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Horst Klengel - Az O ,. ;í- !, HORST KLENGEL Nz óroRI színn rönrÉNETE JLTúnÁrn 1i :, ,- "" . GoNDOLAT.1977 ':1 .i, l n roRntrÁs ez elÁnnt rleoÁs 4r.trrÁN KÉszült, . ; A KoEHLER uND AMELANo vBnt+o_pxceoÉLyÉy Lii ,i, HoR T KLENGEL: GESCHrer*rn t,Fio,*ulrun lrri$riliiNs KoEHLER UND AMBLANG VERLAG,.LEIPZIG t967 roRpírotre rnRnót JuDIT e nonpírÁsT szAKMAILAG Bt lnxóRlzTE KoMoRóczv sÉzll I BN 963280 367 l ,LATIox ) HUNGARIAN TRAN tm ör IUDíT 19.í TARTALoM 7 ELŐSZÓ A MAGYAR KIADÁSHOZ l1 ELŐszÓ t3 Az ÓKoRl szÍRtA FoGALMA 16 A K KORTÓL A BRONZKORIG 19 Az íRoTT FoRRÁsoK ELsö Aperll 28 naÁnt rtRÁI"yltNAK ronrÁnsat színtÁnnN 34 A JAMHADI NAcyrtnÁlyoK KoRA 42 IDRIMI ÉsszogRa 47 A NAGyHATALMAK HARcA színtÁÉnr 55 rnNaÁN AGyAGRI Rótr IRoDALMA 67 UGARIT IsTENEINnr vllÁca 73 szíRtn A HETTIrÁr URALMA ALA,TT 8l KERESKEDELEM És rÉzuÚvessÉcA HETTITA KoRt színlÁgnN 93 A NAGY ÁrnlexulÁs: ,,TENGERI NÉpnr,, ÉsnnÁrrater 98 a színtet Áunuor vtlÁGA A KoRAI vAsKoRBAN t0? AssUR HATALMA n rÖlorÖzt-rENGER rÉnsÉcÉBEN lt2 ncysÉo a sorrÉLesÉcgBN:szíRIn rulrúnÁrn AzI. n. t. ÉvnzRED nlnlÉN l25 NegIJ-ruDURRI-UszunrÓL NAGY sÁNpoRIG: tJJ HÓpÍrÓr szíruÁneN 130 a uÁHozvEzETó úr l35 rp RBNpr rÁgI,Á'zlr l37 IRoDALoM l40 e sz vBcrözrl RAJzoK lecvzÉKe t42 KÉpMELI"ÉrlBrBKJEGyzÉrB 145 xÉvuurnró ELőszó A MAGyAR rtaoÁsnoz T bb mint egy évtized telt el az ta,hogy e kcinyv német kéziratának mun- kálatait leárhattam. Azókori Szíria ttirténelmének és kultrirájának kutatása ezekben az években még er teljesebben és eredményesebben folyt, mint azel tt. A korábbi ásatási helyeken, f ként Máriban és Ugaritban, tovább folytatták a feltárásokat; ezek rij leletanyagot és rij ismereteket eredményez- tek. Sámos j tertileten kezdtek régészetikutatásokhoz, és az els eredmé- nyek máris nyilvánosságra keriiltek. Új feliratos anyagot tettek kózzé, és a már eddig is rendelkezésiinkre állt ékírásos sztivegek átvizsgálása néhány ponton a sztivegek pontosabb értelmezéséttette lehet vé. Tdbb, a hellenisz- tikus kor el tti Szíria t<irténelmi fejl désévelfoglalkoz munka néMny he- lyen rijszefilen, illetve élesebben rajzolta meg az orság mriltjáról alkotott képiinket. Amennyiben ezek az j kutatási eredmények a k nyvben szerepl adatokat is érintették, a magyar kiadás ezt már figyelembe veszi. Ez ton mondunk meleg k sztinetet Komoróuy Gézának a magyar kiadás tudomá- nyos szerkesztéséértés Tarnói Juditnak a fordítás fáradságos munkájáért. Néhány egészen friss régészeti felfedezésre itt kiil<in fel kell hívnunk a figyelmet, még akkor is, ha ezek az ókori Szíria kultrirája és t rténelme sá- mára csak az elktivetkezend években, az anyag kiadása és értékeléseután válnak gyiimtilcs ózilv é. Az Euphratész mentén épiil dvzlaszt gát, amely Tabqa fol tt a folyót egy nyolcvan kilométer hossz és nyolc kilométer széles t vá duzzatsztja, mintegy 6 négyzetkilométernagyság tertiletet áraszt el vizzel. A térség .nagysámri romját tekintve világos, hogy a viz egy, már a korai ókorban sííriin lakott, régészetileg érdekes teriiletet borítana el, és zárna el <ircikre a kutatás e| l. Az volt tehát a feladat, hogy átkutassák a viztároló térségét,és legfontosabb emlékeit megmentsék az Euphratész víztcimegét l. A Szíriai Arab K ztársaság Régiségeidek és Mrizeumainak F igazgatósága ily módon olyan feladat elé kertilt, amelyet egyediil, saját erejéb l aligha tudott volna ,l megoldani, a v<ilgyzár gát gyors iitemííépítése pedig mindossze néhány évnyi határid t engedélyezett, l97l januárjában a Szíriai Arab Kciztársaság az UNESCO révénazzal a felhívással fordult a világ valamennyi érdekelt államához és intézményéhez,hogy vegyenek részt a viztároló ter[iletének régészeti feltárásában. Így a kcivetkez években egy sor kiilfiildi expedíció látott munkához. Ma ezek a vizsgálatok szinte maradéktalanul |ezáru|tak. Azl974 szénmegkezdettduzzasztás után napról napra magasabbra emel- ked viz sorra érte el az ásatások helyét, mind nagyobb sietségre késztetve a régészeket,mígnem végiil az egykori telepi,ilések feltárt maradványait is elá, rasztotta. A megmentett leletanyag az rijonnan épiilt Aleppói Régészeti Mri, 'zeumba keriilt. Az ókori kelet szempontjából f ként a Habuba Kabira és Meszkene terii, tetén feltárt anyagjelent s. Habuba Kabira i. e. 3000 k riil igen fontos hely lehetett: nagy kiterjedésíí,fallal kciriilzárt telepiilést tártak fel, amelynek kerámiája és pecsétlenyomatai egészen Dél-Mezopotámiáig terjed kapcso, latokra utalnak. Néhány agyagtáblát is találtak: gazdasági szcivegeket, a kor képsz erííirásával. Meszkenében, azi. e. 3. és 2. évezred ékírásos szovegei, ben gyakran említett Enrar teriiletén, tobb száz agyagtábla kertilt el , ezek természetesen az i. e.2. évezred végérl szátmaznak. Emar jelent s kikt t , város volt az Euphratész partj6n, és fontos csomópont Szíria és Mezopotá, mia kereskedelmi forgalmában; az emari ékírásos sz vegek minden bizony, nyal segíteni fognak az e város és Elij-Azsia más teri,iletei koz tt kialakult gazdasági kapcsolatok kutatásában. Tell Fray tertiletén is tobb agyagtáblát találtak, s nemrégiben a Dzsebel Aruda lejttíjén, az egykori Arazik helyén, szintén sikeriilt megmenteni néhány agyagtáblát. lly módon, ha a leleteket egyszer majd teljes'egészében kiadják, jelent s mértékben b viilnek ismere, teink az uphratészk zéps folyásának vidékér l és a térség t rténelmi fej, l-- désérl. nra.-u z igazán szenzáci s felfedezést olasz régészek tették 1975 íjszén: a Paolo Matthiae professzor vezetése alatt álló expedíció már 1964 ta dolgozik az A|eppótól délre fekv vidéken; kutatásaikat csakhamar Tell Mardihra iisszpontosították. Lassanként kirajzolódtak az aííautaló jelek, hogy Ebla városa van itt eltemetve i az a város, amelyr l már Sarrukín. (i. e.234U2284) feliratai említést tesznek; Agade királya Ktizép,Mezopotá, miából vonult-Észak-Sziria felé. Végii| az els feliratos leletek meghozták a bizonyságot, majd t975 szének ásatásai során a királyi palota két kisebb hetyiségében mintegy 15000 awagtáb|ára bukkantak! Amennyire e pilla- natban megítélhetjiik, a táblák nagyobb tész,e Agade királyának, Sarrukín- 8 nak, illetve utódainak korábólszármazik. Ebla ebben az id ben (i. e.2L23. szÁzad) feltehet en jelent s uralkodói székhely volt. A táblák fapolcokon álltak, és jóllehet ezek egy tíizalkalmával sszerogy- tak, az ásatók a táb|ákaí. nagyjából ugyanabban a rendben találták ffi g, ahogyan egykor a levéltárosok elhelyezték ket. Amikor azásatásiexpedíció filológusa, Giovanni Pettinato professzor a táblákat el sztir mögvizsgálta, egy további fontos felfedezésre jutott: a sztivegek egy részéta tudomány szÁ- máta már jól ismert umer nyelven firták, ámde a legt bb sz<iveg nyelve egy régi nyugati sémi nyelv, amely ezideig lényegébenismeretlen volt! Évek telnek majd el, amíg a nagyrészt j állapotban megmaradt eblai táblák mindegyike olvasható és tanulmányozhat lesz. De máris nyilván- való, hogy ezek a táblák jelent s mértékben b víteni fogják az ókori Szíria és ezen tril, Mezopotámia t rténelmére és kultrirájára vonatkozó ismeretein- ket. Így azok a gazdasági saivegek, amelyek Ebla uralkodójának jiivedelmét k nyvelik el, felvilágosítással szolgálnak majd a társadalmi-gazdasági viszo- nyok fel l. A kereskedelemre vonatkozó sz vegek az Euphratész térségeés a F ldk zi-tenger ktizcitti forgalmat, f ként a sztivet- és fémkereskedelmet világítják majd meg. A szcivegek sok országot és helységet neveznek meg, ezek kózul néhánynak a fekvése most már pontosabban is megállapítható lesz, és talán sikeriil majd feltárni ket. El keriilt egy, a Tigris mellett fekv Assur íbjedelmévelkcitcitt államszerz dés; egy eblai tábornok beszámol az Euphratész melletti Mári ellen folytatott sikeres hadjáratról, amelynek során nagy mennyiségíjaranyat és eziistcit zsákmányolt. Találtak iskolai szcivegeket is, amelyeken mind a tanulók hibái, mind a tanár javító kézvonása|átsr,a- nak. Az irodalmi emlékek ktiz tt szerepelnek a Gilgamesr l, a dél-mezopo- támiai Uruk város legendás hírííuralkodójáról szóló elbeszélések,amelyek- b l kés bb az ékirásos irodalom legjelent sebb eposza alakult ki. Végiil, de nem utolsósorban említeni.ink kell azokat a sz tárakat, sumer-nyugati sémi sz jegyzékeket, amelyek egykor Ebla írnokainak kezében forogtak, most pedig az ékíráskutatók segítségérelesznek, hogy elolvashassák az ,,eblai (ókanaáni) nyelven" írt sz<ivegeket. Nyugodtan sámolhatunk azlalrhogy a Tell Mardihban folytatódó munkálatok során ebben az évben ismét rij agy agtáblák keriilnek napvil ágra. Már most nyilvánvaló, hogy a k vetkez évek sámottev en b víteni fog- ják ismereteinket Szfuia mriltjáról, s nyilván t bb ponton meg fogjákváltoz- tatni egész felfogásunkat is. Eddigi tudásunk <isszefoglalása éppen azÉrtfon- tos és hasznos, mert lehet vé teszi, hogy az j ismeretek majd megfelel helyre keriiljenek az kori Szlrifu l alkotott,sszképben. ELŐSZÓ Egy olyan korban, amelyben a régészetikutatások évr l évre Szíria m ltjának rij emlékeithozzák napvilágra, s amelyben az rij feliratos források olyan te, riileteket nyitnak meg a tiirténészel tt, amelyekr l korábban csak keveset tudott, talán merésznek tiínik, ha az ókori Szíria ttirténetének és kultrirájá, nak áttekintésével a szélesebb, a.kutatás speciális probtémáiban tiibbnyire járatlan olvasókiiziinséghez fordulunk. Ha mégis vállalkozunk rá, akkor éppen azért, mert az utóbbi évek során felhalmoz dott ismeretek nemcsak sokkal világosabban rajr-olták meg azt a képet, amellyel Szíria Ókori keleti fejlóldésér l korábban rendelkeztiink, hanem jelent s kérdésekbenmeg is változtatták. Kézenfekv , hogy ez az áttekintés csupán a kutatás pillanatnyi helyzetének mérlegétvonhatja meg. Az ókori Szíria t rténelmévelés kult rájával foglalkoz
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