PR E F AC E.

The following Outlines of Gaelic Etymology originally formed

of was bound fir t G , , s part and up with the edition of the aelic , b E MacBain . tymological Dictionary by the late Dr The pu lisher, now thinking that there are students of the Language who might “ w a haLnd orm ish to have the Outlines in separate and y f , is

here publishing them . S words b The upplement, the and letters in square rackets, and a few slight changes from the original are the work of the

G u . H Rev Dr eorge enderson, Lect rer in Celtic Languages and

r U G as ow wh o u d Literatu e in the niversity of l g , fo n it necessary to abandon his intention of seeing the Gaelic Etymological

Dictionary through the press, after reaching the sixteenth page ” of these Outlines .

OUTL INES OF GAEL IC ETYM OL OGY.

G I t c AEL C belongs to the Celtic group of languages, and the Cel i is itself a branch of the Indo-Euro eam r A c 5 p vg ryan family of spee h for it has been found that the languages of Europe (with the e c H s and U o- x eption of Turkish, ungarian, Ba que, gr Finnish), and 1 t A c hose of sia from the Cau asus to Ceylon, resemble each other i n grammar and vocabulary to such an extent that they mus t all b e e consider d as descended from one parent or original tongue . “ u c ll A -E a This parent tong e is variously a ed the ryan, Indo urope n, I o-G — It w as o a . nd ermanic, and even the Ind Celtic langu ge s n is l e hr c poke , it be iev d, some t ee thousand years in an ient Sarmatia or South Russia and from this as centre 2 the speakers o f A c w ff the ryan tongue, whi h even then sho ed dialectal di er e n ces s , radiated east, west, north and south to the variou countries n ow b c z occupied y the des endant languages . The civili ation of the primitive Aryans appears to have been an earlier and more m f of that us b the no adic orm . presented to by the Celtic tri e of ’ H a H a v n umb er l u s elvetii in C esar s time . ere of vil age comm nitie , w w r u u b tt eary of the ork of ag ic lt re, or led by the desire of e er cut t w t soil, heir crops, pulled do n heir lightly built houses and u c w m h ts, pa ked child and chattel on the waggons ith their tea s of

« x tu t a . wa o en, and sought their for ne in a dis ant l nd In this y the Celts and the Italians pa rt ed from the old Ar yan home to tt the a d the move up the Danube, the former se ling on Rhine n tt G t w n la er on the ulf of Venice . The o her races e t their several w — w the ays the Indians and Iranians east ard across the steppes,

- eut w w H t . T ons ent to the north est, and the ellenes to the sou h The Aryan or Indo-European languages fall into six leading o ut u groups (leaving Albanian and Armenian of account), th s — I . NDO R NI N ARI N b t two I I A A or A , divisi le in o branches

a r c S n ow a but ( ) Indian b anch, in luding anskrit, de d, dating in its literature to at least 1 000 and the descendant or a as H u modern (dialects ) langu ges, such ind stani,

n t . Be gali, and Mahra ti

1 2 i c Et m o See Supp lem nt to Outli n es of Gael y ol gy. F Y Y . ii . OUTLINES O GAELIC ET MOLOG

11 w c m Z n ( ) Iranian branch, hi h co prises end or Old Bactria .

1 000 81 . (circ . Old Persian and Modern Per an

GR K ancl G II . EE or HELL ENIC, inclusive of ancient modern reek i G was (from Homer in 800 onwards). Anc ent reek . divided traditionally into three dialects Atti c or

er G c E c . lit ary reek), Dori , and ho I —the III . ITAL C, divided in early times into two main groups — F Latin and the Umbro Oscan . rom Latin are descended S u Rhoeto- o and Italian, French, panish, Port guese, r manic

ral . Roumanian, called gene ly the Romance languages I w IV. CELT C, of hich anon,

V T NI w c u — a Eas or . TEU O C, hich in ludes three gro ps ( t Teutonic A D b Nort-h S Gothic (fourth cent. . . ) ( ) Teutonic or candi n s n navian, i clusive of Old Nor e and the modern la guages c Nor we ian Sw an d 0 called Icelandi , g h edish, Danish ; and ( ) c w i H G n West Teutoni , hich div des again into igh erma m G H G (whence odern erman), the Old igh erman being a w G m language contemporary ith Old Irish, and Low er an, S A -S E h which includes Old axon , nglo axon, nglis , Dutch, and.

Frisian .

- - . S V NI S V NI w L i hu VI BALTO LA O C or LETTO LA O C, hich includes t m ania , dating from the seventeenth century, yet showing t the remarkable traces of antiqui y, Lettic, Old Prussian of fifteenth u n ow and sixteenth cent ries, extinct, Old Bulgarian S c w c the wa or Church lavoni , into hi h Bible s translated in S r the ninth century, and the lavonic mode n languages of

Russia, etc n t b ‘" These six groups ca no , save pro ably in the case of Latin and r w o a Celtic, be d a n closer t gether in a gene logical way. c m c Radiating as they did from a o mon entre, the adjacent groups t E are more like one another han those further off. The uropean. n A a la guages, inclusive of rmeni n, present the three primitive w a e w the —a vo els , , o intact, hile Indo Ir nian group coalesces them all into th e soun d a . Again the Asiatic languages join with the - S a h A ta 7c Balto l vonic in c anging ryan pala l into a sibilant sound . Similarly two or three other grou ps ma y b e found with common G an d c w oi peculiarities reek, Latin, Celti ith or i in the nom . l . . o c . p masc of the de lension) Latin and Celtic, further, show h c i intimate relations in aving in ommon an in the gen . sing . of ' o -tz on the declension (originally a locative), verbal nouns, a b future in , and the passive in

3 See Su lemen t to Outli n es o Gaeli c Et molo pp f y gy . IN S or I Y OUTL E GAEL C ET MOLOGY, iii ,

n ow The Celtic group comprises five living languages in the 18th w century there were six, hen Cornish still lived . These six u two b Celtic lang ages are grouped again into ranches, which may be BR ITTO NI GADEL IC named the Q and the . The former includes

, , G B IG the Welsh Cornish and Breton ; the A EL comprises Irish, G c S . Manx, and ( cottish) aeli The main difference between these two branches of the Celtic group consists in this : the velar u A u w we g ttural of the ryan parent tong e, hich represent here by b w b w the sym ol q, hen la ialised, that is hen the sound w or n c ts it c atta hes i elf to , be omes in Brittonic a simple p and in “ ” Gadelic c k u . u five um a ( , Ogam q ) Th s the Welsh for is p p , m em G em e w Cornish p y p , and Breton p p , aulish p p . hereas the G 0675 uei czi zf : aelic is 9, Manx q g, and Irish g the corresponding

Latin form is qui nque . Professor Rhys has hence called the two bra—nches of the Celtic the P group and the Q group (from Ogmic z J qu Gaelic c). The distinction into P and Q groups existed ’ b G a efore the Christian era, for the auls of C esar s time belonged P u i c ms mainly, if not altogether, to the group s ch d stin tive for as G eter edwf ar' G c cei thi r e o-s aulish p , four (Welsh p , aeli ), p , horse ebol G c each em e five (Welsh , aeli ), and p p , , already noted, with At the some others, prove this amply . the beginning of Chr istian era the Celtic langu ages were distributed much as w : U IS c S but follo s GA L H, spoken in Fran e and pain, fast dying before the provincial Latin (and disappearing finally in the fifth u G —R I ISH R I NI cent ry of our era) ; ALLO B T or B TTO C, spoken in b G b I ISH b to Britain y the conquering aulish tri es ; P CT , elonging the G l - o c u Sc a lo Britt ni or P gro p, and spoken in otland and, E G B IG possibly, in northern ngland ; and A EL , spoken in Ireland and perhaps on the West Coast of Scotland and in the Isles . The

A. etymology of the national names will be seen in Appendix O ur results may be summed in a tabular form thus

Gadelic Q Grou p Dialects in Spain and Gaul Celtic

Gallo-Brittonic Brittonic P Grou p — Gau lish various Pictish 5

of G u

There are no literary remains ‘ the a lish language existent but a vast mass of personal and place names have been handed

4 5 i c Et molo . See Supp lem n t to Outli n es of Gael y gy i v IN S O F I . . OUTL E GAEL C ETYMOLOGY

d w few w o n , and also a ords of the ordinary speech have been 6 r ecorded by the Classical writers . The language of Brittany came

from Britain in the fifth and sixth centuries, and it may have

found remains in Brittany of the kindred Gau lish tongue . The — — first Brittonic languages Welsh, Cornish, and Breton appear in

glosses as early as the eighth century. These glosses are marginal or super-linear translations into Celtic of words or “ ” M . p hrases in the Latin texts contained in the SS. so glossed The period of the glosses is known as the “ Old stage of the — 0 1d . languages Old Breton, Cornish, Old Welsh Real literary “ u ton n es works do not occ r till the Middle period of these g , c ommencing with the twelfth c entury and ending with the six 7 w e Ne w o t een th . Thereafter have Modern or Bret n and Welsh t w k New New a be . s the case may In his or , Breton and Welsh a re denoted simply by Breton and Welsh without any qualifying

word . c — Sc G c The Gaeli languages Irish, Manx, and ottish aeli have a much closer connection with one another than the m Brittonic languages . Till the Refor ation and, indeed, for a c m t S G entury or ore thereaf er, the Irish and cottish aelic had a m u c o mon literary lang age, though the spoken tongues had d b w iverged considera ly, a divergence hich can be traced even in u r G c d c t —th the th e oldest of o aeli o umen s e Book of Deer . In

' e ighteenth century Scottish Gaelic broke completely with the Irish and began a literary career of its own with a literary dialect t t c u u H ha o ld be nderstood easily all over the ighlands and Isles . Manx is closely allied to Scottish Gaelic as it is to the Irish ; it i t G c s K . , so far, a remnan of the aeli of the ingdom of the Isles The oldest m onu ments of Gadelic literature are the Ogam i c w c w cut th ns riptions, hi h ere on the stones marking e graves of m en G . S of the aelic race They are found in outh Ireland, Wales a nd E n S m aster Pictland as far as the hetland Isles, and belong ostly fifth c b to the , sixth, seventh, and eighth enturies . The alpha et, — which is formed on a proto telegraphic system by so many strokes for c b ea h letter above, through, or elow a stem line, is as follows 8

b l f s , , , , n ; h d t 0 , —, —, , q ; H W H FW H m H z ' ’ , , r a 0 I] e g g 5 : : , , i .

6 7 8 See lemen t to Outli nes o Gaeli c Et W molo . f y gy U I N S O F G I Y O TL E AEL C ETYMOLOG . V.

Examples of Ogam inscriptions are

Sagramni maqi Cun otami Sa ramn os Cunota u (The stone) of g son of m s . Maqi Deceddas avi Toran ias ’ O f O Toran i the son of Deces s . Cunanettas m[aqi] mucci Nettas egamonas O f Cunanes the s on ettase amon son of of N g . ila Tria. maqa Ma gn i O f the three sons of Maolan.

These examples show that the state of declensional inflection was e m as high as that of cont porary Latin . The genitives in i belong o ns i to the decle ion the , as in Old Irish, is not taken yet into d n ma i n t b the prece i g syllable ( g has o ecome maic). The genitives as as c c s and belong to the onsonantal de len ion, and the hesitation w a o is nt e bet een and i —eresting, for the later language pres nts the same t phenomenon th e o in u naccented syllables being d a dulle to a . The Ogam l nguage seems to have been a preserved li terary language its i nflection s were antique compared to the k u be spo en lang age, and Old Irish, so near it in time as almost to

c d c to i . contemporary, is vastly hanged and e ayed compared t Irish is divided into the following fou r leading period

'

I. O L D : b u 800 1 000 A 1! d IRISH from a o t to D . This the perio m of the glosses and arginal com ments on MSS. Besides

e MS. m some scraps of poetry and prose ent red on argins, Ar c s there is the Book of magh (tenth entury), which contain r 9 continuous Old Irish na rative . R Y R SH 2 . E I E : 1 000 1 00 A. D. II —A L I , or arly Middle Irish from to practically the period of Irish independence after the supersession of the Danes at Clontarf and before the English w t SS B eb r' na h-uidre t o . o conquest. The grea M of , the Cow the Book of the Dun , and Book of Leinster mark this ’ c s c Glossar period. Many do ument , su h as Cormac s y, claimed a cc u in for the e rlier period, are, on a o nt of their appearance

SS w to . later M . , considered in this ork belong to this period

II IDD : 1 200 to 1 5 5 0 the I . M LE IRISH from (and in the case of ’ Four Masters and O Clery even to the seventeenth century in c MSS Y w many instances). The hief . here are the ello Book of Ballim ote L eabar B reac S Lecan, the Book of , the or peckled

Book, and the Book of Lismore . “ D N EW c : 1 5 5 0 R IV MO E , or N IRISH, here alled IRISH from to the

present time . 9 See M plemen t to Outli n es of Gaelic Etymology. '

O F Y . vi . OUTLINES GAELIC ETYMOLOG

A S s already said, the literary language of Ireland and cotland 1 700 w w remained the same till about , ith, ho ever, here and there m S an outburst of independence . The oldest docu ent of cottish G MS w c c z aelic is the Book of Deer, a . hi h ontains half a do en entries in Gaelic of grants of land made to the monastery of Deer. c u The entries belong to the eleventh and twelfth ent ries, the most first — to 1 9 important being the the Legend of Deer, extending m w we O L D lines of continuous prose . These entries for hat call G I E e hon eti AEL C, but the language is arly Irish of an advanc d or p c th e cally decayed kind . The next do ument is Book of the Dean of w b 1 5 1 2 G we Lismore, ritten a out in phonetic aelic, so that may take it as representing the Scottish vernacular of the tim e in f i n flexion and pronunciation . It dif ers considerably from the

c ontemporary late Middle Irish it is m ore phoneti cally decayed . MIDD G I w We call it here LE AEL C, a term hich also includes the ‘ 1 0 M ka idl ean F ernai SS . w SS. M Vurich sean c z . of the The g M , ritten 1 688 c about , is also phoneti in its spelling, and forms a valuable link in the chain of Scottish Gaelic phonetics from the Book of

t n w G I G c . Deer ill o . The term AEL C means Modern aeli Scottish Gaelic is written on the orthographic lines of Modern

w th e . Irish, hich in its turn represents orthography of Old Irish The greatest departure from a ncient m ethods consists in the insistence n ow u pon the rule of Broad to broad and small to ” m u flan k w s . ed mall That is to say, a consonant st be by vo els of “ ” ' ” u b a 0 u 6 the same q ality, the road being , , , and the small ' G c t w m in flexion al a nd c. aeli i self has fallen much a ay fro the t w c — u t o . f lness of Old Irish . Practically here are only ases nom confin ed u and gen . the dative is to the singular of feminine no ns (ai declension ) and to the plural of a few words as laid down in the c b grammars but not practised in speech . The ri h ver al in flexion o f the old langu age is extrem ely poorly represe—nted by the impersonal and unchanging forms of the two tenses o nly two m t . A t w ff c hat remain in the indicative ood spira ion, hich a e ts all c n ow t n Z n r m onsonants , ( hough u marked for , , ), has co e to play the part of inflection lar gely this is especially the case with the

a c . E n c c rti le, noun, and adjective clipsis by is pra ti ally un known but phonetic decay is evidenced everywhere in the loss of i nflection c u and the uniformising of declension and onj gation . two m c G c There are ain Diale ts of aeli , and these again have m - two any sub dialects . The leading Dialects are known as the S u b Northern and o thern Dialects . The oundary between them d is escribed as passing up the Firth of Lorn to Loch Leven, and c G then across from Balla hulish to the rampians, and thence along

1 ° See Sa lemcnt to Outli n es o Ga eli c Et mo lo . mp ‘ f y gy o rmx s s or I u GAEL C ETYMOLOGY . vii .

The c h that range . Southern Diale t is more Iris than the N n and inflections t orther , it has also adhered to the be ter

1 1 a the dual case still exists in feminine a nouns). The crucial dis tinction consists in the different way in which the Dialects deal 1 2 with é derived from compensatory lengthening 5 in the South it is i a e breu r e n ur a r b i a &c . , in the North f against fi , g against g, ) ' ao difiers two The sound of materially in the Dialects, the 1 3 S u Northem o thern having the sound opener than the Dialect . S I The outhern Dialect S practically the literary language . \[ odern Gaelic has far m ore borrowed words than Irish at any b w s tage of its existence . The languages orro ed from have been S -w mainly English ( cottish) and Norse . Nearly all the loan ords taken directly from Latin belong to the Middle or 0 1d period of G ae lic and Irish ; and they belong to the domain of the Church a nd th e learned and other secular work in which the monks and w c . the rest of the lergy engaged Many Latin ords, too, have been b w E w b w orro ed from the nglish, hich, in its turn, orro ed them ‘ ' o c c ri s cunnta s c111 r t s ars ften from Fren h, (su h as p , , , p , Latin words borrowed directly into English and passed -into ‘ Gaelic are m fe w c ost lasd eur &c . E , su h as p , p , p , Fro native nglish and from

Lowland Scots a great vocabu lary has been borrowed . In regard to Sc t w G c o s, many ords of French origin have come into aeli through i A t it ifficult d w u w t . t imes is d to ecide hether the Te tonic ord \\ S was bor1 0 ed from cottish (English) or from Norse . The con 1 u t ib ions from the Norse mostly belong to the sea in fact, most ar o f the Gaelic shipping terms e Norse . PH TI I. O NE CS. Under the headin g of Phonetics we deal with the sounds of t he — w — w language the vo els, semi vo els, and consonants, separately a - n d in their inter action upon one another.

l PH B . 5 . AL A ET b d c b Viz . a c The Gaeli alpha et consists of eighteen letters, , , , , , N w ec 71 1 11 o r s t 1 1. e , f , 9, , , , , p , , , , and Irish, Old and , have b th e same letters as the Gaelic . As this num er of letters in no w soun ds si n s c ay adequately represents the t g and ombinations are necessary . w a1 e i c : Firstly, the long vo els denoted by a g ave a cent £1 23 o 1 1 two s 6 6 , , , the atte having also the form , , to denote sounds ' 1 11 w E 116 111 boar . a analogous to those in nglish , Whereas , hich h -E ave only one sound, represent corresponding Indo uropean a 1 lon sounds e 0 t sounds ( , , none of the g v of or represen u s imple con espondin g I E . so nd .

1 ‘1 2 13 0 See i fi zpp lmncn t to Ou tli nes of Gaelic Etym01 99~ O r . viii . UTLINES o GAELIC ETYMOLOGY

— d The Gaelic vowels are divided into two classes broad an G c : b w a o 11, m e 1 , small . The road vo els are , , the s all The aeli 1 4 d t 1 u s 2 t s iph hongs represent ( )simple so nd , ( )real diph hong sound , or (3) modification of the consonants and carrying out of th e law “ b ” of road to broad and small to small . They are as follows

* M a o au , , [ ] cd 6 0 e n eb , , , 10 111

’ H e ra c le ea ci en O . . e ere , , represent Ir , , and are p tically simp i a 11 61 di h ac . sounds, as certainly is The forms , are genuine p w m thongs, as are usually the long vo el co binations . The rest m a be m a the y diphthongs, or y be a trick of spelling, as in w th 0 w s h a s m w os O . . s e ord fi ( Ir fi ), here sho s that the its nor al

E s w . sound, and not that of . as fi ould imply cc the c inflection e Triphthongs o ur in ourse of , and in the cas ' ' ' ’ s — 1 111 1 11 a1 e 1111 i e0 1 i a bz . ac t w . ao of o her ise The e are , , , , , , The consonants are class ified in accordance w ith the position of the organs of speech concerned in their u tterance

— w l r 11 m . L I UIDs . I. Q The iquids are l and , ith the nasals and “ w 111 t b c to 11111 the In riting, only is aspira ed, e oming the eye , to w influ n u u w t car a 1) ith nasal e ce on the contig o s vo els . The o her 1 11 liquids, , , and are really aspirated in positions requiring 1 71 w 5 n u c it . w aspiratio , tho gh no is atta hed to sho There is, ho ever, only a slight change of sound m ade in these letters by the aspira — 1 0 tion a more voiced sound bein g given them in the aspirating position .

Ex p L o n ' E — s s . II . MUTES AND These all suffer aspiration when are clas ifi intervocalic . They s ed as follows

T e nues . Me dia) . As pi rate s.

. . b 711 611 Labials 7 ,

t . (1 th (U1 Den als , Gutturals

1 7 The t cl t b n w ct w den als and ecome spira ts hen in conta ith, or ” flan ked b w c y, the small vo els and The other m u tes are not . 1 8 ° — aff b u . a1 e l1 = ected y s ch contact The aspirate sounds p f , = ' = bl1 (71 71 db, 11 6 1 cl1 G er1n an an d Sc ck , and (1 before , y, otch .

Dialectal befor e 11 11 11 mh oh thou h n ot i n the scri t , , , , , g p .

1“15 w 17 13 See Su lemen t to O utli nes o Ga eli c Et molo pp f y gy . IN S or I Y OUTL E GAEL C ET MOLOGY . ix. — - T HE SP R N S . t m . I S III A T These, ou side the above pirant ade

s . u E . sh mutes, are f and The so nd [resembling ] is represented w “ ” by s flanked ith small vowels . The aspirate forms of these — z = thc G t are fl ( reek open brea hing or nothing practically),

G . 811

eltic Al ha bet C p .

t c h u the - e The Cel i alp abet, as ded ced from Neo C ltic dialects, b G w checked y aulish, possessed the follo ing sounds I V . OWELS S 11 e o a hort , , , “ L o —1 11 e 6 11 11 ng , ) —ei (11 6 11 0 11 (111 Diphthongs , , , ,

L I UIDS l 111 1 1 II . Q , ,

SPIB ANTs s 11 III . , j,

. EXP SIV S Media} . IV LO E T enues . b Labials . 1 d G l ' 1 1 p v b utturals , , ( ) g, g ( ) It has to be noted that Indo-European p initial and intervocalic 19 t . t r is lost in Cel ic Before another consonant, it manifes s its forme I E b w c t . u . presence y certain results hi h s ill remain Th s .

- ckd s u no s s11an . G . sea is , p becomes

I11 -E 11 r0 m n l bet do p Ap ha . — By a comparison of the six Indo European or Aryan language u s n u gro p , the sounds possessed by the parent to g e may be w I E w is inferred . The follo ing is the form of the . . alphabet hich used in the present work

“ I V WEL : S —i 11 e o a O s 9 . hort , , , , , " L —1 6 6 [ 1 ong , , , e1 0 1 11 1 (111 Diphthongs , , , 1 (11 , e11, 6 1 , cm w II . in this ork t See the spiran s .

CoxsoxAxr' -vownns : 1 1 1 III . y,l, , 1,

I IDS AND S S r l m 11 IV. L QU NA AL , , ,

S IR N S 11 s z V . P A T j, , ,

1 9 E o See Supp lement to O utlin es of 0 111 111 tymol gy . X F . . OUTLINES O GAELIC ETYMOLOGY

EXI’ L O ’ SIVEB20 . As irates . T Medi ac. VI enues . p 11 611 1) p , t ( l 111 (111 Dental , 11 11 11 11 y , 9 1 11 h Velar g g 1 , g

2. WM DIF I T I N VO EL O CA O . In Gaelic the vowel or vowel com bination of a syllable may “ ” undergo m utation (German 11 111la11 t) in the cou rse of in flection w -b m u c u b th e in fluen ce ord uilding . This tation is a sed y exerted backward by th e vowel of the next syllable n ow ' or previ ou l u s y existent . There are three classes of m tation in Gaelic 3 u w 1 e 2 a 0 11 . ca sed either by a follo ing ( ) or ( ) or , or ( ) ' “ ” J[ uta t1 o11 by e or

' '

5111 11 . 11 1 (11 ca t ca1 t da11111 . 0111 1 becomes ( ) , gen , , , g ' l l ill 2 0 1 w da l . do ( ) ( ith double liquids usually) , p , ' l 11 l 1 11 116 c an . c o . , g ' ' ll 1 1 w u b ll l u l llt . 11 1 t. 3 1 a . b il a ( ) ( ith liq ids) , p , , g

w w b l . bolc A 0 a O . lso here Irish sho s g, Ir , ' 11 1 l a lt a l m l car . l . 11 1 c a p 9 so y, f , g , f , ' ' 1 Dl ale all (11 b e1 mac . n1 c. ct , g y ecomes ,

c w G . espe ially ith liquids, and in ordinary ile t 0 e a ile seileach . represen s . Ir . so , too m 1 ' 1 0 0 1 3 0 1111111 s oilte. beco es ( ) 9 , g ' 2 1 (11 11111 1 11 1 0 11 11 . 1 ost ui st. ( ) , g , p , g. p ' m 1 1 11 1 c . (11116111 beco es omp . * 6 (11 63 111 bere c c t becomes for , at h hou . 81 6 b (11 11 111? 181111111 01 6 , , ecome , , 5 9 , ' ca 111 1 1a b m a o 1 m , , eco e triphthongs ; [the digraph ! for s a diphthong ] ' b 1 6 1 e cc ach . e1 c11 ecomes ( ) , g . 2 1 cea1111 0 11111 ( ) , g. the usual mutation . c1c w u (361 : 11 6 111 . 60611. o , ith liq ids, becomes , g It s metimes m (10 e url a n n (1oda 111 1 . beco es , ° 1a t 1 z — is 6 adk . é1 dl1 l a r res ored to fi , g f irregu arly fi , crooked , 1 1 ’ m . a i re 1 1 1 1 l 1111 1 . 1 111 1 DiaL baidh 11 6 11111 11 1 i co p fi , , g , [ , , t '

10 b 1 ow . 111 11 ecomes fl , g 7

“ ll u t ti a a on by 0 0 1

0 e a u b comes , a m tation of principal syllables rare in Iris h r * ca . cos coxa cada l o Ir , original for c da l . 11 0 3 1 1 1 111 s1~otl1c1 11 11 1 becomes , 1111 1, 11 od11 c1 .

* ' e b ea cea rc m ce1 c ecomes fro c1 .

0 ' Se e Btl lcmcn t to 0 1 1111 111 3 o Ga elic Et molo pp f y gy. IN S O F E I E O L GY I TYM O X . OUTL E GA L C .

* ~ 1 ea e r - becomes f a from 1)11 o s. ’ 6 1 b m 111 : m eco es the stem f éi dh becomes fi adk in the mo . - s). ‘ * - 1 . or 1 1 becomes 0 fi from 11 1 0 s.

“ 1 M utation 6J 1 .

11 ff c 1 6 i w s A succeeding a e ts o nly or it s a. mutation hich doe * ' ; d 610 1 . m 1 11 . not now operate Thus comes fro 1 d (O Ir . fi ) * ' m ber11 611 l a s 10 1 11 sle1et11 0 10 1111 m d t. fro (O . Ir . ) d from fro the * ce11 11 from 0.

3 - WEL . ND E R P N AND G I VO S § I O U O EA AEL C .

T I com t t G the . E w he represen a ion in aelic of . vo els is very plicated owing to the principles of mutation discussed above .

I. E . 1. 1 3 G 1 1 W. O . . . ( ) aelic , Ir , y

- 66 t . S 1 l r . 61111 . 11 B 11 s i o 6 111 d 0 . . W , wor , Ir , 61 , , roo g 1 1 1111 1 r n an d l 1 11 1 11 6 1111 1 1 1 11 11 e . . 0 , 7 , 9 , fi (g p as also from ,

* — 66 0111111 0 . . 66 11111 : 6111118 i . so , life, Ir , stem , root g 86 11 3 3 6 61 8 , 9,

811 6 116 1111. 1 O . . . G . 10 , Ir Ii Ww dd B 1 w6 1 So d . . G odk d 0 . . . fi , woo , fi , g y , J

os 10 0111 T 10 .of i 0 1111 O . n d is fi , he f , Ir fi due to the liquid Wc to o eth er w 1 an d and medial mute, hi h al ays preserve the even develop it fi om 1 m oxigin al 11 or 6 11

11 1 G . O . . . , Ir * is a. u t b 11 111011 wet m 0 l1 w 1111 11 This m ta ion y fi , , fro g ; 9 ,

- s .

I. E . 11 .

W. 10 O . . 11 G . , Ir , * m 1 11— So 61111 d11611 m sr 1 s . W. 3 1 11 11 l 1 G . , O . Ir . 1 , stream f . , ,

11 111 711 110 ma sach slu smu 111111 011 . 9 , , , g, g, H G 111 1111111111 11 11611 add . ere , ,

O . 0 . G . . , Ir * - S 60 1111111 00 11 6 11 61111 do s . o 60 01 . 0 . W 1 1 0 . 11 60 11 , bottom, Ir , , , , ’ 010 so 110 11111 1111 110 1 113 10 m 0 3 11 0 11. dogs , , , , ,

W6 . I 6 . 0 . I . 1 G . ( ) , , 1 *1 W1 6 01 6 10 3 . 11 . S G : 16 111 0 . . 16 1 imple 6 i s rare in . , side, Ir , ,

So 16 111 . , hot x ii . . OUTLINES O F GAELIC ETYMOLOGY

G . cd 0 . Ir . e , . So n umerous l L at . e uus . G . e c W a h orse 0 . Ir . eck . ebo , h , , , q — ' ear words eadb s a e bean bear t ceam egar t deare d , , p c , , , , , , g deas earf ea l eas meadlzon mean mn a meas m ar t r ea chd , f g, g , g , , , , , ,

sea ch seachd sean sear teach feas treabk. , , , y, , ,

G . ai O . Ir e. , .

f f f S bal l L at . er o . o I be i . d er G . W a e 0 . r . r m a t k , , f , f ' ' mail ce cei r lle cei thz r crezd dei ch a s DiaL read ( ), il, , , , , d i , [ ] y,

' mei r bh sein n tei ck wi n e. , , , I G . O . r . i . ,

' f . S A . wi ne H G . wi n z I r n e r be r o van 0 . . G . O . . o , fi , t i , t , , g , ri e r l te mil mi s si n n sear ti h t h a na . r end . So ci n ea i n i f i , g , , , y, , g , g

Ir i i a O . . G . , . r Wr r u So i oZ sli oc i O . Ir . M . be L at . ve . kd G . b er s , pit, , , ,

‘

i or bi olai r e ci omaclz ti oM m . sm , , , ' f ~ = f f i m i n r u ith 7 ui n n r i nn bis r ui ki n n an d r hi n n Cf. G . , ( ), g g ( f ' f So trusdai r' r oi nn D al did for r n n r ui heac/zd . , [ i ] , i g ) , i stutku g.

l v l i n an . Ir e ar m d O . se e Compensatory ong owe s G . Th is fro

l ss of on e c a be ore an o er on e of (vhich m us be a, o onson nt f th , t u liq id . I ’ mes G . cud O . r . ét. G . ceucl first 0 Ir t m beco . ce . at . e W , , , . , * seu u S l So d . m la en /c Gr. eu c n t. ea y , , jo rney i i r y g, d th, ’ ’ ' * f ‘ * Ir . eC b en 7cd G br au l Il 0 . r . ie 0 . . brec e , g , , , n /ct, ’ * * I ' kd E . r . eckt Cf. cr euchd t G . euc crem cen t , ( , p 3 6 G .

ceus . aralle to ese m s in e n t en /c are , crucify P l th for , e in at t uc e d one un dre os s as c u Ir . c t O . é th z , M, h , h d, , WL at cen t n m s dea e . ca t . u o d u eu , ( , y, g g).

' l in G nf eul l d 0 . Ir n l b eb . c u W . . é m wl , o , , . . ’ ’ ' T in G . eur I e r a s 0 . r . r “ w r e . a z . g f , gr s , f , g ’ * fn i n G ezm ' - O . Ir e . f . en ve n o s . g , f g ’ etl in G . s eu l Ir c l O . . s W hwe é . c l y , , a . tn n G n i . w O Ir e . 672 a . W , , . edn .

G eadar and tid * . s ow c. y h short vowels for original en ter and

k. i en This s due to sen ten ce accen t in th e case of ca dar ' and to the w d ac en in the ase of tln or to or c t c g both .

F or ceum e m e tc see und r , l u , . , e

I E o . . .

G Ir . 0 . l . ( ) ,

m * f G . co co b w Ir O . \V . co com . c c ith, y yf 1com so r o = - L at. r o o {m p , f é n ockd n aked n ochd mol ( ) ), , , ight, , , bodkar' t on' vt f o r oth. , g , g , O F I x OUTLINES GAEL C ETYMOLOGY . iii .

G Ir u ui . O . . . , , ' * f m r B r G Ir muzr sea W. O . . é mor m r i . . mo . So dr ui , , , , , fro m * dr os-men uidhe ui l u in s uzr' suidke u d/ze uilean n ( ), g , g , g , g , i , ,

u ir' cean u to cu u u-r ur , g , , f f (f

Ir . G O . 0 . . a, * Ir W 0 . . cos . oe G . cas c s c md S mb a ca alt , foot, , , o . o a , b lg, ll, f , ar t a r ca lltui n n S . o oo m n a in t c u d . ca s y , g , , , o po n s With z a a inn ca a ca a rf ca i s i O Ir on cubus as a a n s co u s . . c g , d l, g , g, g i t g ( ), w its to u d erm nal ith so n t i .

v om en sator l v l p y ong owe s . l G . a ok of t il Got. ta l E n . a . So bl du l, o g , g * ’ * tl buaz n bo —u i or cluai n cuan br' uan ( p o o , ( g , , , r s dn , comb I . E . a . 1 W G . a a i O . Ir a . a . ( ) , , . , Ir c n n G . . W O . a s . coma L at . can So ma , , i g, , o . ny words, su as a bhai n n c d a lz ai r altr um an ail (mam cac ch , g , , , , , , da mlz a d mac maide mar e n a tkai r salaun & , g , , , , , , c .

G . a be or e r d 7 7 1 m . f , , ‘ ‘ ' See 61r d bdr d bcw' r ccw'n s dzrf d edm dm mam , , , , g , , , .

I w a l mi al i r n t o ses mac . c s e D aL fo seile sa a c on y , g 5 [ ], liv ,

Ir . sai le O . .

G . u u i , . w n n a The re . ai r be om This happe s i con t ct ith liquids . p p c es * m u u i r ur charf ui reas b/m i dk So mwf h m ma est , , . g fro y . in l a t ll i C mm ob ue cases ll . a i t a (m ll & c . o on iq , g , b ll, ,

cd ei for e . G . , i l bel L a sa li ne lea h w ll Ir . a W w s . t G . sei c o E . . So , i , , yy, , ' f l ra n n e ea ltm nn ci te ei r for ai r ei aan D al d i k ice . , , , [ i ] t i i g, g ,

5. G . 0 7

n f I E a n o Gael oz is due m l to a u d This cha ge o . . i t ic ost y liq i ” l followed by a small vowe . i rf for a i r coileack I a a lo . So o i lim L t. oi l rear E . r . a G . , , , , ' i e d oi a d . oi r tr oz lz w i re loi n n & c . an d g , g , , , , g ,

n i Compensatory lengtheni gs n G .

As 66 m, a . , l l w e re -a tlo i t Ir . dd . dad s he n 0 . W Gr dad m ee . , ti g, , , h - » in di re 3 867 m. r nal omb n a on . a r a ears n o igi c i ti g pp , ; OUTLINES O F GAELIC ETYMOLOGY .

A 6 I) . 11 s , 11 0 , 101 to W on s has been seen a cend un re orres . It th t , h d d, c p d t L in ese ases i s re a ded can at. cen tum The Ce c , . lti , th c , g r * - See u n er 1 . as a n been 1 1 7c11 to n . 1 h vi g 1 , ( , ) d An u n doubted cas e of a lan din g by compen sation into ’ = ~ E d r' ' I. . ale u dacr . W. 3 11 é is dawr ar Ir de1 O . e O . . ) , t , , , P S ra an n s an alo to w or s ke rof. t ch has exte ded thi gy d li 1 The as e of dear 111 13111 111 6 1111 léi ne s ewn méan an . , , , g , c 21 seem ra r an an m al s the to be o y. I E . 9 .

” I fi v w l a ar n in Cel c a a s is the . E . inde n ite o e e s Thi , pp i g ti , in th e As a c u as 1 and en eral as a in Euro e Greek i ti gro ps , g ly p ( s howing also Henry den otes it by a m ore con ven ien t form ’ m l l s re us e to re o n e i n n So e o o s s t. than Brugma s 9 . phi gi t f c g i

Ir 171 11 I E ter G r r a f 171 11 11 a er O . . 11 . . . G . 11 9 Skr , f th , , p fip, . 11 151111 2

l a is c mm in un accen ed s ab es s G . an ai l brea It o on t yll , , th, * 7 - (iv o I h a f l Gr a . n t e se o s a “ an adl an9 t a . s b es . , , q c yll l With u s is difficult to e de w e er w e a e to deal w a 9 liq id it d ci h th h v ith , , * ball m ember bha l—n o r or a u d owe as in G . oo blz l liq i v l , , t 9 , md mé l En . bo e . w nce Gr . he d s, g

I E L on Vowels. . . g

7, are so n m a el b u d w 6 15 an d e11 0 11 I E . 1 an d 1 . i ti t y o n ith ( ) that it is difficult to say often whether we have to deal with the F or s m le owel or the d on as the or n a . 1 see 11 3 111 i p v iphth g igi l , , ‘ ' ‘ ' ‘ s i th 61 1 71 for 12 see 0111 d1 11 l e em en d1111 cl1 1 1 mach g , 9 , , , l t, , , , ‘ w l h Win b o ases 1 12 s o s m e 1 . T 11r . e . th c ( , ) h i p ‘ in l ' in G . 10 1 r ru I 5 ear Ce c as 1 G . 1 as fi E . a s e . pp ti f ( ), t , ' f L a 11 1 n Br . w1 r 61 8 i r . a d t . 118 . 0 10 11 111 1a l m10 1 0 Ir . W m . i cs f , g , , ( ),

1 1 11 $1111 3 11 10 11111 . 9 , , b o a d in E . 6 an d 11 a ear s the l I. pp th Ce tic lan guages r 6 11 F r 61 1 “ Ga l d Waw B . . o 6 see 71 de ic . 61 1161171 1 R1 110111 11 111 . , , , , 9 , , , 3 81 F or 11 s ee 66111 br dthai rf 0 71 611111 11 0 1811 (161 1171 11 didh 13111 , , , , , , f , 9 . '

111 61 171 11 131 881 111 tdmh . But 1 61511 1 611 11 63 111 6111 all ; , , , , , from 13 ? 6 in * l 11 sves r = fin al ma e u a o 0 . Ir s etc . . ur M d I e r 3 1111 . , , y q fi , . .

E . Di flztkon s I j g .

in two — I E (31 é ? a ears in G . orm . . s as 0 1 an ( i ) pp f d 111 . Thus ' ’ ’ B r 6 W. 1 01 éz O Ir . 6 1 . 0 ca a . G . . , , Se e eitk eill me1 t , , , f , g , k, ' ’ ’ 22 sm id r eidh, seid, e .

22 Se e Su lemen t to O utli n es o Gaeli c Et molo pp f y gy.

' ‘ OUT LINES O F GAELIC El YMO L O GY .

lea n the owe s In tervocalic This disappears in G . vi g v l to a esce w var n resul s u s co l ith yi g t , th

- 0 111 113 or 101 i n rodu es 00 as 00 0 3 L at . , 01 . p c , in , , - 1 1 0111 . f. 0 0101 0111 11 , o

* 0 W. — 3110 1001 01 0 0110 roduces 0 0 as 0 0 0 3 100 0 0 En . ; , 0. p , in , g * ' S okes es 0 11 11 as 0 01 11 01 . 01 10 d0 1)0 L at. 121n113 t iv 9 9, f , g * k10 0 0 3 Thu rne s en as 1010 1103 . , y — * — 11 0 . 1111010111 110 1110 3 0 110 01 0 0 11 in 9 0 . es giv , , in ' 5 —a1) 1 0 11 01 11 011 10 3 0161 111 010. 01. in 9 (2 ) 3 in ' ' - - 10 01 1) o d1a . 0 . 01111 in 9 , in — (3) Post con sonantal u it b ecome 01 S a1' bl1 111 00 0 11 30 01 1 011 A er ds s 1 . 01 . ft liq i ee g , , , 1 101 111 01 011 01011 1011 3 001 1 00111 011 00111 1 . 1011 , , , , 0 A er e x los e s d sa ears save a er 01 0 010111 011 . ft p iv it i pp ft , 1 ,

belo w. 11 0 011 . F or 11 see w dow O . . edb 7010 0 010 i , Ir f , , 9 , 9

A er 3 some mes d sa ears som e m es n ot . us 0 . ft , it ti i pp , ti Th

* ' r 0 1 111 1 w ereas sea1 b11 111 111 011 i s fo 3 0 3 6 0 . . 3 10 , Ir , h in '

d a ears . 3 0 111 3 but llas 3 011111 etc . s ( ro ), , , it i pp

T11 0 0 0 11 3 0 11 01 11 1 Vowels.

ese are 1 1 7 1 1 T re ular re resen a on Th 1 , 1, 2 ; 1 , , 1 , he g p t ti 11 m u a ed orm s be n 1 001 1 0 1 10 01 S o f 1 G . ( , , , _ in is t t f i g ee ollow n r e ular orms : 011 3 01 11110a m11 11 111 a so the f i g g f , , 7 , ; l the ified m —010 a111 0100 11 01 111 11 01 0 1011 0 10 1111 drea011 10a m11 a1111 m od for s , 9 , , , , ,

1001 1110111 31 0 01 111 .

T m rou Gae c 01 I 0 r E . oo s con a n n he n u e s li forms of . t t i i g S f m Br u m n liquids fall to be n oticed here . ome o the g a n ex plains r n an m b e o e so s so ew u : G . 11101 11 r m n as l des a s e a O . . g i f t , h t th , i , Ir 1 ld b e r m ' 111011 01 1111 wou o roo 1110 1 L at . 111 0 1 01 s o 3 01 1 rom , f t , 5 9 f m r 011 011 a bh . 3 1001 ; 9 , d ollow n — a 11 001 1 001 001 11 0011 01 1 Ad 01 L at . 001 1 1 the f i g , ( , , ,

0 1 mall dall 3 0111 01 L at . 001 1 1 tar ras la th 9 9, , , 9 ( , ; f , f , ' — * 1 0 1 11 1 011 11 0r01 1 011 . m odified vo wels 111 00 1110 001 1 0 9 9 , 9 9 , With ( d 1 11 0 110 0 1r1 1 11 11 0 0 0 3 0 0. 010 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 9

T lon vowels an d 1 a ear re ularl a 1 07, 1 S 1 he g f pp g y s (1) 02. ee 011 * ‘ - 1 Skr . 0111 11 l no 3 01 111 010111 . Lon 1 seem s a ear ( p _ , , g to pp ‘ ’ as 011 010111 m01 11 001 011 10111 001 in , , 9 Vo al c 11 an d 111 ma b e ook 1 1 ed for G . 3 01 111 101 1 w c i y l in , hich B ru man n ex la n s as 3 11 1111 11-3 101 11 01 n re versed 111 01 g p i 1 , in , thi ; in 911

01 110139 . Com en sa or 1 a s a rea ar G a ear n usual p t y 1 pl y g t p t in . , pp i g ly as We a e 00 0 11 11 u n dre Wa 011 W. 01 . c n t 01 01 dan t 101101 h v , h d, , , , ,

Se e 5 0 1 1 10 110 1“ 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 11111 03 of Gaeli c Etynwlogy . O F I E TYMO L O GY . OUTLINES GAEL C Xvii .

eud 0 11 011 01011111 01 111 11 011 T . n , 9, , 9 , 9 9 he egative 11 appears before o e s as 11 11 be ore 0 1 and 3 as 01 e11 t1 om 013 1001 v w l , f , , , , , 11, &c . T mos ur ous resul ar ses rom -11 m w en i s n G . as he t c i t i f , 9 hich d 011 1n see 0011111 W0 111 . 0 leum W . 10 111 and add te11 m m W. 101 r , , , , , , f om * 1r1 d—men .

Be ore me a s 0 d bo 1 and 11 b e m f the di l , , 9, th 1 1 co e 111 1m 10 m and or n a 111 r e a n s 1 ( ), igi l t i its Thus we have 1m 10 111 r m 111 01 L a a mb1 o t. a so 1111 10 11 1111 10 01 01 010 11101 011 . f , , l , 9 , 9,

" E “ “ ” I. d 1 1 an L 1 111d3 . . q

Gael 1 an d 1 re r I esen E . l u 1 n . n al we ic p t the iq ids a d 1. I iti ly ma sele 1 0m11 1 0 0 01101 1 11 01 d11 1 11 11 10 011 101 1 11 101 011 01 11 10111 y ct , , . , , , , — 9 a er l t 1 0 1 0111 10m11 1 Med a 1 an 1 are 011 101 . d ft p os , , , , i lly ” as ra e but sounds a e se ara e s n s—dorus 111 11 011 pi t d, the h v no p t ig , , 001 1 1110 11 110 3 011001011 - 0 etc . os con sonan a 1 an d 1 a e r in 9 , , , , P t t l pp a ' 31 1 111 31 01 1 111 11111 z - - 1 - 11 etc . 0 u h 11 c 3 1 etc . 01 1 d1 , , , , fl , 9, In , , , the - - comb na on s be om e 011 11 1 111 011 -d11011 w e in 0 1 ~ 1 -01 —11 i ti c , , , hil , 9 , , , -dl -0 1 - 1 the res e e ex os es d sa ear w en en n , , 9 p ctiv pl iv i pp ith l gth i g r n F - e ed owe . or 3 1 below of the p c i g v l , see An te-con sonan tal 1 an d 1 pres erve the explosives after them 01 01 001 01 0001 1 1 11 0011 1 010 011 d0 011 c 01 111 001 11111111 11 110 0011 00011 , , , , 9, , , , 9 , 9, 9,

0 10 e . , tc Gae c - r1 ar ses rom -1 3 ' see 001 1 001 1 1 0 1 1 1 011 rom li i f , , 9 ; f the m ee n 1 w 1 as in 01 111 011 1 a c11 rom 1 111 as in 0 1 1 11 rom ti g of ith , ; f , f

- - 0 1 1111 L a . 0 1 11 A 11 11 t a 0 n0m. a n 11 0 0 mes rom 3 1 as in 01 1 00 11 , g i f , , ,

0101 11 etc es a l ~ m e rom ln as in 0 1101 3 011 11 e01ll etc . ro , . p ci l y f f , , f , 3 f -1d as in 001 11 00 1110 an d m an o ers . , , y th Ga l - 1 r - e c ar ses rom 1 00 1 1 0111 3 0011 1 01 011 St . 011 1 1 i i f p ; , ( ) ; Ir , 11 1 1m s ear u KZ . 35 . 0 c t 0 1 1 01011 ole . p , , I , f , p

“ “

I. E . 11 m s ls 011101 Na a .

I. E . I. E 11 and m a ar n rma in G . as 11 an d 111 sa e a . e o pp lly , v th t erm n a 111 in n eu er n ou ns accusa e ases an d en es lu al t i l t , tiv c , g itiv p r , in 11 0 n n i l n al 11 a ears 0101 E . es be ame n Ce 11 . 1 c tic ( ) I iti pp , g t, 11 11 01 0111 11 01 3 1 1 11 etc 11 0011 1 110111 11 0 01101 ak d n 11 0 11101 11 . , , , n e , ight, , , 9, , not, 2 Af er an n a mu 11 a ears in 011 01111 11 01 10 01 0111 011 0 11 0111 ( ) t i iti l te, pp , , , 9 , A er 0 it etc A er 3 i n 3 11 0111 s111om11 3 11 11 010111 3111 11 3 11 0 01 011 01 . . ft , , , , 9 , ft * 3 n r al c 11 is 0n013 . e o changes the 0 in to 111 (111 11 01 111 0. for ) ( ) I t v c i — reserve bean 1011 111010 111 d011 1 1111 011111 3 0 0111 etc . Pre p d , , , , , , , con son an tal 11 is dealt with variously

Be ore u ds 11 ass m a e to m and 1 an d dis 11 . f the liq i , is i il t d , 1 appears before . x F . viii . OUTLINES O GAELIC ETYMOLOGY

B ore mes m in m odern Gael c . 6 . Be ore the ab a s be o f l i l , n c i ef t c the n d sa ear w len en n of the rew ou s , , i pp s ith gth i g p Be ore an d owel as in ceud first Z waa céi . , v , , , g, g f d 9 ' ‘ is reser ed as in ca mban ulai n mmm sean it p v , g, f g, g, g,

- nn s boam i nw bi . bu t it assim ilates d o ), , , nn

' - F or n m see under an d . g , n g Com are mi cs and 0 . c. Be ore s n d sa ears as be ore t f , i pp f p ,

eusa mi os si os. f g, g ,

— l s ee u n er Z (5 ) Post con son an tal n disappears after l leavin g l ( d ), f b ut is reser ed a er r as in cai r eorn a ti hear na etc . p v ft , n, , g ,

A is -sn be om es 4 1m as in drf on n for a . er 3 a ft , th t , c ;

* ~ n o own ui n n sean can n ach br ui n n e etc . dros d , , , , d sa ear com ensa or b. The mu es t d c t , , , , g, p , i pp With p t y

en en n of the re ou s vowel i nf as i n eun buan l gth i g p vi , , , ‘ ’ — - u l— f tbn z mfin an a in br ua n smua i n cn i s doub c . ; s , tf , also s eun brf e'u/n lebn - n as in eun br én u an sr bn g , , ; g , f , , , ; J n as in su ai n cluai n cuan m? te no = tén p , , , ; 1 p = = l l b ut a n i o d n e L . a s lz n én l p ( it p ) ; p , fo ow su n = suan co n z cuan S okes en n an d tn n a p p ( t ) 5 , g , i iti l b ecome r in pron oun cin g ; but th e vowel i s n as al ‘ ‘ n cz tk is rf cz th n asal 81 bn becomes mn as g g With ; , in mn aoi ron ou n ed mm oi even smi th b e om es , p c ; c l all srath e ec a in ob ue cas e d a e s s . i ct y , p i lly liq A i bn n n - 0 . f er I) a s c a es o mlz n as in domban t , th t , h g i t , * ' a l mo le mkm n n ( d s a .

mb n a on -n n ar ses ere ore m 1 b e or n Th e G . co e i ti i th f fro ( ) n f ,

2 at be ore (1 an d 3 m ~ sn or 4 is a doubl n of in an ( ) f , ( ) fro ; ( ) it i g n un accen ed s llable at th e end of a d ti hi n n or rarel t y wor ( g , , y, ' - ll le l k n i f - o f a on e s ab d e c n clu n n Ji . In sla z n y wor i i , , nn I y,

b e omes i n n dui n n e is for a me m n e . In d n en of mi n etc . c ; i g , ' l n ral loz n e i c m . f e e n s o an . g , g o p g ’ n al m a ears in m ws mui r' mi l i ma de e tc . B e ore the I iti pp , , , , f l u ds 7 ' and l the m b ecomes 6 as in bm i ck br a th bru h blath iq i , , , , g , , ’ leo h f n — blez tk b ai n . n er ocal c m is a wa s as ra ed e i mhea l , g I t v i l y pi t g , ' amhuz l l ke cru imh amb damh cn di mh i m a b caomh . In , i , , , , , , comb n a on s w t o er on sonan s ar ous resul c u r i ti i h th c t , v i ts o c

Pr e- on son an al m c t . Be ore u d a . s m is reser ed i n an as ra e f liq i , p v pi t d form ea m/z - m db bu t ere are n o cer a n an en a (g , th t i ci t c s es . O f course m b e ore m r n r d m of esu ts i rese e . a mada n , f l p v ( , comas comai n , ). O F GAE OUTLINES LIC ETYMOLOGY .

b. Be ore s on s ou d sa ear b ut n o er a n Cel cas es f , h ld i pp , c t i tic r In h re 3 seem to o cu . t e s or c an ua e m b e o c hi t i l g g , f resul s in m or as u suall ron oun ed as in rf om a t p p y p c , p "° ' m- for fr om so a is fr o sko so z om ai dk um a . ! , th t , p , p

B re h x lo r n al in the c. e o t e e s es . O m6 is n ow m as f p iv igi ,

refix i m i om in imlea tom. I E m be ore t and 1c p g, . . f be am e as in ceud breu and d sa eared w (7 ) c n ( , g), i pp , ith C m ar also di dean om en sa or en en n . o e c p t y l gth i g p , ei r i i m m r en d nn . re s or d a us in the es P hi t ic g, f il ; p t

an ua e bo a ear as ra ed mh h mhdh . l g g th pp pi t ( g , )

l A er the l u d r l and n the m is ost con sonan a m . s P t ft iq i , , . , r d e er an n ermed a e 3 is in som e cases to b e prese ve . Wh th i t i t * os ula ed is a ma er of doub as in ai r m rom a r -s p t t tt t ( g , f g i lm m . See c i r m cwr w r sei r m de m ? W. ar W m m u . o g ) ( ), g , , , mewn m a lma a i um n a an moch . c , , ,

A er 8 m becomes in the o der lan ua e mm n ow m druim ft , l g g , ; x‘ ' — Bu s i er u ual a an n erm ed a e c omes from dr os men . t s v y s s i t i t letter betw een a p reviou s con son an t an d m : m an y roots app ear w an add on al 3 w c ma or nal ave b e on ed to an -as ith iti , hi h y igi ly h l g m We ac uall e u a de el men in a word l ke s e s c o n eu ter ste . t y h v p t i Ir a r a n idm d n i a i mm rom a n E . m i m w c i . ea s s s a s a d sn a . , hi h pp ( ), f * — I word ke m ai m os ula es a C el c sna des men . n an case a ti y , li p t t ’ ' — * - — f See al o ru a im seaman r eim lam trom . Pr Cel c rou d s men . s e ti g , , , , After th e explosives the m is aspirated an d th e explosive d sa ears as in th e case of reumh vr dmd but s eem n l the i pp , f ( ) i g y i i r mas ama l ai ms . a c en ed refi x a d res erves th e m cf. a c t p p , , m in tervocalic or fin al m a ar se rom 1 m or reserved G . P , , y i f ( ) ’ n be ore m 2 3 b e ore on also - bsm -tsm - a sm -csm 3 f , ( ) f ( , , , , ( ) —n m or as in ceu leum bea m eum or - ndm as in teu m g , m, , , g , , mb —mbh 4 n b ecom n m6 as in tm tum tom etc . or 5 ( ) g i g , , , , ( ) ), i i om a s n firm,

WGR D I R AB . 5 N O . VO EL A AT O LAUT

E . lan ua es are at leas Th e most characteristic roots of the I. g g t - t r le barrelle so to s eak : e s ow ree rades of vowels . ip d, p th y h th g h roo et for n s an ce i n Greek a ears as et ot t T e t p , i t , pp p , p , p t ' e o first rade wér o a c fl r or ofo a flu tter 7r1 v w n . The ( p , y, p , , p , i g) g e —ma be calle d the n ormal rade th e se on d the de le ed y g , c f ct — — “ ra e an d the last t the redu ced or weak rade . The g d , p g reason for the reduced grade is eviden t ; th e chief accen t is on

6 n er an es w o is n ot lear . The a n other syllable . Why i t ch g ith c XX F L . . OUTLINES O GAELIC ETYMO OGY

m e as ea n I. s of owe a a ons are six in nu l di g E. serie v l gr d ti b r, follows

o mal . Defiected. Week . N r

’ e-series e o m l — g w é series m w —e s m d—s rie e 6 series m

l w a-series a n a o-series e

Co es on n to the e 0 mil ser es are the two s on rr p di g , , i tr g o e a es 6 6 as in sed sit sod séd sod si-zd f un in L a n v w l gr d , , , , , , , , o d ti

sedeo sad G i ke sod G . si th ro e M k ea e . su d s5 d ( ), ( ), [p p rly ], p c ( ), En — soot si do s i z d . . sod) L at. g —( , ( ) The e series in full is as follows

De flec . ea Normal . d W te k. 6 simple 6 n d

1, u " ea or el en em r ( , , )

To all ese orres on r edu ed on orms—to ai be on s i to th c p d c l g f l g , " ca be on s 72 and to th e con son an t vow els cor es on the on i l l g , r p d l g , , ma a so ere add the r le ve vo a vet . We e at a t n, m y l h t ip , , ( , , , as in i tkeamh i ne ui rf i dk vel vol u l as in a lt . d G e O . I r . Mo f , , ; , , f , , d. Ir.

olt olann . j , ) es w l n ow b e Some Gaelic exampl i l given . - * * 1 The e ser es . G . eadlz u i dlze rom edo odi o ti h tu ka ( ) i , f p fi g , g , * * rom te os ta i o ea s ui dhe rom ed od cleac f g , g g , g f g , g hd, ' '

cleas clm c/z etc. In ez we a e the com e e set mei t moi , , h v pl t , t,

mit in méi tk maotk meata, or m i osa ur er d i athach , , f th , claon ’ om klei leloi an ui s os rom mi d md aotlz fr , fi , fi f , g , geamkrad/z '

rom hoz hi and o ers . The d on s cu ou f g , g th iphth g , cann ot be fferen a ed bu t the s or orm of the oo o di ti t , h t f r t ccurs, as in ’ m adh rodm dk om r oa d r (mai l buille om b , fr , udd ; , fr houd, ' bhud cla as cluz nn rom Icleu klu nua dh nodka l , f , , c) The u s s o the an es a so bei r brei th rom ber bf liq id h w ch g l , f , , and in the sense of s eec we ave also br dtlz u men b p h h , j dg t ( f tu) * l es ec a r c i n ' The root p e is p i lly i h forms : i ol ( p elu uile * ‘ li on lén o L at . enus r om l ( p p g , f dn (either * * n od or -no l6 no lo E . o l rom l a is roo p , p , g fl , p p _ _ f th t , t “ ” rm al l lé 16 l mean n l o s o u . I f p , p , pl, p , p , p , i g f l n n we have * teann tana ten do tzm avo accord n to Bru mann an , ( i g g ), d t th e lon orm ten d from gen we ge g f s gn é in gn tomk and gn o t In em we a e n éamh in nd lc. n ea en O . . m m g h v , h v , Ir , and ’ m Gr umi do ndmkazd foe om no . . , , fr ( / ) O UT ES O F GAE LIN LIC ETYMOLOGY . xxi .

er ser O ne of the b The 5 and oth ies . est examples of the E:

‘ s er es is sne sn6 sud s n w es sntomh n i , ( ), pi , hich giv a d * ‘ * snath read snoi ti o F rom se comes si ol sélo and , th ( ( , oss bl sdth tran sfix séto The d ser es is n ot ff p i y, , ( ) i di er

en tiated in G . n or is the 6 ser es but rom a s or we et i f h t g , mon o ers the roo fi lead in a kui dh e c an a t . d d in g th t g, , g , , g rl d h suc ess a hach wa ke . The d on at has a it g , c , g , i iphth g s s ” r u ra e 73 The n am e Aodh in Macka re r n ed ced g d . y p ese ts ’ i9w Ir . Aed d ed fire Gr. a burn . 0 . , , , , I

T E SP R A T 6 . H S § I N .

E . s ran were v s and z . e a lr ad dis The I. W s e a e pi t j, , , h v y ' c u ssed an d 1) under the ead n of sem —owels rom w c is 7 h i g i v , f hi h it d iffi cult ff r n a the con sonan a an d 17 ere we ea to di e e ti te t l j . H d l

w s an d z and first w s . ith , ith l u I E . s rema n n ac 1 n al 3 Be ore owels and the ds . s ( ) I iti . f v iq i , i i t t In Br on c 3 b e ore owels b e om es 12 be ore in Gadelic . itt i f v c f I n an d m d sa ears w le be ore r or its r esu an , , , it i pp , hi f it lt t

effec is reser ed see sr a th swa th sron . t p v ( , , )

I E va ear in Gadelic as 3 usuall more rarel as a . s s . pp y; y f i claw searf bh e m s . See s al sé r t in W. th e or and o p f , , , ’ ' m rf I i r' Th G tha a ears in r . as s u si bb sez d etc. e . , , p pp , * * ' ur rom sve3 6 r w e i ll svelm es ill and ti ll fl , f , hil p ( giv f ' compare also sei sal

I h i rea ed in Cel c mu as An d s rf E . s s s b . p ( p ) t t ti ch p

° ' li 30 7m seal si ne. a ears as 3 1 cf. sr on str ai hli ch s s pp 5 , g , , , g,

'

in Ga elic a t as in ti h ta ti l nnn taoi s. I E . st a ears d s . pp , g , , g , Bu s i r stl become sr sl as in sm tk sr' eot/i ar t sr ecm t , , , , , , g, ld a st ma a ear sli os slat s loi nn slai d . Some o , , , h th t y pp as s m le 3 w is the case in els b ut the n s an es i p , hich W h, i t c i r c sai l u ced can be o er w se ex a n ed cf. se add th i pl i ( , , ll searr ach St sea . ( ), ) ‘ Ir se as in s ctth Gael c as 3 O . k a ear i n . I. E . s s q, q , pp i 9, , g , des th e 3 w a as in W. rece The s ath s ui r etc . g , g , p 9 ith g/

i tlz G s i a th s e d I. E . s ?) is in w d Ir . s a s . y g y , g , g , hi l q W

kw du . k W. c l ei t W. ckwed s G s eu l claw as . , y , , g , y

r in Gae c as sn as in sneadk. E . s/i n a ea s I. pp li ,

s b e om es k an d sa ears om are ta /b (2) In tervocalic s . Thi c di pp c p g * — to usé do chi etc . ( g ), , l e onn e ed (3) Termin al 3 disappears altogether but in c os ly c ct combinations of words its former existen ce is kn own from the

- u on k as in th e ar le en e em n n e an d so called e ph ic , tic g itiv f i i T p . xxii . O U LINES o GAELIC ETYMOLOGY

* r na li —é hean sen ' ld s au ei s a so nom . plural befo e vowels ( iq g ), l ’ f 0 H of Irish ; and it m ay be the origin in most cases o

prothetic s .

— A e s o as e of ~ sr i s n ot o (4) Pre consonan tal s . pr hi t ric c f rth ' * - - ore l m an!i om n but éi r zclz omes rom e/c s re 6 . Be , , c i g, c f _9 f n . the s sa ears and the u d is oubled m of Gael bei n di pp , liq i d ( ic g M i a for o er mm as a rea s own un e ese e ers . e ld ), l dy h d r th l tt d l i er lan ua e see sei nn and i s 3 1) appears as f n the old g g ( ), it

* —f still seen in t z bhann ( to sven feabhas.

Be ore he ex los ve s is reser e b e ore the enues w i f t p i s, p v d f t , h ch The omb n a on in the modern language b ecome mediee . c i ti

i s n t er a n but ~ se be omes ~ s see as adh seas 3p o c t i ; c g ( f g , g, meas etc at be omes 8 o der 33 s m as in seas g, ), c ( l ) i ply, * h e m e a s 3 be omes .si sto oi s ds dos etc . Be ore t f , f , , f di l c ” z w see for resu s in Gael c fi be omes 8 be o mes 3 . , hich lt i g c 9 p c

al r h e r th e s i ass m la e to (5 ) Post consonan t 3 . Afte t liquid s i i t d - th e r and the resu is M as in tdw éa r r etc . F rom la , lt , , , - ms ms seem n 8 resu ts at eas in the a er an ua e . i gly l , l t l t l g g ; , become s with compensatory lengthen ing for the previous - ' - owe da becomes t as in a n t each e os Thn . v l ; , q ) ' ’ * - f - adds tar md sar F or m sla, m see un er m . ji ). p , d

0 Ir . 83 The ex o es com n w th and sa ea n o . pl siv bi e ith e s di pp r i t , * * no w 3 as in nasal or o' u/cs lus leas lacl-so , , ( 50 3 ut ale m an r 11 as o s and o e s . , , ), y th

Gael rese ed s n er o a c ere o e ar ses om 1 st as ic p rv i t v c li , th f r , i fr ( ) , - ’ - - - in seas 2 rom ms m a as in m ws and 3 om s ts os . ( ) f , , ( ) fr p , , Gaelic -st arises from this 3 by a sort of modern restoration of e ous st on owe e a: ma a so becom e mo ern st as in pr vi , ly, h v r, y l d (

ai ste n ow ai de ut o r n r m a sé. s o f he . F a 0: sa ea s as in ca , , ) i l di pp , ,

I. E . 2 .

E en i n I. E . s is assu e onl be o e th e me a e x los v thi r d y f r di l p ives . ' us G m ad n es i — m I. E o a . s o m zdo s s maide br d cead Th , t, fr . , , , ' - ad séz d . A a n z se m a e s to e d in . m g , g i g h v eveloped G in to g co pare bea bi o mea ri o a l = - ea a ew l r a . g, g, y, g g g, g ( ga g

7 . THE Exp L O SIV § Es O R MuTEs .

The I E. ex os . pl ives formed a possible s ixteen in n umber be een enues med as and the doub e set of as a es k bk tie tw t , i l pir t (p , , , b Ich h h d h . The enue a , , g , q , g ) t s spirate were rare and of no m or an e in the resu n an ua es sa e on l in San skr i p t c lti g l g g , v y it and r k G ee . The mediae aspirates are the predecessors of aspirates of he mo er ua t d n lang ges . But in th e Celtic lan guages these mediae

OUTLINES O F GAELIC ET YMOLOGY .

us b Bru mann bn da n be ame bb dd be ore the th y g , , g c , , gg f r n a a cen in r m e eu on ence tt kk b p i cip l c t p i itiv T t ic, th pp , , ( y ’ G mm s law w were ur er rea e us the same as ri ), hich f th t t d j t

tt Icic w had ar sen rom n tu n an d rom I. E . pp , , , hich i f p , , q , f luccho slulcko / H. G . s b m di m 1 m hu. O . , , 9 , g , , * lu l - H slucken u a e u on s ulc n o M . . G . g tt [ , g lp, h v hicc p,

‘ Mf » Av avdo a z a e cu . ese as all ed to Gr . i g , yy p , I h v hic p Th l t l Dr S okes re ers to a words are a ed to G . s u w lli g, hich t f * — — pre-Celtic slug md th e accen t b ein g on the suffix no Th e weakn ess of this hypothes is lies in th e fact that un iform br a c rom m -n d resul s are n ot f un rom it . us e t o d f Th , f f g

s ould be br ea n ot breac on the ana o of slu . h g, , l gy g

I E . 0 . 1 .

l I r a l a i n a an d n er o a . E d sa ea s in G e s n I iti i t v c lic . p i pp ic, ' * - ~ kaz r L a . te eun f r et e f r s a a n L at t a r o n o adh o edo ta s at . , p , p , p y g i t ' ‘ len u s ldr an i sczs i bb a a n s bibo for i bo lcm a a n s L at . d p , g i t ( p ), g i t p , r En . oo etc . F or n er oca c see o or teth g fl , i t v li p , f f , , caom a or' , s , etc . — a . n a ree in th e n al f th e n umera five u L t a d G . g i iti o l g i n que ' d c z u h f an In eas ar the G . u ural é o t e I. E . was en e . g, th gh p g f g g tt ises an or n al ves er' a w L n n n n i n al igi p s ithout atin cou te a ci g t . I iti l s a ears as s s ee sea s leen son n sli sea si n e si r . p pp 3 g, p , , g , , en 0 a ears b e ore th e u ds an d t c or s i s not os Wh 7 pp f liq i , , , it l t i l n G . it eaves its in fluence either in a n ew combin ation or in — com en sa or len en n . us sua i n i s for sa na s and see p t y gth i g Th p , * G - — cluai n cuan . i m r . d as e e w s s s om stei s d W. t an d n asa l , f p , y , ma a e had an or n a m l ke t i z hé u or En . . f te s O . an a y h v igi l f i jn , g p ( g a d di n ua In n . seackd L at. se tem th e i s u u ra w g ) , p , p g tt lised ; e m ad * a d ere neachd O . Ir n e t k L at . n e ti . c s En . n i e e y h , , p , g c ; h éa /i d - creuc d dr c . oss bl Zeac ma be f r le ic , P i y y o p ci .

G . n er oca c is of course du e to some omb na on In i t v li p , , c i ti . * lea a en e of lea baidlz ar ses rom leb-tha an p , g itiv , it i f ; d we must * * ex a n s m arl ta tabaidh ar s n rom ta b-tha so r ai pl i i il y p ( i i g f ) p , t s r eap . F or t takin g the place of 10 through an in itial h compare the der va on s offered for tor e turlaclz ta i l tldm thi f r l n i ti , , , , s o i ks .

1 . E . b, bh .

ese two be ome i n Gael and the o er Ce c lan ua es Th c b ic th lti g g , ' ' I. E . is rare in an lan ua e in G b y g g . it appears in z bi nm * treabk domhai n an d dr ac/zd - , ( c1kr eub tu, ‘ 1 n a I f . E . biz G . 6. See beir ba l ball bc m blath b o m ( ) I iti l , , g, , , , l o , bm h bm tkai nn buai g , , dh . O F GAE XXV . OUTLINES LIC ETYMOLOGY .

2 I ‘ E . bh G . bk Ir n er o a . 6 O . W. . See a bhmmn ( ) I t v c lic , . , j c u bh o bh l r dbkack d a . , , g Pr - on nan a or b e c so t l .

Be ore rf rema ns—a bhm a r h ' a . du br bha dob ar Gau . u f it i , g , , l m . 6 B e ore I d sa ears w com n a r n . f it i pp ith pe s to y le gthenin g l — nea l for n eb o s . ’ * Be r n k n — - 0 . o e b e omes m ow sleamkuz n n is for slibno s f it c , ' f li er o d m azn . r En . s h E . b. g pp y s o These a e I.

d . B t I. E . 1) b e omes ch a in r hd e ore s d c . f , c

4 - - os con son an al b bk. is res er ed a er the u ds r an d ( ) P t t , It p v ft liq i l— ' r ear bud cear b ea b ilb s olb. A er m reser es the , , , g , g ft it p v ' m as in i m z om rom ambi A er 3 is reser ed , f . ft it p v in ea ba/r a er in abai r lebb aob aobrarm er a s a er ft d , , f , p h p ft * in lea b id/z le - u i Q a b t . 9 , g ( )

5 Gae c n er cal c b In r ea l) an d ob we seem to ave a ( ) li i t vo i . g h * su ffix - bo r' ei b- bo ob-bo a so cli ob rom eli b- bo roo g g l f t qlg, r K oko é m a G . s s um Z . O en es is rodu e ro fi , t py ( ) ft t b p c d f ' re ou s d es e all of the refixes—as a bazrf a badk acb p vi , p ci y p , , f ,

e . tc (see the paragraph above).

I E . . t.

n all s is Cel t n er o al is as ra ed and I iti y thi tic ; i t v c ic, it pi t , r w o the ise it i s variously modified .

O . Ir . . t. See m n ti ta r 1 n al t G . W a o man u k teth ( ) I iti , , , , g y, g , , , ‘ ' ei t i t r tldtk tmt t tr' t ch, a s, o a, , h, z , treabk. '

h O . Ir t . d . e t zr n er ocal c t G . t W k d Se a ha I t v i , . ( ), , ' m m n n mdfhai r 75th fr oth cei thz r lath etc . So e es in o , , , , , ti * accen ed s llab es a ears as dh as in bi adh rom b€voto—s t y l it pp , f , — an d this is always the case with the infin itives in a tu ‘ ' - l n rre u ar c dh for ai th . (gla n a dla). I g l y f f 3 — n n an al it n n al Be ore 7 . is reser ed a in Pre o so ot . s ( ) c t i iti f it p v , br i t r B r l a ears w m cri a thar a ha etc . e o e d s co , , f it i pp ith — e hwedl cl beul etc n a r len en n s ul W. c e s to p y gth i g y , , , , ; Be re 3 th t d sa ears and the s i e ore 71 as in eun . o e s b f , f i pp m reser ed as in mi osa r i s sds. or s l ke os are ro p v , , , W d i fi f —— rm erl ex a n ed a rom vid—tw Be ore an o er vid s tu fo y pl i s f . f th - i te etc . td t t i s reser ed i n th e resu l an t of G . as in , p v t t , ,

- - Ir . cc G c a in m to be ome dd tc b e omes 0 . . s s ee s c c , , ' - a in r ea rf r ei ceadan t be om es a is s az . f g c gg, th t 9, f g A er r and l is reser ed as in bean 4 ost on son an a t. ( ) P c t l ft it p v , , cear t cei r tle a lt a lt a er 71 and m s n ks to d as in ceud , , , f ft it i , , ‘ - - A s een ~ bt becomes chd as in dmtchd w e t is in etc . s , , , hil p ' h h t nk in G to d . reser n t e A er c or t e s s . seackd . ft g, i p vi g OUTLINES O F GAELIC ETYMOLOGY .

u u ra as an as ra e : 0 07ml nochd bochd r eachd . O . Ir . g tt l pi t , , ,

has ~ cht ere an d W h i . h . ' reser e w en the Gaelic in tervocalic t. The t of a root is p v d h * —éf su ffix be ns in t as in ed i tiate s en in i te O Ir . ette et t d gi , [ , p t, ] , , p , * - vre b li t lt ti on Th e of the affixes res er es it as in ai a k, , p _ d p v , ’ tai ti n r t he o low n oes n ot n r ui teaclz ei . The a of t , , f l i g d ’ * - be on to the u l ma e roo : ciota ch s m tto En . skew l g ti t t , g g , ’ t cr c z roo kur lot roo In . , t , , t I E . . d . db .

This is a un iform Celtic d in itial ; Gaelic die b etween vowels an Wd d . d . k im i m dam etc . 1 n al d dlz . See deas dear c dei clz dru d ( ) I iti , , , , , , , , ' l lze for for dis dubh domlzan dear dorus dall also d i . d , , , g, , g * n er al u d e dh o d dh . See odlz m§du eadh s i h a I t v c ic , fi , , , fi ,

uidke etc . g , Pr — n l - i e on so an a (7 db n on n a . Be ore l n the d s c t , i iti l f , , d a ears w om ensa or en en n as in a z reamh pp ith c p t y l gth i g, * ’ ‘ ' * ad—mm am cwa ch buaz l boud- lo but bu i le is for ( , , , ( l ' ' ‘ * —— f — bud s Zz o sm up zn for smoud no Before m it s om etimes * d sa ears as in reumh v~ d—md bu t w an a en ed i pp , f , g , ith cc t ' refix the d and m b ec me m a in a i m z r a ma l a mas o s s . p , , , With * 3 coalesces n o 3 as in ma sach or in n i s a for ud-s- io or it i t , , y g * ’ ns for md—s—tu Be ore the ex los es w b oales es fi f p iv , ith it c c ' t 66 n ow 6 as in a b z r So w t t a in a i tr eabh w o a etc . s , , , i h , ith d in aidi c/L w c a in i as s a c w as in a a r . , ith , f ith g, g — 4 os consonan al d db . Th e u d r reser ves a ollow n d ( ) P t t , liq i p f i g , ‘ a in r d barrd s cii rd 6r s d d etc . ass m a es w I as in , , g , , It i il t ith , coi lle call mall Mull h and w ac n in on n O . Ir . n d , , , ith , fi , fi ,

bonn O . Ir . bon b n n . F or z d see n ex ra r The a a . , d, i , t p g ph ex os es be ore cl are un usual sa e t an d d for w see pl iv f , v , hich n r ra ext pa ag ph .

d . r In tervocalic G . The e are three sources at least for this d

Th r m n t i a . e o n cen d ten d baud . d f , , , etc

b. The ar s n rom the s ran z b e ore (1 as in brad d i i g f pi t f , , * broz do cead a d maide ne , q , , ad, dru id . m -dd a in cr ei 0 . F ro s d oid r oda idk t r od etc . a ai i , g , , , lso d ch, * ad—dam

I “ E . k an , d 9.

ese a ear in G . un orm as (7 bu t in the Br on Th pp if ly . ; itt ic an ua es ab a sed be om es 0 as in Greek l g g q, if l i li , c 1 . ‘

n a 1c. See ela i na cza cen d u n re cac cr idl w caomk I iti l , , , h d d, , , , or n c . O UI' 'L INES or G I Y . AEL C ETYMOLOG xxvii .

'

n m e . See ca z a s r a d W. c r d cend fir le st W. c t n coi l I iti l q i pl , , , , y , , lli ca W. e W s . i lea /a c coes co c W. cei l i o etc . , , , , g, ‘ n a ab a sed a is v ea W sd . a s ci a ll W w ll I iti l q l i li , th t , q , p , , . p g/ , f w cei t i r W. e h d a r e n c an W. en c i r e W o . ir c a c W. a , p , , p , , p , , p ,

cr ui mk W. r , p yf . m lear se e s a G . at me re r n I. E . 1s s ese s as W. It c th t g ti p t , q, has th e la er . Com are G . eu i n w W. ca c Skr . afi q tt p g g ith , g b u W — s ai c t . g/ g n shows th e reason for th e an om aly an 3 n al has been dro ed an d in dro n th e G reduce i iti pp , ppi g it . d 0 t F ur o . ther om are rm i n a a n i oma ck . Cf. i a 9 c p g , g al s. n er ocal k Th e G . . is ch W6. r Com a e cr uach I t v ic , g , . 9, p , Wc' ml h . c ead dei ch loch l b l c /L a so each W. e o g , fi , , , , s ac , 116 W. 6, etc . Pr — e onsonan al Ir . Be ore r l n th e c d sa ears w com c t , q f , , , i pp ith ’

en sator en en n as in dea r L at. da cr zma meur dual p y l gth i g , , , , ’ mui n ea l tan and m r S ra an r va o a e ro . s de on s for , 5 c p P f t ch i ti ‘ mécm a trm -n c f n c mln Zéan a . h r 8 t e esul in G . is s , , , With , t , Ir . W h a in u l a 0 . 83 . e W Be ore ex l v s asa . che]. os es , , , f p i , cb cd c do n ot a ear at b ecom es clad for w see , , g pp ; , hich d r t 4 - u n e for c c see ara ra 5 ere . ( ) , p g ph ( ) h - A r 7“ an os con sonan al lo ( . e d l th e u ura a ears as P t t , 7 ft , g tt l pp in e rc ui r ce l c as c a an ma e olc alc etc . A er 41 m , , , , , f , ft ( ), it s nks to w a reced n lon owel as in eu br eu i g, ith p i g g v , g, g, alread d cu d A r h i s sse . e 3 t e c s res erved but in G . y i ft , p , it i wr n a in A r s e s as meas n as teas etc . e itt g, g, g, y, ft ex los es th e t an d of th e refix or root reserves the 0 p iv , d p p oll w n f r w t a - o o see under nd re on son an al . f i g, hich d p c t

F or c or be ore c see n ex ara ra . 9 f , t p g ph — v l Ga l c m a ar r m tk ~ dlc Jolc - lc n er o a e . se o . I t c ic ic It y i f , , , g f ’ ’ ' F rom 4 k i n r ei ceadan fi i th—com—ai -dn -alc in a i e f ( ) j , a ca r a ch r‘ui cean a cui n n Jck in ma c cac , , , , ' cr ai ci on n i nc leacaz nn rom - k in ba a boc br eac cnoc , , ; f g , , , , w r la a Gad lic m lc/c - lea c. The o d ma c son os u es e a o s as g , , p t t ma b is diffi cul a a n h e O m c m w} en and W. g i st t g i aq (g ) it t r h orm . to accoun t fo t e G . f

I. E . it it . g, g g , g

ese on son an s all sa e i n on e case a ear in G . as Th c t , v , pp g, w n ml i n m lar rcum a lz an d Ws o s a d s s n ce . aspirated to g . h 9 i i ci t s he ex ce on is in the ase of w c w en lab al sed becom es T pti c g , hi h h i i , 1v h r la al e or not bec mes in h het e b s d o G . W6 . But an d . G . g , i i , 9

n th imlzea l I. E th in a e o . i i n u . s 1 n a I. E : ( ) I iti l g g , g , g , g , g

in eamhr ad/z a bh a ea l \1 h1te I. E . s m e a ears g , q , g g, g , g i pl pp

' in ea l ee oir oz le eara n uala rdd/z I. E . it in g , l ch, g , g fl g , g , g ; g x x or I . viii . OUTLINES GAEL C ETYMOLOGY

r b a sed a ea s in ar i an aol uidke eas a i n . La g , g , g , g , g , g i li 3 pp r

' f 6 brd ue n br d lzad . bean En . u een bi or beb 6 , g q , , , , , q r , g ’ 2 See dai h a kai ah r ei h trua h n er o al Cel . ( ) I t v c ic tic 9 g , g , g g , g , In the erm n a on of words bleo hai nn ti h bra h etc . g , g , g , t i ti it ' ’ e ch mach i mlz ch appears often as ch : t a , , ’ ’ n er o al ab a se does not fm mck. I t v c ic g l i li d

seem to ex is t in modern G . — - - l - n b e om e -l m 3 Pre conson an al Cel c . ere r ( ) t ti 9 H g , g , g , c , ‘ * ' ' w vocal c len en n as ew v' e r o cl/r ndi r uar dl ith i gth i g, f , g , , f , , ‘ *' ' aal awn ve n o srbn m m tdi n bron etc . B e ore m f , f , g , , , , f , g i foun in th e comb n a on n —m resu s in m w a s d i ti g , which lt ith

re ed n lon owe as in ceum leum eum , B e ore 3 p c i g g v l, , , g f it uchel as for h n a W. rn Wc as i nas l b ecomes ac and mode 8, . , , , Be ore ex os es the ex r ak cas las u i sea . 0 8 dee W. , , , y , , , g f pl iv g — is var ous re er ed - b - d ma be assed over ~ ct t i ly p s v : g , g y p 5 , g a ear as clad as in sea clul bli ockd smachd n ockd sn eachd pp , , , , , , - ]c nd in —Hc n ow c for w c see ost con sonan a lo etc . e s 5 g , , hi h p t l 5

- a ears as as i n slu bo cla la sli e smu aid . gg pp g, g, g , g, g , g , g — A r r n h i reser e (4) Post con son an tal Celtic 9 . fte a d l t e g s p v d n Wecom es ee dear ear sea bu o en i . b s in G . t , ft y ; g, f g, m, e A n nar is re a r lor ba l c a l deal tul . er ord g g, y, g , g, y, g ft i y g p

s er ed as in ca mban on mui n sean eld i n . But v , g , l g, g, g , fi g lab al sed be ame b and en oa es ed w the fi t n o mm i i g c , th c l c ith i t ,

' L a u n t tum ca m tom n ow m as in tm butter t. um um , 5 g , , , , * ci omack n d in m o ern mes cu m ke e rom con o in , a d ti , p, f g ' — h r F or s z F or n m see t e o e o n ara ra . congbha l . g f g i g p g ph g A er th e x l v h is re see th e n ex ara ra . e os es t e t p g ph ft p i , g p s er ed in the omb n a on s -t -d a a i rf and - v c i ti g g ( g ), gg,

which see below .

- 5 n er ocal Gae . ar ses rom s firstl w in re ( ) I t v ic lic g It i f g y, hich p Cel m es was —z as i n bea mo ul fi o a méa ea a l tic ti g, g, g , g g g, g. g ,

un I. E . 2 der abo e . F r m ve etc . w c see o the ex los , hi h v p i * comb n at on s we a e t in r ea i r r i th—a r ea na ea a r i i h v g f ga , f g g , g ; h - - d in a ai r a us . T e mu s ar se rom a uffix i n o g g , g gg t i f s g w c was o era e in ear Gadelic we s ard Dr S okes hi h p tiv ly , if di c t

w e r f. e a read s t o . C En . walk bar k lurk ska lle vi l y f th g , , , ,

- smi r k. F r s see ara ra o thi gg p g ph third above . n er o al ma ar se rom a os n b e ore c as in br eu eu I t v c ic 9 y i f l t f , g, g g, The re ou owel eu etc . s is en n w g, p vi v l the ed save in a fe — — g cases where the word or sen ten ce accen t has brou ght about ' 1 a s or s able . us tkz has r 73 n 16 7 i s o a d in . 5 h t yll Th g h t , G 9 s s is re u ar h e a short . Thi g l ly t c se with th e results from the refix con n u e w in o s cos as ca ai s O . Ir . concubus p , c f d ith , g , ,

f cada l ca ar co adh et . , g , g , c O F A . x OUTLINES G ELIC ETYMOLOGY xix .

8 A . 5 . CCENT

l n Gael onl the s ress accen e x s s an d is la ed al a . ic, y t t i t , it p c w ys h n on the first syllable . T e acce t of the O ld Gaelic was likewise l a in h on the first s ab e s e t e ase of the erb . ere in th yll , v c v H e om oun ded erbs the s ress ac en res ed ou as a rule the c p v t c t t , , se con d syllable ; but the imperative placed the accen t on the first s llable an d s also ook la e a er the n e a e and n er y , thi t p c ft g tiv i t ’ ’ rogative particles and after the conj un ction s gu n and n a n us ai c see ou is for -aid-c w t accen on the re os on Th f , th , f , i h t p p iti

a d for is m era e th e f u ur e chi, s an ds for th e old resen , it i p tiv 5 t t p t ’ - v w ere th e accen is on th e r A i at chi de oo ct. a n n cka n , i t, h t t g i haca th e n e a e br n s the a en on th e refix a d a is f g tiv i g cc t p , th t , — n th e accen is on th e refix its en d n con onan d ca . e s f a Wh t p , i g t an d the in itial con son an t of the root coales ce and r esult in a pre v al c n on an but th ro uffer run ser G . n er o o s e o s s a on ved i t c i c t, t t c ti w en th e a en is on the roo ese con sonan s are as ra ed an d h cc t t, th t pi t , The ten rre ular erbs in G r r ed . esen th e root i s prese v i g v . p t

s uffi cien t llu s ra on s of s rule . The re os on con w en i t ti thi p p iti , h w en un accen ed was com comb In accen ed was a wa s con . t , l y , h t it ( ) the u nac en ed s llables lon owels b ecom e s or dzfr eamlz rom c t y , g v h t ( f * — l an in e an Ir . a n a d man as s e com d ri m (ma i l for O . d , ), y c ch g

m ma l to broad a . ccmi madh Ir letel e r rade as ro s O . . p y th i g , f l ( g , an h m oun in J r k an J con n a m rom n tomh d t e o ds ad d ack . g , f g , c p )

WD-B DIN II . R O UIL G .

- — Word bu ilding con sists of two parts composition an d deriva n The first deals w the com ou n d n of se ara e words tio . ith p i g p t ; the second deals with th e su fli xes (and prefixes ) that make up the

stem of a word from its root .

1 The om oun d ma be two s ems wel ed o e er : r i h—theach ( ) c p y t d t g th g , * “ ’ ” ‘ alace ri o-te as k n s ouse r i h hczi dk ro al ro e p , g g , i g h ; g f , y p ph t ” ' k n who is a ro e ceanf n— on n w e—eaded i g p ph t 5 s , hit h , ' emw -mudo-s cei thi r-chasack ou r- oo ed du bh- hlas dark p ; , f f t 5 g , “ ” f t ese are the si x b u e cran n chur lot as n th e lo . l ; , , c ti g Th m un In Cel c leadin g relation ships brought out in co po ds . ti ' e -b z ci G ewn fir t em is n earl alwa s in o as T uto od a . s th e s st y y , - — l i r kea . Con mha tkai r bu t Ca tuf slé i M or i dfln um G . rll u ( g , , g ) ‘ ‘ r h o ow n om oun ds : i odhlann mi olchu oi rclzea r d side t e f ll i g c p , , , ‘ b r ach céar da ck clo ad bathach eilthi re ncz th- kocal ua , , g , , , g f ,

- —f moi rear letk ckas leth tr om etc . , , , — n are common refix es : a tk r e at/L klac re The followi g p g , a u re ba r} she ban-altrum ban tm ch bi th e en bi lli c pt 5 , , , v , ' - bkeo bi th—bhuan i l~ z ol m an tow fit si n show e er , ; , 5 y ; , ; , , v ‘ zr' ow ver saobk- seudo f fl , y, 5 p OUTLINES O F GAELIC ETYMOLOGY .

The followin g suffixes belong to this bran ch of word-b uilding * - lach rom slou o n ow slua k seen in tea klach dor lac/z , f g g ; g , , l u et o ach o c . g , y th , * ‘ ’ ' r w d see rf ez dh seen in r ea bkradh r h r m r e a W. ad o d , f , y ( ) 5 , ’ madr ai dlz e s oi r i a k ou m acraid/z son s rf i hre , d g , g , y th, , , g ,

'

k n s n tomkao ra deeds . i g , g , ’ —m/zor -or rom mor rea makes ad e es rom n ouns , f , g t ; it j ctiv f ,

etc li on mhor etc . , ' ml l ke rom sa mkaz l amkai l : r to ha i l for r i o k-amha il , i ; f , g g ,

- kin g like . * — I i n O m c -a n0 s for a o an d m n u ve mascu n e O . r . ( , i i ti li , , g i g , p n o—s roo en b ear S okes : as in ea r' an trua han g , t g , ( t ) f , g ,

etc .

— - m v f m in G . Ir m a an d ro a d m n u e e . O . . dc s . g, i i ti , ( c f l 6c 6 oun s een in cai ea etc . , 9, y g g,

~ s em n n e erm n a on h as been ex a n ed b seac/z . Thi f i i t i ti pl i y v l S oke as ro O Ir . es a fem . rm w the ad ec a s m . o t f , f , ith j ti * n i an a r m Was w c add o a d s s he deduces o . iti g , thi f , hi h f / Cf . b e l i r se ch bonn sac z come rom L at i ssa . i a s . a s ack c d f , , , ’ i e c r i r ea Ir ce r s a h o c a s ch ( ). The compound may b e on e n oun govern in g an other in the — en e ma c lei s an d all the e rson al n ames i n mac ille g itiv y, p , g ,

ma ol. (3) Un inflected prefixes — fix e I. E G Ne a e re s . . an b e ore owel a i n eol a . s g tiv p f v , , i on i n be ore 6 d i on a nta s eu a o be ore t c s f , , g ( g ), ( f , , * m f r é—tr om 9z- trf omm - aotr o o o s . ( , . ) } To s n e a ve add also m1 n eo as eas di deat thi g ti , ( ( di—ai f

Prefix e of ua : do do-ckar n — b. s a d so so cka r and q lity ( ), ( ) ; th e in ten sive rf o

ld ad erb al orms and all r (4) O v i f p eposition s . These preposition s are o en omb n ed w on e or two o er r e o n ft c i ith th p p sitio s .

ad ai c = -ad—ci i r e = — a d L at . f f d am/z a d r i m * ai de ad a ti r e ~ on n uall on u , , c ti y c f sed with the ab ove ’ r ai th ves accen te p ep . ( gi d é as in ep i ur 5 ad gives a as in * — * ' a ca a bai r a d ber a ai r ai tkrf ea kas -' c a ti r c . ) ( g , ( e etc Com oun ded w to in ta a i r ta ai rllz tai tio m tai t/zea s p ith g , p , , g , - — ta i s etc . w o in a o ad a b g , 5 ith f f g (f g ). ' ' ' — f — f ai r b on a i r lea ei r i din n ow —dheir c oir' - ti ur u rchaz r , : y, g, , , , , ‘ z or lwr Com oun ed w co . p d ith m in comha ir le with to in tai r i s ta i r téam in n w di in dea rmad w i , g, ith , ith mm in i nm r-b/zai h i m rf ' a o a ckur . g ,

XX F L O . XII. OUTLINES O GAELIC ETYMO GY

6 mo m r l . t m . d am, om, cao h ‘ ' mes the dbar . ere o . r mdr lc w dr to 7 o r d ro etc . si or , r , , , , H c Gael c n umera s em -dro-n as a on arf on e erson cé z neo r i l t , , p , g t , ’ - - - r £um Gae a, zr five erson s is all e to L at. dmus d p 5 it i d , , lic , ' - f ezr den n a en s or doers ar er etc . , oti g g t h p ,

- f ' 8 ter o er i n n e u ack ar eadar . . o z in s s ar , d , ‘ - * — 9 l l l wl neul ci all i a ll . o d lo etc . coll cos o s . 5 l ( , , , g - ll c 1 0. di ne r lo l dhar ua a h. , d o 5 dk d o o , * 1 1 bko bh —z ear' b ob b-bo . d o , g ( g

n m I E . to ta This is th e participial termination i ost .

l In i u for the as ass e . A so i n a G . s sed n guages . it p t p iv l ‘ ’ n uns dlz headh th e ad e es n ochd bochd n cz th etc . o j ctiv , , g , 5 g ,

dea rmad or t. , g

' le i i oa w . rm th e ass e ar n t t : Gr . ( s o s 1 3 . jo jd pfip s Thi f p iv p ticip

bri ste cai thte etc . G . , ,

t n w tobai r t. 1 4 . ta of abs ra n ouns : i obar o t ct , 1 t a ear in the ord na n um e als : o om ara e . s s 5 . c p tiv Thi pp i l r * kmad for delcmmeto dei ea r . dec ch mh, O . I , ko- kd - z un uv -lco 1 6 . 6 o 5 9, y g, j n * 1 o- mfiea for Zi - o-s cui mkneack 7 . o d to d si l ch 312 q q q q 5 q , crei dm e E c al he ad ec es an d n oun s in ads h ach . s e t p i ly j tiv ,

- F ur er the orm i che ~ i i o s as marca ck buadkack. , th , f ( q ) i c e den o n a en maw k etc . ti g g t 5 , ’ - me s sea ui e. 1 8. s o s z o z as in a s s q q g , g, g 1 9 r o cz see mu i n Dan s man ke cf. En . walk ha k etc . . g g g, i h, g , , ' 20 S m ' m i rf i ch ei In ml mi n lu az n e s in i di r d u ma d h. c . t , , , g , , , buai n in mi} cruimh cn az mk in Z1} samkail ddi l in ti 5 , , 5 , , 5 ’ — m in w c s om e ai th ei th br ei th blei tli etc . a or f , f , , , f hi h in fi i n it ves appear . * * ~ ~ — dti a i l t bea tha l bi t12 9 bi t i os. 2 1 . t a s Ce t td ms e . th t , ic , , if , , g 22 I l S ems in u ti u k i uck loch In n w li n n O . r . i n . t g , fl , dub, . , , , ‘ lénw in tu ere are man —bi tk i odk os - s- m ; th y , fi uth cr th all r ea chd an i l k in cla re u es e d ts e d. e g , ; p ci y i H com e th e infinitives in adh -atu - f ra n oun s the r r In G . eas as o abs o m a ses rom tu be n , t ct , f i f i g ' * added to an -es s em act s ai s -es—tu a l so d m s o lus. t , 5 , f ' 2 - ' S ems in n cit m tm i on a . In 3 . da d en ere is E ir e t , , , g , th , ’ ' E zr an The s em s in ti e are er c m m e n . t v y o on 5 the obliqu e ' cases are in - tz n s ee eirf i di nn aota i n n m etc . o mon in 5 , j , c

- - f in finitives . S m ar common is men m0 n in a i n m i il ly , , , cui r m drui m leum and mas u n e in bri theamh ollamh , , 5 c li , , l ta amh.

24 S ems in —r on the am l n ames a tha i rf mdtha i r' . e t 5 ly f i y , , tc . ' 25 S ems in -t -n t nf ockd n : ca ra z d r en — . a r t , , ight , f i d pa ticipial

form . O F GAE OUTLINES LIC ETYMOLOGY . xxxiii.

2 ' 6 . S ems in k or G n . athai r . n a t/vr ack so lair t q , g , , lasai r , f cath ir etc . a , 2 Neu e s ems in -es teach lath ma k lea n 7 . m t r t , , g , g . ' * ‘ 28 om ara e s ems in - as -i s mo - . C rea er md os si n e p tiv t 7 , , g t j , , r san—as Sk . y

' Adai r in tu kadaz rf di allada ir heada i r br eab i f tc 9 ada r e . g , , g , , ()

Two or ree s ems ecu ar to Gael m a be men on ed th t p li ic y ti . ' - Ir - de as di adh idh m r r n A e es in z db 0 . . co e om an o a dj ctiv , , a , f igi l -dz o En d n s ke mai reann r i on n a e b een orrela e w i g li , fi h v c t d ith l a mu The r r ed in L a erund se s u e orm . the t. ese g , it f ch di p t d f p v d a m ur Ir iu ka ida tu has been ar ousl wor s ke i c e d o s e 0 . . c d li fi fi , i t , fi , v i y - tu or -ato-mt bl the la r i r n referred to a n 5 possi y tte s its o igi .

PSIS O F GADEL I ACCIDENCE . 111 . SY NO C.

A D . . ECLENSION

- Ma m ball membe . ms . s . o s e 1 . o ste c t , r

dib mballaib ballobin - baill b alli (balloi) ball n b allon ballaib ballobis baullu ballos (bal l HIS) baullu ballos

- i em cridlze ear . Neuter a st , h t

cridhe cride n cridh e oridi cridh e cridiu chridhe cride n cridheachan cride cridh eachan cride n cridheachan cridib

chridheachan chride xxx O F GAE C L O . iv. OUTLINES LI ETYMO GY — 2 d s ems all femi n me . cas . t ,

Iris O ld h . coss coisse coiss oc ies n

choss CO X3 ,

di ch oi ss da choss

dib cossaib cossa 0 0 88 n

co a

3 — m F m n n e n un sai l e e i s e s . e . . t i i o , y

S. Nom sa sfi lis . il s hla snlos (sfi lous) 11 sfi li D. 311

sn i l sfi lin

shhil sfi li ‘ Dual N da shii il s fili

G (151. hii il sfi lo . s da shii il sfi libin shilean snleis (sfilejes)

G . snil sfi lion ilibh D. sh sfi libis

snil ean sfi leis ‘

V. shii ilean sfi leis

—m Ma u n n 4 . u s e s . s e un wor d t c li o l . N m b b 0 . S. ith ith b betho G . ith b biuth D. ith

‘ A b b n . ith ith

V. bhith betho

P] N. bithean bithi bitois hitoves . , ( )

G . b t bithe n b ou bitovon i h iti , ( )

D. bithibh bithaib bitubis

‘ A bithean b u . ith bitfi s V b i hea b u - . h t n ith bitfi s ' ‘ INE O F GAEL EI M xxxv. O UTL S IC Y O L O GY.

5 ns nan a S em . Co o t l t s .

i a m in r atha r e . a . S e ( ) t , f th r ‘

Gadelic . O ld Irish.

cm . athair athir a i S. N t r G a a a har atros . th r t athair athi r atr D. i A athair athi r n a en . tr athair athir ater da athair da athir atere

(15. athair da a ar atrG G . th

- D. da athair dib n athrib atrebin

athraichean athir a e es P]. N t r athraichean ath re n a ron ' G . t D athraichea n athrib atrebis . athraichean athrea ateras (atems ) athraichean athrea a e as V. t r

i n S em in men n eu . a m name . t t ,

n aium aimm . n a ainme a m , anme aium an maimm ain mean nan an mann

ainmean n an anmann n

aimn eannan anman naib

S em in u ura c fem . n athai r se en . t g tt l 5 , rp t

S Nc m. nathair n athir na x . tri h n athrach na ra G . nathrac t cos hair na th rai natraci D. nat g nathair na thr aig n natracen (n atr an) (112; nathair di n athrai natrace Dual N A. g a nathair da n athrach 1 n atraco G . d

D. (315. nathair dib nathrachaib natracobin N nathraichean nathrai natraces Pl . g h an n athrach n na ra G . nathraic e t con

D. nathraichean n athrachaib natracobis

‘ nathraichean nathracha n atraczi s

nathrac m V, nathraichean ha atracas

- Nen er s em in as ti h ouse . (d). t t g , h i te e e es S. N5 A. t gh g, t ch t g e e te esos G . tigh tig g ti te esi D. tigh g g

as h dé. e te ese Dual N. thig th ch g OUTL INES O F GAEL IC ETYMOLOGY

Gaeli c .

G (1 5. . thigh ’ F da thigh

PI. Z tigh ean P tigh C tighibh

Ad ectives . 6 . j

A ec es be on ed 1 to the o an the a de en on s as dj tiv l g ( ) d cl si , * * * marvos mar a m arvon n ow mar bk de l n ed l ke the n ouns , v , , , c i i * of o and a dec ens ons 2 i de len s on as mai th ma s l i 5 ( ) c i , , ti , a" * h n u n the m 3 u de en s on ma s ma t e e er n om . be s e ti , ti, t i g t 5 ( ) cl i , * * * a b us ti us u n ow tiu lz an d 4 onsonan a ad . s ig , g tig , g ( ) c t l j, ' * in w wa — l cao h te ens te téz t etc . Com ar son was t o s m p , , , p i y ( ) * * * Ir oem coemi u mem koimos koim 6s koimimos O . . coe c , , , j , ; f ’ * * 2 lu atlz O Ir . lfiath lii a hi h r lii th em louto loutiter . t t e a s os ( ) , , , , * l u timos o . The numerals may be s een in the Dictionary in their Celtic * * * orm c mos dva re s etc f i , , t i , . The pron ou n s are so phon etically gon e astray that they can not ore be rest d .

B C J . ON UGATION . — A Vo e . n a e e resen . Verb bear bear ctiv ic I dic tiv P t , .

* beiridh mi b er im m berommi

2 beiridh tu . beri beresi iri h 3 . be d e b erid bereti

Rel . beireas beres beret se

b iri h n n P 1 . e d s b r m . i e me beromm esi 2 beiridh s bb . i berthe berete 3 b eiridh iad r . be it beren ti (beron ti) beireas — Rel . berte beren t eis

De enden r p t P esen t .

bheir mi do-bi ur bheir tu do-bir bheir e do-beir bheir s n n do-beram i — bhei r sibh do berid bheir iad do-be rat

‘ - - ” - ' The first s n . i s rom t ein e vowel less verbs : ber i m . Cf. or i g f h m, thwr am even a am a a g , s m. UT NE O F GAEL TY L Y XXXVl l O LI S IC E MO OG .

Se o n ar r n r c d y P ese t o Subjun ctive . l a ic . ld Iris e Gad elic . G O h . l bhe ir i n no berin n r S. . n be in bheireadh no bertha berethas bheir a n r 3 . e dh e o be ed bereto 1 bh eiream i n mmi . a d o ber s berimmiss (l) bheireadh sibb n o b erthe berethi 3 h . b eireadh iad no bertis berintiss (i)

A r o ist .

1 . d habh S. o g ghabh

ra v Impe ti e .

1 ni . beirea beir berthe b eirea h e berad 3 . d

m i r m P. l . beirea a d be a beiribh berid beir adh iad bera 3 . e t

In i ixz fi Pr n Passive. d cat e ese t

‘ ' S beirear e berir .

P r r i r ir . 3 . bei ea ad be t

Secon dary Presen t or Subj un ctive .

3 bh eirteadh e n o ber e . th bheirteadh iad n er P 3 . b . o tis

a n P st Te se .

3 . chanadh e ro chét can os an us t , c t

P. 3 . chanadh iad ro chéta an as . c t

Imperative .

belrear e b rar 3 . e

3 . bei rear ia bertar P. d

cain te can tjos

B SUPPLEMENT TO OUTLINES .

’

i Rh and on e The elsh Peo le V . enr s . W c s s : 7 . y J p ; H y h re ers to the ale s of L exi con E t mol . xx . w ere e y . , p iii , h f di ct ’ O u the er o s of ld Bre on see L oth s Modern Breton . p i d O t

—f ocabulai re i eux B reton ar s 1 884 eh i . V V , P i , , 8 The resen e of z for owe -fianked 3 can onl be ex a ned . p c ( v l ) y pl i by assumin g that the Ogmic alphabet was in ven ted or imported — b efore the regular disappearan ce of 3 b etween vowels v. B ez z en ’ ’ Ma Ali ter in hi 1 . w r Mr R A. S e a c s s ber er s B e trai e x i . 44 . g i g , , t t

work on The 0 am n scri ti on s L n on : D . Nutt s u e s s a 9 I p ( o d ), gg t d fferen a ue in the case of z in w c ase we a e for z i t v l 5 hi h c , if h v f , we require to read 1) for the f of this tran scription of the Ogam a abe lph t. ’ Me r O ld r rea e on h l r A K . s O 9. dd ye I ish t tis t e Psa te ( xford : C arendon ress liis ed on in th e Re ue Cel u e of the O ld l P ), iti v tiq ’ r s ers on of Tochmarf c Emere an d F eli r e O en usso 2n I i h v i 5 g ( d ed. b in u l n n r r y Stokes P b icatio s of He y B adshaw Society). 1 0 Abou on e al of th e on en s was an s era e . t h f c t t tr lit t d by th e ’ wr N ern iter in L eabhar an Glean n 5 cf. St s critique in Z ei tschrzf t ’ ’ f eh Celtesche Phi lologi e . O n e of the chie f poems h as sin ce been oun in od er n in a m a a o s o n r s MS. ro R sbon of w c f d g v i I i h f ti , hi h an accoun t h as been given by the writer in th e forthcomin g olum e of th e Tr ansa cti ons o the Gaeli c Soci et o In ver n e s v f y f s . 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 1 ’ i . h w 7 8 . c t e r er , , , , , , , it s treatm en t of f The Gaeli c Di alects in Z ez tschrefl f ar Celti sche Phi lo logi e 5 also

Rev. C R ber son n th a . o o e s me sub e in the Celti c R evi ew t j ct 5 M. ’ Ma r a t cfa l n e s The Phone i cs of Scotti sh Ga eli c an d Professor Mackin non on Scottish Gaelic Dialects in a paper in th e Tr ans actions o the Gaeli c Soci et o In verne f y f ss. “ 1 9. h in anlau b e ore a owe seem s to come rom S t f v l f p . o ' ’ a aren in r s have mi ss an d Her iu co n a e w m e ca pp tly I i h , g t ith p . ’ ' s an e is re ular in Arm en an see Bru man n s Gr un dms Thi ch g g i , g s, — ’ 30 S okes in B ez z enf ber er s B ei tr a e 23 4 4 . In las § t g g , , t ed . of ' . th e F élz f e k Sto es regards i r e as the cogn ate of th e Greek word But s n cited . thi does ot affe ct the cases in which an histor ic h eem to re res en a an s s p t v ished p ; compare the m for n in the ’ der a on of amhaxrus and see D ' iv ti ; r Peders en s Verglei chm de ' ' Gr ammateh dew Keltz schen S r achen as well a p , s the se cond edition ’ ' of Bru mann Grundmss der s Ver l . Gr amma g g ti k.

20. A rea e ell n as com ared w g t l v i g, p ith what on e mu s t in fer rom the s or de elo men of ndo-Euro ean h f hi t ic v p t I p , as take n place ’ i d Dr Ma B — n Ga eli . in n d c c a s I o European Alphab et is therefore sim lified in the u urals a ou er p g tt , lth gh p haps it w ould have been

‘ more re ular to a e ut in a ab o- elar ser es a ar g h v p l i v i f p t . O sthofl - - reco n ses ree k ro s ab o elar e ar ala al i n t e g i th w , l i v , v l , p t , h mo t her S TO UPPLEMENT O UTLINES . C

’ efrm rs hun en 4 264 s ee v. Indo . F o c a on s E t ma p ch 5 g g , , ; Wh rt y ’ L ati na re o n se th e ree rows 0 k cf. Z u itz a s rea men c g i th , , g ; p t t t l In Gadelic th e e a and the a a a r of th e guttura s . v l r p l t l se ies have a en o e er but ere is a s n rea men of the lab o f ll t g th , th di ti ct t t t i velar . m n n m a r 21 . Con a a o a e been at wo k e e But t i ti y h v h r . ou th e C mr o na e is dai rf and O ld La n s ows alth gh y ic c g t g , ti h

f ma H. German z a har O . n c t r Germ z hr e i cm O e a d . a n da , , , Ic l di , , , , ew of the Gadelic orms we ma ake the re—s or orm to vi f , y t p hi t ic f * ave been d hfru w de e o ed on the Br on s de n o a h n , hich v l p yth ic i i t * ’ ' — ' ar r he t l Com e D a de s . L ateim sc s E mo o proto Celtic daJcr u . p W l y

‘ ’ f i n a u 3 1 l 5 w r L . a r 9 a so . e e ce s e s c es Wcr terb ch . i s h g , p , p , h giv '

na e w r s Gadelic er . cog t ith I i h , high i h ou d be méi th as in th e D i onar w lon 22 . mé t s h l , ict y, ith —g open (25 this is diphthon giz ed in the Northern dialect as mi ath a cas e of diphthon giz ation of long open e where there has been no compens atory len gthen ing . ‘ 23 See Z ei tschm t ar Celti sche Phi lolo z e Ban d 3 264 27 5 . f f g , , , ,

Z u itz a on i in Cel in Z ei tschri ft ur Celti sche 24 . See p , j tic, f - 1 2 Phi lo lo i e 2 1 89 9 . g , , F orschu en 6 33 on Ce ar F in Jn do erm . n 7 2 . See o 5 y g g , , , ltic , ’ Z u itz a on 7 in Cel in Ku n s n erm. f and at I dog , l ; p , 1 tic, h

eit re t 35 25 3 . Z sch f , , R I E NDA C O R G .

— r m bo om a e Pa e xxx i . In o g ii f tt p g , for krid on ea kridion in the e e en in e rom bo om of , r d 5 l v th l f tt

the a e for the or in b a kets ea ba ons . p g , w d r c , r d ( ll )

P R E F A C E

T HE follow i n g E tym ology of th e Pr i n cipal G ae lic fiation al

Names e rs on al Names a n d Sur n ames w as or n all an d , P , igi y , s l is ar o f the G ael c E mo lo cal D c o n ar b th e late ti l , p t i ty gi i ti y y

’ D r B T h r of M ac ai n . e Dis qu is ition o n Pto le my s G eog ap hy Sc otlan d fir st a p pe are d i n th e Tr an saction s of th e G aelic

So c e o n t f ern ess an d later as a am le . i y I v , , p ph t

The P u blis he r fee ls s u re tha t the iss ue of these Tr ea ti se s i n their pres e n t fe i m will co n fe r a bo on on thos e wh o can n ot

v e con ai n a h a e access to the m as origin ally publi s he d . Th y t gr e at de al o f i n fo rm atio n on subj ects which h ave fo r lon g ye ars i n e res te d G ael c stu de n ts an d the Gae l c ub c a ou e t i i p li , lth gh th y

h ave n ot a w a s ro er u n e rs too d em . n de e e re o l y p p ly d th I d , h t

o r a e bee n m u obs cu re d b an ul allac e s w c f e the y h v ch y f cif f i , hi h ’ Dr M acB ai n s study an d e x positio n will go a lon g way to e d isp l .

O L O G Y

P R I N C I PA L

GAE L IC NAT IO NAL NAM ES

IHH SO N A L

S U R N A M E S

NATIO NAL NAMES

AL B IO N Grea Br a in th Gr ek wr r Gr AA sov AA cfwv n e e e s . , t it i it , B , B , ’ o em s Ah oviwv o A A bai nn A b n . l a L at . G n b . Pt l y , l i (Pli y), , g l , * S o an E i n S okes d . l b o A ba Alban . Alban : Al . . W c tl , Ir Ir , , ( t ), w e—lan d L a l dh xi w e le ros t. a bus w e Gr . s hit 5 , hit ; d , hit p y, w H . e G b z wan . es O H. a l i s hit ( ) ; . , A be on n to Br an L at Caesar Ar mori ca s Aremomi RMORIC, l gi g itt y, . ( ) , * “ ” cus O ros us a fre-mori b the sea see a i r an d mui r in ( i ), , y (

M Br Ar mor Br an ar mor and b th e sea Br . . . y, itt y, , l y , r vor m a ar me . , iti B ' me B l . B re n G . I I n B r ea taz n E . . B reta n . A reatann . RIT IN, , r , r , p , B r ei z the Br W . Br n rn . B r ethon Br on s . thon Br o Co it , y , it , , , ' ' ’ Br L a B B er m vos an t . r i ttam a Caes ar B r ittam Br on s itt y, ( ), , it , p S ra II e‘ ' a f II er' r‘ a vm r bo . The b e ar r r vo s Gr . orms e ( t ) t f p , p f, ’ Wr f L at . P da i n B I . Ir . r ui thne a c O . r a n E . C y , it i , , Pi t, r ( ) ’ ’ ' ' Crui thm z Adam n an r u thz m o ul : roo t ( , C P p i) t w , to w c S k i hnea hd ea ou the o es re ers G . cru t c hi h t f , Wh t, th gh usual r h c ure orm re a n n e eren ce is to G . c u s f r t , pi t , f , till t i i g “ the n otion of pictured men as in th e old ex plan ations of ’

Pi ct. r a a word S okes R e re ard th e L at . B i ttam a s s tc . t , hy , , g - of II e a fa i t n e vT v and . ru h d feren or n rom the Gr . G C if t igi f p , 5 m a b een a ou as a m a er of act th e L at. s ee s to e th gh , tt f , h v ba Th e Cru ithne or c s us d ren deri ng of the Greek . Pi t th a it n e t e r n ame to Br a n as be n abou 300 B . C . s e g v h i it i , i g, t , th Cel tic inhabitan ts . B B r n RITT ANY ; the BRETON lan guage ; from B ri tai n ab ove . ito s ur po ed in to F ran ce in the fifth and sixth centuries . ‘ Ka h bé oz w Ptol . C D I n or ern Sco lan d a us Gr . ALE ON A, th t (T cit ), n ( ,

le on i i ucan Mart al etc 0 . G . Dun e tc L at . Ca d L ), ( , i , ), ’ ’ Ca lld en Dun —Ca llen Dun—K eld or of the Caledon an s , i , , f t i , — * l G . Dnn Chai llinn ex la n ed b n d sc as rom ca d the 5 p i y Wi i h f , ” r l — an d b e n wood anders . S okes oo of G . coil e the orce t , f i g l t " o r f he 7 L a e in Ku A S- bu t the the s obj ect be cau se o t ; ( t . ) n 5 if an d Gael c m ern rm are th e e endan s of the E ng. i od fo s d sc t

word Caledon a as locall s oken th e ob ec on an no old . i y p , j ti c t h ’ —’ E lt Kakr o t KeAr a c Kehfl xé a ear n Caes ar Gr . s C L TS L at. Ce oe , ( ), , , , pp i g i n erodo u Xen o on in the fifth an d our en . s f th c t H t , ph , * “ ” - lsus lt l r o el ra s e o L at. ce etc. : Ke o s the o o , fty, t g , i , g , , NATI ONAL NAMES

R s re ers th e n ame d . En ex cel L it . héltas ra se high , g , i hy f

war Norse heldr L at . roo el s a A . S. held , to the t g , l y, g , ,

L halti s r ke the Celtae be n s m ers . er callo , p , hit, it , t i i g it h Wa las or els of S wa las t e S. Corn R H A . CORNWALL : CO NI , g , W h ti r i b B r etan n Com n in Ir . h orn or orn E . t e C H , i les s s ee Wa . r Wala F o th e lands of the Briton s of th e Corn .

CR UITHNE a c see un der B r i ta i n . , Pi t 5 l mr a e the els n ame for the els CY MRY the Welsh , Cy g, W h W h , (p ) — lar of C mr is C mr o o der C m mr o : lan guage 5 the sin gu y y y , l y ’ * - i C sar s Allo m m ro es or Combr o es c . ae omm r ox l . Co C , p g g ( ” “ — — r rom bro es O er cou n r men cc lan de s, g , th t y , f

’ f Gae c for E Ir . v The . br o mr o of Z/ r u h i n D . . . g , g g ict , q li = Wales is found in the phras e i si n chomr ei c im Kymrischen 32 Z e . (Z im . it

ER IN 5 s ee Irelan d . GA the n am e of th e lan ua e an d eo le of the S o s GAELIC, EL, g g p p c tti h ' ' ' i Gaedhz lz dhli Gai dheal . Gaoi dhi l lands G . Gal High , g, , Ir g, g, 100 th e r s lan u a e Gaoi dhea l r s m an E . . Géedel 1 I i h g g , , I i h , Ir ( ’ * Ww ddel r s m an : Gddelo-s Gai delz Giraldu s . G ( ), y , I i h * — Gael c or GdideZo s for r s roo hddh En . ood for So. ( i ) ( I i h), t g , g g , t Th Sco c orm seem s th e b es as its us e G er . ut e c ? e g , t h f t, h as been con nu ous the race b e n o nl a our em i n ti , i g y f th it * * Sco land S okes es a ro o-Gael Goi delos or Geidelos t . t giv p t ic , ' an d w c the Gaul . Geidumm Bez . com ares to which p , hi h “ ” - S okes om ares w L at. hoedus oa Goa men cf. t c p ith , g t ( t , ’ i d s cock O z r L . a s an Hi r n i o . c p y it g g/ , ‘

llu G llz ur o fi r t cen . GA GA n ow F ran ce L at. Ga s a o t s LLI, UL, , , (f th t F d ‘ a hd t a k F m rd an d econd cen . B . C . Gr . s s m , (thi t ) 5 d u on rom th e root a l b ra er w c see in D c . w s ss f g , v y, hi h i t , ith i c i

n L wlan der s ran er . of Gall a d G . Ga o i ll , , t g ’ ' ' ’ ’ i u E z re . E i r ean n E . Ir . E r A R SH G E eann Ir . IREL ND, I I 5 . ir , , g , , ' f f Ywer n w r . w r oni c r s W. ddo e Wd E ren n [ ddo M . E , , m y , I i h, ’ ' ’ é M a Iove w.a I v7 l S rab o L at . Hi bern i a Ivern a e Ptol . p p 7 ( t ), , ( ), ’ l n n I em e Claud an our en . E vern i z r s Adam a ( i , f th c t , I i h ( ) * * r i va ri ver 6n E ve 6n usuall r e erred to Pi ver o Skr . j j y f j p , ’ ’ Hte t fat Gr . a the Grec an s ea of th e Muses m wv fat , p , i t , , nd sc S kes : r —o l w ll O r r r o s ed s e n . e s e e (Wi i h, t ) ich i , i g th f it t G t r w r o . de a w r m a va G . bho w ern a est o Skr . o es , , (f , ), t , l No der a on an a r ower . iv ti c be s tisfacto y which does n ot at th e sam e time a ccoun t for th e similarly n amed Highlan d ’ ’ r ers ca le d E E nn En m i e ea E a F n dhom . iv l ir , ir , g . , MAN NK Manx M an n i n a h Manx Ga ilch Gaelic the , MA ; g , , , Man a l i n i s M an ann l Man x G e c E . I . s e of a en ve rom i , r , I , g iti f * = l M an a L at . M on a ar u M an a L at . M on e W. a Caesar ), y , ( ),

PERSO NAL NAMES AND SURNAMES

A f E . . dam A r s oe D. o A F e . D G . dhamh Aka AM, , ( ( Ir , Mac m ebrew Adam red . en e 0 . Adim ro . Ir (g) 5 f H , H c ' ‘ ’ Ad i dh a m nu e rom adam M w an rom D al . G . a , Ca , d f i ( di i tiv f ‘ " M da.i dh . Sc. adie M A ) C , Y n an earl er ADAMNAN G . Adhmhnan ronoun ced Yownan or a , (p ), i f L a Adamn dn t . Adhamhnan hamhmm E . . (Og , Ir , Adamnanus (seven th St Adamn an (died 7 04 ” e Adam a Gael d m n u ve rom Adam . en e the littl , ic i i ti f — H c r ona nam i lleowna n i olla Adhamhndi n a er pe s l e G G , f th of Somerled (twelfth —Gilla-agamnan (1 467 v. en e Sken e educes the M ac len n ans . wh c d , q ' ’ A X A llex Al zr 1 467 G . as a A D. of amanda LE ANDER, l d ir , ( , ( '

. Alex n der m Gr . M In Alaxan dazr rom L at . a o ; f , fr ” ‘ AAé o S w o en n m n . Ala d ir M ac s e e en e G . M s a f p , d f di g H c , ' alz ter M - i s 5 further ac an d e (from San dy). ’ ’ A Ai l E i len e l G . A Adamnan s Ailenus m d ean . . o LLAN, , Ir , , fr , ock ? The No man Alan w en ce S o Allan mos is r r , h c tch tly,

0 . Br . Alan Alam a s Nenn us Ala nus rom Alemam us the , , i , f , “ ” Ge man — A e f . n k b n ame ll Men . O Norman F a r tri , r ,

- Du all F n a . en ce M ac allau g , i g ll H A P G Ail in E . e . . A n Dalriadi k n L IN, p , Ir lp i ( c i g 693) 5 from Pictis h ' or e s s ur —M E z n o es . l h E n u W. S okes s W l h c p , lfi , which t g

es s to be rom L at . Albi nus rom albus e or a ed g t f , f , whit ( lli ‘ — ra e n G . M Ail i e e e n M ac a i ne. th r H c p , ho

A D WG . A nd ea Anndra D al Gilleanndr En i l ai s . G N RE , i r ( , i ) , , g ’ lander' An r w ill s St. A e s e M . G n dra D of Ai n nri as , d g , . ( . , ' Gille-a zn ri n as 1 46 E . I An r i 7 . d as r m L eas o at . Andr ( r 5 f ,

. An dr ew rom Gr a redu - g , f . ced double stemmed ’ n ame now s ow n onl o. v8 man see m ar t en e h i g y p ( ). H c

— ' M ac an drew Gillan der s An der , , son . N U G A n ‘ ' A G S . has on o . A hus Aon hu . . sa E en us , g , Ir g , g g , Ir. 0 g , ' - O . . 0 in us - Cor . n W. U ust O i n o astu s un u e Ir g , , g g , iq o e om aon a d a n s c o e En . h L a u tus c oose t. s ch ic , fr g , h ic ( g , g , ' ‘ ‘ - as e as i n G . ta h . en ce M Aon hui s M ac e t t , g ) H g , nnes 5 further ‘ ’ Az M n sh.

' A HIB D ‘ ’ G . Gi easbu B s o s i lle RC AL , ll ig , i h p g (see easbuzg in

M ~ . G . Gi lles ik D. of Gi lla es ic 1 46 7 MS n e p ( p ( ). He c

' Gi lles i e. The name Archibal A Ar d . S ceba l p , g . d, Ar cenba ld A A PERSON L NAMES ND SURNAM ES . 1 1

o r Er eenbald w c a ue mean r —bo s d O . H G . , hi h v g ly ight l ( . erf chen r real has n o a aren con n e on w , ight, ), pp t cti ith Gillesp i e in m ean n r r n la l i g o o igi (ci . simi r y Ludovic an d rll a ol ' domhn u z ch).

A ' G . Arta M . G Ar tui r E . . Ar ta i r Ar t . ur l r . L at RTHUR, ir , , Ir , , .

Ar tur i us son of . E dan Adam n an Ar th r w W. u to c , ( ), , hi h the Ar tor i us uv l L at . (J cna ) has be en compared and suggested as its sou rce (it bein g m ain tain ed that the Gens Artoria of Y orks re as ed rom R oman to Domesda -Book m es wh ere hi l t f y ti , Arf tor a eai s in the da of E wa pp ys d rd th e Con fessor). If * n a ve to B r on c w c is robable i s rom ar to-s ti itt i ( hi h p ), it f , V v t r r Ir . a r t w r a bea V . a h O . en ce the n am es Ar t A t a l , , , h g * Ar tbm n . R s re ers to ren der the a r to as cul or hy p f t , rom car lou Ar t L e 40 all n r u r h. A to th f , p gh ( g , yi g th e

‘ —' ‘ dea of a Culture God . en e G M Ar i r Mac a r hm . i H c ta , ‘ b m w BA rom G . c te The a n f ull a ea . B s o o r in the IN , f , hi i T ch pp s x e en cen ur var ousl as B a ne or Ban e w t a con i t th t y i y y , i h ‘ ’ temp orary n ear them called John Makferqu hair M Gz lleba n e ‘ “ ” s las n am e is n ow M Ille-bhai n F a r—i lle Thi t , i g , h w ‘ ren de red nto En . b Wte en ce also ri/ Gi lvcm e. i g y y 5 h ’ W r Ir Pa th lon E . Ir P r h B A G . an a t lon L a a . a . o t RTHOLOME , P rl , , , . Pa r thol omceus or B ar tholomceus Nennius n n the ( , i th n ame of a p erson age who is repres en te d as th e first in vader of Ireland after the F lood (27 8 years after Th e p proves th e n am e to be n on -Gadelic 5 an d as the historian s take Pa r t/zolon rom S a n th e S an s B ar T olemon of le en d f p i , p i h g h r n Pr f R s ou has been suggested as t e o igi al , o . hy th ght it v - cam e fro m th e I er nian s or Pre Celtic race in Irelan d . Hence

- f ‘ l n e G . Ph l i n l n M ac ar a M ar a . th e C a f , ‘ ’ ‘ ’ - b r im n 1 4 8 O M A Bhri uthainn M . G . M a h 0 Gael c B WG . R N , , ( i l v C ar er rom br i thea mha i n the ormer Sc . Gae c en e h t ), f , f ( i ) g iti

- f v. n e M ac br a n e. f bri heamh ud e . e o t , j g , q H c y i m r n . M G . d s o A Camshron Cama an . C C G . MERON, , r , , g of Gi llaea msr' oi n 1 46 7 C ar er Ca mr on ai ch (D. ( h t Ca mr oun ex la n ed as rom ca m wr En g . p i f y ’ n ose w IS the m os roba le ex an a on of . ca imbeul , hich t p b pl ti ( , ’ w camer ar us r l w r m ou . Con n e on o E . cerr be i Ir . , y th) cti ith ' ber laz n of Sco an d un l kel or w the ou r een cham ( tl ) i y, ith f t th

cen tury De Ca mbr u ns or Camer on parish 1n F ife . mbel 1 467 MS ambell M G . a C A imbeul . C B G . Ca C MP ELL, , ( ”) ’ 1 266 rom cambel wr -mou ed ca m and haul see ( , f , y th ( ; ere is no De Ca mbel i n the n um erous ear Camer on ). Th ly but De Cam o-bello a ears i n 1 320 as a La n referen ces, p pp ti 1 2 PERSONAL NAMES AND SURNAM E S .

orm and an e molo s owe er s o ul na ura be f ty gy ; thi , h v , h d t lly De B ello-camp o as Norman -F ren ch idiom an d Latin deman d — m De am ello a for m we have i n B eau champ and B eecha . C p or D e Camp elli s (little plain ) has b een suggested 5 but un fortun ately for these deri vations the earli est forms sh ow - n o de : Ca mbell was an e e not a lace n am e . pith t, p ‘ M ill mhi heil Son of th e ille of St M c ae C G . G e c ARMICHAEL, , g i h l,

l B of Deer . i llemi ce . G . G l hol 1 6 O . G . i l a mi c 4 7 M . G ( — ( ) The n ame Carmichael is really Lowland from the Parish ’ ' arm c ael in Lanark M c ael s ca er or cathaer name of C i h ( i h ,

l tta n i ch D. f G . lura a o A A A N Ca ana M . C C CHATTA G . TT N CH , , t ch , p ( “ belon n to C an Chattan O lan u Gi llaca tan gi g l , ' which claims des cen t from Gi llaca taen (1 46 7 ser van t “ of St Ca an w os e n am e den o es le cat see ca t t , h t litt ( ).

h M . Ir oi rr hea lbhach Maclean Gen e HA . r C G Tea lac . T d RLES, , ( ' l Toi r delbach a o En l s ed as Ti r a h and Tur lou h E . l gy), g i h g g , . Ir , ’ — ” La n sed an d ex la n ed as T ur r i - ormes ower s a ed ti i p i f , T h p , but the toi r in Gael c ook the h on et cs of th e refix ta i r i t p i p , ‘ he m ern G r K r e u er an d en e . M e i s t od o m . en e l . p , h c f H c

CH SHO M G . S csa Si osalach D e Chesholme r een cen ur I L , i l , , (thi t th t y documen s D e Cheseholme a Border n ame th e lace t ), , p n am e C s olm be n in Roxbur Ches-holm a olm but hi h i g gh ( h , Ches ' ' ‘ ’ Cl ire h ee cl z rf e - G . é a s Al C c e ach in D c . so M A Chl i ri ch LARK, 5 i t é , ‘ w en ce Galwe an M ' h gi Chlery . * . G . olla 1 CO G Co a M . C 467 r E . I . olla ol LL, ll , C C n a vo-s rom col cel as in Celtoe see abo e , f , , high, ( v ). '

G . n M . CO I Ca ea . G a llan e D f C . o Ca i len 1 46 L N, il , ( ( 7

Coli nus L at. of s is a ersonal n ame on ce m ore ( Thi p , or less ecul ar to th e Cam bells the C e be n alwa s i n p i p , hi f i g y ‘ ael c M Cai lein It r G . s ela on to En an d Con n en al i ti g . ti t Colin “ ” is doub ul . Cf. Coi ledn w el an d er n al n tf , h p, p so ame ; the ’ ' G . is a d alec c orm of old coi lea m. see F cuil ec m i ti f ( , w a h p .

- CR A G . Cri athrar the n am e of a L o h a ER R, , c t y side clan who re ard em sel es as Mack n os es e x la n n th e n am g th v i t h , p i i g e as ” r ddler rom cr i a tha rf w see in D . i , f ( hich iet ) the derivation is r b ut for th e mean n com are th n ight, i g p e Eng . oun and n am e i eve w r i S 6 S ht. ee elt Jl C . l a . 3 8 . ( ) g g , C MM G G Cuimein Cuim n I . ea a h arl E n c e es . or m Com n a U N , , , i t g f y , Norman am l da n rom the Con ues belon n t he f i y ti g f q t, gi g o t Norman o use of De Com n es a err or al des n a n h i , t it i ig tio . NA PERSONAL NAMES AND SUR M ES . 1 3

DAV D G . Dai bhidh C ass cal Bai h ence l nn I , ( l i ), d 5 h C a Baidh o r th e Davidson s a bran c f the Clan o Chattan . [ n O . S , h . , Davi dson a ears as D i hi dan pp é b os . DER MID G . Di m M . Der ar ad G . mi t D. of Di ar m da n a e . , , ( , g ' ' 146 7 ' ' Di ar mai t . E . . Di ar m t O . uz Di ar met ( Ir , Ir , , Ir . L Di or mi at . i u Z m t s (Adamn an ). i mer ex plain s the n ame as * Di a God-reveren c n rom di et and er mi t : afr e i g, f “ ” men t -m n n n t ou r me a in dear . oo s mad v. i di g, t , , q ‘ D r A G . Debi Debi reach do umen B oer e J EW R, r, , c ts or e 1428 rom debr adh a r m . v. M aci eor en ce d . ( ) 5 f , pilg i , q H n D D mh ll O G . Domn a ll 1 46 . o na M . G 7 en Dom}! NALD, , . ( g D f . O . G . Do n a ll B f . o m Deer E . Ir . mn all Ir o Do . ( ( ), , Domn allu L at . l s Adamn an Domn a i l do . ab a e Earl W ( ), ( , tiv ), y . * Dumn u al la er D fn wal : Dumn ovalo-s rom du bn o of g , t yf , f domha n and va lo see a th m ean n world-w elder world , ( fl ), i g i , ” ruler m uc th e same in m ean n as Dumn or i x wor d-k n , h i g , l i g, ’ Caesar s o on n am n h Ae e o t e dui . See domhan a th . pp t g , fl ‘ - l en e M Dhbmhnui ll i Mac don a d . H c , ' D ubh laun Dubh an D F F M . Ir . G C Dufi of w c was Mac U , ( , l , hi h ' b e e ar er Dub K n Dufi in en cen ur rom th , li , i g t th t y ; f

v. A Gadelic dub n ow du bh bla k . s a erson al nam e is , , c , q p , it a cur a lm en of ome on er or double -s emm ed n m t i t s l g t a e (ci . f c F on n F lan n red . en e Jll a cdu O len m Du e i , , ) H" c fi ( fi , The family n am e Day) is merely the adj ective dubh used t epi hetically . - ha i h s ee M ac hee. D F F Ir . Dubht U Y, g ; p '

Dow a l . D owle D f ll . . DU D G . Dfi ha M G l . o D ub az ll GAL , g , g , g ( g , n 1 46 7 r een cen ur documen s e Du ald ge . ( thi t th t y t giv g b ll fi r r r M Ir . u t Dufgal . D ga ( s eco ded Dubgall “ Dub a ll a Dan Bl is at 91 2 rom Earl I . e ack f y r g , , ” stran er as o os ed to F i nn a ll a or we ian F a r g , pp g , N g , i for der a on onn and a ll or e n er . See G . en ce f ig , iv ti , fi H ‘ M Dhil ’ haill M ac-dou all M ac-dowel etc g , g , ,

dh D al . onn ch M . G . Du ncha D. of D A G . Donncha D a UNC N, ( i ), (

1 . G . Don ah f n . 4 a d B Deer D on n chaid e 67 0 . o , g ( ( ), * * “ had : Don n o-ca tu—s Dun no-ca tu—s B r w Ir . Donn c o n E . , , ” v The Gaul D warr or rom on n and ca th . . s on n o of i , f d , q i h personal n am es has been referred by De J ubain ville to th e m k n u r Ir . dor d e noble me mean n and o as M . sa i g igin , i g, j g , ’ ’ a w ord occurrin g in O Davoren s glossary . ’ ’ Ei deard Eudard D al mbea Iomhar the fi rs G . EDWARD, ( , i ), I r , 5 t E dward borrowed the second is the orse Iu’ arf rf h En . N is t e g , " ‘ ’ - f f d M iver ence M Eidear M E dward. ed see ac . borrow ( ) H , 1 4 PE RSONAL NAMES AND SUR NAM ES .

‘ E o han E . . E N in M . G . E a an WG h nn D a . Eb ha n , , E . Eb a , , g ( i l g ), g g Ir * — - b n E o an : Avi ono s S okes e o , O . Ir . g g t ), w ll r ” — ’ * m leu Got. a a oo rom ami r en l ood Skr . dvi , g d, f , f i d y , g ,

efu cf. e e auco des re oss b Gr . oo thanks, L at . , i , p i ly , g d ( h r

- - - Wh as E u tz ir n Eu tut 0 . Br . E 11. can t Efi év u eni us . s, E g ), g , , , y n — - f 3 e ers . fl i b L ect. 6 R s . vi can tus. r au . A Eu hoca , G l hy ( ) r f Ir * - run O wen to E su en Gau . E su enus s an and W. E ogh g l g , p g Z mmer re ards O wen as bo owed rom from the god E sa s. i g rr f ver the evo of O m E va-cattos E u eni us . Ct owe L at. g , h , g ic ,

- en ce M ac ewen . n ow E ochai dh . H ' G F ear char F earchai r . F ear chai r H h M . G . F earc ar . F ARQU AR, , , , Ir * ” F M ear 848 Ver' -car o-s su e - ear on e for ( . ., y , p r d 5

ear see F er us an d for car s ee D . abo e . en e f , g , ict v H c ‘ ‘ M ac—er char F ar uha r son M F a r uh M F hearchair, , q , q

F . . M . G . F ear hus er u s E . . O F US G . F ear has ERG , g , g , g , Ir , Ir Br r t ur ost Gur ust 0 . . Uuo os U er usso W. F F er us . g , g g , y , g , g ” * — - “ — er ustu s s u er c o ce for ver or ear see i n D . ar V g , p h i ; f ict f , hu ai r a e to L at . su er an d for ustus see un e Aon s ( lli d p ), g , d r g * ’ * ' re ard F er ere a ea r man mr o r mr . me s G . o abo e . So v g h f , , ’ I G i nn Ma erson s Gael c F i onn hal w ea F N . F o GAL, , cph i g , hich r lly ” man r a r- or n F s ou mean Norse o F e e M. G. ann h ld , i f ig r, i ' ha ll a Norseman m F i onn - a l k n of Man and the g , g , i g Isles F i ngal (M a nx king of Man and the I e rom 1 0 0 t 0 7 rom on n an v l 7 . s s 7 o 1 d Gall . F i n a l f f fi , q g as the n ame of the Gaelic mythic hero is an in ven tion of ’ Ma e on a ke w e i hi ae l ‘ s s s s s s G F i nn hal . As a cph r , li i ic o g matter of fact the nam e is a Gaelic form of the female n ame F lora See F ionn a hal i n the adde ndum o g t this list. F i onnla F i onnla h m l F AY G . ss e F i onnladh M. G INL , , g ( i p t ), . '

F i nl a D. of F i n l e 14 F i onn laoich a t c en . 67 y ( , g ( ,

n Duan Alb h . E . . F n h e . anac i dlwc L ib . Le ns e F nn g ( ), Ir ( i t r), i loech and F i nlae en M a S r . r anu s co us . ose ea g, g ( i t ) Th ly ' forms and the Norse F z n n lei kr prove that the n ame m ean s “ ” r a F air he o (fi onn n d laoch). It is a popular (1 oth and 1 1 th en u ren er n of F i n n lu F a r a a e on e c t ry) d i g g, i ttr ctiv , ” the o er n ame . has b een ex la n ed as F a r w ld It p i i calf, hich '

ou su the on e cs also . en ce F i n la son l il c/czn a w ld it ph ti H y , a l y

F O B G . F oi rbei s F oirbei seach earl do R ES, , , y cumen t form De F or bes (thirteenth so nam ed from the place-n ame F orbes in Aber eens re d hi . ’ F R G. F riseal F ri sealach rc 1 2 ASER, , , ci . 98 the patriot s n ame is a ous Smon F r aser F r asel F r esel F r i sel v ri ly i , , , , in Domesday

B . F resle Ba e Abbe R o ls 3 F i sell , ttl y l ( ) r or F resell ; usually P NA ERSONAL NAMES AND SUR M E S . 1 5

* re erred F r . to 0 . reze a s rawberr rez ele r f f , t y, f , f om L at . r a ula r a um F r . r ai si er s ra berr a f n . F or g , f g , f , t w y pl t sen se,

of. the n ame Plan ta enet broom S rawberr g ( ). t y leaves form ar of the F raser arm or a b ear n The wor p t i l i gs . d may also “ m ean urled E i zz le n . r i r ez e . c ( g f , f ) ‘ ’ - G B A G . M A Bhreatnai ch son f AL R ITH, , o the Briton (of Strath c Th e n lyde). ame appears in the thirteen th cen tury in

Len nox etc . as Ga lbra i t rom t , , (f Ga ll an d B rea o f Breatan n a b ove ).

G . Seem s Secrsa Deorsa ul ma e rom Gr ew é GEORGE, , , , ti t ly f . y py s , “ ” a armer worker of the ear 7 «S é ear t En . f , th (7 3, h, py s, g ‘ w r k . en ce th e Border M r e o ) H Geo g . G B i ll G . G eabart Gillebrid i l er e. G b t i r m A . . i l IL ERT, , s f o g S G s e “ ” ber t Br os a e s ee i all in D illebri d i St , ight h t g ( g ict . ) 5 G e s ’ Br d e s slave an exceed n common n ame on ce bu t n ow i g t , i gly , l l itt e used . ’

G HR T G . G S Gi lle ri osd M . z ll G acr i t Ir . i r i c . s G llac st se era ILC I , , , ( v l ‘ ’ in e e en cen u r : servan n i l v th t y) t of Christ. He ce M G l

Chr i s t. rans a es a s o hri to h It t l t l C s p er . ‘ G ESP E G . Gi easbu see Ar chi bald ILL I , ll ig . ‘ ll v - I I S G . Gi i osa : ser an f F r m A o esus . o M L i o G LL E , t J s “ ‘ m e th e En s or m L co s ees M L ei sh . gli h f , ‘ SS G . as an e e be n la r M h G s e . See Glas om GLA , l , pith t, i g g , g y . M i dh . G . o r ai r DF G . Gora G 1 467 God e GO REY, , f g ( f y ' ' f M . I . t . Go r a z dh r Go h r ith Go rae also Go m i Ir f f , f g, f g ' Ir . Goth i . t Ti ern ach E . W m d L ib . E Go hmt ( g , f ( . A mb The Norse n a - n n . Ca me for is Norse me n a are ( ) , it th t ’ ‘ ‘ re erre to is Go hr bhr or Ga drod also bu t the f d , (

w . arl r ael c s o s ra er a n me all h . e ie G i h th a ied to t e Ag S. “ ’ ” f ' i ed G r Ger . ott r Mode n Gae c i Gode r i d G od s eace . s f , f , p li N r T he D ct on ar es e G . u i dh a m ore like the o se . i i i giv G a re s ‘ ' u val n t of God r e for w w v r ee M u ar me the e e o e e s . q i f y ; hich, h , Q dan Go don Gerd na h rom th e ar s n ame D N G . Ge o c GOR O , r , r , 5 f p i h i w Th e rd n are well i n of Gordon n Ber ickshire . e D Go o s al ex la n eviden ce in the thirteen th cen tury . Ch mers p i s the “ - - - lace n ame as Gor d n s u er dfin um see ar and di m . p y , p ( f ) m l v n i n . ba a s n ow us ua obha n . e e Gow G . Gob , , ith, l y g , q H c — Ma c- ow' an owan M a c cowan . C . , g , A nnd Gr an t an En s am l w c se le G G . Gra R NT, , gli h f i y hi h tt d r n Gr a n t u n e rn ess in the r een cen u E . abo t I v thi t th t y, g ,

En . ran . Gr an d rom F r . d , f , g g ‘

M r e ar D. of Gri o ai r Gri o arach M . G . G G . GREGOR, g , g , g ( ' i r Ir ri or' ea s Gre or the Grea Gr e o E . L at G M . . Ir g , . ( ) g ( g y t, ‘ I é i o i us Gr. s a a our e rom L at. Gre o r died f g , pny p , f v it 1 6 PERSONAL NAMES AND SURNAM ES .

i Gr . w rd c . e cclesiastical n am e from the third cen tu ry on a ( ‘ ‘ M Gri o al r M ac éw n . care en ce o be wa c u E . , ypny p , t hf l, g ) H g r e or' Gr e or g g , g y . h earl documen s Gun Clan G G . Gu nh e Gunnac UNN, i , , y t l n an of Su erlan d or n all rom gwh in Ki do th , igi y f ’ Gunm wel cen u r the Caithn ess 5 from the Norse (t fth t y),

'

a a . n m e en of a son of Ola a Ca n ess c e O r in. S a th f, ith hi f ( g ) ' m e f This Ga h m i s a short or pet form of som e lon ger na o

- w s em w unn r war as the first an d c e on e cf. t o t s, ith g , , hi f ( ’ Ga n n —d w w c is an old Ork n e name Gu nn -b or n Gun n , hi h y , j , lan r Gunn -dl rf war-wol Gun n -stei n Gun n g , j , f, , O l r m Nors e Har a ldr same i n M . Ir Awa t o Harai lt . H G . AR LD, , , f ( — ' l M a c ra z d . n her ald . e n e roots an d origin as E g . ) H c

i . M G . E achu n n D al hai nn . G . Eachunn Eac HECTOR, ( i . ), , g E achdui n n 1 46 7 E a chdhonn . E achdhui n . , g , g ( * “ ” E achdon n ear —donn o-s orse lord l ke Ir. (y q , h , i E ach—i hi hea rn a of M a c-echer n O f ou rse Brown - ors e is g . c h d vr n a n m o . The o e cs ar e a s Gr . s possible 5 cf. E ph ti g i t * ” — - E a ch dui n e orse man as an ex lan a on . , h , p ti Hen r i e n w en r rom En . H G . Eanrui rom 0 . o ENRY , g ; f g , H y, f ' “ — - u r home and r i c in Germ an c Heim mlc om e r le En . i , h ( g ' - r hen dr i h Hen d r bi c m c r i c . n c e sh a h e e M a c son . g , ) H c , ’

i d an Hui d an in Ar le E han M . G . HU G . U s e s e t GH, ( ), gy g , ” f - Hu i sdumn w c com es rom Norse E stei n n s on e . , hi h f y , t n r v A d e cka a Th e Dictio a ies also gi e the G . o h (s e Ma y) s e u valen to u w c is s el rom G erm an c sou r es q i t H gh, hi h it f f i c ,

eu on c roo hu ou . T t i t g, th ght

J M S S m . G . eu as M G . Sema s rom the n J a m e E . s a A E , , 5 f g , fi modi cation of Hebrew Ja cob. — JOH G . a n older Ebi n in com ounds Seathai n as M ac Gille N, I i , , p , ‘ Shea thai n n n ow M Ill t i nn , ea ha .

M . . KATH G . Ca a G Ca thal Ir Ca tha l comm n . o EL, th l , ( * rom se en t cen u r n ward W — - t ua l t l o s O . . Ca Ka u va o s f v h t y ), g 5 ‘ h war s e ca t nd va l under D on a ld . n e a e ce M All M acha il . , , H , K G C anaideach Ceanadai h Ken n ed e . e d K n ed Jo n ENNEDY, , , y ( y, h ‘ M K en n ed o ur e en c en u r is th e am l n am e of the y, f t th t y) f i y old Earls of Garr ck n ow re res en ed b the Mar u i , p t y q is of Ailsa 5 it is a fam ous Irish n am e born e by the fathe r of B rian ’ ’ B r — o n i n th e en n tur Ir . ez nn ez d i h ce l r . n C E . Cen éti ch t th y g , , ’ ' “ en . rom cean n h ead an d e z ti h u l : u l a Cal e d . l g 5 f , , g , g y g y h ed ‘ also M Ualrai ‘ r m Wa r k o l c Ken n ed s x een t cen tu r g f i y ( i t h y), ' who first se led in Loc ab er Walm h ‘ ‘ c m tt h ay be G . Ualgharg ' “ con used w t eu ton c Ulr i ch olde r Uoda lmch f i h T i , , r ich

patrim on ially .

1 8 PERSONAL NAMES AND SURNAM ES .

M Z i nnearach loca ear S G . r n and Me EN IE , Mei nnea , Mai lly, ly docu men ts de M en gues de M eyn er s (1 249) 5 De M e eri w n u he am e as De Camer a a is gm a ould mea m ch t s , th t , “ ” ’ of the ous e old rom mesn masn n F r . men our h h , f givi g ( ’ man s ou r m an si on men a e men a er ie meni a l rom L at . g , g , ), f ( ), m m Th r an wa is man of ma n si on ro aneo rema n . e oo f , i t y y ' and ma n or and the name is a l ed to 11l an n ers and Ma in , l i soa ri ng .

' lf r un n . G . I o O lan u M hm ui n n O . M G M G . . O R AN, g g , g ' f t M or i—can’ to-s d 0 . Br . M or ca n i ll orcun t W111 0 r an Cor . an , . g , ,

- sea w te rom the s em of mui r and roo h d b urn as. in hi , f t t a , ,

le . ee M ka deo s ne En . ca n d S a c . con n adh L at. cau ( , hi , g ) y ‘ ’ ill - mb i Mar ervan MO I O G . Moi reasdan ear er M G e o e s s RR S N, , li r , y t, ll f ur The n ame M or r i s is for M . G . Gi a mure w ence Gi lmo . , h ’ “ ” M a ur i ce r m h L n am e M a ur i ci u M r o t e a n sa n s s oo s . , f ti i t , i h - - M G Ro ha h Ma an R hai h D a . Mun o In th O . c ot c . e UNR , t c , ( i l r ) “ ” our eent cen ur the n ame is of M n r w shows f t h t y o o, hich it is a err or a name ex la ned as B un -roe the m ou of the t it i l , p i , th Roe a r er in Coun Derr relan d w en ce th e am l are , iv ty y , I , h f i y re resen ed as av com e in th e ele en t en u r p t h ing v h c t y . M O H G Muir a h r Murchadh th e fir t is M . G . rll ui edh . e c s URD C , , ; i (t h en . r r i f u r M u e ch D. o i M eadhai h . g , g ( g , g 146 M ui r eadhach E . Ir . 7 I . Mui r edach Ir . L a O . t ( r , , ( ) ’ “ M ui r etha chus Adamn an s M ui r eda chus lord al ed to , , , li mui r en n an mur i ' S. ma r d ucdn A . s e claru n ; g , s 5 Br . co c mor i os 1 k . S o es R C . The orm Mur hadh i in Ir ( ) ( t f c s . * the am M a r h r — - s e E . . c ad : M o i ca tu s s ea war r e nce , Ir , rio . H ‘ rom the fi r t M Mhui ri h in A ra s c r n etc . becom n Ca rr i e (f ) ( , , i g ), an d rom the second M urchi son M ur hi I c e an d . M u r h . f , , , r p y See mu rr a ch above . M M irr G . o each rom the oun n am e Mora or Murra URRAY, 5 f c ty y y, earl Gadelic orms be n M or el) rll u r e and Nor r y f i g , f , s e M o hoefi * in fluen ced b Nors e ha s ea M or -a i a rom mar of m ui r ( y f , ) p , f , * ' sea an d a i a the erm n a on f se e ral Celt c l - , p , t i ti o v i p ace n ai n es An dre w M or r i ch Kiltear , n , 1 6 7 2 .

MY L Es G . Maolmoi re servan of Mar an old an d com mon n am , , t y, e . M le i m h s s ro Med . t e L at . M i l w a l a y f o, ith e n i n on miles — g , sold er a ommon n ame in the M ddle A i c i ges . MAC- A see Alexan der LISTER 5 . MAC-A see An drew NDREW 5 . MAC-A see Ar thur RTHUR 5 . ‘ ’ ’ - M * — MA A G . C I , As ai ll rom Norse Askell for As Icetill h SK LL g 5 f , , t e k tl a rificial “ et e (s c vessel) of the An ses or gods : a vessel of ” holin ess . AND NAM PERSONAL NAMES SUR ES . 1 9

MAC-AUL AY M‘ G . Amhla idh I . Mac Amhlaoi bh Ir , M . A . mla , r , ibh, ' ' ' E . Ir Amldi b A . , laz b ; rom Nors e 0 M r An la on o ns f f , f ( c i ), ’ the An ses re En le lic ( g . fl ). ‘ MAC-B G . M Bheathai n rom Beathan En l EAN, , f , g ished as B ean * ’ 1 490 B eane 1 4 - ( , , 81 or Ben ami n : B i tdta n o s e s son ) j g , lif , rom tea tha e w the erm na on -a no-3 mean n f , lif , ith t i ti g , i g ” des endan f E - t o n . i n now used l ke h . c , g g, i t e E ng to form ' d m n u - - es . Also M a c ba z n M a c ve n . i i tiv , a ‘ MAC -B ‘ ‘ G . M Bhea h D t a a . ETH, ( i l M Bheathai n and M Bheathai — g), M . M G . betha ac d O . lf a c bea G . r f I d B . o D M . eer . M a c , ( ), r bathad Ma be 1 05 8 1 0 “ ” , 4 1 AD . son of l e rom beatha c th , ) if , f ,

e . is a er sonal n am e or n all n ot a r n m o c . lif It p igi y, p t y i ‘ F rom M acbeth come M B e M Ve M Vea h . y, y , g - ‘ ‘ G . M C Ir M a c M I ao . T ai dh son of ea u T e E . . ad AC CA G, g , g, T g , Ir y, ' bl all oss ed to Gau . T a s eus T etc . a d ex a n ed b 0 . p i y i l g , y pl i y “ Cl . an d Dav. as poet . ‘ MA - C M G . M Caluim see u nder M a lcolm CALLU , 5 .

- ‘ ‘ MA f C CO DRUM G . M Codrum rom Norse Guttormr Gobormr , 5 f , , “ A ' S. Gut r u . h m ood or r g g god se pen t (arm). - ‘ MAC O G M Colla. l l . . see C C LL, 5 o ‘ ‘ ’ “ MAC- MR G . G . M o z O M Comaidh M . I C m e D . of L . son C E, , ( ) of

omm e or omas . T i , Th — ‘ MAC OO NACHIE G . M Dhonnchaidh son of Dun can w h c s ee . , , , i h The Clan Don n achie are the R ober sons of A ole so—n am ed t th , ’ from Dun can de Atholia i n Bruce s tim e : the En glish form ’ of the n ame is rom R ober Dun an s reat ran dson wh f t, c g g , o

el ed in br n n the m urderers of ames I. to exec u n h p i gi g J tio . ‘ - i rom C m MA M . r G M Co ma o a . C CO R IC E . , g , f r c Ir ’ * Cor ma c Adam nan s Co rma cus : Cor' b-mac c ar o eer rom , , h i t , f

bes baske . See car ba d . F r cor b c ar o L a t . cor om 00 7 6 also , h i t, , t i r br e r O Ir . Co . omes Cai rb e . c , ‘ ' - i tz ll D. f M M adail M G . or l AC CO R UO DAL E Corc C . o ear Q , , g , g ( y ' documen s M a hcor u di ll 143 4 rom Nors e Thorhetell t g y ( ) 5 f , ’ Thor s kettle or holy vessel (see M a c ‘ — M Cruimei n rom R u mu n on a Man x R un e MA R IMMO N G . C C , ; f ( n scr on rom Norse Hr ému n dr for Hr é ei mun dr amed i ipti ), f ( , f '

or ? Ceann faelad Mac R a mat h B s o d . 820 protect ) , i h p, 5 man he b o d . 42 R u t s d . 91 9 Er a n the oe 7 . Hum , p t, 5 , i h p, ig - 1 - L ib . au d . 6 0 fol . 1 B dl . L 0 a a a n a aid R umu i n d MS. o g , , , , ’

Don s Gra m . (O . ) ‘ ‘ - M Cullach earl documen s M Cu lloch L L O CH G . MAC CU , , y t ‘ ‘ — “ u llo M Cullach 1 43 1 in Eas er R oss : son of the M C , ( ) t ‘ Boar cu llach ? M L ulach son of I/ ula ch le al has ( ) , (litt c f ‘ . u es ed and s a ears as M L ultch. been s gg t , thi pp 20 PERS O NAL NAMES AND SURNAM ES . — MAO DER MID see Dermid .

’ - MAC DONALD 5 see Don a ld . F F MACDU ; see Duff. ‘ ' - ‘ arl M a chem D. of e . G C MA HER N G M a hairn M . C EC , . E c , g/ ( y ' E chthi her n An nals documen ts M achaucher n Ir . g ( — rd rom each an d ti hearn a . A so 846 A. D . orse o ) H l , f g l ‘ ' * Englis hed as M Kechm e ( M a c ‘ ‘ - M Phaidei n earl do u men s M F adz ean e 1 5 40 MAC F ADY EN G . , , y c t ( )5

' rom Pa édean Pat a et orm of Pa tr i ck. —f , , p f r t mew MAC F ARLANE 5 see B a holo . — ‘ lmen es e a of M I rom a G . M Gille use as a ur a AC G LL 5 f , d c t i t, p ci lly — ‘ - Mac millan or M Gille mhaoi l . ‘ M - ll h h son of the Ser an of Jud GIL L IVR AY G . M Gi eb rat AC , , v t g

v. m en rom br ath ud men . t, f , j g t, q ‘ M - ' Gl i in a s de - orm of M Ghi lle hlai s th e AC GL ASIIAN G . M a se , , i f g , ‘ ‘ docum en s M Gi lle M llez l D. of G . I ass Gre lad M . y , ( t

l F or th e orma on of s n am e cf. Gi l e g e sch f ti thi , l ‘ naomh Mac-n ven Gi e- mao Mac-m llan i lI Gi lleban e ( i ), ll l ( i ), ‘ ’ — ‘ M Gz lle uidhi r M Clur e dun lad Gi lr o r ed lad. ( , ), y, - M WN see u nder Gow. AC GO A 5 — r r MAC GREGOR 5 see G ego . - ‘ dai dh MAO H G . M Car —ARDY, MAC INDEO R ; see Dewar .

- MAC INNES 5 see Angus. — - - - ir on of the car en er s ee saor . MAC G . Mac ah t sao s INTYRE, , p t 5 ‘ ' - ‘ f l mhaer 1 46 . Imhar I . M Iamh i r M G . M 7 M AC V G . a ER, , ( Ir , ’ ' f m orse varr . mai r . ro N E . . I Ir , g 5 f ' ‘ G . Aad O . . Aed Adam A r m i dh O . I M G . M Aoidh o Ao CKAY , , f , , r , ’ * ' 3 Ir . a e fir Gr 01 90 edur fir E . d Aida : A s e e . n an s Aida s . 9 , g , , , , ,

d L at. aedes ouse a estus ea 0 . H G . fire bran . , , , h , h t,

h e Gaul . Aeda i . ci t fire re . en e t , , py H c ‘ ‘ - l E llair ld n rf MAC G . M Ea ai r M a o docume s M akhella KELLAR, , , t ’ ‘ “ ” i ll a lca lerf e (1 47 M Ca llar all of Ardare ‘ M Ke r in Glassar Ar le . E llar lla ro es th e y, gy p v

f Ir . l r l i M . n ame to b e Ea a r . E ai th e Gael c orm of , i f ' ' L a Hi lar zus borrowed. t . ‘ - M Coi nnich rom oi nn each w MAC K Z G . C s ee un der EN IE, ; f , hich

Kenneth . ‘ G M F hear hai r e F MA ERCHAR . c se ar uhwr . CK , 5 q ‘ M I a n M ACKESSACK for G . sa c so of I saac. A so M ACKIESO N , , l , ‘ ' M Keseh 1 47 5 Kessolcz ssone Kessoks one 1 488 M ake e , 5 , , 5 son , 1 5 07 M alc sonn 1 400 mos l in Men e an d S. er 5 y , ( t y t ith P th), m Kessoc Kessan erson al n ame r ro s c . 1 5 00 also St f , , p ci , .

Kessog or Kessoclc. NA PERSONAL NAMES AND SUR M ES . 21

' M A ‘ I OP G . M F hi lib for hi w = CK LL , , P lip here f ( p h) is as ra ed and sa ears ro m L at Phi ll i a . s rom Gr . pi t di pp 5 f p , f over of h orses see a ol and ea l ( g ch). M A G M‘ h A I . F i onnla idh rom F i n la CK NL Y, ( ) 5 f y . M G ‘ ‘ ' I O . M F hi on hui n M F i . G . hm n e , on . i n ACK NN N g , g , g ' M aq n un fi O . Pin G . m a B . en . of Deer Ir . g g , g ( ), F i ' n hi n M . Ir . F i n hz n F i n n e Ir d ui n E . F . i u i ne : en o g , g , g , ng V on i o-s a r-born onn d an i n of. for g , f i (fi g ) 5 force an d partial - roo Gr . Ka kh év s and ovo in t y n , 7 s proper nam es ; M K N - - ’ G . Mac ah tbi si ch the an e s son see téiseach AC I TOSH, , Th ( ), - - M G . O lan n a an té i . sai h Clan g , s Mackin tosh Toi ssi ch

- — D. of Mack n os es Cla nn an toi si h 1 46 7 l ( i t h , g ( ear y ‘ docu m en ts M Toschy ‘ ‘ MACKIR DY G . M Urardai h M Ura rthi e 1 63 2 , g , , 5 1 6 26 M a kmur ra r t 1 5 47 M a kwem rf t 1 5 1 7 com 5 y, 5 y, 5 mon in Bute an d Arran of old rom M ui r chear' tach sea-d re r , f , i cto mu i r an d cea r t w en e al Jl ‘M ur tr i e so Mwtr i e. ( ) 5 h c , M A - ‘ C H G . M L achlainn ee L h LAC LAN, 5 s ac lan .

‘ ' M G G . M L a ain L atha ai n in i n a ACLA AN , g ( g ts tive district of Strathta documen ar M akla a an y), t y g sed quid ? - ‘ MAC G . M L abhrui nn r see L aw en ce. LAREN, 5 ‘ ‘ Ma ' h e m ar r G . M L ab artai h and L athartai h r m F l z , g c , f o a th

' - bhear tach En . F laher t : dom n on b ear n or r n cel , g y i i i g p i y ar n a h a a r be i g (s ee fl t nd be tach). ‘ ’ ’ MA - M Ill a h i n f r Sh ha C G . e t a o Gi eat i n John or Sea than s LEAN, , ll , ’ i - n i s ervan M . G . G olla eoi G lleeoi n 1 46 7 t, ( doc um en ts M a hg illeon (1 3 90) 5 from gille and Saathai n (l ai n )

n h la . or Eb n ohn the a e r be t e ss c G for th e n am e . i , J , l tt i g c i “ n m e n s i n Hebr ew the Lord rac ousl ave Joh a g i y g . ’ ’ MA - i ll r nan S E rn an i ll C L EAR NAN so G rom G E t s e. The , ; f , g “ ” ' Lat n name o f s sa n is F er reolus 1ron -on e rom i thi i t , ; f

f i a run n . ‘ ‘ MA - M An- or ear er M An- léibh doc umen s C G . e LEAY , l igh , li , t ‘ un l e n 06 - 9 M on lei 1 498 i n Easter Ross D s he e . 1 3 C f ( ), p , g ( ,

' K n re Dun s la Makcorr M . G . Dui nslei be en . i ty ), f y , g ’ ’ B wn f lébe en . ro o the ll Ir . D ui n as i bhe E . Ir . Do nnsle , , g Hi , “ ” m and sliabh n ot Lord of the ll as o er from da ( Hi , th ’ ’ h l z bhe - Du b s e s ee M ac hee . lar n ames ex s t in du bh e. . simi i , g 5 p ) ‘ m as re arded the M L ea s of the nor -wes as Capt . Tho g y th t h e s an who e s n rom F er cha/r L eche F . t desce ded f , phy ici , g t ‘ — ’ n in Ass n t in 1 3 86 be n u s M An let h s an s la ds y , i g th g , phy ici ‘ The A n M L ea lan En l s ed n Man x le L e e. so , C g, gg ppi c g i h n m e as L n s on e of w om was th e elebra ed their a ivi g t , h c t v tra eller , 22 PERSONAL NAMES AND SURNAM ES .

‘ ‘ ’ - f Gillan; l a n D. o M il fh lai . i l ela MAC L EL L AN G . G o n M G M G l , , . ( ’ O . Ir ldn . Ir . F ae aelan 1 46 7 St F lan s sla e E . f ( il v , ,

m dil n ow a ol n ce Gi é llan . F dilan ro wo . v. e , f f , f , lf, q H fi ‘ ' - M ac; MA G M Illinnei n S rvan f t fi i nn a n Ir . C . e o S LENNAN, , t , Gi l a - n n en ommon i n our een and fifteen th cen ur l fi (c f t th t y), ’ F i m os = F i nn i o Ir . n n i a Ad n a s i n n i a M F i n den E . n am n V . Ir . , , , F i n n i on i s = F i n dbar r us rom inn onn w e : th e ul ; f j , fi , hit f l “ n ame of w c F nn an is a et orm was F i n dba rr or F a r hi h i p f , i — M . G . fa k l n rom . ead En . F air x S en e deduced M ac enn a h , g f ‘ ’ M Gi lla -a a mnf an Adam n an s ri lle do u men s Gi lle anan g , g , c t g Macn eill Gi lleown c m ‘ ‘ - ‘ M L id M . G . l d D. f i ll L eod MS. MAC O G . eb M C o o LE D, , y ( ( ’ um G do en s M a clo de our een cen ur 0 . . L eot c t y (f t th t y), f D er r l in n B . o e No se Sa as L dtr ear of Orkn e e ( ), g j , y t th en ur an d o erw se a comm on Norse n am e th e word is c t y, th i ; “ ”

d . m an . an a n l I Got li u ta d embler En . li ttle e u ss . j i g g y ( ), , i , g ‘ MAC-M HO M Mh h M a h G . at ai n s ee t eson A N, 5 . ‘ ’ A - M M r M C MA TI G . hai rti nn n o do ub for earl er Gi lla ma tai n R N, , t i ,

en . 1 46 7 MS. an an c r f the Cam eron e : En es o o c s . g ( , t hi f ) g M ar ti n r m L M ar ti n u h o at . s t e n ame of th e amous ourt , f , f f h n u r ce t y Gaulish sain t 5 it mean s m artial . ‘ A - M M C A G . M hai hi i n st r so of th e Ma er . M STER, g , st ‘ hIA - M Mhi h C A G . c eil doub less for ear er Gi llami cho l MICH EL, , t li

s ee Car mi cha el . ‘ ‘ MA -M M Mh l — c I G . ao ain M Ghi lle mhaoil son of th e Bald LLAN, , ,

i lle cf . To M a ola m u m g ( n. st b e co pared th e m Jl i l Og ic a agn i . ‘ ‘ M - A M - ‘ AC N B G . Ah aba M . m n n . G . b D of M Ah Aha , , y a ( 1 46 ” 7 MS. son of the A ( ) bbot ; see a ha . ‘ ' A - M - M C I G . An uidhi r for Ma c l a i n ui dht r son of dun NA R, 5 ,

- od ar ohn cf. Jlf a ka ner o 1 5 5 6 n o w JIac i n r o and ( h ) J ( y, , y, 1 5 26 n ow M ac Suc is th u r of h , h e so ce t e Ga rloc bran c f h i h h o t e n am e . The Perthshire sept appears ‘ in docu ments as M l n ay r M a cn ayr w hich is ‘ ’ ex la n ed as M Ah -oz hr e on f s o the . p i g , h eir in Cowal Jo n M a hn ewar' 1 5 46 in D oo un n Tho . h ( , ) ; ‘ V M a er 1 681 n ern e Pr f ss . . Mack nn n y ( , I v ) o i o su ggested ‘ M An - hui bhi r son of the sm t or a f , i h f ber ; n or shou ld ‘ ’ M An - hui dhi r the s tran er s son b e overl j , g , ooked as a possible e m l ty o ogy . - ‘ M AC G HTO G . M Neachdainn M G NAU N, , . . M rVeachta i n

G. Nectan c s Nai o O . t n Bede rom n echt u re roo , Pi ti h ( ), f , p , t '

m of m h was . g g , h P ERSONAL NAMES AND SURNAM ES . 23

‘ ' MAC- G . M Ri h D. N of L . M on ee M Ni e 1 6 1 3 Km EE, g ; , , 5 M e, ‘ 1 5 94 M Kne 1 480 Men e an d Breadalban 5 , ( t ith e). F rom ’ m ac-m a am on ? , ch pi — ‘ MAC N G f I . M Neill do umen s Al akn ei ll E LL, , c t See Nei l . ‘ ’ ' M AC- G M Nea ai l M . NI O . c . G M Nz caz l r m o L at . Ni cola C L, , , f s, Gr . ” Nméka s con u er n eo le . en e Ni ch , q i g p p H c olson . ' - ‘ ‘ MAC I H G . M Nei s rom M Naoi s the Naoes n a N S , 5 f , bei g dialectic orm of Aon hus r f g o An gus . ‘ - M h - MAC IV G . G i lle naoimh th e sa n i ll N EN, , i tly g e (cf. for form in - la h ‘ En . a c D u g M g s an ). oc men tary form Gi ln ew M Ilwedy

The M . G . and Ir . Gi lla Nan aemh ser an of the , v t ‘ ' sa n s 1 46 7 is a d ffere n n Th ame . Nemn i i t ( i t e Ir . M s for M ac Ni mhei n (O m n ai che ‘ A - M M C PH I G . Phai l son of au Se P l . e a u A L, 5 P l . M — ‘ — ' M a P . AC PHEE G . i D hi M G . a e t f L . uz h . o b i , , M f ( ) M D s thi do u men s M acdu e for Dub-shz the B ack of c t fi , l a du bh a i pe ce ( n d s th). ‘ A - h M C PH O G . M P earsain s on f o th e arson M . G . ERS N, , P , ‘ ‘ r of d cu m n f M a p ha sone (D. o e ts M Inp her soni s (1 5 94 Acts of Bean M aki m er son e 1490 Cawdor a ers M ak p ( , P p ), ‘ ar son 1 481 Kilravock a ers Arc al Wal r b d M te f ( , P p ), hi vic Don cho V ic Per soun (who in 1 5 89 has lan ds in Glassary ‘ of Ar le Tormot M F ar' san e car of Sn iz ort The gy ) 5 (vi , ‘ ' ' Baden och M Pherson s are kn own as O la n u M hm rech ; the '

Sk e e ar alle an an a e m a can on i cus an on . s e ch ro L t . c y pt c d C (f , ) ‘ ‘ ’ MA - I z r 6 G . M uair M . G u a i r e M ua e 1 4 7 C A R G e . G G QU R E, , , ( ‘ ac uhar' r' Goi r' e of Ulva 146 3 M ak uhor in M q y M ( , q y * ’ ' ’ ' - rf ble Ir . uae e n o 1 47 3 rom Gadelic Gua i r e Ga wmo s E . ) 5 f , , g , 5 ’ deo re o e r a 13 o d exu l n u r er L at . au G . g rou 7 p , p , ti g 5 f th g , j ic ,

En . o g j y . ‘ ‘ MAC- G Cuinn do u m en s Sween M ueen 1 609 Clan . M QUEEN, , c t Q ( , ‘ C a ah B d M ue n 1 5 43 Sw n e en also as a erson al h tt on ), Q y ( , y th p ’ n ame i n un l s B d M ah uean 1 5 02 erson al n ame , H t y on ), q ( , p

1 46 MS. Mack n M . uibne en 7 So ne also a ears . G S . y pp ), , g ( , i ‘ ' os en ea o M Soem th D. of documen s S n t h g l gy), ( t yfly '

bhn e Sween e E . Ir . 1 269 the K n re Sween s Ir . Sue ( , i ty ), ( y), ’ * ' “ Sahn e Adamnan s Sui bneus : Subm o-s roo hen o z Good , , t , g ” ' ‘ O Duinn etc a ears in Th o e B uehne . goin g ? e opp sit ( , ) pp ' ' ll f u bhach subhach . Usua C . d O a Dovmn zas en . gam s (g ) , y - Mac ue en is re erred to Norse En . Swe n Norse St ei na q f g — y , , w M ac Swa/n a Sk e n ame . e G . n o which giv s , y ’ ‘ n r Mac Cui n e or Cui bhne for M Shuibhne Pronoun ced i A g . , ,

which is the best s pellin g for Argyle . ‘ ' ‘ ’ - M ecr az fh o umen s M Cm th MA A G M Rath M . G . en . C R E, . , g , d c t ' Ma crat th ears 448 on wards : 1 3 83 in Ro emurc u s Ir . ( thi h ), (y , ) 24 PERSONAL NAMES AND SURNAM ES .

A er onal name r L uck rom r ath . v. s Son of Grace o , f , q p

like Macbeth . - MAC R AIL D 5 see under Har old . ‘ - uill see B an a ld. MAC R ANAL D G . M Raon , 5

- — n s e Mahr eur in MAc O MAC U Y see R r . Do ume y R RY, R R 5 o y c t giv

1 427 .

‘ - ‘ - - G M An t Sa ai rt son of the r es . AC . M TAGGART, g , p i t ‘ ‘ —A M Thaimhs for M Thamhai s son of omas or MAC T VISH G . , , Th do um en s M l n e T awssi D. of G . C ma M . Tam s, y ( c t ‘ ’ au se 1 494 1 488 in K ll n of L ochta . and M C ( , , i i y) ‘ ' —I M Bhi ocai r do um e n s Malcm car 1 5 6 1 w en V A G . MAC C R, , c t ( , h ”

h V car . lan ds are given n ear In veraray to him) Son of t e i ‘ - M M hui rea dhai h the G . I H M Mhuiri ch . MAC V G . UR C , , g ‘ Bardic family of M Vurich claimed des cen t from the poet 1 2 e n ow all em Mu ireach A1ban ach (circ . 00 Th y c th selves Macphersons by con fusion with th e Badenoch Clan n

Mhuirich . ’ Ir Ni a ll Adamnan s Nelli s en . Ir E . . N I G . N a so . E L, i ll , , , , g ' * ' * ' Netllo—s Need-s-lo see n i a ta for roo the m ean n be n , 5 t, i g i g -f The word was borrowed en e M a o n ei ll . champion . H c

n o Norse as ll N a l an d h en e borrowed n o E . i t d , j , t c i t ng , Ni el a learn ed s ell n w ere a ears in Domesda Bk . as h it pp y g , p i g

of Nei l w ence Nelson etc . , h , ' ‘ - N a ail ee M a c m col. NI O O G . M e c s CH LS N, ’ ‘ m i r d for earl er Tor' NO M G . Tor o d 1 t mo R AN, , i ’ m nd docum en ts Tor mode Da d II s re n rom Norse o ), ( vi . ig ) 5 f ’ i m rm Thdr moar the wra t of or E n . d . The o , h Th , g oo f “ ’ T or mun d al erna es w Tormod 1 5 84 1 5 60 or s t t ith ( , ) Th l T a l r lt for w a orm i t cf . i a mai pro tection 5 h ence the Di . ( ' f Cf. ear maz lt German . on e s . G ph tic ) , y AT I Padrui ‘ Parui ‘ w et orm a for Gi lle P G . a R CK, g , g ( ith p f P r ), '

. Gi lla adrui Ir . Pddrat eolla h tm i cc ha dm i M G . G d p g , p g, g, p , tr i ce rom L at Pa tri ci us a r O l r . Pa . an . en ce M ac . 5 f , p t ici H

f ha tr i c/c Pa ter son . p , P 1 ClassiC P l rom L at P a u l P G . 0 a lus rom au us AUL, ( ), 5 f , , f p ,

l t l E . ew e . i t , ng f m L at Petr' us r Hé E G . e r r dai o . om Gr . f o a s rock s o n e . PET R, P 5 f , f p , , t P cki llo HI IP so G . s ee M a . L , 5 p

ll M G . R a hn a ll RANAL D G . Raonu . R a nall R a hna ll , , g g , g

' 1 46 7 Ir . R a na ll comm on rom Norse R e nvaldr ( g ( ) ; f g ,

’ ru er of rom the ods or r uler oi ounsel r i f . rom c n r e m l (f ) g , c , f g , g , '

the ods Got. m z n o n on r ule w en ce R e i n ald R e g , g , pi i , 5 h g , y ‘ - ld etc . en e M Raonui ll a r n M. c an a ld Clanr a n a ld o , H c , , . ROB T R i ert Roba Rob M b . G . ob r a R e t D. f ER , , rt , , ( o R oi ber t

f m . R o 1 467 MS. ro E ber t A r . S. R o be t rom hr ( ) 5 f ng , g , f é,

2 6 PERSONAL NAMES AND SURNAM E S .

' bor WI lli a 1 46 7 MS the G . is iL AM M i m i I i ll . G . G . W , U eam, ( ) ; Wi lhelm e me i llelm Ger . row . . W E E e rom the 0 . d f ng , ng , , h l t ’ ” - en e M ao wi llzam . of resolution (from will an d helm). H c

SO ME NATIVE F EMALE NAMES . O HI B ethoc Chr oni cles o Pi cts Beatha P M . G B etho g , S A, . g ( f ’ * ’ a n u n an s m o er for B ethoc the and Scots n me of Ki g D c th ), ,

- fem orm of Beathan s usse un er M ac bean . . f , di c d d ' * te r B r i ta e B t ti i t . B m o B I T Ir . r ride B G E . O . Ir . B i , R D E , , g , g g g rgz

S okes an old Gael oddess of oe r etc . C m . ( t ), ic g p t y, ( or ) 5 u su all re erred to th e roo br Cel B r i an tes y f t y, high , tic g , high ber u r Ger . l f m . r e or n ob e eo e Skr . br ha ti e l p p ; , high ( ) 5 f th g, wa B r a i w se bur . T f oe r s o ll E . h he ors e od o hi , ng g N g p t y g , h

The n ame of the Gr . n ame m ay be allied to that of B r igit. goddess (Bhrg -ttd) an d th e Teu ton ic n am e B er hta r m h am E r i t ave b en com ared to o t e s e s em as . b h e (f t ng g ), h p 1 3 r 290 but s der va a of B id et o fman B ez . B ei t. th t g (H f , , )5 thi i on of A hr od te - r is un u ual ti p i foam sp ung 2) s . il ' ee i l G , D bh d Ir . Di orbha Di orbhor ui l DO OTH M . , g , R Y, f ’ Dear bhaif l Dear bh or ha ill res ec el tran sla ed b O Don , f g , p tiv y t y “ ” “ ” o an rue re ue ll i and ru e oa E . Ir r a ll s see h . o v t q t ( ) t th ( f g ,

O . Ir . orcell es mon rom ea ll en e the s or f , t ti y, f g ). H c hi t ic n am vor ill e De g a .

F i onna hal F O A M . G . F i on n hua la 1 46 9 do umen g , L R , g ( c ts “ F i n vola F nf u' ola Ir F i nn huala : F r y . g ai s ouldered rom on n an ua l h 5 f fi d g a . G f M ’ M r Me a H M . é . M dr Ir . M 67 ear 91 6 , r g, SARA , ( (y ) 5 from ’ ” mor rea w le ebrew Sar ah m ean s ueen , g t, hi H q . Muir all M M — e IO I Ir . M ui r hea l ear 85 2 M ori e/d , AR N, UR EL, g (y ) g , sea-w e rom mui r an d eal hit 5 f g . ’ Oi ‘hri Ei hri ‘ P M E H A M . z I G . E r c D. of g g , g g, U E , fi ( m ed . ' A r i ca Ir f documen s . Ai thbhr i c o der A raz c t f , , l fl (two abbesses of Kildare so called in 7 3 8 an d 83 3 ) 5 from Af r i ca ’ ’ Raonaild Raonaid H rom Norse R a n hi ldz s , , RAC EL ; f g , God s

fi h . t Cf. R onal g d .

So cha C Ir . Sor cha m th a ro e d . sor cha br th r , LARA, ; f j , ight, e o os e of dor cha v pp it , q . . na WF W I I U I Ir . Un a usuall ex la , N RED, NNY, 5 y p ined as from Qi na = mi n a M . Ir . or ta un er am n e w en e th ( , g ), h g , f i , h c e Ir . ' roverb N1 bhi n an p o teach a mbion Un a la na leath gan ' ” n ii n a —Th u w er e ho se h e Un a is is n ever a day or half one w ” ou un er. W. n ew n C r / o . n a un B r . n aon M ith t h g g , , , . Br . * v o n a n no en E . n eed . Cf E E . Ir , . . u in chi s arc fi g ng , c ity, ng . n t wan n a a wa e. U d u er of the K n of L ochlan is re re , , ght i g , p ’ sen ed b Kea n a C n n t y ti g s o Cédcathach s mother (second ur cent y).

’ PIOL EMYSGEOGRAPHY OF SCOTL AND:

, th e am ous Ale x an r an e o r a e r flouri she in PTOLEMY f d i g g ph , d th e se co n d uarte r of th e se co n d ce n u r No n muc i q t y . thi g h s kn o n of hi s erso n a s or b ut hi s w ork on a r n m w p l hi t y , s st o o y a n d ge ogr a phy domin ated th e w orld of le ar n in g a n d r ese a rc h for a do z e n su bse u e n q t ce n tur ies . Ptolemy syste m atise d th e r es u s o f a n c e n r ese ar c i n e se tw o su b e c ts a dd n some lt i t h th j , i g la r n e or es an d a ts of hi ow n a th c ifyi g th i f c s . Th t e e ar th w as a sphe re w as a f ac t a cce pted by the a n ci e n t w orld of sc i ence e er s n ce the m e of Ar s o le but t olem w as the fir t to v i ti i t t , P y s r odu c e a r a on a lan for r o ec n th e s ere e e r i n p ti l p p j ti g ph , ith w ole or i n ar u p o n a lane ur s a e . He i s i n a h p t , p f c f c t our fi rst e al sci e n tifi r c m ap m ake r . ’ Pto lemy s w o rk o n G e ogr aphy i s ve ry p r op erly e n titled n s r u c o n i n M a - dr aw n for of i ts e books th e I t ti p i g 5 , ight , secon d to th e se ven th m e r ely con tai n ta bles o f n ame s of places lo n u d e an d at ude at ac e d s o as to b e ran s r With git l it t h , t fe re d Th e fi r b o k e n r u n h to the m a p . s t o giv s i st ctio s ow to m ak the m a wi the r o e r r o ec on . tole m als o dr e 27 p th p p p j ti P y w , m a s h m se l an d m a s at ur or to b e e r des cen da n p i f , p th p p t th i ts i s e as owe e r are s ll ou n d i n th e to e m M SS. to ti f P l y It y , h v , see th at th e re a l v alu e o f the wo rk lies i n th e tables an d n o i n the m a s w h os e accu r ac u n ch ecke d b the ables coul , y , y t , , p ’ ne e r a te r so m an ce n u r e s o f c o n b e de en de d on . v , f y t i pyi g , p ’ Ptolemy s de r e es o f lon itude s ta rt fro m the the n kn ow n g g — w es ter n m os t p oin t of the w orld th e C a n ary I s la n ds 5 hi s .

- Hi s de ree o a ude o f cour se b e n s rom th e E u ator . l tit , , gi f q g f w es m ated at 5 00 s ad a w c i s o n e -s x t o o la titu d e as ti t i , hi h i th sm all ; hi s lon gitu de de gr e es pr op erly e n ou gh c on ver ge as he Hi s n or e r n m os o n of all i s u le moves n orthw ar d . th t p i t Th , In r e ar d to B r ain w hic h he place s i n latitu de 63 d egre es . g it hi s la titu de on th e so u th coa st of E n glan d is 2 de gre es too an d b the me Sco la n d is r ea c e d t s error i s high , y ti t h hi do u ble d 5 the Solw ay F irth i s p ut dow n as 5 8 d e grees 45

ere as i s 4 de r ee s es s an s re all . min u tes , Wh it g l th thi y 3 0 ’ PTOLEMY S GEOGRAPHY O F SCOTLAND .

’ Wh ile Pto lemy s ou tlin es of E n glan d an d I r elan d are i n a en e ra wa a rl ac cu r ate th e a a he a e s Sc ot an d g l y f i y , f ct th t pl c l at right an gles to E n glan d gives his m ap of the B r itish Is les a ro tes ue l n accur O n loser n s ect on g q y i ate a ppear an ce . c i p i , h ow e e r w ll be o u n d w e n on c e s n a e r r or is v , it i f , h thi i iti l a lowe d for t a hi s ou l n e o f S o an d i s as oo d as os e for l , h t t i c tl g th th tw o e an d Solw a e s s er c ou n tri . to th e n i t es Up Ty y , ’ Ptole my s m ap i s as ac cur a te as cou ld be e x pe c ted fr om hi s ene ral ork but e re n s te ad of con n u n Sco an d g w 5 h , i ti i g tl s r ai to th e North h e u rn s e as w ar d ex ac l 90 d e r ees t ght , t it t , t y g Wr o M an e x lan n s u es e d for t s n g . y p atio n s h ave bee gg t hi e rr or the m os sa r a le Who t n ks s a or i s at of M r B d 5 t ti f ct y th y , hi ha tole m or a re decess or h ad E n an d S o l an d an d t t P y p gl , c t , r el an d fi rst on re e se ar a e m a s an d i n fitti n em I th p t p , g th to e e r he h ad lace d re lan d to o f ar N or an d so e r g th , p I th , , p for e w as le to l n l n n d a e Sco an d at r a es to E a d . c , p c tl ight g gl I n an cas e a u de an d lon u de a e s te d lace s as far y , l tit git h v hif p as Sco lan d i s con c ern ed an d th e M ul o f G allow a i s the t , l y u r n f the st or th poin t o f Scotlan d accor din g to Ptole m y . O f cou r th u se e ex i s o te n corr d ffe r en t M SS. r e t t f pt , i p en Th l n s tin g diff er en t re a din gs . e ates t a d bes t e dition i s th a t f M uller ar i 1 883 h h o s e as co a ed so m e or M SS. an d (P , ) 5 ll t f ty , he ive s i n hi s n o es all th e ari ou s re ad n n o n th s e M SS. g t v i g , ti g ’ a e oll w i n Which the y occu r . I h v f o e d M uller s te x t i n the ’ tr an slation an d tr a n scr ip tion of Ptolem y s G eo gr a phy of n w Th e m a w Sco la d c e re re sen . c accom ni t , hi h I h p t p hi h pa e s is a er h as been k n dl r e are d b M r am e s F r ase r th p p i y p p y J , h E . n er n es s . He as e n th e la u e C . d s an d lo n u de s , I v giv tit git ’ o f M u ller s ex but o n es e h e h as r a te d the m ore or le t t , th g f s s r ou n de d co n ou rs of th e L a n ole m m t ti Pt y ap o f 1 47 8 . This pres er ves the m ap fro m th e o dd l ook which s u ch an gular re pr o ’ d uctio n s as os e i n Ca tai n om as s m a s alw a s re se n th p Th p y p t , w le ac u rac is o e d is n ot a wh s acrifi hi c y , it h p , it ced . A ter de scr b n th e B ri an n c sle o f Iver n i a a f i i g t i I , th t i s , r e an d tole m se ts abou des cr b n the s u a I l , P y t i i g it tion o f th e ’ e br de s w c he laces to the n or of rel an H i , hi h p th I d . Pto le my s te x t r u n s thus

er e li e abo e Ivern i a slan ds c ar e c a le d E bfi dw Th v i Whi h l , five i n n umbe r th e w es ter n m os of w c i , t hi h s called

on itud e L g . i n Degs . M s

i uda . 1 5 ’ L M G A O F OT AN PTO E Y S EOGR PHY SC L D . 3 1

The ne x t to it towardl the e as t i s likewise on tude L gi .

e s. i ne D g M . [ Ebfi da 1 5 40 1 7 1 7 3 0 1 8 30

An d tow ar ds the eas t from Ivern i a are these islan ds :

M on aoed a. 1 7 40 6 1 3 0

M n l o a. is an d 1 5 5 7 40

‘ Adri i a ese s an 15 5 9 30 , d rt i l d L mun ese s an 15 5 9 i , a d rt i l d

GEOGRAPHY O F T HE B R I T I S H I S LAND ALV I ON .

The es r on of the n ort s d e abo e i s the O e an d c ipti h i , v Which c called Dvecaledonius

Pen in su la of th e No van ta an d Ca p e of the same 2 1 R er igon i us B ay 20 30 V i n do gar a B ay 2 1 20 E s tu ary o f 0 15 ta 22 1 5 L em an no n ius Gulf 24 C ape E pi di um 23 M on th of the r iver L on gu s 24 30 M on th -of the rive r Itys [E iti s ] 27 9 V olas [or V olsas] B ay 2 M ou th of the ri ve r 30 Tarvedum or Or cas C ape 3 1 20

w es s e to w are a d a en Th e descriptio n of the t id , hich j c t A e r the O e a n . both the Ivern i c O cean an d th e V e rgi on ius c ft Ca pe of th e Novan tae 1 9 20 M o u th of the r ive r Abr avan n us 1 9 E s tu ar y of Iena 18 M ou th o f th e rive r Deva 1 8 20 M ou th of the rive r Noviu s 1 8 30 E stua r y of [ tuna

ook n s ou - e as to Th e des cr iptio n of the n e x t s ide s l i g th t , e Ca e Tarvedum which i s ad j acen t the G erm an ic O cean Aft r p O rc as c has been me n on e or , whi h ti d

Cape Vi rvedrum ' Cape Verubiurn M ou th of the rive r Ila ’ ‘ 32 PTO LEMY S GEOGRAPHY O F SCOTLAND .

H igh rB an k E stua ry o f V ar ar M outh of the river L ‘ox a E s tu ary o f Tv-es is M ou th of the r ive r Ca lis Ca pe o f th e T aaz ali Mo u th of th e r iver Deva E stu a ry o f M o uth o f the r iver Tin a E s tu ary of B o der i a

M ou th o f th e r iver Alau n u s . M ou th of th e r iver V e dr a

T he Novan tae dw ell al on g th e n orth side b elo w the P e n ns ula o f l ke n am e amo n w o m ar e e se ow n s : i i , g h th t

B elow e m ar e the Se l ovae am o n w om ar e ese th g , g h th t own s

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

F ro m e s e ow a ds the e as but m or e n ort e r l ar e the th t r t , h y , D am n on ii amo n g w hom are the se tow n s

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

M ore s ou h erl ar e the O tali n i be er O tadi n i am on t y [ tt ], g w hom ar e these town s : Cor ia 20 1 0 Al an n a

B re m en i u m

A er th e Dam n on o ards the e as but mo re n o r t e r ft ii t w t , h ly , r om C a e E idi um abo u e as w a s are the E idii a f p p t t rd p , fter w om the Ger ones en more eas erl the Gre enes h ( , th t y) , then the n acae en the Caeren i an d C ar n o , , , mo s e as erl an d ur e s th t t y f th t , F r om the L em n avii . a the Cor n n on l us Gulf as f ar as the

3 ' 4 PTOLEMY S GEOGRAPHY or SCOTLAND . n ame s o r u n ate a u — r of t e m be on to the , f t ly bo t two thi ds h l g r e on of h gi t e No rthern Picts . o em as we kn o ro m M arc an alle d the B i sh s e s Pt l y , w f i , c r ti I l the Pr tt w a e the mor e or e an i c slan ds but the M SS. n o I , h v e ss R om an orm of B r tt n Pr ettan i a i s the re a old Gr eek l f e a ic . l ' n am e of our s es an d i c e ar at the R om an B rittam a i s I l , it s l th but a c or ru r or an d o er s m a n ai n ption o f i t . P o fess R hys th i t tha t the tw o n am es ar e s epar ate 5 he s ays th a t B ritai n got its R oman n m e r om h o t n an d ri be s who a e d a f t e S u h of E gl t , c ll In e l r tt B ut he e is n o au or fo r is . th mse ve s B i one s . t r th ity th ac the n am e Pre ttan i a o r Pr etan i a h as bee n r eser ed i n its f t, p v B ri o n c o m i n the e s a n for B r a n an d i n tt i f r W l h Pryd i it i , G ae c 0 Pr d n the e s fo r a c G ae c Cr ui th n e . y y , W l h Pi t li li an swe rs o e n to Wels an d o n se ue n G ael Cruithn e ft h p , c q tly ic , re - stori c r t-an - ic is the same as the an c en t Pre tan i a i n p hi Q , i ; bab s or the c s a e e r n ame to th e B r is sles . ro h t , Pi t g v th i it h I P ly the y were th e o n ly Celtic in habitan ts of G re a t B r ita in w hen th r ek o a e r t e as c rc 3 00 V s te d e se sle s . e G e v y g Py h ( i . i i th i The n am e is all e d to G ael c cru th orm a e ar an c e e i i , f , pp 5 th y m a a e bee n calle d the fi ur ed o r a n e d m en y h v g p i t , as o ld wr iters in sist the y w ere so a dor n e d . ’ Ptolemy s Alvion appe ars i n Plin y an d o thers a s Al bion 5 h e me ans by it G re a t B r itai n 5 but th e G a elic po pul a tion of b oth is lan ds h ave alw ays r estr icte d this n am e to Sco tlan d m a com are th e at n A ba to e n Alb an . e L Alba . W , g y p i l it 5 The un d erl n th e L atin adje c tive a lbu s si gn ifie s w hite . yi g me an n i s the e r com mo n an d i n s c as e a ro r a e on e i g v y , thi , p p p i t ” - Ive r n i a r el an d i s the a n i e l an d . L of Wh t , I , ti — ib er n i ar a ec e Of olk e mo o s n for be r n a i n L at n H pi f ty l gi i g , H i i i — r An e n n er lan d hi be n a s w n e r . o e r old m a s Wi t ( , i t ) th orm of the n ame i s ern e w c is ex ce ed n l n e ar th e Gre ek f I , hi h i g y So m e n k a an n m odern Gaelic s ou n d . thi th t i iti al p has be e n l o an d e x la n the n ame as Piv-er o n F at or R c -so e d st , p i i , i h il ” h L an d Gr eek Pi ei ri a . as owe e r to b e re me mbered , It , h v , r al r e rs th e Sco t s E ar ns F n d - o rn e h a e a se e tc . th t v iv ( t i h , i h , ) v the s ame e x act n am e ; co nse que n tly it i s e ithe r the n am e of a n ame a l c able to bo is lan d an o ddess or a d r e r . g , pp i th iv the e u to n c e s le ro m a ro l e om are o a d to a ua . (C p T i y , i , f t l i q ) ' ' on does E zr e relan d a e ar i n r e r n am es bu t we Not ly , I , p p iv , h ave at le as t two othe r is l an d n am es a pp licable to ri ve rs an d — ’ e stu ar ies Ile a o r Is lay an d Pto lemy s Dum n a (com par e th e

- - - Dom n an etc . r om the o dd n ver es s Dum n a . Irish I , , f g ) Pr o r R s of cou rse re er s Ive r n i a n co‘n n en to a n on fes so hy , , f i ti tly ource an d we ear m uc o f the re - Cel Ive r n i an Celtic s , h h p tic s . ’ T M or O T AN P OLE Y S GEOGRAPHY SC L D . 35

Sco an be s ted back n to its ro e l ace th e I f tl d hif i p p r p , i udze s es be to' the we s of it an d su i n a en er al I l will t , it , g wa the te . y, Wes rn Is les Pto le m y h as 5 zEbfidae 5 Plin y s ays e re 7 A th are cmo dw (JEm oda ) an d 30 Ha bude s ; M ela s pe aks of 7 Haem o da . The n am e n ow appe ars re suscitate d as eb es the mi s e ad n o f a M S. l o s . o m h H rid , by r i g — c pyi t Pt e y as tw o sl an s o f the s am e n ame Z Eb uda or E buda is u su al i d 5 it . r om t e os on to e u a e em f h ir p iti , q t th with I slay an d J u r a ; but ro bab p ly C apt . Thom as w as r ight i n i den tifyin g them with th e tw o Uists No n d ou a S . T , rth th he Norse n ame fo r U ist i s Ivi st an d the first s l able i , y l s n o t un like the first p ar t of 1 ’ E bud a . R hi cin a n s R c n a a a i e s n a few M SS. , Pli y i i , pp r as E n ari ci n a an d some a e c o n s e ue n g , h v q tly been tempted to r e fe r th e n ame to E gg (Gre ek E n ga ma y be Egga) ; but it see m s erta n n ten e d for R athli n e — a hr ai n c i ly i d isl Irish Re c n . M ala os i s of course M ul Ad am n n Dr a a s M a ea . , , l 5 c ll it l ’ S o kes e u a es th e oo m a l A ban an mal e t q t r t with l i , h ight , b or d r Th e e L e i ma la b or de r . an e of a n o i n 5 tt c , , ch g i t u m o de rn tim es i s c ause d by the i n flue n ce of the e o r i so un d i n the se c on d a h e N or n a h l o T se me w as M l . T e s e f syll ble . y i E idi um h as b een e u a ed b Skene L sm ore an d b p q t y with i , y A h ar a d C ap tain Thom as with I sl ay . s t e n ame cann ot be sep te r om C a e E idi um K n re M r B a e n ks a i s f p p ( i ty ), r dl y thi th t it bit o f th e M u o f Ki n r e w c was nse ted on the r s a ll ty hi—h i r I i h m a p w hich Ptole my worke d from o n e of th e three whic h h e ll r a f the n ame E i di um fit o to e e . We s a e o te d s ill g th r h t t p ’ ll r ee d a M io-h aoeda l n s a e rw r ds . is en e r a a ft a It g y g th t , P i y

Mon a i a is th e s e of M an e s M an aw an d a M on a. p , I l (W l h ), th t

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w a i n Wi to n n u s i s id en tifie d un Th Abr ava y g B ay (M ulle r) . e w ith L u c e r iver an d bay (Ske n e an d B r adley) an d th e An n an M uller the la er on accou n o f the s m lar o f th e n ame s ( ), tt t i i ity e n Aber It i s u su a to Wh i s r em ov e d fr om Abr avan n us . l ’ e m-olo i se the n am e n o e ls Aber - a on r e r s mo u ty g i t W h f , iv th M ou of A o n n e n w e r e ac th v 5 a d thi s m ay b e c orre c t . Th h the M u l of G allo w a re e m es its n or m al d s an ce aw a l y , th ti i t y fro m the he ad of Solw ay (Itun a ); u n de r th e n am e of th e C a pe o f the N-o an es th e eo le wh o are re re se n e d as n a b n v t , p p p t i h iti g The n am e th e che r son e se o r p en in sula which abu ts he r e . h as le ft n o mo de r n tr aces 5 th e r oo t s ee m s to b e th e sam e as th at i n Nuovi os r ive r New - come rs urn n n or w ar d or a ccor d n to o l em e as w ar d T i g th , , i g Pt y , t , w e h ave the R erigo n i u s B ay ; this is by ge n er al co n se n t se t down as L o ch R yan 5 the fo r m su its w e ll e n o ugh th e m o de r n ’ ’ m e n R - m - c o o r e n am e . b d de d to e m s It ight ivi i g , f

. s r e c n th e m a n r oo be n the comm on on e o f r e t t hi g , i t i g g , The a of A r i re r e e n e d b i n do ar a s re c o . B s s V t t h , g y y p t y g S n us : e re i s no mo dern re re se n at e bu t the e i n d o i s th e i th p t iv , we ll -k no w n Ce l c ad ec e vi n d os w e a n asal s ed orm o f ti j tiv , hit , i f vi h - -r m a b e ll o th om m on the r oo al se e . T e a a ar a e t e c t , g y p l r ve r - n am e o f G arr —G ael c G a m i dh b e n oss bl rom th e i y i , i g p i y f ” r T h Clfita is of ro o a so u n d a n d m e an n br aw l n . e t g , , i g i g , ' cours e the Cl de the G ael c i s (Jlu a z dh old e n e Clu a d e , y 5 i , g itiv , ’ ’ Ad am n a n s Clotth e B -e de s els Clu i th is u su al to , (W h) ; it re e r the w ord to the r oo klu hlou cle an se th e L a n clu o f t , , , ti ,

l cloa ca s ewer . c ea n se , , Ne x t c om es th e L em an no n i u s B ay : w e m ay take this f orm o n e ou m a n M a n L e l aa on i u s . B as the c o r r e c SS. e t , th gh y h v y ge n e r al c on s en t the pl ac e me an t i s r ecogn i s e d as Le c h Eyn e ; l o m as an d oke ll r An M uller B r ad e S s a a ee on s . d , y , Th , t g thi ’ su s ole m s os on w e ll e n o u o u Lo c Lo n i s it it Pt y p iti gh , th gh h g e c n call m or e c orr ec w e r e n de e d Ske n e laces it T he t h i y t , h , i , p . n am e s ll e x is s i n ha o f L e n n lox th e old er L -eve n ax or ti t t t , th M ddle G ael c o f w c i s L e m T h r L e van ach e a h ai n . e oo , i i hi h t i s lem n ow Zea m h an elm an d w e m a com ar e the e lve a n , , 5 y p H ti So me n k a o L ake L e m an n us . thi th t L ch Lo mo n d i s me an t 5 at an r ate e n k i s its n ame at w e a e e re ot b y , th y thi it th h v h g y Th s ome c on fu s ion or o th er . e G aelic of Lo ch L om on d i s L o c h L o im e an bu t i n old m es w as c a lle d L oc Le en a n am e , ti it h v , ’ w c i n olem s m es wo uld be Li o n a L e i -vo - n a r oo l e i hi h Pt y ti v ( , t , sm o o flowi n G re ek l e oes T he diffi cult is n o t alto th , g , y WL e m an n on i u s B a bu t w t e e r h e o n u s r er g th ith y , ith L g iv ,

' 1 i n e i ui ce C elti cae t e r R l vol . II . . Se e u r 5 5 1 . f h q , , p ’ o r PTOLEMY S GEOGRAPHY SCOTLAND . 3 7

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L on u s . e r e ar e se e r al o b ec on to s s e or . F r s g Th v j ti thi th y i t , it takes fo r gr an ted tha t the G a els w er e th e in h abitan ts o f th e d s r c a b ou t th e ar 1 00 m a e s b e ru e . Sec o n d i t i s i t i t y 5 thi y t , ’ Ptole my s pr actic e to tr an slate th e n a tive n am es i n to hi s ow n G re ek as w n e ss B an k an d n e Cam n ot n to , it H igh Wi g d p , i

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b m ore or less ob u e orm s .of the n am e L u n a L u n an d y liq f ( g , i g , ’ T h e n tifi ti n f L on u tw o L on ga s). e id c a o o g s R iver w ith L och Lo n m l e s m u c c on us on on th e ar o f ole m or g i p i h f i p t Pt y , r a e r o f his n or m an s but en on e looks at th e n ume r ou s th , i f t 5 Wh le c hs a n d fi rths a n d he adlan ds o f th e Clyde F i r th a n d Ar gyll s r e Coas on e n e ed n o t w on der a th e R om an sai lor s hi t , th t t a a t o m i de n tifi e th i s r o sa C . as d e blu n de r e d . It ight y th t p Th L on u s r er wi Lo c L n n e — A n L n n e Dhu bh or B lack g iv th h i h i , L E idi u m M u l of K n re w e s all d scuss i n n n . C a e i p p ( l i ty ), h i the n am e of th e E i dii p . Sta r tin g fro m th e M ull o f K i n tyre an d ign or i n g L on g us r ver w e n ex me e w s or E iti s r e r w c fits u t e i , t t ith Iti iv , hi h q i s w e ll as to dis ta n ce fr om the M ull w ith L oc h E tive . Thi a tio n h as com m e n d e d ts el to M u lle r B r a dle a n d id en tific i f , y , , T h e n am e su ts w e ll E tive dou b ull to C a a n om as . tf y , pt i Th i ; l i s E i n M ddle G a el c E itchi S or o f i n M od er n G ae i c itigh , i i ( t y T he on l diffi cult i s a the t w as s n le D e ir d r e ) . y y th t , if i g

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ld n ess the e arl bo rro w sa a r t ro m sa c er d os . alw ays ho (Wit y g , f )

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In m a n M . ab ar u i e n as abacu s b ut w e s all see . SS N s s N h y giv , the re i s n o do u bt i n the m in d of an y on e tha t th e r ive r i s the t Th r oo eem e n e w w m e tc . w e n ce n ew s N ave r . e s s to b s t , i , , h , a s i n s ort th e me an n o f th e w or d i s m u c th e sam e as hip 5 h , i g h The M o dern G ael c i au r w e o u n d i n a o f Loc L on . s N f th t h g i i , the r es er a on su c as i s o f the 1) s ow n a b orr o n p v ti , h it , h i g wi g n u from th e p re vi ou s Pictish to g e . A er the Na er come s C a e T ar ved fi m o r O rkas w ft v p , hich m n n Ca pta in Tho as a d M r B r a dle y ide tify with Ca pe Wr a th . M r B r adle r es s hi s c ase on hi s de r a on o f Ve rve dr um y t iv ti , which he thin ks i s th e p r ogen ito r of F aro ut i n F aro ut f He a d n i s alto e e r a n e e dl d l ca an impos s ible d er iva tio . It g th ess is o ’ ti on o f Ptole m y s p os ition s ; he m ea n s th e three or fou r h ea ds to th e n or an d e as of Cai n es s— olbu rn e ad Du n n e th t th H H , t Tarvedum i ve n ea d Du n ca n sb e ad an d N oss e ad . s H , y H , H gi ’ b M arc an a s Tarvedfi n u m a i s B ull s Du n or F o r y i , th t , t ; a r n um u l k T h m e n c omp ar e th e T odfi o f G a with li e force . e a in g ’ T h m a o we e r s m l be B ull s ea d . e o n m e a n i s y , h v , i p y H p i t t e e r olb u rn e ad n ear u rso or Dun ne e ad also ith H H , Th , t H , A fo r m in g an ou tpo st to Thu r so B ay . s a p ro o f o f ou r ’ iden tifi cati on u rs o s e is the No r se Th é rs a or B ull , Th it lf j s W ate r ! With it m ay b e c om pare d th e I c elan dic T h jé rs a or ’ m B ull s Wa te r o f m o dern ti e s . Pto l emy give s th e c a e a — p seco n d ary n am e O r kas 5 it se em s to m e th a t h e m e an s the tw o n t ne l c a es o f u rso B a — olbu rn an d Du n ne se i p Th y H t H e ad s . Dun can sby He ad i s c alle d Vir vedrfi m C ape ; all w r ite rs are

a r ee d u o n s M r B r a dle ex ce ed . He n ks a F ar g p thi , y pt thi th t - ou t IIea d i s me an t 5 he an alyse s V i r -ve d r um in to th e p re p os i ver th e G au s o r m of th e G ae c or or a r - on L at . s u er ti , li h f li f f , p , ” - er m e ans u on o r ex e T h G r e ek u p ; it p c e din g . e vedvd m ’ or PTOLEMY S GEOGRAPHY SCOTLAND . 39 h e e u a es w the c s o tha r a e ar n i q t ith Pi ti h f , pp i g n Du n ottar ’ S m on o f Du r am s Dum -fo e r T ( i h de ) . h e vi r i s doubtle ss th e r e o er bu we r . ; t d fi m c an ar d b e o thar f p p h ly f , or th e latter — wor d ts e i s s m a r efi x w or d a r e os on s ee m n l i lf i ply p p p iti , i g y o f ke m e a n n w ae or T li i g ith G lic f . h e We ar r iver i s called by tole m P y V e dr a ; a n d Dr Stoke s su ggests a con ne c tion With f 1 O . S a on c Ve lr u a c ear . s w ould e a me an n l v i , l Thi giv i g i n e ach c as e o f Ca e Cle ar an d Cle ar R ver w c a re as to si n ifica p i , hi h , g ' ti on u i te sa s ac or . C a e Ve r ubium or Noss e a d also , q ti f t y p , H , c on a n o e r t i s the pre p . ; the ro ot u h h as b een happ ily re fe r r e d b St oke s to the r s wo r a hh swor d - o n do u b le ss all e d y I i h d , p i t , t i to th e E n s w ea on roo uf e b s wo uld the gli h p ( t , Thi give ” me a n n of the wo r d V er ubiu m w o r i g as S d H e ad . u rn n n o w s o u w ar d o r w es w ard accor d n to tolem T i g th , t i g P y , w B e come to th e r ve r Il a . alm com m —i y os t on cons en t thi s i s r e a r de d as th e IIelm sd ale R e r c alle d i n ae l li G c I dh E n . g iv , i , g ’ i r o r . h n am U l e S R b Go do n s V ll . T e e Il a i s comm o n as a i , y r e r n am e i n Sco l an d s el s la us u all an d ere i s als o iv t ( p t I y), th n In w e m u t h e Is l a d o f I sl ay so n am e d . this s t re m emb e r th e par alle l c as e of E r in n i n b e in g u se d both for r ive rs an d for th e Stoke s su es s re e r en t t I sl an d o f I r ela n d . gg t a f ce o h e r oot i n k e r w G er m an ei l en to as ten o . S n e d a s at en on to the , h , g t ti ' th lla ble ef l e n ers lar el n o B as u e o o r a f a ct th at e sy t g y i t q t p g phy . ” A de r e e o f lon u de u r e r s ou is B an k w c g ( git ) f th th High , hi h Ske n e i den tifi es w th e lls n or of the Do r n oc F rt b ut ith hi th h i h , t w r ter r e ar d as th e 0 r d o f Ca n ess m s la w hic h m os i s g ith i p ce d . i l ke the 0 r d o f C a n es s a is m ean a n d som e see k It s i ly ith th t t , l n o r o f i t i n the L a er on d s r c bu t w ou th e I a th th i t i t , ith t B e r r e d ale a er m a a e also o n c e bee n an s la su cc ess . i W t y h v I ; T he V ar ar E u ar w itn es s th e N or th a n d Sou th E sks . s t y i s Th u n d oubte dly the I n ve rne ss an d B e auly F ir th . e n am e s till n e n f r a - rr Th e e r F arr ar a d o S a ar . e x ists i n th e R iv , gl t th f ” war w c m a m e an n d n be n d n com r oot i s , hi h y Wi i g , i g 5 n ow at th e n ne rm os corn er va ri a s . We ar e t va n es p ar e L a . , i t be r em arke d a tolem h a o f the M o r ay F irth 5 an d it m ay th t P y s u r a e ac cou n of s ar n d ee d of th e a w on de r fully acc t t thi p t , i

of th e e as te rn co as of Sco an d . w h ole , t tl T he r ive r L ox a i s re pr es en te d as i n th e sam e p ar alle l (tha t i s on u de as V ar ar but a a d e r ee to th e n o r . h a , l git ) , h lf g th T t M l th e ox a e i t o e r SS. a ce a i s ho w the be s t M SS. h v ; th p L B an k an d V ar ar e u at n w th e Crom ar b etwe e n High , q i g it ith ty n om as or the L o an i n si n ific an t r er i n F irth (Ca pta i Th ), th , g iv

’ B ut t e n w ite . d w et se e as in G aelic fio n , , , suits the 1 R oo t md , , h p hon etics be tter . 40 ' PTOLEMY S GEOGRAPHY O F SCOTLAND .

L o a s B radl The L ox a o u n atu ra l to b e the th P ri h ( ey). ght l y Na rn b os on but the n ame is id en tifi ed b Ske n e Stoke s i y p iti 5 y , , ’ an d o ers w a of the L os s e far a a r om ole m s th ith th t i , w y f Pt y la e for on th Th e o n e c di ffic ult e r e i s a p c it e m ap . ph ti y h r ac al on e ro m an ear c s m w e s ou ld e x e a la e r i 5 f ly Pi ti h , h p ct t ch a is th e c s w as a B r t on c lan u a e a n d re ate d , th t , if Pi ti h i t i g g t at as th e o e r n u C om are O c l of the th r B itto ic lan g age s did . p hi O c lls an d th e e s u ch el G a e c n a sa l G au s hil H i W l h , high , li , li h — n d u x ellos . The form loh s m ay be from on e or tw o r oo ts , a ” ” M e as ur n r om m a m e an obl ue s n n e tc . y iq , hi i g , i g f V arar we s ould ut th e Tves is E s u ar ab ou Cu e n i t i s , h p t y t ll ; o n n al d ubtless the m ou th o f th e Sp ey t ha t i s m ea t . O this l the au or r T m e e m als o all e d S e es a e a re ed . h e n a s se th iti g i 5 p y , G ae l c S e m a c om e r om S e s - s or S ei si—s a C el c s v' ee i p , y f p i p , ti q , to o m G ael c s eif th e ls chw d vom o c om ar e for v it ; i g , W h y , 5 p ’ m n olem s tv' n al is an f orce the old Itali an r ive r V o a us . Pt y i iti a ttempt to re p r o du ce the in iti al Pictis h so un d w hic h h as n o w - al —w a settle d in to the very n on G ae lic form o f sp i n Spey . H f y b etw ee n Sp ey an d K in n a ir d H e a d is th e Caelis (G r e ek kaili s) h im R e r . or Celn i us w c s u s the os on of t e o r an iv , , hi h it p iti p t t r e r D ove ran or Deve r o n but w c i n n am e fits Cullen an d iv , hi h C ulle n a er e ls m akes o r n al atr n to M e n ce K ai ln i os W t (W h igi i ; h , l u n ve r e res e n s a dm rab l er C lle . w c tw o M SS. a hi h gi , p t i y at ) D overan i s a G aelic n am e an d a l ate o ne 5 a s th e e a rlie r form

“ Dufih e rn s ows m ean s the B lac k E ar n o o se d to the h , it p p E ar n The roo hail i s i n m ode r n G ae l c F i n dhorn or White . t i ’ K n n a rd s ea d is calle d the C a e of the ca o l n arro w . , i i H p T aez ali or T a x ali T ai x ali a n am e a s ould r odu ce i n ( ), th t h p l a ter tim es a Pictis h (B r itis h) Tu ch - al or a G ae lic T ao sal ; the par ish of To ugh i n mi d Abe rde en s hire ide ally re p r es en ts the o rm of the r oo B r itish f t . urn n so ut w ar d we com e to th e R e r Deva n ow the T i g h , iv , kene a ce s th e b ad re a d n of on e M S w c es . S D ee c pt i g , hi h giv ‘ L L n i e fie th e N or a o r e a a d d n ti s E sk . Ne x iv v , it with th t th e E s u ar of th e a a the T avau s o f ac u s w c com es t y T v , T it , hi h n o on su ts the Esk bu t i n n am e an d i n re al m e an s th e i p siti i , ity The n ame a a a e ars on B r tto n c ro u n d i n the T ay . T v p p i i g vo n a an d the e ls awe an d e r e i s a e ls ad e c D e T vy W h T , th W h j ” ” ve ta w s n n u e e n e to w c Glu ck ti , ig ifyi g q i t , g tl , hi h ’ the Gaul s a a T avi um an d th e w om an s n am e e qu ates i h T vi , , B e w e en th e T a an d the F o rth Pto le m lace th T ave n a . t y y p s e r e r n a or Ti n n a b os on of c ou rs e it su s the T a r iv Ti ; y p iti , , it } The r er m ean is the E e n w c m akes a c on s de r ab e b e st . iv t d , hi h i l t y M an n k b a near St An drew s . a th e ne o f New , y thi th t Ty ,

’ 4 2 PTOLEMY S GEOGRAPHY or SCOTLAND .

A n n a T r e r s calle d A a n a . e re e t e as t ree S o t s l h ar a l th c ti h iv ll , an d s i s su osed to be the m o e n or m of an c e n Alau n os thi pp d r f i t , or th e m or l A i a e s Alu n r e r e Ce c an n a . er e s , ti , l Th W l h iv , n Th e w or d an d th e Corn ish Came l i s also kn own as the Ala . l ke d e s n o AI-a u n a an d oss bl th e roo t i s a l a s i n i ly ivid i t , p i y p , L a l m a n m ars . ti p , h L e t u s n ow co n sid er th e s ix teen o r seve n tee n tr ibe s th a t h ef an o ccu e d Ptole my divides Sco tl an d a m on g . T e N v tae pi ton we ave alre ad r e ar de d e m as the Ne w - come rs Wig 5 h y g th , w ar to h e a o f th e Solw a la th e r oo n ow n e . E as w d t e d t , t h y y

‘ Se l ovaa ose n am e s ll su r es i n Solw a F r t he rc ot g , Wh ti viv y i th 5 ” i s s el w c i n the Cel c ton ue m e an s u n t n th e g , hi h ti g h i g 5

‘ T h e re a r be of th e Selgova w ere the H u n ts me n . g t t i D am n on occu e d the cou n t es of A r L a n ar k R e n re w ii p i i y ; , f , Dumbar on S rl n M e n e a n d F oth re ve o f the w es ern t , ti i g , t ith t e are en er al i n n a me r e a r d ed por tion of F ife (Skene ) . Th y g ly g the sam e as the Dum n o n ii o f a n c e n De o n to w c e i t v , hi h th y

m e r o . R s calls the D am n o n a B r o n c gave tha t n a . P f hy ii yth i eo le an d fi n s re m a n s o f e r n am e i n a o f th e r ve r p p , d i th i th t i h n n r n De von i n P erthshire . If t e D am o ii a e i n am e the s am e a s the Dum n o n ii the r oo i s th e er c omm on Ce l c o n e o f , t v y ti Du mn os or Dub n os w or ld th e m ode r n G ae c d om h a n , , li ,

d ee . E h el a llie d to E n g . p as t of t e S govae an d D am n on ii lay the O ta di n i (lo n g alon g th e e as t c o as t fro m th e Wear to the F r o f F or n ot n o F e ! So awkw ar dl d oes th e i th th , if i t if y tow n Alan n a fit th e po s ition o f the E s tu ary of B o de ri a that u a o n of th e ow n su ts on l th l n th e sit ti t i y e is e o f I chkeith . h r e a d n o f five oo M O tadi n i o r O tad ni O tali n i i s t e d SS. e i g g ,

t a of 1 5 an d T adi n i or Gadan a of some o e r s . Th e h t , i th t th “ r e e rable re a d n i s O tadi n i w c su ts the old e ls n am e p f i g , hi h i W h

t n . of th e L o an d s r c vi z . Gu o odi thi i t i t , , While the tr ibes w e have j u st en ume r a ted a re s aid to h ave ” os ses s ed ow n s w c ar e dul n ame d an d os o n e d a p t , hi h y p iti , m a te r w c e l s the i de n tifi cati on o f th e r b al loca e t hi h h p t i liti s , th e n ex ten r bes ar e slum ed o e e r to w n le ss an d t t i p t g th , with u d an e as to e r little o r n o g i c th i position . F irs t c om e the E idii ou c n th e D am n on to th e n or e s an d sta r n p , t hi g ii th w t , ti g i i um as ole m r om Ca e E d sa s . We m a as s n e f p p , Pt y y y ig th m n Th e n am e is r K i n tyr e an d L or . f om th e ro ot ep 0 the T u s for orse G ael c ea ch . he an c e n G a li h h , i i t G ae lic n ame ’ wou ld have b een E qidi os 5 in dee d the n ame e x ists i n Ad am n an s ers on al n am e E ch odi us an d th e a er E ac h ai dh wh p , , l t , ich i n

G ae c as se n o E achui n n . Dr Stoke s owe e r n k li p d i t , h v , thi s th e

“ oo i s eku ca le L at . ecu he ou d e th r t p , tt , p ; w l giv e old es t form ’ F 43 PTOLEMY S GEOGRAPHY O SCOTLAND . as ekv' idi oi' at e -h o d e s the a er s e son a n ame (p ) , c tl l r , l t Iri h p r l be n E o ch ai d but the o e de r a on se ems the r one i g ; th r iv ti ight , fo r as a m atte o f ac t the roo t eku a ears no w e re e n , r f , p pp h lse i th e e r on e or reo n for t Ce c . N ex t are C s C es he M SS d ffe lti , . i r ' Th r as to w he th er th ese we r e tw o o r on e pe op le . e oo t of the n ame i s e er h er or lor e i t i s a r oo o f s e er a m ean n s the ith ; t v l i g , ”

e one o f w c is to cut d de r ow . V ar ous chi f hi h , ivi , th i autho r iti es see r em ain s of th e n am e i n the Wes t Coast loc h — n C ar ron K e i arn n am es su c as Cri an Cr er an etc . a so h , , , l , , a a n om as ex en d e m r om Cr n an to L o Ke ar o n . C pt i Th t s th f i ch h e arn on acae Le e n an d fi n ds the n am e i n Cre t an . T C v , , ac or d n to mo s w r te r s o u ed e s er R os s an d of c i g t i , cc pi W t , , Th cour se Lo c C a r on h as b een e u ated the n ame . e , h r q With ” r a on se ems to be ca m a l c omm on to all the true de iv ti , hi l , ” to n u es e er e th e me n o f the R ou - b ou n s Celtic g 5 th y w gh d , - — - The u o f a rn or or G ar bh ch r io ch an the Ca irn m en . se C

C air n for m ou n ta in n am es i s pe cul i ar to Pic tl an d an d Wale s . th e 8th ce n tu r n ame M o n ith Car n o the Dr Stokes c on n e cts y , tw o r a ct s k n s ou i n sc en e of a ba ttle be twe en iv l Pi i h i g , f ght 7 29 n e ar L o c L o The Caeren i or ro erl Cairen i , h chy , , p p y, , ver he Na . m ay be place d i n We s ter n Su the rlan d up to n e ar t * ' a i r is a o f ca er a x the mo d ern ca om s e e . T he r o o t c th t , , h p 5 - An m a n am es n n am e s to c om par e the Caar oesi o f G aul . i l givi g The m en on . pers on s or n ation s is n ot an u n co mm on pheno

r n avii o ccu e Ca ness the orn o r com o f Sco lan . C o p i d ith , h t d M e rse i n The re we re C orn avii b etw een th e De e an d the y E n lan an d Cor n w a l s ll olds the n ame s an d n for g d , l ti h , t i g ” - or n ale s th e e s of th e o rn . C W , W l h H vi i s ou w ar ds w ere the Lu Ne ighb ou rs to the Co r n a th gi , Aroun d L oc S n we re the occ u pyin g e aster Su the r lan d . h hi u to the V ar ar n d E aste r R oss w as o c cu e d , Sm ertae , a pi p Th e r oo 112 of th e n am e L u i E s u ar b th e De c an tae . 9 g t y , y t me s bo on th e Con ne n an d i n a ppear s i n m a n y Celtic n a , th ti t - n de e d e r e w as a Lu r be i n M id Ge rm a y I r elan d . I n , th gi t i Th e o d of l an d l an d L u . c on te m po r a ry with the High gi g ight lle d L u a of th e L n Arm s an d ar ts am on g th e G ael w as c a g o g ; L w as L u du n u m e x l a n ed b an old the old n ame o f yon s g , p i y m on e —th e d es r able ow n Dr glo ss ar y as d es ide r ato t i t : b ase corre s on di n to Stoke s r e f ers the r oo t lug to a Celtic p g In a c as e th e No rse od en allu r e N or se lo kha . g G er . lo h , , th t u a ou th e or m e L Ar an cou s n ro b abl to L , g oki i s y i , p y , g th h f r i s allu ri n f e l e n ce m en w e the C el c L u g i s th e go d o vi ti t , hil ti g omm on r oo The Sme rtae o r M e r aa al so s o w s a c ; by goo d . t h t m es Sm ertalo s Cu mb erl an d i ns cri we h ave the p er son al n a ( p 44 ’ PTOLEMY S GEOGRAPHY or SCOTLAND .

- h e on Sm ertulitan os Sme rtom ar a Ad eme r c s e tc . a n d ti ), , , i , 5 t - Dr odde ss M n er a of the G au s al e R o sme rta . e se g i v l , c l d Th S ok es r e T he De an ter: ar e e rs to th e r oo sm er to s ne . t f t , hi c ar a le le d b an an c en eo o f N or ales —th e De c an p l y i t p ple th W ti , or De can i n Th e n am e seem s also to b e g ow De gan n wy . fo un d on th e Ogam in scr iption s as De c eti 5 th ere i s also th e e k e th e roo d ec a n d ecu s D ceti a o f Ca sar . Dr S o es s as L t giv t , ti , l r n u o E . d ecoro s . g y , g Th e Caledon ii o r C a le don i an s are de fi n itely lo cate d 5 th ey

s re c ed s i s tol em r om L e m an n B a to the E s u ar of t t h , y P y , f y t y V ar ar— r om Lo c P n e t o th e n ern es s F r ab o e e m f h y I v i th 5 v th ,

a i s w es o f e m i s the Cale don io s Dr um os or F ore s . th t , t th , t s las as Ske n e s a d i s Dr um Alb an an d the we ste r n Thi t , i , r am a n A n r o L P n n ver n e s oe r h G p i s . li e f m o ch y e to I s g s ig t al on Dr um Alb an for al the w a i n ac th e d s r c so g h f y 5 f t , i t i t fi n m The C ale don an s de ed i s an i p os sible o ne fo r tw o r e as on s . i w er e e as o f Dru m Alb an seco n dl Du n keld w c m o s t t 5 y , , hi h w r te rs allow as c on a n n e r n am e s ew s a er s r e i t i i g th i , h th t P th hi w a u I n ac the ale d on an s i n h abitated s occ e d b em . C pi y th f t , i n M u u o h r a e d Pe r ths hir e an d e as ter I ver n e ss . ch dis c ssi n as g h n u r r ou n d t e n am e a d a o es ar e b n o m e an s a r ee d et . , th iti y g y Pr o fe ssor Win dis ch ga ve a s th e ro o t o f C ale do n ian the for m C ald -o n io s 5 the ro o t ca ld i n G aelic an d Wels h me an s w o od — i l on l on ii G a el c coill e e ls c ell . He n ce C a d ii o r Ca e d i , W h A u r e m e an oo dla n de r s . s a r r o o th e n ame Du n t W f th p f , keld i s i n o ld G ael c D un Calde n n o w Du n - Ch ailli n n a n d i , 5 e r i l th e mo u n a n d - h lli n m i th e s a so t i Si h C ai n i n d Pe r thshire . T he c omb ine d s ou n d Zd w as s e par ate d by the R o m an s an d a v ow el e in tr odu ced ; this w as m is take n ly l en gth en e d by Th e l rms o w e li n tole m an d hi s m a ors . e s o s C do P y i it t W h f h , but ar e e vid en tly fou n de d on the L atin pro n u n ci a tion o f Dr Stoke s s e ar a es C ale d on ii r om b o C ale don i a . p t f th Du n i He c a n n o a r Cald en an d ro m ca ld co ll e w ood . e e a the f , , t g th t

roo i n Caledon a c an b e C alde n an d ca ld . r o essor R s on t i P f hy , the o er a n d allow s Du n C a de n con a n s th e n am th h , that l t i e C ale don a bu t he de n e s a e er c an be of Ce l c ori n i , i th t ith ti gi , T h Dv m u ch le ss aki n to th e ro o t ca ld . e e Cale d on ian Sea or Wes tern O ce an h as a pu z z lin g n am e 5 the dve h as bee n e x ”

l a ne d as me an n two . s os ul ates tw o C a e don as p i i g Thi p t l i , an d s e r e w as e r s re w as e r s ou ern n thi th , if P th hi th i th a d n e r n ess - s r e t e r n or e r n se at an d accor d n to I v hi h i th , i g all e vide n c es th e Cale d on ian s w er e an i n lan d p eo ple 5 it i s difficult to u n de rs tan d ho w the y c ould have give n the ir n am e to th e es ern O cean u n e ss n d ee d th e n ort e r n al o ccu W t , l , i , h h f pie d all ’ r 45 PTOLEMY S GEOGRAPHY o SCOTLAND .

n e r n ess - s re w est s el In the w ar of Se e ru a as e as . s s I v hi , w l t v so im p or tan t w e re the Caledo n ian s b ecom e th at on ly the y alon e ar e m en on ed for the n or e rn lan ds the o er r be ti th High , th t i ’ b e n th a A r e M & tae n e ar co a s w al . i g , g i l l T he V ac-om a i a c or d n to o e m occu e d err to g , c i g Pt l y , pi t i ry e as t o f the C al edon ian s an d coterm i n ous w ith the ir s thro u gh ou u fi u r t . Wh at s its hi s g es i s the stre tc h of co u n tr y wh ich b e n s on the M or a F r E l n an d B an f n clud e s gi y i th with gi f , i e s ern Ab er d e en s r e an d e r t sh re or at e as th e W t hi P h i , , l t , — r o t u n -fl e as te n por ti n of i . O n e o f the ir fo r tow n s B a n ati a w ould a l abo u the E ar n or A m o n d n e ar O ri cfi w le th e f l t l , , hi n or e rn m os ow n i s i d e n tifi e d r oba bl r l w t B u r th t t , p y ight y , i h g ” The n am e acom a i e a d an d i s called n e d Cam . V h , Wi g p g h as b e en e x pl a in ed by M r B r a dle y an d Pr o fes so r R hys as ” m en o f the o e n l a n s i n o os i on to th e Cale don an p p i , pp it i T h e s re c of cou n r a llo ed to e m b Wo odlan d ers . t t h t y tt th y ol em n er se cte d as i s the G r am an s an d its so u Pt y , i t it With p i th e n d n s urs w ou d ar d a n e m s n am e b ut oss bl t i g p , l h ly g i th thi 5 p i y e re all occu e d F o r ar est Abe r dee n on w ar d s to th e th y y pi f , W A to M o r a F r le a n er s re to the C ale don a n s . s y i th , vi g P th hi i the d er a o n the orm t a cos i s er commo n i n C el c n am es iv ti , f v y ti , b o as r efi x an d affi x but as Glu ck re m a rke d its me an n th p , , , i g T h e ls wd e m w c M r B r adle an d cu r e . e i s obs W h g g , p ty , hi h y, ’ de ri va o n br n s orw ar d as a ar alle l i s Pr ofe ss or R hys s ti i g f p , or r ow e d r om L a n D r Stoke s o w e e r allow s a pp ar en tly b f ti 5 , h v , r i n hi C om a r a tive Di cti on ar u s u b i t as a n ative wo d s p y , j t p i he d T h e orm m a i m a b e e u a ed w th old G ael m a l s . f g y q t i ic g , N o r a ce of s u c a n am e a s V ac om a i n ow a n n ow m a h . pl i , g t h g Th e T aex ali of Ab er dee n s re we a e a lr ead di s ex ists . hi h v y ’ m o n l o er r b e is th e V e n n i con es or cu ssed 5 an d Ptole y s y th t i ( ) , n m e i s ou n d also but on l on ce or w ce as V e n i co m es 5 this a f , y t i , e occu e d E as e r F e a n d er a s V e r n i c om es . Th y pi t if , p h p e m n d s tre tc he d n or thw ar d in to F or far ; Ptolemy m ake s th a fill the wh ole coas a are n l ro m K n n a r d th e w ali t , p p t y , f i i M o der n e d tors re e r V e r n i con es as the H e ad to F ife Nes s . i p f la n e d th e n ame n am e o f this peo ple 5 Pro fe ssor R hys on c e ex p i ” - ou n ds a ddu c n th e e s w er n a sw am , as M ars h h , i g W l h g , p b e r em arke d oun d s as com le e ar alle s . m a an d ow n , h , p t p l It y d o ular am on th e th a t do g n ame s w ere c ommo n an p p g a n d the d er a o n i s ere ore n o t to be re ec e d G ae l ic Ce lts , iv ti , th f , j t u t ver n o wo uld be n sul n . B o n an y ide a th a t s u c h a n am e i ti g ” od an d ald e r a n d e n er e s e m ay also m e an go , , th , th i th bl d n s . os si i n th e M S. r e a t erm i n al com es as aga i n st co n es i g P y ’ w e ake Ve-n P r ofess or R hys s de r iva ti on is the be st o n e . If t ’ PTOLEMY S GEOGRAPHY or SCOTLAND .

n ste ad of Ver n e n w e a e the we -kn o n Ce t roo t for i , th h v ll w l ic ” ” ki n ri en s a n e s een i n n am e s k e Ve ne ti e tc . , f d , G elic fi , li , Ptolemy me n tion s 21 towns as e x isten t i n Sco tlan d i n his m e e are m os i n th e sout the an d r bes a n ti 5 th y tly h , Highl t i h vi g to em m ean b hi s n on e we m a sa . a e x ac , y y Wh t tly P l y t y own s is ar d to s a for of re u ar to n s i n a R om an t it h y , g l w os b de e n s e os on s—the dd na sense th ere w ere n on e . P si l f iv p iti y — or fortifi e d hills a n d the str on gho lds i n w oo ds o r by r ive r s are me an t ; an d cer ta in ly w ithin the lin e s of R om an co n qu est an d c am paign in g the to wn s a ppe ar to h ave be en s o m an y

‘ R om an pos ition s take n up an d o ccu pie d by R om an cam ps an d o s : w n ess s u a n am e as V c ori a th e os on of c f rt it ch i t , p iti whi h is n atur ally ass igne d to s ome place i n Pe r th or F ife th at r en r o m n e n ce w e m a a coun p es ts p mine n t R o an r em a i s . H y c t f or so m an y town s b e in g n am e d by the r ivers o n w hich the y w ere la ed the own as we re w as the C am on the p c 5 t , it , p A Allan or whatever r ive r it m ay h ave be en . gain Pto le m y i s e r n ac cu r a e i n his accou n o f the os t on of the to n s v y i t t p i i w , a r ra dle o re l an e c an be e ve n i n E n gl an d . S ys M B y N i c ’ pl ace d on an y of Ptolemy s in dic ati on s o f th e pos ition of i n lan d place s n ot o ther wise kno w n to u s ; an d the lim its o f the tr iba l ter r itor ies are de pe n den t almo st e n tire ly on the s ituation of U n der e se c rcum an ce s it do e n ot se em at th e owns . s s t th i t , th ’ Ptol em y s in ter n al ge ography of B r ita in i s like ly to rep ay the ” The case i cotla n tr ouble of a m in u te e x am in atio n . n S d i s m u c h w orse th an w ith E n gl an d 5 th ere cer ta in n ames are r e c og n is able but i n Sco an d n o to w n n am e h as sur e d rom , tl viv f ’ I n e e c rcum s an ce we al tole m s me . s s s as s em P y ti th i t , h l p th i er r r e ew n v y b ie f vi . T he Novan taa h ad two ow ns L uco ibia an er i n i u t p d R go m . ’ Th e orm e r i s l ace d b Skene at or n o n ce St n n f p y Whith , Ni ia s T h Id ea f u i i Can dida Cas a . e o L cop b a me an s white i n G ree k an d shin in g i n the B r itton ic lan gu age s 5 so th a t th e E n s L a n a n d Gre ek are all r an sl a o n s or ad a ta o n gli h , ti , t ti p ti s n e rs th n (Gr eek) of th e Celtic or igi al . Oth se e e ame pres e r ve d i n L u ce an d Glen L u ce an d r an s e r the ow n to h , t f t t e la tter R e ri on iu m w as on oc R an l ac e . L doub le ss w p g h y , t , he r e R—om an w orks can still be see n . The Selgo vae h ad fou r tow n s one was Carban tori on oss bl at th e M o a o f U r r be w ee n g , p i y t , t th e Nith an d the De e (Skene ) ; R hys thin ks the n am e i s a ” Celt c de r ada o n o f Carb an tori on c ar o tow n for i g ti , h i t , ” - Car ba n ton m e an t ch ar io t . U x e llum o r High to w n els u c h el G ae c u a s n asa l m a a e b ee (W h , ; li , , ) y h v n War dl aw ll at Cae r lave r ock Sken e w le Co r da w o se de r a H i , ( ) 5 hi , h iv ti on ' GE O GR APHX or PTOLEMY S SCOTLAND . . 47 i s o u u was o ss b at p r bou Sa h a a . imo n d btf l , p i ly t nqu r Tr tium , ” o r ree M ou n su h Th t , its t e Eildon Hills for m ean in bu t , g, Skene f or os on an d f or the R om an wo ks ere , p iti r th , places it at B irr en sw ark . — The D am n on h ad six to n s the first to n i s Co lani a ii w w , n ea th e s ou es of the C de m ak n a fr on r rc ly , i g tie r post on a no ar m ar c se co n Co a Sken l a rthw d h ; d , ri , which e p ces at C a s a r s e re n ume r , ous em a ns bo R om an an d Na ve r t i wh r i , th , ti , ‘ a e ee n oun d rd Vi n do ar a e d er o n h v b f 5 thi , g , whos ivati we di s c usse a rea m a a e be en at Lon don i n d l dy , which y h v Hill , A sh re ere em ai n s of a R oman am ex s ou t yr i , wh r c p i t 5 f r h , A an n a c Skene a es at th e u n on o f the All an an d l , whi h pl c j cti o F an d w c ou d . o m a de en c e a ai n s a foe a d n rth , hi h w l f r f g t van ci g

in to Cale do n ia . It was some w he re on the Al l an 5 R hys places a he ou s A r a Th fifth i s t t am o n ea the Al n . e o n it f rd ch , l t w L n um c Skene ac es at Ar do th e or d mean s i d , whi h pl ch ; w ’ r - n f m - a e Iin o r n a e L n dum o u sui t L i n o es . w t , ; i w ld lithg w b t The tow n o f V c to ia w i n Ce ould be B oudi ca or i r , hich , ltic , w t s B udi c mus h a e been a R om an stat on o b at Pic i h , t v i , p ssi ly n e r m a n x s t L ake O r r i n e s e F e Ske e e R om an e s e . , W t r if ( ) wh r i i h e O t i n i h ad ee own s : fi r st Co a c i s ar T ad thr t , ri , whi h v i l d t eeb es an d at Ca L dde s a e Skene on ely p ace a P l rby Hill , i d l ( ) 5 s econ d an o e r A an n a w c as w as sa d su ts In chkeith b , th l , hi h , i , i y

on bu t is oss b Al n k m s ace d . B re m enio n pos iti , p i ly wic i pl , ” r e an o a n i s ace b Ske n e at w hose r oo t b em m s r ri g , pl d y -R o e s e r i n R edes a e w e e r a es of th e R o m ans s l High ch t d l , h r t c ti l

e x ist . t ua We ar e on the con fi nes of the an ds , no a Highl if ct lly he em en we ome to the V acom a i . I n an case t i n th , wh c g y y had o ur to wn s : fi t h ibe . e r w ere a grea t Pictis tr Th y f s , n i a is a i ous a e d on the E a n at B an n ati a or B a at , which v r ly pl c r ke ne R s or th e Stra e ath th e A m on at B u an S , ), g , l d ch ty ( hy . A The e d or o f th e M on um en ta G arry i n tholl (Th om as). it he n d B on . T Hi stori cd d ri ta n n i ca p lace s it at I n ve rn e ss a q on Ce roun : it e n s root ba n or ban n i s foun d o ften ltic g d , m a ” ” ” on to n i s m a te mi k b on etc . The se , whi , l , d , c d w Ta i T a e re i n . e htuthill th . w hich Skene places on th e isle of Inc y , wh the r oot ta m i s ommon es ecl all n umer ous rem ains e x is t 5 c , p y ” The n er n am es an d oss b means a k . g for r iv , p i ly d r Wi ed te to B u ea i l e Camp i s by common con se n t allo ca d rgh ; d . ' wh Bo ha m on the S e fo i t i s b ut Tve si s i s placed by Sken e at r p y, r

me . the rive r n ame used as a to wn n a ' te on on e town—O ea The Ve rn i con es h ave bee n alloca d ly —rr , ite s at the which h as been vari ously place d by mo de rn wr r 48 ’ PTOLEMY S GEOGRAPHY or SCOTLAND .

u n c on o f the O rr an d L e en i n F e R s at Abern e th j ti v if ( hy ), y Skene m ew e r e on the O rr an d at F or ar hom as . So ( ), f (T ) h se em b e n m e i s es . Sken e h as su e s e t at O rr the r r a s t gg t d h , iv , c on ne te i B as u e Ur ater so h e nks are the se er a c d w th q , w 5 , thi , v l r ers of s m lar n ame s w c we a e —O ure U re U r e 1 iv i i hi h h v , , i , O rr n an r e ou h o t d O . s s d d e ro . R s . T e o i , Thi h l light P f hy r ” ar owe e r i s a ood Ar an on e a n d s i n ifi es to r un , h v , g y , g , ” s ar the N or se or r me an s s w an d the r oo or w ch t t 5 ift 5 t p , hi a so i n Cel re su s i n or es l ke m e an n s as s n l tic lt , giv i i g p i g ” Th e T aex ali are re r ese n te d as n on e ro u e tc . a th h , p h vi —g g own Devan a . Ske n e l ace s s mo stl be c ause o f s m t p thi , y i i l arit of n ame a L o Da ven n e te r Th n t ar B a a . e o e cs y , ch , ll ph ti are u ns a tis factory i n two w ays 5 the a does n ot corre s p on d to E in De an a an d t is u n l ke a 7) cou d b e r es er e d i n su c v , i i ly th t l p v h he 1) h d a ear u h a u n u e wor . In ac t as s ed o t of t e iq d f t , i pp m n a e De on th e D on n o w r om w c Abe r de e n h as its n ame . , , f hi h

‘

The Ga el i s D an for an c en Di vona or r a e r Deivon a . ic i , i t , th ’ h s is u n dou bted ole m s w or d as w e an d o ss b T i ly Pt y ll , p i ly Aber e en or r a e r l A r i a n d O d be de e n s m e . The n am e , th t me ans odde ss an d is ou n d i n G au 2 for the de a u n de r g , f l 5 i

l n it s ee the rem arks o n the Dee o r De a . yi g , v o e m l aces o u r slan ds or is an d r ou s ad ace n t to Pt l y p f i , l g p , j h e fi r kn o n i n h hi a rk . T i w as s C pe O as st s t e b est M SS. n M th Skitis or Sketi s on ce o w e m os SS. e e orm ( ly), hil t giv f ti l m l ki t a ou o e a es S is b 7 0 m es N E . of a e O ci s . Pt y p c t il C p O rkas an d o w n to the orm O citi s m an w r e rs con s d er , , i g f , y it i it n o n th r ad l as a be en e of e O c es s an ds . i s owe e r h vi g i It , h v , m o re r ob abl the sle of Sk e m s ace d a ew w c com p y I y i p l , vi hi h u n T he atter a m en ds se l to M er om as a d Sto kes . s s it f ll , Th , l y th at it i s the w in g-s h ape d is lan d of Skye 5 N orse Ski dh ; r is Scii dat case d a e 7 00 i n An n als o f Ulste r Adam n an I h ( . , t ) 5 , da n ee th d ate 67 i n An n als o f t So e . S 6 U s te r Sci h ; g , ( l ) n r ci a th ci a tha n h 68 me an s w I . Ti e rn ac 6 S S . Dr ( g , ) 5 i g, , ’ Stokes de r ivation is the one u su ally accep te d 5 the Norse ” ki dh w i c is oss b i n flue n c e d b olk -e t mo o S , h h p i ly y f y l gy , ” ” me ans a lo fi r ewo o d ab e an d is al e d to g , , t l t , li i th el is n tere s n an o e r Gael c S a a s . to n o e th i g , hi d It i ti g t that the De an of L ism ore re fe r s to the islan d as Clar Ske ith the B oard o f Ski th .

1 i on In ve r-uri e a T he u i n m ost of the se c ases s l g . p p e ars in 1300 as — h m e rn e lli n e x i t i In ve r vw r t ou t e o d s s e d n 1 199. T h e de rivati on y , h g h p g su este d is rom i u bh ar th e ew the G auli s E bu r o w i c a e ar i h gg f , y , h , h h p p s f l ce r ive r an m an an ci en t am es o a s s d eo le s . so y n p , , p p u n ius 4th centur ex l ains it t us : B ivon a o n di 2 A so s ad te di vi . ( y) p h , f s

3 ’ ( 5 0 PTOLEMY S GEOGRAPHY O F S COTLAND .

m ad A n The oot of Dumn a an Dumn on ii i s ay d la na . r d o mmon i n e t an s an d th e e e men s o f V ac o -1na are c C l ic l d , l t gi e as a al idii i s s a B i ton an d e e i n Gau . E ec ily p r l l d l p p i lly r t ic , oo d e ti oo s e e oun f or lota L on os Nab ar os g C l c r t w r f d C , g , , Carn on ac ze a e n Ve rn i con es O r cad es the G aul s re fi x , C r i , , ; i h p o er appe ars i n Vervedrum an d Verubium ; we sugges te d r ob able roo s for V-o eas Ila V ar a ‘ Lo x a Cae s Cer one s p t l , , r , , li , - E en O rc ones Ske s an d a so for B an n ati a an d am a . ( ), ti , l T i v s o uld ou r e r at on of Ca e do n a be s ute th e r o o ca l h d iv i l i di p d , t m a be al en bac k u o n an d is u te ommo n i n Ce l c y f l p , it q i c ti u er al me an n The Tvesi s an d n am es 5 b t it is a ro ot of se v i gs . Tin a ar e doubtful as to form an d ori gin (Spey an d E den ? ) B o dotri a w is i n a s m a os on was re e rr e d to a , hich i il r p iti , f c s co m ara e vo te r O rr ea we e e re d to th e r oo or Pi ti h p tiv ( r f r t , l w Ske n e u es for rr e a an an d Taex a i as left un de rive d . s gg ts O d Il a a B as ue or-i n a vew h a s ou d omme n d i s el to q gi , i t t h l c t f ro es so r P f R hys . We us see a on ree o r ou or s ann o b e s a s th th t ly th f r w d c t ti fac to ri l accoun te d for an d ese i n two ses ar e ba dl y ; th , ca , y re c or de d form s ; we are n ot sure th at we are d ealin g w ith the n u n o o r O n e r d of the n am es c a n g e i e f rm s of the w ds . thi — e as ily b e p ar alle lel e ls ewh ere on Ce ltic gro u n d G aulis h and B r ton c but no t o e e r o n G ade lic ro un a o u r m o re it i , , h w v , g d ; f th s ow o o d e t oo s an d a n o t e r ou can be sat s ac to h g C l ic r t , h f rth i f rily l n we m a an alys ed in to e ither Aryan or Ce tic r a dicals . H e ce y ju s tly c on clu de that the Picts or Cale don i ans spoke n ot on ly an Ar an but a so a Ce c lan u a e i n the fi rs t e n u r o f our y , l lti g g c t y u e r acts in to t u er a . Two f rth f po t he co n cl sio n tha t th e c lan u e an d eo le we r e r at r o n c G a de li Pi tis h g ag p p he B ritt i than c . F r s th e of E idii i s t o rou n on -Gae but is e u a i t , p p h ghly lic , it q lly t orou l e s the r oo e o o r e o as we saw m e an h gh y W l h ; t g p , , s o se an d the o mer i s the G ade li c an d th e a e r th h r , f r l tt e to n A ai n the n ame rall le B r o rm . s are a e d b it ic f g , which p y G aul s an d B t sh sim ar o rm s c ea be on to B r tton i h ri i il f l rly l g i ic , or r at e r G a o -B t s ro u n d su as De an a T aVa h ll ri i h , g , ch v , , A an n a Sme rta I s e se n am es an not b e o l , , ti th c g t e ith er i n ’ an c en or mo e n re an d . We hus t i t d r I l t se e h at Pto le my s ge ogra phy o f Pictlan d yie lds so m e proo f that the Pic ts we r e a to an ua e a e to the C mri b an of the Cel s l g g , lli d y c r ch tic race . i l ate sou es su as B ede Adamn an the An n a sts an W th r rc , ch , , li , d the ace-n ames he se roo s ac umu ate so th at n ow we m a Pl , t p f c l , y c a m de s te the ank heor e s an d o e on of l i , pi cr y t i bj cti s ce rtai n eo e a the i s u es on i s se e p pl , th t P cti h q ti ttl d . T H E C EL T IC M AG AZ IN E . A M o n th ly Jou na d e ote to the L e a ure s o An u es F o k r l v d it r t , Hi t ry, tiq iti , l

L ore ad ons and the So a and Ma al n eres of , Tr iti , ci l teri I t ts

n l r the Celt at home and abroad . Co ducted by A exande

Ma ken z e la e Se e a of the Gae So e of n ve ness c i ( t cr t ry lic ci ty I r ), and the Rev A exan e MacGre o A r Ma n r . . and D cBai . . l d r g , M ,

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O PINIO NS O F THE PRESS.

Hi n The articles e tc . a re t ose i n w i c l anders tak de li t . o , , h h h gh e gh J h ’ 0 Groats Journ al . No o ne can o n its a es wit out fi ndin some t i n of leasure pe p g h g h g p , ” rofit o instr ucti on . Ame rican Scotsma n . p , r The M aga z in e ought to fi nd its way into the hands of e very true ” l Gr nock Hi lan de r . High an de r . ee gh

T HE R O M ANC E O F P O AC HING i n th e

o As l us a in the l es of ohn Highlands f Scotland . il tr ted iv J F r u ars on and A exan er Da i s the as of the F ree a q h l d v d on, l t ‘ M Combie 1 90 a es . 1904 F res e s . W Sm . . o t r By . ith p g

or ra s and us a on s . 3 8 6d P t it Ill tr ti . N — CO—NTE TS. — John F ar quharson L anavey L ost on the Grampia ns A L e sso n in

’ - — P oa e r f ld h l— me rs Deer Sta lki ng Two Days with a. ch o the O So oo Ga keepe — — man O utwitted How the Deer —were Ca rrie d O fi Ini tiati ng a Sp—orts Sportsme n and Ke e pers Sold Seve n Dee r Shot i n Sixty Seco—n ds Stalkin g — re am e nd its F ulfilme nt F ox Chasing Nell Alexan der Davi dson .

f . Reads m ore like a ro mance than a plain nm ative o facts Stirling ” O bserver .

H EC T OR M AC DO NAL D : T h e Sto r y O f Hi s “ B Da L . C omb . Au o of The an d L ife . y vid r th r Highl Brigad e : Its Battles and Its Nin e Illustra 1 5 903 2 6 8 es. 1 . 8 d. tion s . pag

v. E F E U DS O F T HE C L ANS. B y th e R e the sto of A r A. e ex ander a e o M . to e l M cgr g , 5 g th r with Hi ry the F euds and Conflicts among the Clans in the Northern

r f n and i n the es e n s es rom the ea Pa ts o Scotla d W t r I l , f y r “ MS. nr x r u n o MD XIX. F rs ub s e in 1 7 6 4 rom a xx . t C i t p li h d f ” 1 7 6 a es. 1 907 . wro te in the reign of King James VI . p g

3 s 6d. PUBL ICATIONS issued by ENEAS MACKAY Stirlin , g.

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