DOCSLIB.ORG

Bio-Based Thermosetting Copolymers of Eugenol and Tung Oil Harris Handoko Iowa State University

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bio-Based Thermosetting Copolymers of Eugenol and Tung Oil Harris Handoko Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2014 Bio-based thermosetting copolymers of eugenol and tung oil Harris Handoko Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Mechanics of Materials Commons, and the Polymer Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Handoko, Harris, "Bio-based thermosetting copolymers of eugenol and tung oil" (2014). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 13757. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/13757 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Bio-based thermosetting copolymers of eugenol and tung oil by Harris Handoko A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Material Science and Engineering Program of Study Committee: Samy Madbouly, Co-Major Professor Lawrence Genalo, Co-Major Professor Xiaoli Tan David Grewell Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2014 Copyright © Harris Handoko, 2014. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS………………………………………………………………...... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………………………..… vi ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………..... vii CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND INFORMATION 1.1 Thesis Organization……………………………………………………………….. 1 1.2 Petroleum crisis as the premise ………………………………………………….. 1 1.3 Renewable Monomers ………………………………………………………..…… 2 1.4 Monomers from Lignin………….……………………………………………...…. 3 1.5 Monomers from Vegetable Oils………………………………………………....… 8 1.6 Eugenol……………………………………………………………………….…… 10 1.7 Tung oil……………………………………………………………………….…… 11 1.8 Project motivation…………………………………………………………….…… 13 CHAPTER 2: BIO-BASED THERMOSETTING COPOLYMERS OF EUGENOL AND TUNG OIL 2.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………… 15 2.2 Experimental…………………………………………………………………......... 19 2.2.1 Materials………………………………………………….……………… 19 2.2.2 Synthesis of Methacrylated Eugenol (ME)……………………………… 20 2.2.3 1H-NMR characterization of eugenol and synthesized ME……………… 22 2.2.4 Rheology of uncured ME and ME:TO resin ……………………………. 22 2.2.5 Cure Characterization of eugenol and ME using DSC ………………… 23 2.2.6 Curing of ME and ME:TO thermosets…………………………………... 23 2.2.7 Soxhlet extraction ……………………………………………………….. 24 2.2.8 Mechanical and thermal characterization ……………………………….. 24 2.3 Results and Discussion…………………………………………………………….. 25 2.3.1 Physical appearance of synthesized ME………………………………… 25 2.3.2 1H-NMR characterization of synthesized ME ……………………….…. 25 2.3.3 Rheological data of uncured resins……………………………………… 28 2.3.4 DSC of uncured resins…………………………………………………… 30 2.3.5 Cured ME and ME:TO thermosets……………………………………… 32 2.3.6 Soxhlet Extraction……………………………………………………….. 34 2.3.7 DSC of cured ME and ME:TO thermosets……………………………… 35 2.3.8 Instron Flexural Test Data……………………………………………….. 36 2.3.9 Instron Tensile Test Data………………………………………………… 39 2.3.10 SEM Data ………………………………………………………………. 42 2.3.11 DMA Flexural Test Data …………………………………….………… 44 2.3.12 DMA Tensile Test Data …………………………………………….… 47 2.3.13 TGA Data…………………………………………………………….…. 49 2.3.14 Conclusions……………………………………………………….…… 52 iii CHAPTER 3: CONCLUSION 3.1 Summary …………………………………………………………………….…….. 54 3.2 Future work………………………………………………………………………… 55 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………… 57 iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED 1H-NMR Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance AESO Acrylated Epoxidized Soybean Oil DMA Dynamic Mechanical Analysis DMAP 4-(Dimethylamino)pyridine DMSO-d6 Deuterated Dimethyl Sulfoxide DSC Differential Scanning Calorimetry (or Calorimeter) DVB Divinyl Benzene FRP Fiber-reinforced polymers GPC Gel Permeation Chromatography LMC Lignin Model Compounds MA Methacrylic Anhydride ME Methacrylated / Modified Eugenol ME:TO Blend of Methacrylated Eugenol (ME) and Tung Oil (TO) MEKP Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide (or 2-Butonane peroxide) N2 Nitrogen Gas NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance PE Polyethyelene PS Polystyrene PVC Poly(vinyl chloride) v SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy SO Soybean Oil ST Styrene TBPB Tert-butyl Peroxybenzoate (Luperox© P) TBPO Tert-butyl Peroxide Tg Glass Transition Temperature TGA Thermogravimetric Analysis TO Tung Oil VOC Volatile Organic Compounds vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Over the course of my research project, I have received countless support from many of my peers, including those that have offered me the opportunity and resources to complete my program of study. Firstly, I would like offer my sincere thanks to Dr. Michael Kessler for allowing me to participate in the polycomp research group. Secondly, I would like thank Dr. Samy Madbouly and Dr. Genalo Lawrence for taking the role as my co-major professors. Thirdly, I really appreciate Dr. Xiaoli Tan and Dr. David Grewell for taking time out of their extremely busy schedules to sit in my defense committee. Without forgetting my colleagues that have given me tremendous assistance, I wish to show my gratitude towards Dr. Mahendra Thunga, who has served as my mentor in my research for two years. I am grateful to my friends and colleagues at polycomp, namely Kunwei Liu, who had assisted me in doing Soxhlet Extraction, Rui Ding, Chaoqun Zhang, Danny Vennerberg and Gauri Ramasubramanian for their valuable technical advice. Last but not least, I wish to thank my parents who had given me the opportunity and to pursue this expensive education. vii ABSTRACT There has been an increasing demand for novel synthetic polymers made of components derived from renewable sources to cope with the depletion of petroleum sources. In fact, monomers derived vegetable oils and plant sources have shown promising results in forming polymers with good properties. The following is a study of two highly viable renewable sources, eugenol and tung oil (TO) to be copolymerized into fully bio-based thermosets. Polymerization of eugenol required initial methacrylate-functionalization through Steglich esterification and the synthesized methacrylated eugenol (ME) was confirmed by 1H-NMR. Rheological studies showed ideal Newtonian behavior in ME and five other blended ME resins containing 10 – 50 wt% TO. Free-radical copolymerization using 5 mol% of tert-butyl peroxybenzoate (crosslinking catalyst) and curing at elevated temperatures (90 – 160 °C) formed a series of soft to rigid highly-crosslinked thermosets. Crosslinked material (89 – 98 %) in the thermosets were determined by Soxhlet extraction to decrease with increase of TO content (0 – 30%). Thermosets containing 0 – 30 wt% TO possessed ultimate flexural (3-point bending) strength of 32.2 – 97.2 MPa and flexural moduli of 0.6 – 3.5 GPa, with 3.2 – 8.8 % strain-to-failure ratio. Those containing 10 – 40 wt% TO exhibited ultimate tensile strength of 3.3 – 45.0 MPa and tensile moduli of 0.02 GPa to 1.12 GPa, with 8.5 – 76.7 % strain-to-failure ratio. Glass transition temperatures ranged from 52 – 152 °C as determined by DMA in 3-point bending. SEM analysis on fractured tensile test specimens detected a small degree of heterogeneity. All the thermosets are thermally stable up to approximately 300 °C based on 5% weight loss. 1 CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND INFORMATION 1.1 Thesis Organization The general theme behind this thesis is to contribute to the pool of research surrounding the creation of new polymers using components that are derived from natural sources. By using the premise of the eminent petroleum crisis affecting future production of plastics, this thesis begins the discussion of the two well-documented ways of obtaining renewable monomers, namely natural polymers and vegetable oils, with emphasis on the latter. Chapter 2 details the functionalization of eugenol to form a methacrylated-derivative to copolymerize with Tung oil. The resulting polymers were examined for its mechanical and dynamic capabilities, including its response to thermal degradation. Finally, chapter 3 reviews all parts of the project and discusses issues with it that were not addressed in the previous chapter. 1.2 Petroleum crisis as the premise The technological advances over the last few decades have witnessed the steady growth and success in the development of polymers. Where metals rule in high-strength performance, polymers, which are light and cheaply mass-producible, have also come far in terms of their mechanical capabilities—a fact that is demonstrated through their increasing versatility over a wide range of applications. The depleting global petroleum and crude oil reserves, however, remains to be one of the greatest concerns plaguing every society. While the continued rise of petroleum prices has the most major impact on the transportation sector, this will eventually also become a crisis for the industrial manufacture of synthetic polymers which makes up a good chunk of the total petroleum consumption[1]. A significant amount of petroleum-based synthetic 2 polymer manufactured today, such as poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE) goes into daily life applications (i.e. food packaging, containers, trash bags, etc) and structural components. One solution to prevent over reliance on petroleum could be plastic recycling. Although systems have been established in effort to reuse and recycle these thermoplastic polymers by melting and recasting, there are clearly limitations to the rate at which
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chapter 6—Clove Oil (Eugenol)
    Chapter 6—Clove Oil (Eugenol) OH CH3 O Eugenol Chapter 6: Clove oil 6-2 6 Table of Contents — Clove Oil (Eugenol) 6.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 6-4 6.2 CLOVE OIL AND EUGENOL TOXICITY TO HUMANS AND LEVELS OF CONCERN ................ 6-6 6.2.1 HEALTH EFFECTS ...................................................................................................................................... 6-7 6.2.1.A Acute Effects—Sensitization ........................................................................................................... 6-7 6.2.1.B Acute Effects—Skin, Eyes and Respiratory System ........................................................................ 6-7 6.2.1.C Acute Effects—Systemic Poisoning ................................................................................................ 6-7 6.2.1.D Effects in Human Cells .................................................................................................................... 6-8 6.2.1.E Levels of Concern for Humans ........................................................................................................ 6-8 6.2.2 PESTICIDE ILLNESS REPORTS .................................................................................................................... 6-9 6.3 EUGENOL TOXICITY TO ANIMALS AND PLANTS AND LEVELS OF CONCERN .................... 6-10 6.3.1 MAMMALS .............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding and Managing the Transition Using Essential Oils Vs
    MENOPAUSE: UNDERSTANDING AND MANAGING THE TRANSITION USING ESSENTIAL OILS VS. TRADITIONAL ALLOPATHIC MEDICINE by Melissa A. Clanton A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Diploma of Aromatherapy 401 Australasian College of Health Sciences Instructors: Dorene Petersen, Erica Petersen, E. Joy Bowles, Marcangelo Puccio, Janet Bennion, Judika Illes, and Julie Gatti TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables and Figures............................................................................ iv Acknowledgments........................................................................................ v Introduction.................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1 – Female Reproduction 1a – The Female Reproductive System............................................. 4 1b - The Female Hormones.............................................................. 9 1c – The Menstrual Cycle and Pregnancy....................................... 12 Chapter 2 – Physiology of Menopause 2a – What is Menopause? .............................................................. 16 2b - Physiological Changes of Menopause ..................................... 20 2c – Symptoms of Menopause ....................................................... 23 Chapter 3 – Allopathic Approaches To Menopausal Symptoms 3a –Diagnosis and Common Medical Treatments........................... 27 3b – Side Effects and Risks of Hormone Replacement Therapy ...... 32 3c – Retail Cost of Common Hormone Replacement
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Eugenol, Trans-Cinnamaldehyde, Citronellol
    molecules Article The Effects of Eugenol, Trans-Cinnamaldehyde, Citronellol, and Terpineol on Escherichia coli Biofilm Control as Assessed by Culture-Dependent and -Independent Methods Magdalena A. Olszewska 1,* , Astrid G˛edas 1 and Manuel Simões 2,* 1 Department of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Cieszy´nski1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland; [email protected] 2 LEPABE–Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.A.O.); [email protected] (M.S.); Tel.: +48-89-5233729 (M.A.O.); +351-22508-1654 (M.S.); Fax: +351-22508-1449 (M.S.) Received: 14 May 2020; Accepted: 5 June 2020; Published: 6 June 2020 Abstract: Bacterial biofilms contribute to problems with preserving food hygiene, jeopardizing any conventional intervention method used by the food industry. Hence, the approach of using essential oil (EO) compounds effective in biofilm control has considerable merit and deserves in-depth research. In this study, the effect of selected EO compounds (eugenol, trans-cinnamaldehyde, citronellol, and terpineol) was assessed on Escherichia coli biofilm control by plate count, resazurin assay, and Syto® 9/PI (-/propidium iodide) staining coupled with flow cytometry (FCM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The selected EO compounds effectively inhibited the growth of planktonic E. coli at low concentrations of 3–5 mM, revealing a high antimicrobial activity. EO compounds markedly interfered with biofilms too, with trans-cinnamaldehyde causing the most prominent effects. Its antibiofilm activity was manifested by a high reduction of cell metabolic activity (>60%) and almost complete reduction in biofilm cell culturability.
    [Show full text]
  • The Synthesis of Vanillin
    The synthesis of vanillin - learning about aspects of sustainable chemistry by comparing different syntheses La síntesis de la vainilla - aprendiendo sobre aspectos de química sostenible mediante la comparación de diferentes síntesis NICOLE GARNER1, ANTJE SIOL2 , INGO EILKS1 1 Institute for Science Education, University of Bremen, 2 Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Germany, [email protected] Abstract • Prevention This paper discusses one way of integrating the aspects of sustainable chemistry into • Atom Economy secondary and undergraduate chemistry education. Two different synthesis reactions • Less Hazardous Chemical Syntheses for vanillin are presented, which both use isoeugenol as the starting reagent. Whereas • Designing Safer Chemicals the first synthesis is performed using conventional chemistry techniques, second • Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries approach employs strategies inspired by sustainable chemistry. The discussion • Design for Energy Efficiency covers how comparison of these two experiments can aid in learning about selected • Use of Renewable Feedstocks sustainable chemistry principles. • Reduce Derivatives Key words: education for sustainable development, chemistry education, green • Catalysis chemistry, vanillin • Design for Degradation • Real-time Analysis for Pollution Prevention Resumen • Inherently Safer Chemistry for Accident Prevention Este artículo analiza una manera de integrar los aspectos de la química sostenible en la escuela secundaria y en bachillerato.
    [Show full text]
  • Electroanalysis May Be Used in the Vanillin Biotechnological Production
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Open Archive Toulouse Archive Ouverte OATAO is an open access repository that collects the work of Toulouse researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible This is an author’s version published in: http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/20317 Official URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-013-0631-2 To cite this version: Giraud, William and Mirabel, Marie and Comtat, Maurice Electroanalysis may be used in the Vanillin Biotechnological Production. (2014) Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, 172 (4). 1953-1963. ISSN 0273-2289 Any correspondence concerning this service should be sent to the repository administrator: [email protected] Electroanalysis may be used in the Vanillin Biotechnological Production William Giraud & Marie Mirabel & Maurice Comtat Abstract This study shows that electroanalysis may be used in vanillin biotechnological production. As a matter of fact, vanillin and some molecules implicated in the process like eugenol, ferulic acid, and vanillic acid may be oxidized on electrodes made of different materials (gold, platinum, glassy carbon). By a judicious choice of the electrochemical method and the experimental conditions the current intensity is directly proportional to the molecule concentrations in a range suitable for the biotechnological process. So, it is possible to imagine some analytical strategies to control some steps in the vanillin biotechnological production: by sampling in the batch reactor during the process, it is possible to determine out of line the concentration of vanillin, eugenol, ferulic acid, and vanillic acid with a gold rotating disk electrode, and low concentration of vanillin with addition of hydrazine at an amalgamated electrode.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of Flavour Additives in Tobacco Products to Develop A
    Research paper Tob Control: first published as 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-052961 on 11 February 2017. Downloaded from Identification of flavour additives in tobacco products to develop a flavour library Erna JZ Krüsemann, Wouter F Visser, Johannes WJM Cremers, Jeroen LA Pennings, Reinskje Talhout ► Additional material is ABStract flavoured tobacco products over unflavoured 2 published online only. To view Objectives This study combines chemical analysis products. Furthermore, Kreslake and colleagues please visit the journal online (http:// dx. doi. org/ 10. 1136/ and flavour descriptions of flavour additives used in analysed data from tobacco industry documents, tobaccocontrol- 2016- 052961). tobacco products, and provides a starting point to build which show that tobacco companies use strat- an extensive library of flavour components, useful for egies to manipulate sensory characteristics of National Institute for Public product surveillance. cigarettes, for instance the menthol content, to Health and the Environment Methods Headspace gas chromatography-mass facilitate smoking initiation.3 According to them, (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to compare 22 this strategy has been most successful in attracting commercially available tobacco products (cigarettes youth and young adult smokers. Correspondence to and roll-your-own) expected to have a characterising Overall, tobacco products with a characterising Professor Reinskje Talhout, flavour and 6 commercially available products not flavour stimulate young people to initiate smoking National Institute for Public expected to have a characterising flavour with 5 and therefore contribute to an increased use of Health and the Environment reference products (natural tobacco leaves and research 1 4 (RIVM), Antonie van tobacco products. Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA cigarettes containing no flavour additives).
    [Show full text]
  • (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2003/0054021 A1 Dalko Et Al
    US 20030054021A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2003/0054021 A1 Dalko et al. (43) Pub. Date: Mar. 20, 2003 (54) 7-OXO-DHEACOMPOUNDS FOR TREATING (30) Foreign Application Priority Data KERATINOUS CONDITIONS/AFFLICTIONS Jun. 14, 2001 (FR)............................................ 01/07804 (76) Inventors: Maria Dalko, Gif Sur Yvette (FR); Publication Classification Alexandre Cavezza, Tremblay-En-France (FR); Elisabeth (51) Int. Cl." ....................... A61K 31/695; A61K 31/66; Picard-Lesboueyries, Velizy (FR); A61K 31/58; A61K 31/56; Beatrice Renault, Saint Maurice (FR); A61K 7/OO Veronique Burnier, Paris (FR) (52) U.S. Cl. ............................ 424/401; 514/63; 514/172; 514/176; 514/177; 514/143 Correspondence Address: (57) ABSTRACT Norman H. Stepno, Esquire BURNS, DOANE, SWECKER & MATHIS, 7-Oxo-DHEA derivatives, various of which are themselves L.L.P. novel compounds, are well Suited for cosmetically/therapeu P.O. Box 1404 tically treating adverse conditions/afflictions of a keratinous Alexandria, VA 22313-1404 (US) Substrate/material, notably of human skin, hair, eyelashes and nails, to improve the appearance thereof, in particular to prevent or treat Signs of aging of the Skin and/or a dull (21) Appl. No.: 10/170,679 complexion and/or skin or hair pigmentation disorders and/ or dryneSS of the skin and/or hyperSeborrhoea and/or hyper Seborrhoea-related imperfections and/or Sensitive skin and/ (22) Filed: Jun. 14, 2002 or dandruff and/or natural hair loSS and/or baldness. US 2003/0054021 A1 Mar. 20, 2003 7-OXO-DHEACOMPOUNDS FOR TREATING KERATINOUS CONDITIONS/AFFLICTIONS (I) Me O CROSS-REFERENCE TO PRIORITY APPLICATION Me 0001.
    [Show full text]
  • Method of Preparing Vanillin
    (19) TZZ¥Z_T (11) EP 3 045 444 A1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION published in accordance with Art. 153(4) EPC (43) Date of publication: (51) Int Cl.: 20.07.2016 Bulletin 2016/29 C07C 47/58 (2006.01) (21) Application number: 15750614.8 (86) International application number: PCT/CN2015/085408 (22) Date of filing: 29.07.2015 (87) International publication number: WO 2016/000664 (07.01.2016 Gazette 2016/01) (84) Designated Contracting States: • LIU, Zhenjiang AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB Jiaxing City, Zhejiang 314000 (CN) GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO • YAO, Yueliang PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR Jiaxing City, Zhejiang 314000 (CN) Designated Extension States: • WANG, Chaoyang BA ME Jiaxing City, Zhejiang 314000 (CN) Designated Validation States: • WU, Jianxin MA Jiaxing City, Zhejiang 314000 (CN) • ZHAO, Feifei (30) Priority: 30.06.2014 CN 201410304472 Jiaxing City, Zhejiang 314000 (CN) (71) Applicant: JIAXING ZHONGHUA CHEMICAL CO., (74) Representative: Johnson, Richard Alan et al LTD. Mewburn Ellis LLP Nanhu District City Tower Jiaxing City, 40 Basinghall Street Zhejiang 314000 (CN) London EC2V 5DE (GB) (72) Inventors: Remarks: • MAO, Haifang A request for restoration of the right of priority under Jiaxing City, Zhejiang 314000 (CN) Rule 49ter.2 PCT is pending before the EPO as • WANG, Lizhi designated Office. Jiaxing City, Zhejiang 314000 (CN) (54) METHOD OF PREPARING VANILLIN (57) A method of preparing vanillin comprises weigh- water with the volume ratio of water to the first solvent ing eugenol, a strong alkali,
    [Show full text]
  • Eugenol—The Active Principle from Cloves Inhibits 5-Lipoxygenase Activity and Leukotriene-C4 in Human PMNL Cells
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 74 (2006) 23–27 www.elsevier.com/locate/plefa Eugenol—The active principle from cloves inhibits 5-lipoxygenase activity and leukotriene-C4 in human PMNL cells H. Raghavenraa, B.T. Diwakra, B.R. Lokeshb, K.A. Naidua,Ã aDepartment of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Cheluvamba Mansion, Mysore, Karnataka 570 020, India bLipid Science and Traditional Foods, Mysore, Karnataka, India Received 30 June 2005; received in revised form 11 July 2005; accepted 11 August 2005 Abstract Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) play an important role in the modulation of inflammatory conditions in humans. PMNL cells recruited at the site of inflammation, release inflammatory mediators such as leukotrienes, proteolytic enzymes and reactive oxygen species. Among these, leukotrienes are implicated in pathophysiology of allergic and inflammatory disorders like asthma, allergic rhinitis, arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis. 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) is the key enzyme in biosynthetic pathway of leukotrienes. Our earlier studies showed that spice phenolic active principles significantly inhibit 5-LO enzyme in human PMNLs. In this study we have further characterized the inhibitory mechanism of eugenol, the active principle of spice-clove on 5-LO enzyme and also its effect on leukotriene C4 (LTC4). Substrate dependent enzyme kinetics showed that the inhibitory effect of eugenol on 5-LO was of a non-competitive nature. Further, eugenol was found to significantly inhibit the formation of LTC4 in calcium ionophore A23187 and arachidonic acid (AA) stimulated PMNL cells. These data clearly suggest that eugenol inhibits 5-LO by non-competitive mechanism and also inhibits formation of LTC4 in human PMNL cells and thus may have beneficial role in modulating 5-LO pathway in human PMNL cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Efficacy of Benzocaine, Eugenol, and Menthol As Anesthetics for Freshwater Angelfish
    Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 30:210–216, 2018 © 2018 American Fisheries Society ISSN: 0899-7659 print / 1548-8667 online DOI: 10.1002/aah.10030 ARTICLE Efficacy of Benzocaine, Eugenol, and Menthol as Anesthetics for Freshwater Angelfish Rafael de Souza Romaneli, Andre Zuffo Boaratti, Andressa Tellechea Rodrigues, Daniel Monge de Almeida Queiroz, Kifayat Ullah Khan, Thiago Matias Torres Nascimento, and Joao~ Batista Kochenborger Fernandes Aquaculture Center, Sao~ Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, Sao~ Paulo, Brazil Cleber Fernando Menegasso Mansano* Campus Fernandopolis, Brazil University, Estrada Projetada F-1, s/n Fazenda Santa Rita, 15600-000 Fernandopolis, Sao~ Paulo, Brazil Abstract For the production and commercialization of ornamental fish species, it is indispensable to collect biometric data that facilitate the selection of animals for trade and genetic improvement of the stock. However, during the handling process, fish receive more stress if proper anesthetics are not used. Thus, application of appropriate anesthetics is an important tool for minimizing stress in animals. The objective of this study was to determine the effective concentra- tions of benzocaine, eugenol, and menthol for achieving anesthesia in Freshwater Angelfish Pterophyllum scalare and to develop induction and recovery response curves for different concentrations of these anesthetics. In total, 75 fish were exposed to five concentrations of the three anesthetics in a completely randomized design: benzocaine at 60, 85, 110, 135, and 160 mg/L; eugenol at 40, 80, 120, 160, and 200 mg/L; and menthol at 50, 75, 150, 200, and 250 mg/L. Each concentration (5 fish/concentration) consisted of five replicates, with each replicate represented by a single fish.
    [Show full text]
  • Caryophylli-Aetheroleum-Summary-Report-Committee-Veterinary-Medicinal-Products En.Pdf
    The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Veterinary Medicines Evaluation Unit EMEA/MRL/406/98-FINAL May 1998 COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS CARYOPHYLLI AETHEROLEUM SUMMARY REPORT 1. Caryophylli aetheroleum is the volatile oil of the flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry (synonym: cloves), which contain 15 to 18% of the oil. The oil contains: eugenol (80 to 90%), eugenyl acetate (2 to 27%), ß-caryophyllene (5 to 12%), methyl salicylate, methyl eugenol, benzaldehyde, methyl amyl keton and a-ylangene. 2. Caryophylli aetheroleum is contained in two veterinary medicinal combination products containing 9 and 6 other active ingredients, respectively. The concentration of Caryophylli aetheroleum in the first product is 0.008%. It is administered as a nose-spray to newborn of all food producing species as a respiratory stimulant. The dose ranges from 0.1 g to 0.3 g, depending on body weight. The maximum single dose of Caryophylli aetheroleum is 0.024 mg. The treatment may be repeated after 10 to 15 seconds. In the other product, Caryophylli aetheroleum is contained in a concentration of 0.5%. The oinment is used for disinfection of the udder and to prevent transmission of diseases of the udder of cattle, horses, goats, sheep, and pigs. The ointment is used as frequently as is required. Caryophylli aetheroleum is traditionally used orally in human medicine as a carminative, and occasionally for the treatment of flatulent colic, and topically for symptomatic relief of toothache. The doses used are 0.05 to 0.2 ml. Cloves, which contain Caryophylli aetheroleum, are used as a spice and for flavouring of food.
    [Show full text]
  • The Composition, Structure, Sources, and Applications of Eugenol
    ESSAI Volume 12 Article 19 Spring 2014 The ompC osition, Structure, Sources, and Applications of Eugenol Frank Giuliani College of DuPage Follow this and additional works at: http://dc.cod.edu/essai Recommended Citation Giuliani, Frank (2014) "The ompositC ion, Structure, Sources, and Applications of Eugenol," ESSAI: Vol. 12, Article 19. Available at: http://dc.cod.edu/essai/vol12/iss1/19 This Selection is brought to you for free and open access by the College Publications at DigitalCommons@COD. It has been accepted for inclusion in ESSAI by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@COD. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Giuliani: The Composition, Structure, Sources The Composition, Structure, Sources, and Applications of Eugenol by Frank R. Giuliani (Honors Chemistry 1552) hat do cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, essential oil, which is said to have the and basil have in common? Maybe “essence” of the plant that gives it its taste and W you recognize each of them as smell. For instance, the essence of cloves can common culinary herbs, which they are, but be generally extracted using an organic there is actually a characteristic molecule that solvent such as olive oil which will dissolve is found to some extent in each, referred to as some of the eugenol in the plant matter [3]. eugenol. Eugenol is an organic molecule This would work given the principle of like consisting of a six carbon ring of alternating molecules dissolving like molecules. The double-bonds; two oxygen atoms are singly- smaller the plant can be broken up the better, bonded to carbons in the ring, one of the which increases the surface area of the oxygen atoms is single-bonded to another particles being dissolved.
    [Show full text]