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Diptera : Ceratopogonidae) De La Université de REIMS CHAMPAGNE-ARDENNE UFR de Pharmacie Ecole Doctorale : Sciences Technologie Santé THESE Pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de l’Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne Discipline : Parasitologie Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Leila ZIANI HADJ-HENNI Le 9 Décembre 2014 Taxonomie intégrative des Culicoides (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae) de la région Champagne-Ardenne JURY M. Arezki Izri , Rapporteur M. Denis Augot , Directeur de Thèse M. Jérôme Depaquit , Examinateur Mme Claire Garros , Examinatrice M. Vincent Robert , Rapporteur Mme Isabelle Villena , Examinatrice (Présidente du jury) Université de REIMS CHAMPAGNE-ARDENNE UFR de Pharmacie Ecole Doctorale : Sciences Technologie Santé THESE Pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de l’Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne Discipline : Parasitologie Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Leila ZIANI HADJ-HENNI Le 9 Décembre 2014 Taxonomie intégrative des Culicoides (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae) de la région Champagne-Ardenne JURY M. Arezki Izri , Rapporteur M. Denis Augot , Directeur de Thèse M. Jérôme Depaquit , Examinateur Mme Claire Garros , Examinatrice M. Vincent Robert , Rapporteur Mme Isabelle Villena , Examinatrice (Présidente du jury) à Amine et Hichem à mes chers parents et beaux-parents… Remerciements Cette thèse est le résultat de trois ans de travail au laboratoire de « Transmission vectorielle et Epidémiosurveillance de maladies parasitaires - EA 4688 ». Je tiens à remercier toutes les personnes qui ont contribué à cette expérience aussi enrichissante qu’intéressante. Mes plus vifs remerciements vont tout d’abord à mon directeur de thèse, Denis Augot, qui m’a soutenu et encouragé depuis notre rencontre en 2011, a partagé sans compter sa passion pour les insectes avec moi et m’a offert l’opportunité de travailler sur ce sujet qui me tient à cœur. Sa patience, sa disponibilité et son efficacité m’ont permis d’effectuer cette thèse dans les meilleures conditions possibles. Merci pour sa gentillesse, son humanité et son courage, dans le travail comme en dehors, qui me resteront comme un modèle à suivre. Si je n’ai qu’un seul directeur officiel, Jérôme Depaquit, le directeur de l’EA 4688, n’a jamais manqué de me rappeler aux bons moments la rigueur scientifique nécessaire à l’accomplissement du travail de recherche et de rédaction. Merci de m’avoir accueilli dans son laboratoire. Je lui exprime ici ma reconnaissance et ma gratitude pour ces qualités humaines et surhumaines. Merci pour son implication très régulière dans ce travail et pour ces idées pertinentes. Un grand merci d’avoir cru en moi et de m’avoir impliqué dans les activités scientifiques et pédagogiques de l’équipe, ce fut une expérience très enrichissante. Si tous les chefs étaient comme lui… Cette thèse n’aurait pourtant pas été possible sans l’aide précieuse de Thibaut De Meulemeester. Je lui suis plus que reconnaissante de m’avoir initié à la morphométrie géométrique et de m’avoir permis de comprendre les statistiques multivariées. Si travailler avec lui était parfois incertain du fait de sa disponibilité réduite, je le remercie d’avoir trouvé toutes ces heures à me consacrer pour partager son expérience, de passer des heures à réfléchir intensément sur une analyse et de comprendre la taxonomie des Culicoides. Je remercie également ses parents M. et Mme De Meulemeester, qui m’ont envoyé un échantillon de sang d’âne prélevé sur de leurs propres animaux. Je remercie vivement Menno Schilthuizen pour son travail sur l’analyse des données moléculaires pour l’un de mes articles ainsi que pour sa critique très constructive et utile. Je tiens aussi à remercier toute l’équipe du laboratoire EA4688, Hubert Ferté, Damien Jouet, Cécile Patrelle, Christine Millot, Célia Lesage, Rim Bouchouicha, Mohamed Kasbari, mais aussi Véronique Lehrter pour sa disponibilité et sa gentillesse, Mireille Cousinat pour son éternel sourire, sa gentillesse et sa bonté. Je remercie particulièrement Adeline Germain et Philippe Noel pour leur travail sur les repas sanguins, merci pour leur dévouement et leur professionnalisme. J’espère que la dissection des insectes ne vous empêchera pas un jour de retravailler dans le monde merveilleux de l’entomologie. Merci également à Yves Gourdain et André Dang pour leur gentillesse et leur soutien. Je tiens à remercier aussi notre super informaticien Morad Belbagra pour son efficacité, son aide et sa disponibilité et aussi Catherine Lantoine pour son dévouement, sa compétence et sa gentillesse. Merci également au personnel de la bibliothèque de l’UFR de pharmacie pour leurs conseils sur la rédaction et les références bibliographiques. De même nous n’aurions pas pu collecter autant de spécimens dans les Ardennes sans l’aide de Rémi Helder qui nous a si bien accueillis à Boult-aux-Bois. Merci aussi à toutes les personnes qui ont participé aux collectes. Merci également à Estelle Odinot de l’Ecole Doctorale pour les multiples renseignements que j’ai pu réclamer et de m’avoir supporté pendant ces trois années, merci pour son soutien, ses conseils et son accueil. Merci à Bruno Mathieu qui a eu la gentillesse de mettre à ma disposition sa collection privée ainsi que pour ses conseils et à Frank Sauvage pour son super boulot lors de mon premier article. Je tiens à remercier les membres de Jury de m’avoir fait l’honneur d’accepter d’examiner ce travail. A toutes les personnes que j’aurais pu oublier… Cette thèse a bénéficié d’un co-financement CPER1 projet ‘‘Culichamp’’ et de l’ANSES2. 1 Un contrat de projets État-région 2 Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail Résumé Plusieurs systématiques se côtoient aujourd’hui : la systématique typologique, d’inspiration linnéenne, qui repose sur l’examen morphologique de types porte-nom et depuis plusieurs années, une systématique phylogénétique conduit également à la création de taxons nouveaux, de niveau spécifique, infra-spécifique et supra-spécifique. Dans ce travail, nous avons cherché une approche globale, qualifiée de taxonomie intégrative couplant les approches morphologiques traditionnelles, la systématique moléculaire et la geomorphométrie alaire, dans le but d’éclairer la notion d’espèce chez les Culicoides avec ses corollaires épidémiologiques, étant donnée l’importance de ces insectes dans des maladies majeures d’intérêt vétérinaire telles que la fièvre catarrhale ovine et la maladie causée par le virus de Schmallenberg. Cette approche nous a permis de mettre en lumière la complexité systématique des espèces affines (C. clastrieri/C. festivipennis, les groupes Obsoletus, Pulicaris et Vexans). D’un point de vue biologique, nous nous sommes intéressés aux préférences trophiques des Culicoides de la région Champagne-Ardenne qui montrent une forte attirance pour les Equidés. Mots-Clefs : Taxonomie intégrative, Culicoides, préférence trophique Abstract Several systematic coexist today: typological systematic of Linnaean spirit, based on morphological examination of type specimens. For several years, a phylogenetic systematics also led to the creation of new taxa, at specific, sub-specific and supra-specific level. In this study, we have sought a comprehensive approach i.e. an integrative taxonomy that coupling traditional morphological approaches, molecular systematic and wing geometry morphometric in order to clarify the concept of species in the Culicoides with epidemiological corollaries, given the importance of these insects in major diseases of veterinary interest such as bluetongue and the disease caused by the Schmallenberg virus . This approach allowed us to highlight the systematic complexity of related species (C. clastrieri / C. festivipennis, the Obsoletus, Pulicaris and Vexans groups). In addition, we investigated the host preference of Culicoides of the Champagne-Ardenne region. Keywords: Integrative taxonomy, Culicoides, host preference Table des matières Chapitre I : Introduction et cadre général .................................................................................................. 1 Chapitre II : Le genre Culicoides ................................................................................................................. 5 1. Morphologie, fonctions et intérêt dans la taxonomie .......................................................................... 5 2. Cycle biologique ............................................................................................................................... 11 3. Ecologie ............................................................................................................................................ 12 Chapitre III : Rôle vecteur des Culicoides : les arboviroses .................................................................... 14 1. Introduction....................................................................................................................................... 14 2. Culicoides et biologie de la transmission d’arbovirus ...................................................................... 15 3. La fièvre catarrhale ovine ou Bluetongue (BT) en Europe ............................................................... 16 Structure du BTV .................................................................................................................................. 17 Transmission du BTV ........................................................................................................................... 19 Ecologie et transmission du BTV ........................................................................................................
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