Status of Tribes and Climate Change Report (STACC)
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1 Cover photo: Mt. Shuksan, Washington We acknowledge all Indigenous peoples across Turtle Island who have inhabited the lands, currently known as the United States of America, since time immemorial. We honor their past, present, and future knowledges, cultures, and lifeways for tending and preserving Mother Earth. We extend gratitude to and honor all our human and nonhuman relatives and the land, plants, waters, and air. We honor and recognize all voices of our Sisters, Brothers, Leadership, Elders, and Youth fighting for the next Seven Generations. Produced by The Institute for Tribal Environmental Professionals PO Box 15004, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5004 http://www7.nau.edu/itep/main/Home/ Recommended Report Citation Status of Tribes and Climate Change Working Group (STACCWG). (2021). Status of Tribes and Climate Change Report, Institute for Tribal Environmental Professionals, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ. [Marks-Marino, D. (ed.)] http://nau.edu/stacc2021 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Status of Tribes and Climate Change Report is the culmination of countless hours of effort from an expansive community of people and organizations. The Status of Tribes and Climate Change Working Group (STACCWG) was convened by the Institute for Tribal Environmental Professionals (ITEP), is supported by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) Tribal Climate Resilience Program (TCRP), and was made up of all the individuals listed below. The Steering Committee met every other week beginning in June 2020. This diverse committee respectfully discussed and debated both general concepts and seemingly minor details to ensure this Report achieved the goals set forth while remaining mindful of culturally sensitive concerns. ITEP would like to sincerely thank the entire Steering Committee: Althea Walker, Alyssa Samoy, Amber Pairis, Ann Marie Chischilly, April Taylor, Casey Thornbrugh, Chas Jones, Ciarra Greene, Connor Magee, Coral Avery, Crystal Keys, Gary Morishima, Julie Maldonado, Karen Cozzetto, Kathy Lynn, Kelsey Morales, Kyle Whyte, Malinda Chase, Manley Begay, Jr., Maurice Cruz, Nikki Cooley, Rachael Novak, Preston Hardison, Sara Smith, Shannon McNeeley, Shasta Gaughen, and Stefan Tangen. We also appreciate the contributions of Ann Wyatt, Chris Lee, Michelle Montgomery, and Paulette Blanchard. One of the aspects of this Report that makes it not only unique but also raw and personal is the inclusion of the voices of Tribes and Tribal people who are on the front lines in experiencing and responding to climate change. ITEP sincerely appreciates all the narrative contributors: Alexandria Warneke, Amber Pairis, Amy Boetcher, Anahma Shannon, April Taylor, Belén Rodriguez, Bob Blake, Carol Kriebs, Chantel Comardelle, Chaylum Hogue, Christian Nelson, Colleen Sanders, Collin Spriggs, Connor Magee, Coral Avery, Craig Kreman, Cynthia Naha, Daniel Mosley, Dara Marks-Marino, Darren McCrea, Debbie Dotson, Doug Crow Ghost, Elizabeth Azzuz, Fletcher Wilkinson, Frederick Olsen, Jr., James C. Collard, Jane Breckinridge, Jennifer Hill, Jessica Mauck, John Doyle, Kari Hedin, Kari Lanphier, Ken Lomayestewa, Krishna Woerheide, Margie Connolly, Mari Eggers, Opik Ahkinga, Page Hingst, Paula Ezcurra, Philomena Keyes, Sara Bliss, Scott Clow, Teara Farrow Ferman, Teresa Romero, Virginia LeClere, and Wenix Red Elk. Thanks also goes to Ann Marie Chischilly for writing the narrative introductions. The authors of this Report offered not only their time and knowledge, but also their hearts. ITEP would like to thank: Adelheid Herrmann, Alexandria Warneke, Althea Walker, Alyssa Samoy, Amber Pairis, Belén Rodriguez, Chantel Comardelle, Charles Schlinger, Chas Jones, Colleen Cooley, Connor Magee, Coral Avery, Dalee Sambo Dorough, Dan Wildcat, Dara Marks-Marino, Don Antrobus, Frank Lake, Gary Morishima, Haley Mullen, Hannah Panci, Hilarie Sorensen, Jamie Donatuto, John Doyle, Joy Wiecks, Julie Jurkowski, Julie Maldonado, Karen Cozzetto, Kathy Lynn, Kelsey Morales, Kyle Whyte, Larry Campbell, Lesley Iaukea, Loretta Singletary, Lynda Zambrano, Malinda Chase, Marco Hatch, Margaret Eggers, Mark Junker, Maurice Cruz, Max Neale, Misty Peacock, Nikki Cooley, Otakuye Conroy-Ben, Paula Ezcurra, Preston Hardison, Rachael Novak, Rob Croll, Sally Russell Cox, Shannon McNeeley, Shasta Gaughen, Shavonne Smith, Sherry Stout, and Stefan Tangen. ITEP would like to specifically highlight the contributions and leadership of Dr. Kyle Whyte. Dr. Whyte went above and beyond in providing guidance and helping us think deeply about important issues. Dr. Whyte’s ability to synthesize and communicate the concepts we were attempting to bring forth, combined with his humble leadership and commitment to writing large sections of this report, were indispensable in this process. 3 The peer review process for the STACC Report involved four layers: 1) an internal peer review, made up of the Report authors, ITEP staff members, and others, 2) a federal agency review, made up of representatives from the BIA, 3) a single blind external peer review, made up of three highly qualified scholars, and 4) a final author and Steering Committee review. While this process was likely more robust than typical reports, we collectively recognized the need for the review process to not only be thorough, but also to capture inclusive and diverse thoughts and opinions. ITEP would like to acknowledge the work of all the internal peer reviewers: Adelheid Herrmann, Alexandria Warneke, Andy Bessler, Charlie Schlinger, Chas Jones, Colleen Cooley, Coral Avery, Dara Marks-Marino, Eva Burk, Haley Mullen, Jamie Donatuto, Joy Wiecks, Karen Cozzetto, Kathy Lynn, Kelsey Morales, Lynda Zambrano, Malinda Chase, Mansel Nelson, Mark Junker, Nikki Cooley, Sara Smith, Shannon McNeeley, Shasta Gaughen, and Stefan Tangen; as well as the federal agency reviewers from BIA: Rachael Novak, Alyssa Samoy, Crystal Keys, Harold Peterson, and Michael Benedict. While the external peer reviewers will remain anonymous to protect the integrity of the peer review process, we sincerely appreciate the time and effort they put into making this a more robust report. Thanks also goes to Risa Jacobson for her transcription and copy- editing expertise. The Indigenous Holistic Worldview Illustration team put in a big effort to visually depict a complex concept. Special thanks go to Coral Avery and Molly Tankersley for their graphic design skills and Casey Thornbrugh, Dara Marks-Marino, Krista Heeringa, and Malinda Chase for their input throughout the development process. We also appreciate David Bernie for creating the design of the front cover and color schemes throughout the Report and Kim Dalton for designing the back cover. It is impossible to attribute proper credit to all the conversations held, research conducted, webinars and conferences attended, and more that led to the thoughts, insights, and information included in this Report. Additionally, the groundwork laid by the authors of the National Climate Assessment, and their efforts to include Indigenous peoples in their publications, has contributed immensely to the breadth and depth of awareness in the U.S. of the impacts from climate change to Tribes. Lastly, ITEP would like to thank the BIA TCRP for its continued support of Tribes, Tribal communities, and ITEP’s Tribes and Climate Change Program. Without the funding and support provided by the BIA’s TCRP, Tribal capacity in responding to climate change would be a fraction of what it is today. 4 Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................................................ 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................... 6 NOTES ON TERMINOLOGY ................................................................................................................................... 15 ACRONYMS USED IN THIS REPORT ....................................................................................................................... 18 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................... 22 SECTION 1: BRIEFING ON CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE TRIBAL CONTEXT ................................................................. 27 CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN NATIONAL CLIMATE ASSESSMENTS ............................................................ 27 CHAPTER 2: WORLDVIEWS, KNOWLEDGES, & SOCIAL IMPACTS ........................................................................................ 34 CHAPTER 3: ACTIONABLE SCIENCE & COLLABORATIVE CLIMATE PLANNING ......................................................................... 46 SECTION 2: IMPACTS & SOLUTIONS BY TOPIC ...................................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER 4: ECOSYSTEMS & BIODIVERSITY .................................................................................................................. 56 CHAPTER 4.1: AIR ................................................................................................................................................ 81 CHAPTER 4.2: WATER ........................................................................................................................................... 98 CHAPTER 4.2.1: DRINKING WATER INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................