Khomeini Fanatics Grovoke Illlr8rialist Threats Split
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Triumphs and Tragedies of the Iranian Revolution
The Road to Isolation: Triumphs and Tragedies of the Iranian Revolution Salma Schwartzman Senior Division Historical Paper Word Count: 2, 499 !1 Born of conflicting interests and influences — those ancient tensions deeply rooted in its own society — the Iranian revolution generated numerous and alternating cycles of triumph and tragedy, the one always inextricably resulting from and offsetting the other. This series of vast political shifts saw the nation shudder from a near feudal monarchy to a democratized state, before finally relapsing into an oppressive, religiously based conservatism. The Prelude: The White Revolution Dating from 1960 to 1963, the White Revolution was a period of time in Iran in which modernization, westernization, and industrialization were ambitiously promoted by the the country’s governing royalty: the Pahlavi regime. Yet although many of these changes brought material and social benefit, the country was not ready to embrace such a rapid transition from its traditional structure; thus the White Revolution sowed the seeds that would later blossom into the Iranian Revolution1. Under the reign of Reza Shah Pahlavi, the State of Iran underwent serious industrial expansion. After seizing almost complete political power for himself, the Shah set in motion the land reform law of 1962.2 This law forced landed minorities to surrender vast tracts of lands to the government so that it could be redistributed to small scale agriculturalists. The landowners who experienced losses were compensated through shares of state owned Iranian industries. Cultivators and laborers also received share holdings of Iranian industries and agricultural profits.3 This reform not only helped the agrarian community, but encouraged and supported 1 Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. -
Bowl Round 5 Bowl Round 5 First Quarter
NHBB B-Set Bowl 2017-2018 Bowl Round 5 Bowl Round 5 First Quarter (1) The remnants of this government established the Republic of Ezo after losing the Boshin War. Two and a half centuries earlier, this government was founded after its leader won the Battle of Sekigahara against the Toyotomi clan. This government's policy of sakoku came to an end when Matthew Perry's Black Ships forced the opening of Japan through the 1854 Convention of Kanagawa. For ten points, name this last Japanese shogunate. ANSWER: Tokugawa Shogunate (or Tokugawa Bakufu) (2) Xenophon's Anabasis describes ten thousand Greek soldiers of this type who fought Artaxerxes II of Persia. A war named for these people was won by Hamilcar Barca and led to his conquest of Spain. Famed soldiers of this type include slingers from Rhodes and archers from Crete. Greeks who fought for Persia were, for ten points, what type of soldier that fought not for national pride, but for money? ANSWER: mercenary (prompt on descriptive answers) (3) The most prominent of the Townshend Acts not to be repealed in 1770 was a tax levied on this commodity. The Dartmouth, the Eleanor, and the Beaver carried this commodity from England to the American colonies. The Intolerable Acts were passed in response to the dumping of this commodity into a Massachusetts Harbor in 1773 by members of the Sons of Liberty. For ten points, identify this commodity destroyed in a namesake Boston party. ANSWER: tea (accept Tea Act; accept Boston Tea Party) (4) This location is the setting of a photo of a boy holding a toy hand grenade by Diane Arbus. -
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Pirapaharan 2, Chapter 2<br>The Jaffnawww.tamilarangam.net Massacre - Sangam.org Page 1 of 7 Sangam.org - Ilankai Tamil Sangam Association of Tamils of Sri Lanka in the USA Active Home Page Previous Version Archive Original Version Home Page Pirapaharan 2, Chapter 2 The Jaffna Massacre by T. Sabaratnam; published May 7, 2004 (Volume 2) 2. The Jaffna Massacre Must Put an End Shell-shocked Balthazzaar and his top men held a conference at Gurungar Camp on their return. The radio room had by this time informed Colombo about the blast and the death of 13 soldiers. Balthazaar got a call from Palaly and then Colombo headquarters. It connected Balthazar to army commander Lieutenant General Tissa Weeratunga who had been woken up by the headquarters. “I’ve to inform the President. It’s too serious,” Weeratunga blurted. His voice showed that he was badly shaken. Weeratunga woke up President Jayewardene. Weeratunga later told his officers that Jayewardene was angry when he broke the news. “We must put an end to this,” Jayewardene exclaimed. He asked Weeratunga to meet him in the morning. The conference at Gurunagar considered three matters. Handling of the situation, handling of the dead bodies and strengthening the security of Jaffna City. Handling of the situation involved investigations about the blast. Munasinghe and the intelligence unit were detailed for that task. The bodies of the dead soldiers were in the Jaffna Teaching Hospital mortuary. An undertaker, A. F. Raymond of Colombo, was told to take the bodies to Colombo and prepare them there to be handed over to the families of the dead men. -
CLASSROOM | 9-12 Lessons
CLASSROOM | 9-12 Lessons : JIMMY CARTER AND THE IRANIAN HOSTAGE CRISIS President Carter announces sanctions against Iran in the White House Press Room. Jimmy Carter Library Jimmy Carter would say later, “No matter who was with me, we watched the big grandfather clock by the door.” Time was running out, for it was Tuesday, January 20, 1981. The scene was the Oval Office. In just hours this president would leave it for good, and a new leader, Ronald Reagan, would move in. As the clock ticked the time away, Carter tried to resolve a crisis that had almost destroyed his presidency. He was close, very close, and as he said, “At stake were the lives of 52 precious human beings who had been imprisoned in Iran for 444 days–and almost 12 billion dollars of Iranian assets.” 1 Prelude The beginnings of this crisis preceded Jimmy Carter’s term by almost thirty years. For that long, the United States had provided political support and, more recently, massive military assistance to the government of the shah of Iran. Iran was important because it provided oil to the industrial West and separated the Soviet Union from the Persian Gulf and the oil states. The United States had an enormous stake in keeping it stable and independent. By 1979, however, when Carter had been in office three years, the shah was in trouble, reaping the harvest of years of brutal and unpopular policies, including the use of secret police that controlled dissent with arbitrary arrests and torture.2 It was clear that the shah had lost the (next page) White House Historical Association | http://www.whha.org | Pg. -
BT Provocation
25<1: Iran/Contragate: The "Canada Connection" Merchants of Death For' year's u.s. president Ronald Reagan has been the "investigation" from the [s!'aeli embassy! Exter getting away with murder, backed and alibied by nal affairs minister' Joe Clark sent off a pI'otest his junior' imperialist partner's in Ottawa. From the letter' to the U.S. State Department registering 269 passengers sent to their death aboard the KAL his "deep concel'n for the lack of information on 007 spy plane to 241 dead Mar'ines in Lebanon to any Canadian connection." Up to this point the the !'ape of Grenada to Qadaffi's infant daughter' only expr'essed concern of the Canadian government murdered in the tenor' bombing of Libya, the coul'se over' II'an/Contragate was to WOITY that if this was is str'ewn with bodies sacl'ificed on the altar of the anti-Soviet war drive. But with the Iran/Cont!'agate scandal--the bizaITe oper'ation ship ping arms to the Iranian mullahs The Main Enemy Is at Home! to entice them into the anti-Soviet alliance, the pr'ofits launder'ed through Swiss bank accounts for use by the Nicarag'uan contr'as--the Reagan "hands-off pr'esidency" is in total cr'isis. In the midst of all the pr'esident's men thr'owing deleted expletives at each other', lying, bailing' out and above all stonewall ing, on December' 10, CIA director' William Casey thr'ew in the "Canada connection." Going tlH'ough what he didn't know and when he didn't know it Casey testified that he had been informed in October' that No Credit Canadian "business" partner's of Carpet bombing of Vietnam, Nicaraguan contra cutthroats. -
1 Khomeinism Executive Summary: Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
Khomeinism Executive Summary: Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the country’s first supreme leader, is one of the most influential shapers of radical Islamic thought in the modern era. Khomeini’s Islamist, populist agenda—dubbed “Khomeinism” by scholar Ervand Abrahamian—has radicalized and guided Shiite Islamists both inside and outside Iran. Khomeini’s legacy has directly spawned or influenced major violent extremist organizations, including Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), as well as Lebanese-based terrorist organization and political party Hezbollah, and the more recently formed Iraqi-based Shiite militias, many of which stand accused of carrying out gross human rights violations. (Sources: BBC News, Atlantic, Reuters, Washington Post, Human Rights Watch, Constitution.com) Khomeini’s defining ideology focuses on a variety of themes, including absolute religious authority in government and the rejection of Western interference and influence. Khomeini popularized the Shiite Islamic concept of vilayat-e faqih—which translates to “guardianship of the Islamic jurist”— in order to place all of Iran’s religious and state institutions under the control of a single cleric. Khomeini’s successor, Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, relies on Khomeinist ideals to continue his authoritarian domestic policies and support for terrorism abroad. (Sources: Al-Islam, Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic, Ervand Abrahamian, pp. 15-25, Islamic Parliament Research Center, New York Times) More than 25 years after his death, Khomeini’s philosophies and teachings continue to influence all levels of Iran’s political system, including Iran’s legislative and presidential elections. In an interview with Iran’s Press TV, London-based professor of Islamic studies Mohammad Saeid Bahmanpoor said that Khomeini “has become a concept. -
YS% ,Xld M%Cd;Dka;S%L Iudcjd§ Ckrcfha .Eiü M;%H the Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
YS% ,xld m%cd;dka;s%l iudcjd§ ckrcfha .eiÜ m;%h The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka wxl 1"991 – 2016 Tlaf;dan¾ ui 28 jeks isl=rdod – 2016'10'28 No. 1,991 – fRiDAy, OCtOBER 28, 2016 (Published by Authority) PART I : SECTION (I) – GENERAL (Separate paging is given to each language of every Part in order that it may be filed separately) PAGE PAGE Proclamations, &c., by the President … — Government Notifications … … 1204 Appointments, &c., by the President … 1128 Price Control Orders … … — Appointments, &c., by the Cabinet of Ministers … — Central Bank of Sri Lanka Notices… … — Accounts of the Government of Sri Lanka … — Appointments, &c., by the Public Service Commission — Revenue and Expenditure Returns… … — Appointments, &c., by the Judicial Service Commission — Miscellaneous Departmental Notices … 1206 Other Appointments, &c. … … 1192 Notice to Mariners … … — Appointments, &c., of Registrars … — “Excise Ordinance” Notices … … — Note.– (i) Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Bill was published as a supplement to the part ii of the Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka of August 12, 2016. (ii) Nation Building tax (Amendment) Bill was published as a supplement to the part ii of the Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka of August 19, 2016. (iii) Land (Restrictions on Alienation) (Amendment) Bill was published as a supplement to the part ii of the Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka of September 02, 2016. IMportant NOTICE REGARDING Acceptance OF NOTICES FOR PUBlication IN THE WEEKLY “GAZETTE” AttENtiON is drawn to the Notification appearing in the 1st week of every month, regarding the latest dates and times of acceptance of Notices for publication in the weekly Gazettes, at the end of every weekly Gazette of Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. -
Iran's Regional Security Policy
Iran’s Regional Security Policy: Opportunities and Challenges George Emile Irani 16/12/2008 Working Paper 52/2008 Iran’s Regional Security Policy: Opportunities and Challenges George Emile Irani Index Introduction Iran’s Security Policy: From Khomeini to Khamenei Iran and Syria Iran and Hezbollah Iran and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Iran and Iraq Conclusions Introduction Since the revolution in 1979, Iran has become a key player not only in Persian Gulf politics but also in Central Asia and the Middle East at large. The Islamic Republic of Iran is currently at the centre of a global push-and-pull due to its geostrategic position and its interaction with local and global players. The main aim of the current leadership in Teheran is to preserve Iran’s privileged situation within a changing balance of power. This paper assesses and analyses Iran’s regional policy since the Iranian Revolution of February 1979, focusing on the last 10 years. It presents a brief historical background of Iran’s strategy under the Shah and then looks at current Iranian foreign policy as determined by the ideological map drawn by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, the current Supreme Leader of Iran. It also examines current Iranian policies towards Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine and the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). My study is based on Middle Eastern sources mostly Iranian, Arab, and Lebanese. Given the paucity of studies based on these sources I will present what Iranian and other experts in the region have written on the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. -
Rivalry in the Middle East: the History of Saudi-Iranian Relations and Its Implications on American Foreign Policy
BearWorks MSU Graduate Theses Summer 2017 Rivalry in the Middle East: The History of Saudi-Iranian Relations and its Implications on American Foreign Policy Derika Weddington Missouri State University, [email protected] As with any intellectual project, the content and views expressed in this thesis may be considered objectionable by some readers. However, this student-scholar’s work has been judged to have academic value by the student’s thesis committee members trained in the discipline. The content and views expressed in this thesis are those of the student-scholar and are not endorsed by Missouri State University, its Graduate College, or its employees. Follow this and additional works at: https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses Part of the Defense and Security Studies Commons, International Relations Commons, and the Near and Middle Eastern Studies Commons Recommended Citation Weddington, Derika, "Rivalry in the Middle East: The History of Saudi-Iranian Relations and its Implications on American Foreign Policy" (2017). MSU Graduate Theses. 3129. https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses/3129 This article or document was made available through BearWorks, the institutional repository of Missouri State University. The work contained in it may be protected by copyright and require permission of the copyright holder for reuse or redistribution. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RIVALRY IN THE MIDDLE EAST: THE HISTORY OF SAUDI-IRANIAN RELATIONS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY A Masters Thesis Presented to The Graduate College of Missouri State University TEMPLATE In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science, Defense and Strategic Studies By Derika Weddington August 2017 RIVALARY IN THE MIDDLE EAST: THE HISTORY OF SAUDI-IRANIAN RELATIONS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY Defense and Strategic Studies Missouri State University, August 2017 Master of Science Derika Weddington ABSTRACT The history of Saudi-Iranian relations has been fraught. -
Khomeinism, the Islamic Revolution and Anti Americanism
Khomeinism, the Islamic Revolution and Anti Americanism Mohammad Rezaie Yazdi A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham For the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Political Science and International Studies University of Birmingham March 2016 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract The 1979 Islamic Revolution of Iran was based and formed upon the concept of Khomeinism, the religious, political, and social ideas of Ayatullah Ruhollah Khomeini. While the Iranian revolution was carried out with the slogans of independence, freedom, and Islamic Republic, Khomeini's framework gave it a specific impetus for the unity of people, religious culture, and leadership. Khomeinism was not just an effort, on a religious basis, to alter a national system. It included and was dependent upon the projection of a clash beyond a “national” struggle, including was a clash of ideology with that associated with the United States. Analysing the Iran-US relationship over the past century and Khomeini’s interpretation of it, this thesis attempts to show how the Ayatullah projected "America" versus Iranian national freedom and religious pride. -
Jews in Iran Describe a Life of Freedom Despite Anti-Israel Actions by Tehran
EBSCOhost Page 1 of 3 Record: 1 Title: Jews in Iran describe a life of freedom despite anti-Israel actions by Tehran. Authors: Theodoulou, Michael Source: Christian Science Monitor; 2/3/98, Vol. 90 Issue 47, p7, 0p, 2 color Document Type: Article Subject Terms: JEWS -- Iran Geographic Terms: IRAN Report Available Abstract: Examines the Jewish community in Iran, the largest in the Middle East outside of Israel. The official recognition of Jews in the Islamic Constitution; Comments from Haroun Yashyei, chairman of the Central Jewish Committee in Iran; The rights and freedoms Jews are granted; Why many left Iran after the Islamic Revolution; Why the community hopes for peace in the Middle East; Why most Jews do not want to leave Iran, despite the anti-Israel sentiment of the government. Lexile: 1110 Full Text Word Count:997 ISSN: 08827729 Accession Number: 178016 Database: MAS Ultra - School Edition Section: International Islam, Judaism, under one tent JEWS IN IRAN DESCRIBE A LIFE OF FREEDOM DESPITE ANTI-ISRAEL ACTIONS BY TEHRAN Dateline: TEHRAN, IRAN One of the most striking of many murals in Iran's capital, Tehran, is a towering portrait of Fathi Shkaki, a leader of the militant Palestinian group, Islamic Jihad. He was assassinated by Israeli agents in 1995 after he masterminded a series of suicide bombings against Jewish civilians. A slogan beneath his face hails him as a hero of the Islamic revolution in Palestine. Yet, stroll a little farther along Palestine Street and you come to the Abrishami Synagogue, the biggest of 23 synagogues in Tehran. It is regularly attended by some 1,000 worshippers. -
One Man – One Desire
Lund University STVK01 Department of Political Science Tutor: Martin Hall One Man – One Desire A Study of the Reasons of the Iranian Revolution in 1979 and its Mobilization Process Saam Beik Abstract Iran, a country generally seen as abusing the laws of human rights in favour of the Islamic laws and where women is being punished if not wearing headscarves in public. However, the great opposition against this country’s laws is probably not aware of the revolution in 1979 that formed the contemporary society of Iran. This study brings light to a revolution rarely mentioned nowadays. It analyzes the reasons possible for the making of the revolution and draws the conclusion that it was not because religion being put aside that made the revolution happen. With the concept of contentious politics is then the actual mobilization process analyzed to answer how such a broad mass of Iranians could support a revolution that had the rallying cry to, in a modern western view close the society and isolate it to the surrounding world. Through speeches and texts published by the front man of the revolution Ayatollah Khomeini has the mobilization been analyzed and concludes that the use of Marxist rhetoric and Islamic symbolism, especially the Shiite tradition of martyrdom attracted the people who risked their lives by protesting in the streets that eventually made the dictatorial Shah leave Iran in favour for the country’s new supreme leader; Ayatollah Khomeini. Key words: Iranian Revolution, Ayatollah Khomeini, Mobilization, Revolutions, Contentious Politics Table of Contents 1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Statement of Purpose and Problem ...................................................................