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Floods on White Rock Creek Above White Rock Lake at Dallas, Texas

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Floods on White Rock Creek Above White Rock Lake at Dallas, Texas UNITED STATES DEPARMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FLOODS ON WHITE ROCK CREEK ABOVE WHITE ROCK LAKE AT DALLAS, TEXAS I' Prepared in cooperation with the City of Dallas OPEN FILE No. 66 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FLOODS ON WHITE ROCK CREEK ABOVE WHITE ROCK LAKE AT DALLAS, TEXAS C. R. Gilbert Prepared in cooperation with the City of Dallas "by the Surface Water Branch U. S. Geological Surrey Trigg Twichell, District Engineer Open file No. 66 July 1963 CONTENTS Page Introduction--- ---- _____ _ _ _ _ __ ______________ i Cooperation and acknowledgment-- - - ---- - 2^ Physiography 2 Data available---------- _--- ____ ____ __ _ _ - 3 Flood history - - - - 3 Upper White Rock Creek ---- 3 Cottonwood Creek and Floyd Branch--- -- ______ - 5 Magnitude and frequency of floods-- - - _--- -_ 5 Inundation "by White Rock Creek-- -- -- -___ -_ _ ---- 6 Method of computation and assumptions-- - - - - - 6 Description of constrictions - - 7 Flood profiles -- - 9 Areas and depths of inundation - - 9 Velocity of flow 10 Effects of alterations 11 Channel and flood plain-- -- ____ -_- - 11 Watershed drainage area- _____ _- _______ n Inundation on tributary streams-- - - 12 Summary------- - - -- - ---_ -- -- -__ _______ 12 ILLUSTRATIONS Plate 1. Area inundated April 19-20, 19^-2, White Rock Creek at Dallas, Texas- - _-_--_ __ _--- in pocket 2. Area inundated July 27 and October 8, 1962, White Rock Creek at Dallas, Texas - - In pocket Figure 1. Profiles of floods on upper 'White Rock Creek at Dallas, Texas- ---- - _________ ___ 15 TABLES Table 1. Geometry of vehicular bridges over upper White Rock Creek- - ---- - _- ----- -_ - -. THE COVER Flood of July 27, 19&2, inundating Northwest Highway (Loop 12) (Photo by Dallas Times Herald) II FLOODS ON WHITE ROCK CREEK ABOVE WHITE ROCK LAKE AT DALLAS, TEXAS By C. R. Gilbert INTRODUCTION The White Rock Creek watershed within the city limits of Dallas , Texas, presents problems not unique in the rapid residential and industrial development encountered by many cities throughout the United States. The advantages of full development of the existing area within a city before expanding city boundaries, are related to both economics and civic pride. The expansion of city boundaries usually results in higher per capital costs for the operation of city governments. Certainly no responsible city official would oppose reasonable development of watersheds and flood plains and thus sacrifice an increase in tax revenue. Within the words "reasonable development" lies the problem faced by these officials. They are aware that the natural function of a stream channel, and its associated flood plain is to carry away excess water in time of flood. They are also aware that failure to recognize this has often led to haphazard development on flood plains with a consequent increase in flood damages. In the absence of factual data defining the risk involved in occupying flood plains, stringent corrective and preventative measures must be taken to regulate man's activities on flood plains to a point beyond normal precaution. Flood-flow characteristics in the reach of White Rock Creek that lies between the northern city boundary of Dallas and North­ west Highway (Loop 12) at the upper end of White Rock Lake, are presented in this report. Hydrologic data shown include history and magnitude of floods, flood profiles, outlines of areas inun­ dated by three floods, and estimates of mean velocities of flow at selected points. Approximate areas inundated by floods of April 19^2 and July 1962 along White Rock Creek and by the flood of October 1962 along Cottonwood Creek, Floyd Branch, and Jackson Branch, are delineated on maps. Greater floods have undoubtedly occurred in the past but no attempt is made to show their probable overflow limits because -1- basic data on such floods could not be obtained. Depths of inunda­ tion can be estimated from the information shown. Elevations shown are in feet above mean sea level, datum of 1929 The data and computations supporting the results given herein are in the files of the Geological Survey in Austin, Texas. Cooperation and Acknowledgment The preparation of this report was financed through a coopera­ tive agreement between the city of Dallas and the Geological Survey. Messrs. R. C. Hartung and F. H. Ruggles, Hydraulic Engineers, Geological Survey, assisted in the field investigations and related computations. Mr. H. H. Stirman, Director of Public Works of the city of Dallas and his staff provided useful historical flood data. Several long-time residents of the study area (Messrs. Emory Breedlove, Claude Bell, W. H. Stultz, Lindsey Green, E. B. Stewart, John Deuback, and others) contributed much information concerning past floods. PHYSIOGRAPHY The headwaters of White Rock Creek, a tributary of the Trinity River, are about 2 miles southeast of Frisco in Collin County and about lOj miles north of the Dallas city boundary. Headwater eleva­ tions are about 780 feet. The stream flows southward some 30 miles into White Rock Lake which has a conservation pool elevation of ^58 feet. General features of the watershed in the study area are shown on plate 1 (in pocket). From the northern city boundary of Dallas (mile 27.6) to the Texas and New Orleans Railroad Co. bridge (mile 18.7) the streambed has a nearly uniform slope of about 10 feet per mile. In the 5-mile reach between the railroad bridge arid White Rock Lake, the slope decreases from about 5 feet per mile to about 2 feet per mile. Local valley relief is about 150 feet. The drainage area of White Rock Creek at the northern Dallas city limit is 26.6 square miles and at Northwest Highway (Loop 12), 83.0 square miles. There is considerable variation in the width of the valley. The main channel is 50 to 100 feet wide, approximately trapezoidal in cross section, and ranges from 10 to 22 feet in depth. The channel bottom is cut to limestone bedrock in the reach upstream from Greenville Avenue and is mostly compacted alluvial material downstream from this point. The steep banks consist of limestone in many reaches and we 11-compacted alluvial material in others. Trees and underbrush line the channel for most of its length. -2- Except for streets and an occasional residence or business establishment, the flood plain within the study area is presently unoccupied* There are 15 vehicular bridges across the main channel within the study area. There are several small "low-water" dams but their effects on the flood capacity of the channel are negligible. Major tributaries between the northern city boundary of Dallas and White Rock Lake are Spanky Branch, Floyd Branch, Cottonwood Creek, and Jackson Branch. DATA AVAILABLE Collection of streamflow records was begun in the White Rock Creek basin in August 19&1, and since that time floods of sufficient magnitude to be of considerable value in this study occurred July 27 and October 8, 1962. The continued collection of these records is important to test some of the necessary syntheses related to the major flood of April 19-20, 19^2, and to define changes in hydrology due to progressive urbanization of the area. Streamflow records on streams in adjacent areas with characteristics comparable to those on White Rock Creek are short but provide useful data. Long-time residents of the White Rock Creek area provided many flood-height references and much useful information concerning past floods. Engineers of the Geological Survey made surveys of the White Rock Creek channel and flood plain at 1^ of the 15 vehicular bridges and at 6 intermediate sites in the 1^-mile reach of the study area. Values of channel roughness coefficients "n" were selected, and cross-sections were defined to elevations higher than those of the highest known floods. FLOOD HISTORY Upper White Rock Creek White Rock Creek has been subjected to very intense rainfall in the past, and extensive inundation of the flood plain has occurred. The greatest flood since at least 1886 was that of April 19-20, 19^2, according to Mr. Emory Breedlove, local resident since 1886. Infor­ mation obtained from other long-time residents of the area substan­ tiates this fact. Although official U. S. Weather Bureau rainfall stations adjacent to the watershed did not receive extraordinary amounts for the April 19^2 storm (Love Field, 3.M* inches; Carrollton, 7.73 inches; and Fort Worth, 5-19 inches), there were unofficial reports of as much as 12 inches of rainfall in the upper -3- part of the watershed. Two days of general thunderstorm activity in the area prior to the occurrence of the 19^2 storm, contributed to a higher-than-ordinary rate of flood runoff. Although one person was drowned in the April 19^2 flood at the Forest Lane crossing, newspaper accounts of the flood were minimized because of the events of World War II. The Dallas Times Herald on April 20, 191*2, stated in part: "The water in the White Rock Creek area was reported by old-time residents as the highest in over 50 years." Concern over the war news was probably responsible in part for the lack of many personal recollections of the magnitude of this outstanding flood event. Flood-height information obtained from some residents and landowners in the area could not be veri­ fied. However, sufficient peak- stage data were obtained in the reach upstream from Greenville Avenue to define the approximate area inundated by the 19^2 flood. The flood of June 1^, 19^9 "was probably the second highest since at least 1922, although some residents contend that the 19^9 flood was higher than the 19^2 flood. However, reliable information indicates the 19^2 flood to be higher by more than 3 feet at the upper end of the reach and more than 1 foot in White Rock Lake at the lower end.
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