Le Surrealisme Et Les Poetes Surrealistes Dans La Litterature Francaise

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Le Surrealisme Et Les Poetes Surrealistes Dans La Litterature Francaise T.C. SELÇUK ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FRANSIZ DİLİ VE EDEBİYATI ANABİLİM DALI LE SURREALISME ET LES POETES SURREALISTES DANS LA LITTERATURE FRANCAISE Ali UMUR YÜKSEK LİSANS Danışman Prof. Dr. GALİP BALDIRAN KONYA-2010 i BİLİMSEL ETİK SAYFASI Adı Soyadı ALI UMUR Numarası 084207002001 Ana Bilim / Bilim Dalı FRABSIZ DILI VE EDEBIYATI rencinin Programı Tezli Yüksek Lisans Doktora ğ LE SURREALISME ET LES POETES SURREALISTE Tezin Adı DANS LA LITERRATURE FRANÇAISE Ö Bu tezin proje safhasından sonuçlanmasına kadarki bütün süreçlerde bilimsel etiğe ve akademik kurallara özenle riayet edildiğini, tez içindeki bütün bilgilerin etik davranış ve akademik kurallar çerçevesinde elde edilerek sunulduğunu, ayrıca tez yazım kurallarına uygun olarak hazırlanan bu çalışmada başkalarının eserlerinden yararlanılması durumunda bilimsel kurallara uygun olarak atıf yapıldığını bildiririm. Öğrencinin imzası ii Avant de présenter ce travail qui était pour moi une occasion de connaitre les moyens d’études et de recherches littéraire, je tiens a remercier Prof.Dr.Galip BALDIRAN qui m’a orienté et qui m’a beaucoup aidée pendant la préparation de cette thése et je remercie aussi aussi Prof.Dr. Abdullah ÖZTÜRK et Yrd.Doç.Dr. Fuat BOYACIOĞLU. iii Adı Soyadı ALİ UMUR Numarası 084207002001 Ana Bilim / Bilim Dalı Programı Tezli Yüksek Lisans Doktora rencinin ğ Tez Danışmanı PROF.DR.GALİP BALDIRAN Tezin Adı Sürealism ve Fransız Edebiyatında Sürrealist Şairler Ö ÖZET Birinci Dünya Savaşı yıllarında psikiyatri bölümlerinde çalışmış ve Freud'un düşünceleriyle yakından İlgilenmiş olan Dr. Amire Breton tarafından sistemleştirilmiş; ilk bildirisi (Le Premier Manifeste du Surrealisme) yine onun tarafından 1924'te, bunu tamamlayıcı ikinci bildirisi (Le Second Manifeste du Surrealisme) ise 1930'da ilân edilmiştir. Güzel sanatların çeşitli kolları yanında 1919'dan itibaren edebiyatta; bilhassa şiirde etkili olan sürrealizm, en parlak dönemini 1924-1928 yılları arasında yaşamıştır. Sürrealizmin kurucusu ve lideri Breton, diğer sürrealistlerin bir kısmı gibi, eski bir dadaisttir. Gerçeküstücülük. Avrupa’da birinci ve ikinci dünya savaşları arasında gelişmiştir. Temelini, akılcılığı yadsıyan ve karşı-sanat için çalışan ilk dadaistlerin eserlerinden alır. 1924'te "Manifeste du Surrealisme"i (Sürrealizm Manifestosu) hazırlayan şair Andre Breton'a göre gerçeküstücülük, bilinç ile bilinç dışını birleştiren bir yoldur. Gerçeküstücülük akımı, gerçek dışı anlamında değil aksine gerçeğin insandaki iz düşümü şeklinde bir yaklaşımdır. Sigmund Freud’un teorilerinden etkilenen Andre Breton için, bilinçdışılık düş gücünün temel kaynağı, deha ise bu bilinçdışı dünyasına girebilme yeteneğiydi. Breton’un yanı sıra Louis Aragon, Benjamen Peret, otomatik yazı yöntemleri üzerinde deneyler yaptılar. Kendi söylemleriyle, "gerçeküstü dünyanın düşsel,cinsel,sapkın imgelerini geliştirmeye" başladılar. Bu şairlerin dizelerindeki sözcükler, mantıksal bir sıra izlemek yerine bilinçdışı psikolojik süreçlerle bir araya geldiği için insanı irkiltiyordu. Gerçeküstücülük, yöntemli bir araştırma ile deneyi ön planda tutuyor, insanın kendi kendisini irdeleyip çözümlemesinde sanatın yol gösterici bir araç olduğunu vurguluyordu. 1925’ten sonra gerçeküstücüler dağılmaya, başka akımlara yönelmeye başladı. Ancak bu akım, resimden, sinemaya, tiyatroya kadar bir çok sanat dalını derinden etkiledi. Andre Breton’un yanı sıra P. J. Jouve, Pierre Reverdy, Robert Desnos, Louis Aragon, Paul Eluard, Antonin Arnaud, Raymond Queneau, Philippe Soupault, Arthur Cravan, Rene Char, Federico Garcia Lorca, Salvador Dali gerçeküstücülük akımının önemli isimleridir iv Adı Soyadı ALİ UMUR Numarası 084207002001 Ana Bilim / Bilim Dalı Programı Tezli Yüksek Lisans Doktora rencinin ğ Tez Danışmanı PROF.DR.GALİP BALDIRAN Tezin İngilizce Adı Surrealism and Surrealist Poets in French Literature Ö SUMMARY The strength of the surrealist movement can be attributed in large part to one man, French poet André Breton, who helped found the movement after World War I in France. Surrealism was a reaction to Dadaism, which was itself a reaction to the “logic” that dadaists believed had caused the war. Surrealism, however, sought a more constructive way to rebel against rational thought than the more negative Dadaism. Drawing on the psychoanalytic studies of Sigmund Freud, the surrealists tried to expand the mind’s potential by reconciling the apparently contradictory states of dream and reality. In a series of sometimes dangerous experiments, Breton and others attempted to put themselves in a hallucinatory state, in which they believed they could tap directly into their subconscious minds and extract pure thoughts, untainted by the conscious mind and its rational constraints. Since the surrealists prized individual revelation over conscious forms, themes varied among the poets, although many wrote about some form of love or nature. While Breton and Phillipe Soupault wrote “The Magnetic Fields”, considered by many to be the first truly surrealist text, in 1919, it was not until 1924, when Breton published his Manifesto of Surrealism, that the movement was officially founded. Breton ruled the group like a dictator, and his strict adherence to surrealist principles led to many expulsions and defections from the group. Nevertheless, the surrealists, who also included Paul Eluard and Robert Desnos, flourished for the next two decades, until the outbreak of World War II. Although the majority of the group’s members were poets, some tried their hand at prose as well. Breton’s novel Nadja was one of the most successful attempts. Surrealism inspired related movements in painting, sculpture, drama, and film, and has had a lasting influence on the creative arts as a whole. v TABLE DES MATIERES INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................vii 1. Les Origines Du Surréalisme........................................................................................viii 2. Un Mouvement De L'entre-Deux Guerres....................................................................viii CHAPITRE I LA FORMATION DU SURREALISME .................................................... 1 I 1. La Gestation Du Surréalisme......................................................................................... 1 I 2. L’histoire Du Surréalisme ............................................................................................. 3 I 3. L’evolution Chronologique Du Surréalisme ................................................................. 5 CHAPITRE II ECOLE SURREALISTE ET SON INFLUENCE. ................................. 10 II 1. Les Principes Du Surréalisme .................................................................................... 10 II 2. Les Thèmes Surréalistes............................................................................................. 10 II 3. Les Formes Surréalistes ............................................................................................. 10 II 4. Les Techniques Surréalistes....................................................................................... 11 II 5. L’art Du Surréalisme.................................................................................................. 13 II 6. L'influence Surréaliste................................................................................................ 15 II 7. Les Dernières Années Surréalistes............................................................................. 16 CHAPITRE III LES ECRIVAINS SURREALISTE........................................................ 18 III 1. André Breton ( 1896-1966)....................................................................................... 18 III 2. Philippe Soupault (1897-1990)................................................................................. 21 III 3. Paul Crevel (1900-1935)........................................................................................... 22 III 4. Benjamin Péret (1899-1959)..................................................................................... 22 III 5. Paul Eluard ; Paul-Eugène Grindel (1895-1952)...................................................... 23 vi III 6. Louis Aragon ( 1897-1982) ...................................................................................... 25 III 7. Robert Desnos (1900-1945)...................................................................................... 27 III 8. Antonin Artaud (1896-1948) .................................................................................... 28 III 9. Paul Nougé (1895-1967)........................................................................................... 29 III 10. Arp Hans (ou Jean) (1887-1966) ............................................................................ 31 CHAPITRE IV LA POESIE FRANCAISE SURREALISTE.......................................... 33 IV 1. Définition De La Poésie Surréaliste ......................................................................... 33 IV 2. La Poésie Surréaliste De Paul Eluard ....................................................................... 36 IV 3. La Poésie Surréaliste De René Char......................................................................... 39 IV 4. La Poésie Surréaliste De Paul Valéry....................................................................... 40 CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................... 44 BIBLIOGRAPHIE..............................................................................................................
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