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Diptera: Ceratopogonidae

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Diptera: Ceratopogonidae 110 JouRNnr,oF THE AMERICANMoseurro CoNrRor, Assoclettorl VoL.6, No. 1 HOST-SEEKINGBEHAVIOR AND SEASONALABUNDANCE OF CU Lrc OI DE S PARAE N S/S (DIPTERA:CERATOPOGONIDAE) IN BRAZIL1 A. L. HOCH,' D. R. ROBERTS3aNT F. P. PINHEIRO4 ABSTRACT. The ecology of Culicoides paraensis was studied with human bait collections at an agricultural research station near Belem and within 2 neighborhoods of Belem, Brazil, from 1977 to 1978. From collections conducted along transects that were centered on a house, we found most dense populations of host-seeking midges within and near the house. Host-seeking activity was least in areas fully exposed to sunlight compared to the levels of activity indoors and in shaded areas outside. Numbers of flies biting under shade trees and within the house increased during intervals of rain; concomitantly the levels of activity decreased in open areas. Seasonal population densities correlated with the pattern of rainfall, with a 2-month lag due to the long maturation time of immature C. paraensis. The effects of temperature and humidity on host-seeking activity are discussed. INTRODUCTION al. 1981, Pinheiro et al. 1981, 1982a, 1982b, Dixon et al. 1981,Borborema et al. 1981).Peak paraensis (Goeldi) (Diptera: Cera- Culicoides biting activity occurs between 1700-1800h, but is primary topogonidae) the vector of Oropouche the levels of activity at other times vary widely virus in urban areaswithin the Brazilian Ama- (Robertset al. 1981,LeDuc et al. 1981)Environ- zon Basin (Pinheiro et al. 1981, 1982a,\982b, mental factors that contribute to differences in Dixon et al. 1981,Roberts et al. 1981).With activity patterns of host-seeking C. paraensis more than 130,000cases reported from 1978 to populationsare describedin this report. In ad- 1980,Oropouche virus ranks as one ofthe more dition, the seasonalityand associationsof host- commoncauses of arboviral infectionsin South paraensispopulationswith housesare (Borborema seekingC. America et al. 1981).The finding quantified. that meningitis is a complication of the acute illness serves to increase concern about this virus and its urban vector (Pinheiroet al. 1982a, MATERIALS AND METHODS 1982b). The efficiencyof transmissionof Oropouche Study site: All studies were conductedin and virus by C. paraensis is linked to the midge's aroundBelem, Brazil, wheremajor epidemicsof associationwith man-madeenvironments. This Oropouchevirus have occurred (Hoch et al. midge-domestic environmental association 1986).Studies on daily patternsof host-seeking seems related to the midge's preference for activity and associations of C. paraensis with breedingin banana plant refuse since banana houses were conducted at the Agriculture Re- plants are commonly cultivated in the urban searchStation (CEPLAC) on the periphery of centersof Amazonia(Hoch et al. 1986).Vector Belem. Studieson the seasonaldynamics of C. efficiency is also related to the midge's anthro- paraensispopulations were conducted in 2 sep- pophilic behavior. arate zonesof Bel6m. Culicoidesparoensis is the most common diur- The study site at CEPLAC encompassedan nal man-bitinginsect in urban areas(Roberts et areaof 10-15 ha, locatedwhere cacao was being cultivated and where dense populations of C. I paraensis occurred. Four general habitat types This program was conducted under the auspices were in the study area: mixed plots of mature of the Minister of Health of Brazil. The researchwas cacaoand banana trees; marsh; grassy areas; conducted at the Institute Evandro Chagas, Bel6m, Para, Brazil, under PAHO Project BRA 4311 and and a monoculture of maturing deciduoustrees supportedby ResearchContract Number DAMD 17* (Fig. 1). A more detailedecological description 74-G-9378from the U.S. Army Medical Researchand has beenpresented in Hoch et al. 1986. Development Command, Office of the Surgeon Gen- The houses(A and B) used in the study were eral, Washington, DC. The opinions contained herein constructed of stuccoedwalls and tile roofs and are those of the authors and should not be construed were approximately 200 m apart. During the as official or reflecting the views of the Department day, as is custom in tropical regions, the doors of the Army. 'U.S. and windows were left open for ventilation. A Army Medical ResearchUnit, Brasilia,APO few shadetrees of various sizesand heights were Miami, FL 34030-0008. group 3Department of PreventiveMedicine/Biometrics, maintained around the houses.A of larger UniformedServices University of the Health Sciences, trees flanked one side of house A at a distance 4301Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799. of 7-10 meters. a Panamerican Health Organization, 525 Twenty- Eight members of one family lived in house third Street,N.W., Washington,DC, 20037. A. They had a dog and a few caged chickens. MARCH 1990 C. plaasNsts IN BRAzTL AVERAGE]{UMBER 0FCulicoldes oaraensls/l5 lillil. ;i CotLECTl0ll(2 collcctols/collecti0n) w)\ _G" :f* ffi \^;; Fig. 1. Spatial distribution of host-seekingpopulations of Culicoidesparaensis. Means calculated from 7-10 collections at each station (total of 188 collections). Collections were conducted at the Agriculture Research Station (CEPLAC) on the periphery of Bel6m, Brazil, in 1977.Transects centered on house B (house A not illustrated). House B was a staging site for employeesin- transect.Collections were repeatedalong a se- volved in maintaining the experimental cacao ries of 5 transects. and banana trees and various human activities Daily actiuity: Both indoor and outdoor collec- in or nearthe houseoccurred during eachwork- tions were performed at houseA to comparethe ing day. No large domestic animals were within effects of different environmental settings on a l-km radius of the study site; therefore, man the pattern of diurnal host-seeking activity. was the primary large-animal host for the blood- House A was selectedfor these studies because, feeding midges. Routine identifications were unlike houseB, it wascontinuously occupied by made and the diurnal population of midges in a family. There was one indoor and 2 collecting this areawas composedprimarily of specimens sites outside within 10-20 m of the house. One of C. paraensis. site outside was under shade trees while the Spatial distribution: The spatial distribution other was in a clearing about 10 m from both of host-seekingC. paraensiswas studiedat CE- shadetrees and house. PLAC usingtransects (Fig. 1) centeredon house A team of 2 collectors was stationed at each B. Teams of 2 collectorsusing mouth aspirators of the 3 collecting sites for 45 min/h. The teams were positioned at each of 4 locations separated were rotated between the sites each hour to by 20 m alongeach transect. Biting midgeswere prevent differences caused by collector effi- aspirated from the collectors' exposedlegs for a ciency. Continuous hourly captures, as previ- "Ihe collecting period of 15 min. Culicoidescol- ously described,were made between 0600 and lectedby eachteam were identifred and counted 1845h. Collecting containerswere gatheredeach while the 2-manteams changed locations along hour to identify and record the number of Culi- the transect, continuing until each team had coidescapttlled. Hydrothermographs were used rotated through eachof the 4 Iocationsalong the to monitor ambient temoerature and relative ll2 JouRNel oF THE ANanmceNMoseurro Collrnol AssocrenoN Vor,.6, No. 1 z 200 humidity at eachcollection site. Series of collec- ourstoE,sulr ExP()sEIl F 't80 I tions were performed 3 days a week for approx- ! OUTSIOE,SHAOED AREA imately 1 month in March-April 1977. 160 I NS|DE0F HoUSE C. paraensis i 140 Seasonalactiuity: Collections of = were made within 10-20 m of each of several 120 selectedhouses in 2 separateneighborhoods in E 100 E(} Bel6m.Landing captureswere performed by 2- F & 60 man teams that collected midges attempting to o feedon the lower legs(knee to ankle). Captures u 10 - 20 were made for 4 consecutive30-min intervals z from 1400to 1600h at each collection site for 2 15 MN 45 MIN 15 MIN consecutive days on alternate weeks. Rainfall cottEcTtoNs c()u.EcTtoNs c0rLEcTtoNs data was obtained from the CEPLAC meteoro- 8EFO8E OUBII{G AFTER logicalstation located in the peripheryof Bel6m. RAIIIFATT BAIIIFALI RAINFATT Additional information on seasonalpopula- Fig. 2. Numbers of Culicoidesparaensis captured in tion densitieswas obtainedby making captures 45-min biting collectionsbefore, during and after in- near the house (describedpreviously) at CE- tervalsof rainfall. Collectionswere conductedat the PLAC. The collection station was about 10 m Agriculture ResearchStation (CEPLAC) on the pe- from house B. The collections were conducted riphery of Bel6m,Brazil, in 1977. in a uniform manner (as describedabove) 0830- 0915 h daily (excluding weekendsand holidays) . oltTsrDE,sux ExPoslD duringthe monthsof November1977-July 1978. o ItstDE0F ltousE 50 A OUISIOE.SHADEO AREA RESULTS L40 zG Spatial distribution: On average,92 of every 9ao 100host-seeking C. paraensls collected were cap- 20 tured within a 20-m radius of the transect focus, ll near houseB (Fig. 1). Low levels of biting activ- ;100 = ity (averagesof 0-69/collection) were found for e90 2 E stations 3, and 1 of transects1, 2, 3 and 4. ?ro More specimenswere captured at station 1 of transect 5 than at stations 2 and 3. lzo DaiLy actiuity: Brief periods of rainfall were gdoo recordedduring most afternoonsafter 1300 h. = Sequential collections before, during and after - intervals of rainfall were However, : 200 compared. € collections after 1645h were excludedfrom this G e 150
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