that 47911 Halyard Drive was not purchased on the vehicle, Plymouth, MI 48170 model variants, country USA specifications, features/applications that may not be available in your Using this Manual region, or changes subsequent to To quickly locate information about the printing of this owner’s manual. the vehicle, use the Index in the The names, logos, emblems, Refer to the purchase back of the manual. It is an slogans, vehicle model names, and documentation relating to your alphabetical list of what is in the vehicle body designs appearing in specific vehicle to confirm the manual and the page number where this manual including, but not limited features. it can be found. to, GM, the GM logo, CHEVROLET, the CHEVROLET Emblem, and Keep this manual in the vehicle for BOLT are trademarks and/or service quick reference.
    [Show full text]
  • ISO Standards for Precious Metals a Review of the TC 174
    ISO Standards for Precious Metals A Review of the TC 174 Current & Future Work Jonathan J. Jodry ISO/TC 174 Chair, DIN, Germany Head of Laboratories & New Business Development, Metalor Technologies SA, Switzerland LBMA Assaying and Refining Conference March 2021, virtual What is ISO ? International Standardisation Organisation ἴσος (ancien Greek : equal) Founded in London in 1946 Effective in 1947 with 67 TC established First ISO headquarters in a private house of Geneva, Switzerland source : www.iso.org/the-iso-story.html 122 Members bodies 39 Correspondent members 4 Subscriber members ISO headquarters 1956-2000 Geneva, Switzerland Only countries can be ISO members Why ISO exists ? • “What is the best way of doing this ?” • Focusing on customers – to provide them with safe and reliable products & services • Help companies to save time and money, to improve processes, and to increase customer satisfaction General ISO principles • ISO published standards • Standards are drafted by international experts through consensus • Conformance to standards is not mandatory (although governments can request it) • ISO does not perform any audit Clean room – ISO 14644-1 ISO class 4-5-6 Child seat – ISO 13216 ISOFIX ISO 6 Photography — Determination of ISO speed (1974, replacing 9 different Images for computer – ISO 660 reference systems) ISO images for computer Technical Standards ISO 6 ISO 668 ISO 4217 Photography — Determination Series 1 freight containers — Currency codes of ISO speed Classification, dimensions (1978, allowing international (1974,
    [Show full text]