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Boletin De La REPUBLICA DE VENEZUELA BOLETIN DE LA ACADEMIA DE CIENCIAS FISICAS MATEMÁTICAS Y NATURALES ANO XXXV - TOMO XXXV - N 103 PRIMER TRIMESTRE COMISION EDITORA DEL BOLETIN Dr. Miguel Parra León Dr. Marcel Granier D. Dr. Francisco Kerdel Vegas CONTENIDO Pág. Nota liminar ............................................................................................................. 3 Dedicatoria ............................................................................................................... 7 Texto principal (ver abajo los Capítulos) .......................................................... ....................................................................... 11 CAPITULOS I - Prólogo y comentario acerca de la distribución/repartición del género Ormosia .......................................................................... 11 II - Acerca de la "combinación de caracteres" y "dispersión de ala" (wing dispersal) .......................................................................... 44 (A) El caso de Riopa ...................................................................... 45 (B) El caso de Minos - Basilornis (Aves: Sturnidae) .................... 64 (C) El caso de Iguanidae y Agamidae (Reptilia: Sauria) .............. 75 (D) El caso de Picumninae (Aves: Picidae) .................................. 78 (E) El caso de Thoatherium (Mammalia: Litopterna) y Equus (Mammalia: Equidae) 82 III - La distribución/repartición del Orden Sirenia (Mammalia) 89 IV - Apuntes en torno a la dispersión "atlántica" .............................................................. 97 V - La muy "transatlántica" distribución de los Roedores Histricomorfos ..........................................................................................................105 VI - Acerca de la emigración "transpacífica" .............................................120 VII - La biogeografía de liebres y conejos (Leporidae) ..............................146 VIII - La biogeografía de los "Ratones" .........................................................155 IX - La zoogeografía de Paridae (Aves: Passeriformes) y algunas familias de su afinidad ......................................................................................214 LOS EDITORES NO ASUMEN RESPONSABILIDAD POR LAS IDEAS EXPUESTAS POR LOS AUTORES NOTA LIMINAR Cuando conocí al profesor Croizat y le oí explanar sus ideas acerca de la Biogeografía y, a su vez, me relató los múltiples inconvenientes que se le habían presentado para hacerlas conocer del público lector, me formé al propósito de insertar en las páginas del Boletín de la Academia los trabajos que me fuera suministrando, por lo cual le pedí que colaborara en dicho Boletín por intermedio de una serie de ex-posiciones que incluyeran, en forma más o menos coordinada, los conceptos que en su opinión puedan orientar las nuevas generaciones de botánicos. Aceptó gustoso y esto explica los trabajos ya publicados, que hoy culminan con la obra en dos tornos "Biogeografía Analítica y Sintética de las Américas" que ofrece la Academia al estudiantado de habla española, urgido de ampliar sus conocimientos sobre la materia. El Gobierno Nacional viene demostrando un notorio interés por la difusión de la cultura y de la tecnología y aunque es posible contratar tecnólogos capaces en ramas particulares de la industria, por ejemplo, es dudoso pensar en crear centros de los que manen en forma ininterrumpida los avances tecnológicos, sin cultivar al mismo tiempo la ciencia. A mi modo de ver, la cultura constituye a la postre sólo la exposición del sentido crítico de la vida, en su totalidad. La prioridad del problema no se basa en conseguir discípulos capaces e inteligentes, sino en capacitar docentes aptos para orientar a esos discípulos y por tal razón auténticamente cultos. Esta clase de docentes no abundan ni si-quiera en los países supuestamente adelantados. Mal negocio haría el país importando "técnicos", sin que medie un estudio amplio de sus efectivas capacidades. La época presente está signada de decadencia desde el punto de vista cultural. Abundan los "especialistas" que fuera de su especialidad nada conocen y también abundan supuestos "duc- tores" carentes de conocimentos amplios y por tanto faltos de sentido crítico. Acerca de la bondad de los conceptos expuestos en el libro hemos leído juicios de personas de reconocida capacidad que los abonan. En - 3 — "Systematic Zoology Reviews", que es la más prestigiosa revista de zoología editada en inglés, en el Volumen 23, N? 3, septiembre de 1974, en las págs. 463 y 464, el ilustre profesor Gareth Nelson (hoy editor en jefe de dicha Revista) al comentar 5 libros últimamente publicados expresa: "No es coincidencia que los trabajos de Croizat no sean mencionados en 4 de los 5 libros (y que el que cita Muller en la página 181 es mencionado en un sentido muy trivial)". Luego expresa: "No se termina con estas alternativas lo que es posible entrever. Croizat ha tomado en cuenta muchas posibilidades más, en las miles de páginas que ya ha entregado a la prensa sobre esta materia. Forman ellas un conjunto que representa en la historia de las ciencias, con toda probabilidad, la más completa formación de causa en contra de una escuela en vigencia, es decir, la "tradición" de Darwin y Wallace. Mucho me extraña que esta tradición pretenda silenciar los más contundentes empeños de uno de sus mejores, más constructivos (¿y más peligrosos?) críticos". Y en el Volumen 23, N' 2, junio de 1974, pág. 228, de la misma Revista, Donn Eric Rosen, jefe del departamento de Ictiología del American Museum de New York, asienta: "Bien puede ser que estas ideas parezcan comunes al lector. Sin embargo, Croizat no se la da de inventor de la mayoría de las ideas que figuran por allá y por acá en lo que discute. La verdadera contribución científica de Croizat —completamente original y sumamente profunda— se encuentra en un con-junto armoniosamente estructurado de ideas que lo llevan a formular lo que al fin podemos vislumbrar como una auténtica ciencia de biogeografía, basada en métodos de análisis que son rigurosos y en la formulación de supuestos que se prestan a comprobación". En carta de fecha 18 de junio de 1975, dirigida a Croizat por el Dr. J. T. Wiebes, profesor de Evolución Biológica en la Universidad de Leiden, Holanda, le dice: "Yo defiendo sus puntos de vista aquí. Tengo la mayor parte de sus trabajos en la Biblioteca y pido a mis estudiantes conocer de su razonada biogeografía, en lugar de las casuales y dispersas historias que usualmente les han narrado". En carta de 1? de abril de 1975, el profesor Donn E. Rosen le dice: "Para terminar, por las mismas razones que me impulsaron a señalar la obra de Hennig y por habernos dado cuenta de que tus sintéticos puntos de vista acerca de la evolución destacan a título de sumamente meritorios, estamos preparando desde hace meses un docu- - 4 — mento que apoye nuestra proposición, a fin de que se te otorgue la medalla de oro del Museo (Museum o f Natural History, New York)". La Biogeografía es una ciencia de gran importancia en Biología, por cuanto estudia las relaciones que median entre la evolución orgánica y los elementos de espacio y tiempo que influyen en ella. Sin su correcta aplicación es imposible que exista pensamiento biológico certero. Estas razones y otras tantas me llevaron a dar calor a la idea de que la Academia publicara este libro. Ya se ha cumplido el cometido. Hoy sólo resta difundirlo lo más posible entre los países que hablan español, tarea en la cual el Gobierno Nacional podrá colaborar asistido por una razón de mucho peso: contribución cultural para eliminar el subdesarrollo en los países que requieren industrializarse. Este libro es la primera obra en su género que se publica en lengua castellana. Razón suficiente para no haber desmayado en la tarea que me impuse (la de su publicación). La gentileza del profesor Croizat colmó mis aspiraciones al dedicarme el libro. Sus palabras expresan sus sentimientos y constituyen un estímulo que bien sé apreciar. "De no haber sido por la amistosa y personal intervención de Ud. —me dice—jamás hubiera yo escrito esta obra que no poco me costó. Sin ella jamás hubiera yo logrado expresar públicamente las ideas y conceptos que contiene. Agradezca Ud. la dedicatoria ya que es muy merecida". El libro da la impresión de que Croizat es enemigo de las teorías. Considera que si no se presentan hechos en número suficiente para establecer un método de análisis que a su vez conduzca a otro de síntesis, es inútil aplicar teorías en debida o indebida forma. El problema de la distribución de la vida en el Planeta lo llevó a adoptar un método positivo, deducido de los registros de la actual distribución geográfica de diversas plantas y animales, cuidadosamente cotejados en las fuentes estadísticas. Los resultados obtenidos constituyeron un cuerpo de doctrina efectivo, que permitió afirmar a Rosen que Croizat es el padre de la biogeografía científica. Se abrió así otro camino a la investigación biológica. MIGUEL PARRA LEÓN Al Dr. Miguel Parra León dedica esta obra el Autor BIOGEOGRAFIA ANALITICA Y SINTETICA ("PANBIOGEOGRAFIA") DE LAS AMERICAS (PRIMERA PARTE) I) PROLOGO, Y COMENTARIO ACERCA DE LA DISTRIBU- CION/REPARTICION DEL GENERO ORMOSIA (ANGIOSPERMAE: LEGUMINOSAE) Es de ninguna manera osada la afirmación que no se conoce hoy en Ibero-América una biogeografía que merezca el título de científica. No tiene vigencia todavía entre nosotros una filosofía, una idea general, o conjunto de nociones básicas que se la quiera llamar, que nos
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