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UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE PELOTAS Instituto De Ciências 1 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE PELOTAS Instituto de Ciências Humanas Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Dissertação Nas Fronteiras entre Civilização e Barbárie: As Narrativas dos Ciclos de Conan, de Robert Howard. Marco Antonio Correa Collares Pelotas, 2017 2 Marco Antonio Correa Collares Nas Fronteiras entre Civilização e Barbárie: As Narrativas dos Ciclos de Conan, de Robert Howard. Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História do Instituto de Ciências Humanas da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, como requisito parcial à obtenção do Título de Mestre em História. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Aristeu Elisandro Machado Lopes Pelotas, 2017 3 4 Marco Antonio Correa Collares Nas Fronteiras entre Civilização e Barbárie: As Narrativas dos Ciclos de Conan, de Robert Howard. Dissertação aprovada, como requisito parcial, para obtenção do grau de Mestre em História, Programa de Pós-Graduação em História, Instituto de Ciências Humanas, Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Data da defesa: 18/08/2017 Banca examinadora: Prof. Dr. Aristeu Elisandro Machado Lopes (Orientador) Doutor em História pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Prof. Drª. Larissa Patron Chaves Doutora em História pela Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos Prof. Drª. Daniele Gallindo Gonçalves Silva Doutora em Germanistik/Ältere Deutsche Literatur Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg, UNIBAMBERG, Alemanha Prof. Dr. Cláudio Pereira Elmir Doutor em História pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul 5 Agradecimentos Inicialmente agradeço especialmente à minha mãe, Leni Beatriz pelo encorajamento e amparo intelectual que muito contribuíram para que eu levasse adiante a pesquisa, certamente a melhor professora que já tive na vida. Ao meu pai Marco Antonio, pelo otimismo diante das dificuldades. À minha esposa Gislaine, pelo amor e total compreensão em minhas decisões de continuar nos estudos acadêmicos, muitas vezes à custa de tempo e atenção para com ela. Ao meu filho Otávio Augusto, grande razão e felicidade da minha vida. Aos meus irmãos, Mariana, Jerônimo e Henrique pela amizade e incentivo. Ao meu tio Rogério, por todo o apoio incondicional. Ao professor, colega e amigo Fábio Vergara Cerqueira, quem primeiro me orientou em trabalhos acadêmicos de história. Ao amigo e colega Luiz Leonardo e aos amigos, Fernando Oliveira e Fábio Ochoa, que muito contribuem para meu enriquecimento intelectual sobre assuntos variados, incluindo de história, filosofia, literatura e mídias em geral. À professora e eterna orientadora Margarida Carvalho, que muito me orientou em estudos de história ao longo de minha carreira acadêmica. Á minha professora de inglês, Deise Picolotto, principalmente pela ajuda com as traduções dos textos em inglês elencados no trabalho. Aos professores, Cláudio Pereira Elmir, Larissa Patron Chaves e Daniele Gallindo Gonçalves Silva pelas observações pertinentes e críticas no Exame de Qualificação, contribuições essas que foram incorporadas ao trabalho. E por fim, ao meu orientador, Aristeu Lopes; reitero meu agradecimento pela paciência e seriedade com que me orientou permitindo enriquecer o trabalho que ora apresento. As falhas que certamente existem devem ser creditadas a mim. 6 Resumo COLLARES, Marco Antonio. Nas Fronteiras entre Civilização e Barbárie: As Narrativas dos Ciclos de Conan, de Robert Howard. 2017. 236f. Dissertação (Mestrado em História) – Programa de Pós-Graduação em História, Instituto de Ciências Humanas, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, 2017. A presente dissertação versa sobre as representações de civilização e barbárie nas narrativas dos Ciclos de Conan, de Robert Ervin Howard. As aventuras do personagem Conan, o Bárbaro foram produzidas entre os anos de 1932 e 1936, constituindo-se em vinte e um textos de cunho literário e ficcional que fazem parte de um gênero específico denominado de “Espada e Feitiçaria”. Tal gênero literário aborda mundos fabulosos caracterizados pela presença do sobrenatural e onde personagens igualmente fantásticos se aventuram em tramas de ação e fantasia. As aventuras de Conan foram publicadas nas chamadas pulp magazines (ou pulp fictions), revistas de baixa qualidade gráfica, normalmente processadas a partir da polpa do papel e que eram muito populares nos EUA entre os anos 1920-1950. Apesar de Howard situar seu mais famoso personagem no gênero da “Espada e Feitiçaria”, ele igualmente traçou aspectos de cunho filosófico em suas tramas, na medida em que o tema central destas narrativas vincula-se a oposição entre civilização e barbárie. Normalmente Conan representa uma conduta humana violenta, sanguinária e rústica, porém honesta e honrada frente às ações corruptas e gananciosas dos homens civilizados, sendo, portanto uma expressão da barbárie, um tanto necessária na visão de seu criador, principalmente diante de uma determinada crise civilizacional. Além disso, Conan e outros personagens de suas tramas possuem traços dos chamados homens da fronteira do oeste dos EUA, homens que representariam os desbravadores americanos, tão cultuados pelo criador do personagem, muito em razão de suas rusticidades serem consideradas basilares para a formação do país. Natural do Texas, Howard estava muito preocupado com seu contexto histórico de crise econômica e social, aquele da primeira metade do século XX e mais especificamente, da Grande Depressão dos anos 1930. Conan expressa, portanto alguns aspectos de uma conduta mais rústica e verdadeira, mais próxima das condutas idealizadas dos homens que fizeram o oeste e os EUA, significando que as narrativas dos Ciclos de Conan fazem parte da chamada literatura da fronteira, não sendo aqui um estudo somente sobre civilização e barbárie, mas também sobre a própria concepção de fronteira nos EUA no contexto histórico de Robert Howard. Palavras-chave: Robert Howard; Conan; Fronteira; Civilização; Barbárie; Literatura; Espada e Feitiçaria; Literatura Pulp. 7 Abstract COLLARES, Marco Antonio. On the Frontiers between Civilization and Barbarism: The Narratives of Conan Cycles by Robert Howard. 2017. 236f. Dissertation (Master Degree in History) - Post-Graduate Program in History, Institute of Human Sciences, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, 2017. This dissertation discusses the representations of civilization and barbarism considering the narratives of Conan Cycles by Robert Ervin Howard. The adventures of the character Conan the Barbarian were produced between 1932 and 1936. There are twenty-one literary and fictional texts that are part of a specific genre called "Sword and Witchcraft." Such literary genre approaches fabulous worlds characterized by the presence of the supernatural, where fantastic characters venture into action and fantasy plots. Conan's adventures were published in the so-called pulp magazines (or pulp fictions), low-quality graphic magazines - usually processed from paper pulp - that were very popular in the US between the 1920s and 1950s. Despite Howard placed his great famous character in the "Sword and Witchcraft" genre, he drew philosophical aspects in his plots, insofar as the central theme of these narratives is linked to the opposition between civilization and barbarism. Conan usually represents a violent, bloodthirsty, and crude human conduct, but honest and honorable in the face of the corrupt and greedy actions of civilized men, so an expression of barbarism would be somewhat necessary in his creator eyes, especially in the face of a Civilizational crisis. In addition, Conan and other characters have traces of the so-called western frontier men: the men who would represent the American trailblazers, so much worshiped by the creator of the character, largely because their rusticities were considered to be the basis for the formation of the country. Howard, a Texan native, was very concerned about the historical context of the economic and social crisis of the twentieth century, and more specifically, the Great Depression of the 1930s. Conan, therefore, expresses some aspects of a more rustic and truthful conduct, closer to the idealized manners of the men who made the West and the US, meaning that the narratives of the Conan Cycles are part of so-called frontier literature. This is not just a study of civilization and barbarism, but it is also about the conception of the US border in Robert Howard's own historical context. Keywords: Robert Howard; Conan; Frontier; Civilization; Barbarism; Literature; Sword and Witchcraft; Literature Pulp. 8 Sumário Introdução ..................................................................................................................... 09 Guia de Leitura dos Ciclos de Conan ............................................................................ 37 PARTE 1 – Situando o Escritor Robert Ervin Howard, suas Narrativas Literárias e suas Condições de Produção ........................................................................................ 49 Capítulo 1 – Robert Ervin Howard: um heterodoxo escritor da fronteira ....................... 49 Capítulo 2 – O corpus literário howardiano e os temas basilares de seus escritos ....... 74 Capítulo 3 – Os textos de Conan na Weird Tales e suas condições de produção ........ 102 PARTE 2 – Situando Civilização e Barbárie nos Ciclos de Conan diante do Contexto Histórico de Robert Howard ........................................................................... 121 Capítulo 4 – Bárbaro e civilizado em diferentes tradições discursivas ao longo da história ..........................................................................................................................
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