B I R D S T H E U N G AVA P E N I N S U LA

BY

FRANCIS HARPER

Biological gati ons in this region in 1953 were supported by the Arcti c Insti tute of North America ( under contractu al arrangements with the Office of N aval Research ) and by the Research and Devel o ment Divi io i of The S r o p s n , Off ce u ge n l a tm f G a D e t o the Arm . The ener , ep r n y results have been prepared for publi cation under a grant from the National S cience

Foundati on. Reproduction in whole or in part is per mitted for any purpose of the Uni ted States Gove rnment .

U N I V E R S I T Y O F K A N S A S

L A W R E N C E K A N S A S ' S NFV LJ

UNIVE RSITY OF KANSAS

— Mc llaneous Publication No . 1 7 . 1 1 71 6 ls . 26 i s . is e , pp , p , fg

Pu lis hed October 15 1958 b ,

b W M

Means of publi cation were suppli ed by the John Simon Guggenheim M emorial Foundation C O N T E N T S

INTRODUCTI ON Previous ornithological investigations in the central portion of the Ungava Peninsula Investigations in 1953 Physiography and vegetation

C in t and hanges climate , faunal dis ribution, life zones Comparative abundance of bird species French and Montagnais names of birds Names of plants Summation of distributional records - Zonal distribution of land and fresh water birds breeding in the Ungava Peninsula

Nomenclature, measurements , weights , plumages , color terms Acknowledgments

ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES

INDEX

INTRODUCTI ON A more precise title for this report would have been Birds of the n l C Ungava Pe insu a, Particularly of Its entral and Southern Por ” tions . The shorter expression has been adopted as a friendly ges ur - i t t e toward hard work ng librarians , bibliographers , and o hers n z oo o i engaged in servi g l g cal interests . The Ungava Peninsula is bounded on the west by Hudson and

James bays , on the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay, on the St east by the Atlantic Ocean , and on the south in part by the . Law r rence ( River and Gulf ) . Whether or not the southweste n limits of n the peninsula have ever been authoritatively defi ed, they are set approximately, for the purpose of the present paper, at the Saguenay t n and Not away rivers . Thus the peni sula may be said to comprise, Labrador about — in addition to Newfoundland f three quarters of the

Province of Quebec . The maximum length ( Cape Wolstenholme to the mouth of the Saguenay ) and maximum width ( Cape Jones to Cape Charles ) of the peninsula appear each to be approximately

miles . This territory is roughly equivalent to that of all of the

United States east of the Mississippi River, with the exception of i t New England , Michigan , and Wisconsin . Owing to the d fficul y of i access to the interior except by plane , this port on of the peninsula nk distribu has been , until recent years , a nearly bla space on the — tional maps of plant and animal species an all but unknown land re re to biologists in general . For them , it may be said to have p i sented almost the last great fronti er on the continent . The rresistible

1953 . attraction of such a region lured me into it in The completion , in the following year, of a railway from Seven Islands to Knob Lake - ur r inaug ated a distinct new era of indust ialization , with far reach ing consequences .

Previous ornithological investigations in the central portion of the Ungava Pe nins ula

Henry Connolly was a figure of some importance in the e arly years , although he has been quite overlooked by such chroniclers as Townsend and Allen ( 1907 ) and Austin Apparently he was the first man to supply bird specimens from the far interior . The

United States National Museum still possesses , after nearly a cen

i Nasco ie Petitsi tury, some of his sk ns that were taken at Fort p on

. n n 1 1850 kapau Lake Jour als that he kept at this post from Ju e , , to ’ ’ u 12 1 53 8 C . Jly , , are in the Hudson s Bay ompany s archives His ER OF AN E . . I . UNIV SITY K SAS FU LS , MUS NAT . H ST

n R pri cipal station, however, was evidently at igolet on Hamilton

Inlet . His contributions to the Smithsonian Institution extended 1857 1 from to about 874 . I had hoped that there might be some ’ illuminating bits of information about this Hudson s Bay Company th e h i has officer among the Baird letters at Smit sonian, but noth ng

been found . Most of the early records there were destroyed in a C fire in There is , however, some information about onnolly to be gleaned from various pages in the Annual Reports of the

miths onia n Ins titution : 79 1862 z 71 S , as follows ; ; 53 59 86 108 47 , ; , ; ;

( For these references I am much indebted to Mrs . Austin

H. C lark . ) ’ Connolly s contributi ons consisted in large part of meteorological 1 1 records . But from at least 863 to 866 there is acknowledgment of hi 1863 Labrador birds and eggs received from him . The s pment in “ m embraced speci ens of the rare Labrador falcon , and others of n he Annual Re o or 1877 1 5 10 . t rt . 0 9 much i terest In p f ( pp , ) there m is a List of the more i portant explorations and expeditions , the collections of whi ch have constituted the principal sources of supply th to e National Museum . Th e name of Henry Connolly holds an honorable place in that list . r Through the good offices of Joseph Ewan , the following fu ther information concerning this pioneer Labrador naturalist has been ’ m R A. Co received from . Reynolds , Secretary of the Hudson s Bay

L . Mr. pany in ondon , to whom I make grateful acknowledgment 12 tu litt . Reynolds writes to Professor Ewan ( , January , “According to our records Henry Connolly was a son of Chief ‘ ’ He Factor William Connolly and was born in the Indian Country . entered the service of the Hudson’ s Bay Company in 1838 as an He Apprentice Postmaster and rose to the position of Factor . 1 retired in 877 . C C Mr. Reynolds also sends a note on onnolly, hief Factor at

Esquimaux Bay Hamilton Inlet, that is , Rigolet! , from an “ i unknown source, although he suggests that the original is l kely to be found in the records of the Missions of the Oblates of Mary

Immaculate in Quebec . This note is in the form of a letter from the e Reverend Pere Arnaud , Oblat de Marie, to his superiors . It is dat d

A 6 1871 Riviére Nasko is ugust , , at des p “ ’

Mr. C le en d envo er onnolly, bourgeois charge, eut la bonté y

e re u deux hommes a notre recontre . J o s chez lui la plus cordiale

. e ce u hospitalité Jvoyais bon monsieur po r la premiere fois , mais HARPER : BIRDS OF THE UNGAVA PENmSULA

’ ’ quel homme aimable et prévenantl D ailleurs ce n est pas un étran - - . vos r ger pour nous Peut etre, dans voyages avez vous recont e - il r a i - quelques uns de ses parents ; a une soeu la Riv ere Rouge, chez - C . t au les Soeurs de la harité Lui meme, apres avoir fait ses é udes C r au Com ollege de Montréal, est ent é tout jeune service de la ni 11 s a Vie n a pag e . a passé la plus grand partie de da s les pays s uv ages ; mais il a trouvé le moyen de perfectionner ses connaissances ; ’ il i l histoire t et a a étud é la botanique, la minéralogie, na urelle , , ’ l ama ili il i b té . toutes ces connaissances , jo nt las plus grande ’ The date ( 1862 or 1863 ) of th e Smithsonian s first receipt of C ornithological specimens from onnolly is perhaps significant . For it was in 1860 that the youthful Elli ott Goues arrived at Rigolet as a ’

x in . member of a summer s e pedi tion to Labrador charge of JW . t Dodge . His mission was to procure for the Smithsonian Insti ution im specimens of birds and their nests and eggs . As he h self remarks “ 1861 z 215 ( ) , A few days were spent at Rigolet, a station of the

C C sic . Hudson Bay ompany, in charge of Henry onolly [ ! , Esq from whom were received some valuable meteorological statistics . What would have been more natural for Goues th an to instruct the Hudson ’s Bay Company man in the preparati on of bird specimens? Perhaps this was the spark that fired Connolly’s zeal for sending ornithological material to the Smithsonian in the following years . A C ’ i fter onnolly s t me, a much more considerable knowledge of

P. . i the avifauna resul ted from the labors of A. Low In addit on to his primary work of geological reconnaissance in several seasons in ’ ’ the 1880 s 1890 s and , he kept a record of the birds observed and he eventually publi shed ( 1896 ) a briefly ann otated list of 81 species . This has remain ed up to the present time the principal published source of information on the birds of the central interior of the pen i n l insula . His l st i cludes a sma l number of misidentifications ( for

miths onianus . Larus laucus L . ar entatus s example, g for g ) In the central interior Low makes most frequent mention of the Hamil ton River ( or upper Hamilton Ri ver ) ; there are only one or two refer ences each to Petitsikapau and Michikamau lakes and to East Main K k ’ and oksoa rivers . Peripheral localities in Low s report are Lake u Mistassini ( where James M. Maco n made the observations in 1885 ) and the Romaine and Northwest rivers . r 1906 Early in the present century Mrs . Leonidas Hubbard , I . ( , 1908 ) and Dillon Wallace ( 1907 ) made canoe journeys from North west River to Michikamau Lake and thence down the George River ar n to its mouth . Their n ratives contai references to a few of the E R OF A E . . . I . UNIV SITY K NSAS FU LS , MUS NAT H ST

. At ll B C 1912 larger birds met with the same period Wi iam . abot ( ) made several inland journeys from the east coast, on one of them he reaching Indian House Lake on George River; , too , mentions a few species . After havin g made two trappin g trips in the fall and W inter of 1930—1931 W in oka u i to the Grand Falls and the p Lake areas , Ell ott Merrick ( 1933 ) contributes a few useful notes on the bird life found at those seasons in the Hamilton Basin . A E . mong the extensive ornithological explorations made by W . C i n 1901 lyde Todd in the Ungava Pen nsula, from a beginni g in , at th 191 e . 7 least two have reached central portion In , in company with Olaus J. Murie , he traversed the peninsula from south to north . n C C Beginni g at larke ity, he ascended the Marguerite River, passed

Menihek P i ika au et ts through and p lakes , and descended the Kania iskau Koks oak F C Swampy Bay, p , and rivers to ort himo

1 39 l -2 Kenz ie 9 z 99 00 . Mc ( Todd, , map ) ( His visit to Fort , on the 36 lower Swampy Bay River, was pleasantly remembered years

McKenz ie . later by the former manager of that post, Sebastien ) In 193 Mr 9 . Mr Todd and . and Mrs . Kenneth Doutt ascended the Sand irt t u Hamilton River as far as g Lake, and re rned from that n The poi t ( Todd, ornithological world has long been await ing the appearance of Todd’s comprehensive and monumental work on the birds of the Ungava Peninsula . 1944 Mushala an T. H. 1947 In Manning ( ) made investigations at g , i Panchia, and Sawbill lakes in the central nterior, and at Minto , Bush, o n w 100 and S oter lakes , these last bei g situated ithin miles of Hud son Bay . Two years later he made brief reconnaissances at Bienville and Kinglet lakes , in or near the basin of Great Whale River C C . ( Manning, During World War II Roland lement was He stationed at Indian House Lake on the George River . has pub

lished 1949 i t r . ( ) a few of his observat ons , par icula ly on Gyrfalcons 1951 1952 chiefl t In and , while engaged y in a s udy of the mam mals of the Knob Lake area , Dale J. Osborn collected a number of birds .

Inoes tigations in 1953

: 20 22 My own itinerary during this season was as follows May to , 22 2 Quebec to Seven Islands , by steamer; May to June , Seven 3 3 Islands and Vicinity; June , Seven Islands to Knob Lake; June to ’ 1 t July , Knob Lake and vicinity, including a rip to Al s Lake and 22 1 22 Attikama en 22 return on June ; July to , g Lake; July to August HARPER : BIRDS OF THE UNGAVA PE NINSUL A

2 Aulneau 2 9 9 18 i T. , Lac ; August to , Knob Lake; August to , Moll e V 18 21 Lake and icinity ( including Sunny Mountain ) ; August to , A 21 22 22 Leroy Lake; ugust to , Knob Lake; August to September 8 18 21 224 n , and September to , Mile Airstrip and vici ity; Septem 8 18 C i n ber to , arol Lake and Vic nity ( including Lorraine Mou tain , 1 1 21 8 n September ) September to October , Knob Lake and Vici ity; 8 9 Via i 224 October to , Knob Lake to Seven Islands , M le Airstrip; 9 13 t 13 October to , Seven Islands and vicini y; October , Seven ll 3 im . A Islands to R ouski , by steamer major travel, from June to

9 . October , was by plane My headquarters for the season were at the seaplane base on Knob Lake ( pl .

The present report includes personal observations along the St . Lawrence from the mouth of the Saguenay Ri ver to Seven Islands r Ashuani i and Vicinity, and in the interior f om p Lake north to Lac

Auln au e . Notes derived from others extend over a somewhat wider c onveni area within the bounds of the peninsula . As a matter of ” am ence , I tempted , now and then , to apply the term Ungava to the entire interior north of approximately latit ude In this I am i following the old usage , prior to the sett ng up of the present ( and still slightly vague ) boundary between Newfoundland Labrador and Quebec . Sin ce some of the above-mentioned interior locali ties do not appear by name , if at all , on such maps as are widely available or accessible ( particularly the National Topographic Series , produced by the Surveys and Mapping Branch, Department of Mines and the Technical Surveys , Ottawa ) , following list is presented , showing th e the latitude, longitude, and at least approximate altitude of each i t i one . The list is also extended to include st ll o her local ties , simi larl t y obscure , that receive mention in the following pages wi hout own having appeared in previous ornithological literature . For my t localities , the latitude , longitude, and al itude given apply to the - l principal camp site ( if any ) in each one . It wil be understood that collections and observati ons were made at distances up to several t miles from these centers . The alti udes supplied are no more than approximate , except for some of the larger lakes and a few of the i higher summits . For the vic nity of Knob Lake I have prepared a sketch map ( map on which various minor features ( Camp C Brook, amp Pond, Goldeneye Pond, Ruth Lake Ridge , and Sucker Creek ) are supplied with personally bestowed and wholl y unoffi cial n names , in order to pinpoint the places where certai observa ER OF AS E I UNIV SITY KANS FU LS . , MUS . NAT . H ST .

LABRADOR

Abel Lake Ashuani i a e n p L k , N e d .

Ashuani i Riv 2 mi . elo Ashuam i Lal< p er, b w p e . Astray Lake ( middle ) Attikama eu Lake I on Arm NW end g , r , . Attikama en La e o th e t Ba g k , N r w s y C arol Lake Evening Lake Gillin g Ri ver ( mouth ) ’ Guy s River ’ Howell s Ri ver ( mouth ) Julienne Lake Lejeune Lake Lorraine Mountain Menih ek Lake ( middl e ) il 1 M e 98 ( Q . N. S . & L . Ry. ) Mile 224 Airstrip Molson Lake ip Lake ’ O Brien Lake Ossokmanu an Lake ( middle ) Peti tsikapau Lake Ruth Lake Ri dge Slimy Creek Slimy Lake Stevens Lake Sucker Creek Wabush Lake ( middle ) Whiteman Lake Wishart Lake

QUEBEC

’ Al s Lake Burnt Creek Cambrian Lake ( mi ddl e ) Camp Brook Camp Pond Dolly Lake Dolly Ri dge Eric Lake Fort McKenz ie Gad Lake ’ Cereu s M ountai n Goldeneye Pond ’ Hanna s Lake Harri s Lake

McK nz i ma in Lac Aulneau . On the Fort e e p hi S n own as the Nati onal Topograp c eries . K Lake Marymac among the mini ng p ersonnel Lac Hayot Lac Le Fer Lac de Morhiban Lake Gerido Lake Paterson Lake Rasle Lake W apanikskan ( middle ) HARPER : BIRDS OF UNGAVA PE NINSULA

Langland Falls Lepage Lake Leroy Lake M ani tou Lake ( mi il S M e 1 15 ( Q . N. .

Mile 127 ( Q . N. S . S Mil e 134 ( Q. N. .

N. S Mile 142 ( Q . M ogridge Lake a e M olli e T . L k Nachi kapau Lake Nemiscau Ri ver ( headwaters ) Pierce Lake S cott Lake Sunny Mountain Syncline Lake Trough Lake

Physiogmphy and vegetation

i l m The present discussion w ll be brief, since a ful er treat ent is hermore Hustich 195119 1954 . Furt planned for later publication , ( ; ) has already presented some illuminatin g forest-botanical notes on the Knob Lake area; and to these is appended a catalogue of 253 il A P rs d . a . E . o species and varieties of vascular pl nts , by More ’ “ Porsild s l C recently, monumental I lustrated Flora of the anadian r 332 i Arctic A chipelago with distributional maps , ind cates the known places of occurrence of many plan ts on the Ungava Pen insula . It will be noted from the foregoin g lis t of localities that the alti tudes at W hi ch I made investigations in the interior varied from 510 in about feet the north ( approx . lat . to feet in the C l south ( approx . lat . limatological y ( and thus faunally and in t florally ) the difference lati ude is compensated for, in large in w measure, by the difference altitude . Every here , between these i 100 dr lat tudes , the higher ridges rise from about to several hun ed - n i - feet above the tree li e , support ng an Arctic alpine flora that I did hi not find to vary greatly except in one area of a few acres . T s is adjacent to a perpetual snowbank fillin g a ravine on Sunny Moun t tain at an alti ude of about feet . It is apparently the coolness and the moisture derived from thi s snowbank that produces a veri n i um table alpi e garden , includ ng a fair n ber of plant species that I u - fo nd nowhere else . Tree line is reached at about feet n u ni on Lorrai e Mo ntain , feet in the vici ty of Knob and Attikama en n i 900 g lakes , feet on Sun y Mounta n, and feet near Aulneau Lac . VER OF AN EL . . . HI . UNI SITY K SAS FU S , MUS NAT ST

- the s o c . 1952 z 409 . 1 In called Labrador Trough ( f Hare, , fig ; 4 A 10 5 C . C also Map , Geological Map of anada , Geol Survey anada, 1955 r r ) of the cent al northe n interior, the ridges are arranged more or less parallel to each other and they extend generally in a north - west southeast direction . The intervening depressions are occupied at n by numerous lakes , streams , and bogs . The lowlands ( mi imum t Attikama en alti udes of about feet at Knob Lake , feet at g 510 Aulneau Lake, and feet at Lac ) and the lower slopes of the ridges support a predominantly coniferous forest . The species are t black and white spruce, tamarack, and balsam, wi h a small quan tity of canoe birch and still less of balsam poplar . Willows , alder, r r dwarf bi ch, and Labrador tea make up the bulk of the sh ubby “li undergrowth . For the most part the forest is fairly open ( the chen ” woodland of Hare and of Hustich ) but here and there it becomes l l W l th 60—70 moderately dense as we l as tal , spruces up to feet in 2 “ height and MOinches in diameter . The latter type is the close ” ” forest of Hare ( 1950 z 622 ) or the closed forest of Dansereau

1955 z 85 . r n ( ) Practically the enti e terrai , except on the wave k washed, roc y shores of lakes and rivers , is covered with a luxuriant carpet of mosses and li chens .

In th e Ashuanipi Lake ar ea of the open boreal woodland ( of. 19 23- 24 50 z 6 6 . Hare, , fig south of the Labrador Trough, the ridges and the intervening streams and lakes are somewhat less n defi itely arranged in parallel lines . Most of the forests resemble those in the Labrador Trough, but contain a considerably larger 30 proportion of canoe birch . Two of my localities about miles west of Ashuanipi Lake ( Carol Lake and Lorraine Mountain ) seem to lie actually within a southwestern extension of the Labrador Trough, but the forests there exhibit no striking differences from those about Ashuani i p Lake . Altitudes vary from about feet on this lake n to feet on the summit of Lorraine Mountai . i Ashuani i C The forested areas nvestigated , from p and arol lakes r northward, are part of the Hudsonian Zone . The t ansition to the Arctic-alpine areas ( which takes place between timber-line and - — tI ee e c . Husti ch 1949b z 13 lin f , ) varies from abrupt to gradual in At the different localities . the present early stage of my study of l t f vegetation, I confess I have been ittle impressed wi h di ferences in the general aspect of the forests in the taiga and in the forest usti ch 1949a 1 51 tundra regions of H ( ; 9 a ) . This impression may be if t t Aulneau discounted, however, my nor hernmost locali y ( Lac ) in

a . 1 the Labrador Trough ( H re , fig ) is not in the forest HARPE R : BIRDS OF T H E UNGAVA PE NINSULA

C ANADIAN

Hud s onlon Z one c co di n t0 de llmntanon - a r g La bra d or Que bec boundary

9 I Huds onlon Z one ( tug: Mem om ct 1< ! I O) M !

t th oxim e ve e s of d o nl moon em e u e du in the the s ix ho es w k Curc lod numera ls Indaco e e a ppr at a ra g y t p rat r r g tt t e e s of

meteorolo nc ol s t otnons s ummer at vo roous q

M — - a l . Li z the av a P i la tli t t d b Ral h p fe ones of Ung en nsu . ( Ou ne cons ruc e y p ’ lm ith mi i hi S . Pa o m Am i a a al S i t er , w per ss n , fro er c n Geogr p c oc e y s maps UN E R ITY OF K N E l wUS . NAT . H . IV S A SAS FU LS . , IST

— d a m the Th b La a a Lab ad and b . R Ma 2 . e p Kno ke re , r or Que ec ( e r wn fro B da La Tait La Elro s s La b L a and Stakit L a oun ry ke , ke , ke , Kno ke , ke hi i sheets of the Nation al Topograp c Ser es . ) HARPE R : BIRDS OF THE UNGAVA PENINSULA

n Husti ch r tu dra region , as indicated by , but in a long northe n pro ection n 1950 j of the open boreal woodland , as i dicated by Hare (

1 usti ch l 949a z 41 dif 6 7 . H , fig In any event, ( ) ferentiates the - Labrador Trough from the adjacent Ungava Forest Tun dra Section Koks oak - r under the name of the Forest Tund a Section; here , he “

t un . says , the forest is of richer types han in the surrounding co try ’ I am the more inclined toward Hare s classification from the fact that among all the vascular plants that I found in the forested area Aulne au — Ledum decumbens — about Lac , only one has not been recorded by either Hustich or myself in the general Knob Lake area . ’ This situation may lend weight to Rousseau s opin ion ( 1952 z 436 ) th e - t that forest tundra region is not a transi ional habitat, but is made up of purely Arctic patches imprisoned in a network of sub ” arctic forest strips ( his subarcti c being the equivalent of the open Pi lk 1 di d te a . boreal woodland ) . fig ) not have available the results of the recent biological in vestigations in the interior of the Ungava Penin sula when he classified the Hudsonian Life-zone - ” in that region as the tundra coniferous forest ecotone ( that is , a t transi ional area ) .

C z ertain herbaceous species of sufficient si e to be conspicuous ,

’ Iris vers icolor Thalictrum ol amum Sarracema ur urea such as , p yg , p p , Clintonia borealis Veratrum vi ide an uis orba canadens is , r , and S g , were found in the Ashuanipi Lake area ( taiga region or open boreal woodland ) , but not in the Knob Lake area or elsewhere to the north . None of these is reported by Hustich ( 1951b ) from the Knob

. s Lake area In addition to these floral items , certain element in the fauna of the Ashuanipi Lake area evidently do not ext end north to

Knob Lake . It is natural that there should be such gradation from i t i south to north, rather than un formi y, in the plant and animal l fe of a region of such extent .

Chan es in climate auna l dis tribution and li e-z ones g , f , f In a separate paper ( in manuscript ) on this subject I poin t out that there is “ evidence of a more or less unmistakable and significant ” advance northward or northeastward in recent years on the part of 29 n T species of birds inhabiti g the penin sula . his trend is attributed to the ameliorati on of the climate that has been taking place during i the past twoscore years or more . The ev dence is supplied through the records of former and present distribution that appear in the i u if - follow ng acco nts of species . A new delimitation of l e zones in in - the Ungava Peninsula , as presented the above mentioned manu ERS OF AN E . MUS . . H . UNIV ITY K SAS FU LS , NAT IST

1 script, is shown on map . Special note should be made of the Canadi an Life-zone outlier represented on maps 1 and 3—26 as th e occupying lower Hamilton River basin .

Comparative abundance of bird s pecies The number of individuals of each species seen or heard by myself in each day through the season was recorded as faithfufly r and accu ately as was feasible . The records here compiled are i restricted to those obtained in the interior of the pen nsula, from June 3 to October 8; they do not in clude those obtain ed along the

St . l Gulf of Lawrence . In many cases , where birds were sett ed for in t - the breed g season in the vicini y of one camp site or another, it is obvious that the total number of recorded observations exceeds the actual number of different individuals observed . In the following l t n ist, herefore , the first number accompanyi g the name of a species denotes the approximate number of recorded observations of in di viduals of that species ; and the second number represents an esti the i r mate of number of d ffe ent individuals involved . The second r l number equals the fi st in some cases , but is naturally smal er in n t ma y o her cases .

Zonotrichia nig rilora Turdus migratorias nigrideus Perisoreus canade nsis nigricapz llus Acanthis lina ria lina ria Junco hyemalis hyemalis Branta canadens is interior Larus argentatus s miths onianus Regulus cale ndula calendula E uphagus carolinus carolina s Eremophila alpe st ris alpestris Totanus melano leucus S eiurus noveboracens is Lagopus lagopus ungavus Dendroica corona ta coronata Spinus pinus pinus ’ Para s huds onicus huds omcus Spiz ella arborea arborea Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis Anus rubripe s Bucephala clangula americana Mergus serrator serrator Hylocz chla minima minima Cana chite s canadensis canade ns is Anthus rubescens rubescens IridOproone bicolor Pinicola enucleator es chatosus Dendroica striata Actitis macularia Lanius excubitor borealis Passerella ilia ca iliaca

ER OF KANSAS E . . . I UNIV SITY FU LS , MUS NAT H ST .

Keewatin, such tracts are of rather negligible extent and importance

r . 19 8 9 as bi d habitats Among the first species on both lists , or are 4 common to both, but of these differ subspecifically .

French and Montagnais names of birds

In addition to the English names , I have supplied a few French names that I picked up in the field . It would be easy to borrow others from Dionne ( 1906 ) or Taverner but a large pro portion of their names appear to be of a bookish sort— mere literal translations of the technical names , and obviously not sprung from ,

on . or nurtured , the soil of habitant Quebec To the foregoin g I have added as many of the Montagnais names i as I was able to acquire . They were supplied ma nly by Francis McKenz i l e ( p . with supplementary advice from Sebastien

K z i Mc en e McK nz i r m n . e e é é e St . , Ben , J Onge , and Kom Pi ette With the colored plates and the line drawings of Peters and Bur ’ Birds o New oundland McKenz ie leigh s f f before him , Francis set n down , in excellent pri ted script, the Montagnais names of many of l n these birds . The spe li g is obviously phonetic , and probably not standardized as in a dictionary; hence the spelling may vary slightly in r the versions offered by diffe ent individuals . A good many of the names have the appearance of being onomatopoetic; for example, t the C hose for Old Squaw, Greater Yellowlegs , and Hudsonian hick aska i adee . Most of them bear a close resemblance to the N p names published by Austin Since Francis McKenz ie knew only the Frenoh language besides his native Montagnais , the generous serv P C . F ices of Jean Labrecque , of the Royal anadian Air orce , acting r as inte preter, were most helpful in our conversations .

All of my Montagnais informants wrote out the names themselves . They doubtless owe their writing accomplishments to the Oblate the - Fathers of Pensionnat Indien Notre Dame at Moisie , a few miles

the . E . east of Seven Islands . One of latter , Pere J Beaudet, has in rendered me great service checking these Montagnais names , especially in th e matter of the division of some of them into separate He r r parts . states that some are descriptive ph ases rather than t ue H locichla minima names ( see , for example , the explanations under y minima onotr chia ni rilom He n i . and Z g ) points out that the letters , l r i n , and are used rather ndiscriminately or interchangeably; being used on the west coast of James Bay down to Maniwaki in south 1 western Quebec, from the east coast of James Bay to Seven Islands , r and on the coast of Labrador . ( For example, the name of a fish HARP ER : BIRDS OF THE UNGAVA PE NINSULA

Lota maculosa— in r the Burbot, was given to me the va iant forms b Meli Meni Miri . , , and ) Likewise , p and are interchangeable , the n former letter being preferred by the Montag ais . In the more west the erly areas mentioned above , as about James Bay, natives are

C the . n rees , close relatives of Montagnais Pere Beaudet also poi ts a we out that the letter combination 0 is pronounced as in English . Some of the birds for which I obtained Montagn ais names did not come under my personal observation , and hence are not included in

in n . the accounts the followi g pages However, as a slight addition

nomenclator avium : to a Montagnais , they are given here

— Oide mia nigra ame ricana American S ooter O momok la la h e malis— Old S a A a oeo C ngu ' y qu w His t riomcus histrionicus — Harlequin Duck Nost paostokoeshi sh Lophodyt es cucullatus— Hooded Merganser Oitoi moakosh — Me rgus me rgans e r ame ricanus American Merganser Meste shok Accipiter gentilis atricapillus — E astern Goshawk Kakaoapetak Totanus flavipes— Lesser Yell owlegs Tsheste pishi sh — Calidris canutus rufa American Knot Notapiskoeshi sh — Pla utus alle alle Dovekie o Tsikaoni ss — Cepphus grylle atlantis Atlanti c Black Guillemot Tshimoshomash Nyctea nyct ea— Snowy Owl Oapi kino — - kan in shish ri i rica ill E B1. ca ed hi adee Ti ei e Para s at cap llus at p us . pp C ck p p a — E C olden~ crown ed in let Kai oassi koni skoe ones Regulus satrapa satr pa . K g — Loxia curvirostra Re d Crossbill Oats hi koteshish The fact of these species being known by name to the Montagnais of Seven Islands is a fair indication of their occurrence in that area . ’ Lemoin e s Dictionnaire Montagna is -Frange is ( 1901 ) seems to include comparatively few names of the animals native to the i li Ungava Peninsula, as if the compiler were al ke unfami ar with the hermore th e . Furt species and indifferent to their names , names that we do fin d seem to represent a different dialect from that in use by the Seven Islands or Moisie band .

Names of pla nts

In the present report various plants are mentioned , sometimes by their technical names and sometimes by their common names . As a i means of rendering their identificat on easier or more complete, both kinds of names are supplied in the followin g list

Mossns

ha m Sp gnu spp . Pleuroz ium schreberi Polyt richum juniperi num ER TY OF KANSAS E . . . UNIV SI FU LS , MUS NAT HIST .

LICHENS Cladonia alpestris ( or other species ) Caribou li chen

VAS CUL AR PLANTS

E quisetum limosum Horsetail - Lycopodium selago Mountain club moss Abies balsame a Balsam fir Picea glauca Whi te spruce Picea mariana Black spruce Larix la ricina Tamarack Pinus banksiana J ack pine Potamo on er oliat ar bu leuroides A o d d get p f us v . p p n wee Festuca Pvivipara Fescue grass Poa alpigena Meadow grass De schampsia flexuosa Common hairgrass alama o ana d lan do i i Bl -oint a C gr stis c ensis var. gs rf ue j gr ss E rz ophorum tenellum Cotton grass Carex brunnes cens A sedge Carex angustior A sedge Carex pauciflom A sedge Ve ratrum viride Whi tehell ebore ’ Clintoma borealis Yellow Clintoni a - ’ - Smilacina trifolia Three leaved S olomon s seal Iris versicolor Blue flag - Salix ( uva ursi? ) ( Bearbe will ow Populus tremuloides Qua ng aspen Populus balsamifera Balsam poplar Mgri ce gale Sweet gale Betula papyrifem Canoe birch Betula glandulosa Dwarf birch Aln Al us spp . o der Oxyria digyna Mountain sorrel - Cerastium alpinum M ouse ear chickweed - Ranunculus t richophyllus White water crowfoot - Thalictrum polygamum Tall meadow rue m an u ti olia oo lo e Carda ine pratensis var. g s f Cuck f w r ’ - S arracema purpurea Pitcher plant n i l n v i lab ado i a in e oil Pote t l a or eg ca var. r r c C qu f Dryas integrifolia Dryas - Rubus chamae morus Baked apple berry Sanguisorba canadensi s Canadi an humet Empetrum nigrum Crowberry Myri ophyllum alterniflomm Water milfoil Camus canade nsis Bunchberry Ledum groenlandicum Common Labrador te a Phyllodoce caerulea Phyll odoce - Chamae daphne calyculata Leather leaf Cassiope hypnoides Cassiope Arctostaphylos alpine Alpine bearberry V i i i m ar al in m Al i ilb accin um ul g nosu v . p u p ne b erry i laevi oli m Low t l b Vaccinium angustifol um var. f u swee b ue erry - min o tai a b Vaccinium vitis ida ea var. us M un n cr n erry Diapens ia lapponica Dia ensia Menyanthes trifoliata Buc bean The plant materials that I collected have been determined by l : B. specialists , as follows mosses , by Edwin Bartram ichens , l L A. E . Porsi d. W . . by Dix and vascular plants , by HARPER : BIRDS OF TII E UNGAVA PENINSULA

Summation of dist ributional records

For the Ungava Penin sula as a whole there has been only one summation of avian distributional records— that by Townsend and Al len ( 1907 In their treatment the southern boundary was con sidered as a line drawn from the south end of James Bay near ° r latitude 51 easterly to the Gulf of St . Law ence near Seven Islands lf in latit ude and from there along the shore of the Gu of St . ” n Lawrence and the Straits of Belle Isle . Thus their li e of demarca r i ul n tion th ough the base of the pen ns a, correspondi g to that of Low

1896 z l 9 . ( ) , is placed farther north than my own Geological history would appear to give support to a present set i ting of the boundary at the Saguenay and Nottaway rivers . ( Th s boundary corresponds fairly closely to the one briefly indicated by Bell — extending from the mouth of Rupert River to

Lake St . John at the head of the Saguenay River . ) During the C - hamplain period of the post Pleistocene, James Bay extended Nott awa C southeastward far up the basin of the y, while the ham

St . plain Sea advanced toward it as far, at least, as the Lake John area . Possibly there was an actual marine connection across the - n 549 . . C . 1932 V 1938 z height of land ( f Potter , ; Marie ictori , , fig i The base of the pen nsula was far more constricted at that period, i and in that region , than in Recent times . Migration routes now ma n tain ed i by certa n maritime birds , such as the Brant and the Black

St . bellied Plover, between the Lawrence and James Bay, may have - become established under those post Pleistocene condi tions . For various parts of the peninsula there have been distributional ll summations resembling that of Townsend and Allen , as fo ows — northeast Hantz s ch ( 1928 Newfoundland Labrador— Aus — f l tin Lake St . John area God rey and Wi k Lakes — Mistassin i and Albanel Godfrey ( 1949b ) ; northwestern Ungava Mannin g and east James Bay coast— M an ning and Mac pherson The comprehensive work in preparation by Todd renders it unnecessary to undertake at the present ti me any summa

e tion as detailed as his will presumably b . As far as coastal records are concerned, I have generally contented myself with a few indica i h t ons of the extent of the range , in t is region , of each species dis he . On h t cussed the ot er hand, previous records from the interior of peninsula are so scanty that it has seemed worth while to summarize them somewhat more fully . My particular object has been to indi cate the relation of the records obtain ed in 1953 to the general dis ER OF KANSAS E . . UNIV SITY FU LS . , MUS NAT HIST . tributional in omithol picture of each species the peninsula . Since o i gy was only one of several phases of biology under invest gation , the time that could be devoted to it was distinctly limited . The distributional records of 24 species in the Ungava Peninsula 3—2 are shown on maps 6 . These have been compiled from the pub lished literature and from new information offered in the present paper . No distinction is made here between records for the breed ing season and those for other seasons of the year . Nor has any attempt been made to differentiate on the maps the ranges of two or more subspecies of the same species that may occur in the penin sula . Much more material will need to be assembled before the ranges of some of the subspecies can be accurately delimited . Since boundaries between life-zones tend to be vague and ill defined, as a result of gradual transition from one to another, they 3—26 i are represented on maps not by a sharp l ne , but by a dotted band . Even this is not likely to comprise the entire width of the transition area . The unusual width of this area between the Arctic and the Hudsonian life-zones in th e northwest of the peninsula indi cates a mixture of tundra and forest over most of the basins of the

Larch and the Leaf rivers . As for the numerous isolated patches of the Arctic-alpine Zone that occupy the ridges and summits rising - above timber line within th e Hudsonian Life-z one in the central n interior, they are too small to be i dicated on these maps . A long-standing looseness in the concept of the extent of Hamilton n Inlet is a minor plague to biogeographers . Strictly speaking , the i let Th e extends no farther westward than Narrows , on which Rigolet is sit uated; and the broad expanse of water stretching from that point some 85 miles southwestward to Northwest River and Goose Bay is in n r r Lake Melville ( bygone years k own as G oswate Bay ) . Yet a “ considerable number of authors have applied the term Hamilton ” Inlet to the two bodies of water combin ed; and when they publi sh a record from that area with no information as to the exact locality, the reader is left in the dark as to which one of three life-zones is — C t involved anadian at Nor hwest River and Goose Bay, Hudsonian at Rigolet, and Arctic at the seaward end of Hamilton Inlet . “ 1885 z 236 239 at Turner ( , ) places Northwest River the head of ” 1896 z l 23 Hamilton Inlet . Low in various places ( for example , ) 1947 does likewise . Tanner ( , actually means Lake Melville “ Kenamou when he speaks of the River falling into Hamilton Inlet,

- 1957 z 76 585 i . as his own map ( p . ) pla nly shows Wynne Edwards ( ) “ fixes Goose Bay at the head of Hamilton Inlet . It is to be hoped HARPER : BIRDS OF TIE UNGAVA PE NIN SULA

” that biogeographers will hereafter restrict their Hamilton Inlet records to localities from Rigolet eastward . An obscure poin t that has been mentioned occasionally in the lit ll L r in n . M. e ature , con ection with specimens co ected by Turner in ’ 1880 s n r the , is The Forks ; this is the ju ction of the La ch and the

Kaniapiskau rivers .

Zona l dis tribution of land and fres h-water birds breeding in the Ungava Peninsula

The birds treated in the systematic account on subsequent pages include approximately 84 land and fresh-water species that breed in A the peninsula . t the present stage of investigations it is scarcely possible to assign all of them accurately to the particular life-zone or

-z life ones where their breeding areas lie . It should , however, con tribute to our understandin g of their zonal affili ations and require ments , even if we undertake no more than a tentative allocation . u The following list does not, in general , take acco nt of merely casual records , especially those outside of the breeding season .

C anadi an - Life z o n e Gaoia imme r C aoia stellata Ardea he rodias herodias Botaurus le ntigino sus B a ta a s r n c nadens is sub pp . Anas rubripes Anus acuta Anas caroline nsis Bucephala clangula americana Melanitt a pers picillata Mergus se rrator s errator Buteo lagopus sancti-ioha nms Haliaeetus leucoc epha lus alas canus Circus cyaneus huds onias ’ ’ Pandion haliaetus carolinens is Falco rusticolus obsoleta s Falco columbarius columbarius Falco sparoerius sparoerius ana hi ana d u C c tes c ens is s bspp . B m u ona sa u bell s subspp .

Lagopus lagopus s ubspp . Lagop us mutus rup estris Charadrius s emipalma tus Capella gallina go delica te Act itis macula ria Tringa solitaria solitaria Te tanus me lano leucus Erolia minutillo Larus argentatus s miths onianus Lams delawarens is Stem paradis aea ER OF KANSAS E UNIV SITY FU LS . , MUS . NAT . HIST .

uds oni an H - Life z one B bo vir inianus ubs u s pp . Sumia u ula caparoch Stri x acclamator acclamator Aegolius funereus richards oni Megaceryle alcyon alcyon ola te e ota s u s C p s ur s b pp . Dr oco us ileatus abieticola y ' p p Picoides tridactylus bacetas Empidonax flaviventris Eremo hila al e t i subs p p s r s pp . Iridoprocne bicolo r Pe i o e ana dens i u s r s r us c s s b pp . Corvus c orax principalis Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos Pa huds onicus subs rus pp . T d mi ato ia ubs ur us gr r s s pp . Hylocz chla guttate faxoni Hylocichla ustulata swains oni H lo i hl i y c c a min ma subspp . Sialia sialis s ialis Regulus calendula calendula Anthus mbes cens mbes cens Lanius excubitor borealis Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris Dendroica magno lia Dendroica tigrina D endroica coronata coronata D endroica virens virens D endroica striata Dend i a alma m su s ro c p ru b pp . S eiurus noveboracens is W ilsonia pusilla pusilla Passer domesticus domesticus E upha a s carolina s carolina s Quisca a s quisca le versicolor M olothrus ater ater Carpodacus purpureus purpureus Pini ola en eato u s c ucl r s b pp . Acanthis lina ria linaria Spinus pinus pinus Loxia leucopte mleucoptera P asserculus sandwichens is subspp . Junco hyemalis hyemalis Spiz ella arborea arborea Spiz ella passerine passerine Zonotrichia nigrilora Zonotrichia albicollis Passerella ilia ca iliaca Melospi z a lincolnii lincolnii Melos pi z a georgiana eri crypta M elospiz a melodia melodia C alcarius lapponicus lapponicus Plectrophena x nivalis nivalis x present 0 absent

84 i th e Among the species l sted above , only following seem reach their northern breeding limit in the Canadian Life-zone the peninsula :

ER OF KANSAS E . . . . UNIV SITY FU LS , MUS NAT HIST

r th A O. U Zoological Nomenclature and has reve ted to e ancient .

Code of Nomenclature .

For most specimens , weights are expressed in grams g . but for a few large birds th e weights are expressed in pounds . Capitalized color terms are derived from Ridgway

Acknowledgments Without the generous support of the several organizations already mentioned ( Arctic Institute of North America , Office of Naval

Research, Office of the Surgeon General of the Army, and National

Science Foundation ) , the field work and the subsequent preparation of the results would have been impossible . Likewise , it would have been almost out of the question to travel about and to find aecom modations in the in terior except for the marked courtesy and hos i li p ta ty of the Iron Ore Company of Canada . Most of the persons whom I met there were officials or employees of that company or of

z am A. E . affiliated organi ations . I under particular obligation to D O. R. D. D. . F Moss , Macdonald , Macdonald , Foster , Richard C H. E . eren , Neal, Robert Girardin, James Murdoch, Peter Almond, C Arthur . Newton , Robert Slipp , Allen Thompson , Gilbert Simard,

L r nn u é o ea A. E . A. H. . . V F F J , Boerner , Tait , red arah, and numer canoemen ous others , including cooks and , who were always ready to lend a helping hand to a naturalist . The names of still others who provided specimens or information appear elsewhere; and not least among them are a number of the notably friendly Montagnais people , whom it was a privilege to know . For collecting permits I am much indebted to officials of the C anadian Wildlife Service , the Quebec Department of Game and

r Fish , and the Newfoundland Depa tment of Mines and Resources .

E . W . I would express my cordial appreciation to Baker, of the

Entomology Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service, n United States Department of Agriculture , for determi ing the mites

be ck z C . F W Mues e ( Acarina ) ; to . , of the same organi ation , for

Lt . Col determining the biting lice ( Mallophaga ) ; and to . Robert the Traub , of Department of Entomology, Army Medical Service

Graduate School , for determining a flea ( Siphonaptera ) . The rec ords of these ectoparasites and their hosts appear in the pages that follow .

T H. C . W . Earl Godfrey, of the National Museum of anada, Man

S . ning , of the Arctic Institute of North America , and Ralph Palmer, of the New York State Museum , have generously undertaken a HARPER : BIR DS OF THE UNGAVA PE NINSULA

critical reading of the paper in manuscript . In addition Dr . Palmer has provided a number of useful references and has constru cted the ’ outli ne of map 1 from the American Geographical Society s maps

wi th the kin d permission of that society . The basic n 3—26 wn outli e of maps was redra , with permission of the Geologi

r C 1045A C cal Su vey of anada, from Map , Geological Map of anada

The bird specimens collected have been presented to the United C in States National Museum and the National Museum of anada , grateful recogni tion of courtesies and assistance received . Finall y, the publication of this paper has been made possible by th e far-sighted generosity of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial da n Foun tio .

ACCOUNT S OF SP E CIE S The followin g list does not include all the species that have been recorded from the region . It is restricted to those on which I made personal observations or on which I secured information from sources other than the published literature .

Gavi a immer ( Briinnich )

Common Loon . ( Map The numberless clear lakes in the interior of the Ungava Penin - r sula , provided with ample islet nesting sites , ha boring great quanti an d u ties of fishes , for the most part quite undist rbed by man , would appear to constitute an ideal summer haunt for the Common

. i in Loon Nevertheless , this env ronment must be deficient some n rather essential requirement, or it must i clude some unfavorable

the r . factor , as yet undetermined , for species seems unusually sca ce B C l l ( y way of contrast, I noted ommon Loons a most dai y in the summer of 1914 on the lakes and rivers between Athabaska and

Great Slave lakes , where the fish fauna corresponds fairly closely to that of the Ungava interior . ) On Attikama en a low, rocky islet in g Lake , near the entrance to Ar m 13 a roxi the Iron , I found on July a nest with two eggs , pp X 2 l mately inches ; they were dark o ive , with rather evenly dis tributed small , darker blotches . The nest was composed of moss , available on the islet . The old birds were not in evidence . The islet,

50 50 . about yards by feet, accommodated also one nest each of the C Herring ull and the Arctic Tern . ER OF KAN SAS E . . . I UNIV SITY FU LS , MUS NAT H ST.

On the mornin g of August 15 an indi vidual passed southeastward ha T. 500 u w over Mollie Lake , about feet p, giving its wild cry of - - ha ha ha . McK enz ie One of the Montagnais in camp , Ben , remarked On that the day would be windy, since the Loon was flying high . ( 2 1935 z l 6 . the Loon as a bird of omen to the Montagnais , see Speck , ) - A few hours later a brisk west wind was blowin g on near by Sun ny

Mountain . Two single birds were noted near the north end of Ashuanipi

Lake on August 30 . In the first week of September five were At the reported on a lake several miles north of Carol Lake . latter lake I heard the same eerie cry, as described above , on several occasions from September 13 to 17 .

A E . m . Boe er noted one bird at Gad Lake toward the end of D i i . F Ashuan August Dr . . Foster reported the species at p , White l 4 19 9 . man , Mo son , and Evening lakes in June and July, Most of the previous records are from the North Shore of the Gulf

St . 1882b z 241 Fraz ar 1887 z 2 of Lawrence ( Merriam , ; , ; Townsend

1925 z 76 1929 z 74 Eidmann and Bent, Lewis , ; Taverner, ; , and from the entire length of the Atlanti c coast of the 2 3 1 2 2 1885 z 5 93 z 3 . peninsula ( Turner, ; Austin , ) The range extends

1953 z 3 north to Ungava Bay ( Hildebrand , Bateman , ) and

r 1885 z 253 1887 z 78 Hudson Strait ( Tu ner, ; Payne, ) and along the east coast of James and Hudson bays to Korak Bay and Kovik River n ( Manni g, Savile, Manning and Macpherson,

1952 A 1 96 z 323 z 7 ) . lthough Low ( 8 ) reported the species as common t throughout the interior , here are comparatively few records from

: specific localities for example, east of Indian House Lake ( Prich

C l 920 z 329 St . ard , near Paul River ( abot, ) ; a tributary Mca n C o e ti a of Little River ( Stainer, learwater, S oter ,

l n n St . Bienvi le, and Ki glet lakes ( Manni g, the Lake

h 1948 z 4 Jo n area ( Godfrey and Wilk, ) ; Lakes Mistassini and

1886 z 35 1949b z 13 C C Albanel ( Macoun , ; Godfrey, ) ; the hubb rater

1955 z 491 area ( Martin , ) ; and Payne and Gregory lakes ( Eklund, 1 2 957 z 7 ) .

Ga vi a s t ell at a ( Pontoppidan ) - Red throated Loon .

A ai loon appearing brownish and small, on the Gulf off B e i C 21 . A omeau on May , was evidently of this species sim lar loon or lin two were noted on the same day between that point and Franq ue .

I found no evi dence of this species in the interior . Previous records are mainly coastal— from the North Shore of the

l 1882b z 241 Fraz ar Gu f ( Merriam, ; , Townsend and Bent, 19275 9 1931 z 74 1929 z 75 Lewis , , and ; Taverner , ) ; the Atlan

l 9o2 z 25 A i 1932 z 25 1947 z 276 tic coast ( Bigelow, ; ust n , ; Grayce, ) ;

1885 z 253 n 1887 z 78 Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay ( Turner, ; Pay e, ; 74 Hantz s ch 1928 z 88 i Bent, ; , ; Mann ng, Hilde n i brand, and east side of Hudson Bay ( Ma n ng ,

76 1950 z 95 . are , and Savile ) Records from the interior

i 1 96 z 323 Michikamats : 8 few upper Hamilton R ver ( Low, ) ; Lake

1908 z l 23 l 918 z l 29 ( Mrs . Hubbard, ) ; Payne Lake area ( Flaherty, ) ;

C C 1955 z 491 t hubb rater area ( Martin , ) ; and Povungni uk River

u 1957 z 72 . ( Ekl nd, )

Mo ru s b a s s a n u s ( Linnaeus )

Gannet . 2 - On 1 St . May , in mid Lawrence between Rimouski and Baie C fl in omeau , I noted one Gannet y g low over the water and another resting on its smooth surface . As C n far as the Ungava Peninsula is concerned, the a net seems to be almost confin ed to the southern coast ( chiefly from Seven Islands eastward ) : Pointe des Monts ( Merriam : 1882b z 240 ) ; Belle

1902 z 27 i Isle ( Bigelow, ) ; Seven Islands to M ngan ( Townsend and r Fraz ar Bent, formerly nesting in Mingan g oup ( , C omeau , Natashquan , Harrington , and Mutton Bay

1922 z 511 1947 z 276 . ( Lewis , ) ; Domino Run to Belle Isle ( Grayce , )

Ph al acr o c o rax fl o rid an u s m igra t o riu s ( Barton ) - C Double crested ormorant .

i Ma 21 - flock Off R mouski, on y , there was a of six Double crested C l ormorants , besides a few single birds . Sma l numbers were 22 1 seen almost daily, May to June , on the bay and the Gulf in the di i r vicinity of Seven Islands . In ad tion to s ngle bi ds , there were groups of two to seven indi viduals ( these last on June i In the waters about the Ungava Pen nsula , this species , like the On Gannet, is now almost confined to the southern coast . the east i 1932 coast the species had become almost ext rpated by , though for merly common north to Hamilton Inlet, with a single record from Kai °

a . 5 e . 5 1932 z 33 . pokok Bay ( lat N ( Austin , ) Some of the principal

1882b z 240 1883 records from the Gulf are by Merriam ( ) , Stearns Frazar Townsend and Bent Bent ( 1922

1929 z 8—10 —75 1951 z 66 Lewis ( ; , and Tener ( E R OF KANSAS E . . . Ifl ST UNIV SITY FU LS , MUS NAT .

C ol mbus mi ratoria s The name y g Barton typ e locality, ” the neighborhood of Philadelphia ) is accompanied by a sufficient i Carb aurita s 1 1 description to validate t . It antedates o Lesson ( 83 ) and should replace it for the northeastern subspecies . Barton Col mbus mi ratoria s ascribed the name to Bartram as y g ) , who unfortunately provided no description . I have pointed out ’ ( 1942 z 219—220 ) the validity and availability of Bartram s Colymbus r n C flo ida us for the Florida ormorant . This being the - C oldest valid name for any form of the Double crested ormorant, it becomes the specific name . The following new combinations are therefore proposed : Phalacrocorax floridanus floridanus ( Colymbus Floridanus Bart 1791 ram, ) Phalacrocomx floridanus migratoria s ( C olymbus migratorias Bar 1799 ton , ) Phalacrocorax loridanus cincinatus Carbo cincinatus f ( Brandt, 1837 ) Phalacrocomx florida nus albociliatus ( Phalacrocomx dilophus albociliatus 1884 Ridgway, )

Ar d e a h e r o dias h e r o dias Linnaeus Great Blue Heron; Crue

At Attikama en the Iron Arm on g Lake a canoeman , Antoine “ He C 30 . Deschenes , reported seeing a Grue ( rane ) on June our obviously meant thereby a Great Blue Heron , just as many of “

C . country people refer to this bird as a rane Moreover, Tony said he had seen many of them in his home territory about Mont Joli , on the south side of the Gulf . Dionne states that the com mon name in Quebec is Grue .

Merriam ( 1882b z 239 ) reports the species as rare at Godbout .

Turner ( 1885 z 235 ) notes a single bird seen near Fort Chimo in 1880 .

The species is not uncommon in the Lake St . John area ( Godfrey

1948 z 5 . and Wilk, )

B o t au ru s l e n t igin o s u s ( Rackett )

American Bittern . ( Map

C m May 31 I had excellent views of one or two Bitterns at the marshy border of a woodland pool a little back from the Gulf shore, several miles east of Seven Islands .

1882b z 239 According to Merriam ( ) , the species is common at Mani couagan and rare at Pointe des Monts . Other localities on the PLAT E 1

— la b FIG l . a a b m h h . S at b La t e s t h ad u a t e p ne se Kno ke , Que ec , fro ou ( e q r ers for bi l i al i v ti ati in V tati : bla u m tl bu t o og c n es g ons ege on ck spr ce , os y rn i h 14 195 n t e d . 3 . foregroun June ,

F — i I 2 . A a a Mc K nz i O . ta ai m the S v I la d a . F e e group of Mon gn s fro e en s n s re ( r nc s , d m i ht in the t the i i al i ma t ta ai secon fro r g fron row , pr nc p nfor n on Mon gn s

22 1953 . b . am bi d . b La n es of r s ) Kno ke , Que ec June , t ai b - a t l y , — Ba ab v timb li S M 1 . rrens o e er ne on e s ern s ope of unn oun n Que ec FIG . tati : i ea d an d t ) . V P ( between approximate altitu es of fee ege on c m et runi ni m m ali s . E , a Va ini m li i , S p , p Betula glandulos , cc u u g nosu x gru s . p ,

A t 10 1953 . i . Cla donia a lpestr s ugus ,

nd l a Va ini m i a ma iana Bet la la , cc u — Li h dla ds i l di P e , FIG . 2 . c en woo n , nc u ng c r u g u os ’ l e t i lae vi li m lad nia a , i li um v ar. , C o p s r s uligin osum Vac c imum a ng ust fo fo u , A s t 19 b . , r’ L La C o r n i e rinafi St ere ocaulon sp . eroy ke , Que ec ugu lad nia a g f ,

1953 .

ER OF KANSAS E . . I . UNIV SITY FU LS . , MUS NAT H ST

a the few motor vehicles passing along the right of way . Sever l hunters took advantage of the situation and secured a number of - geese . One adult that I examined was distinctly less dark backed than two juveniles from Leaf Lake ( see below ) . When I visited

3 . the lake on Gilling River on October , no geese were in evidence A P tam n r t bu leur quantity of aquatic plants o oget o pe folia us var . p aides and Myriophyllum alterniflorum) was floating in the edge of

the di . lake , as if perhaps pulled up by the geese in their fee ng wo n T you g geese , captured alive in the summer at Leaf Lake in r th e no thern Ungava by Montagnais chief, Mathieu André, were kept for a time in September at Knob Lake . They were noticeably — — n l dark almost slaty o the upper parts ( p . When allowed a i l in E uis etum limo l tt e liberty a pool beside camp , they fed upon q m su . ( A common name reported by Raup ( 1935 z 96 ) for another

E . rat ns in t species of this genus ( p e e ) nor hern Alberta i's goose i ha- unk grass . ) Their honk ng note sounded to me like y ; a low l n n uoo . L o o a conversational note sou ded like q Their owner, d g , told of the reaction of these young geese to the approach of a plane, during an appreciable length of time before either he or his com panions detected it by either sight or sound; the geese flattened

w h . themselves on the ground, it necks outstretched and prone An n C adult female specimen , taken in the vici ity of Burnt reek on 2 e A H. October , was kindly present d by . Tait and Phil Bourdage; n nt r r dr it has been determi ed as i e io by John W . Al ich . Its iris was - w . deep olive bro n; bill black; tarsus , toes , and nails slaty gray The m weight was approxi ately lbs . Its esophagus and proventriculus contained Ranunculus trichophyllus . Mallophaga collected from it consisted of four Ornithobius goniopleurus Denny and one Trinoton ans erinum

D an . F F C Dr . . oster provided me with the following records of

in 1949 : Ashuani i 19—21 two ada Geese small number, p Lake, June ; r 15 flocks adults with two and th ee young, Evening Lake, July ; , 14 20 Astray Lake and Vicinity, September to ; many, Wishart Lake , 22 September . t O her friends , among the geological and mechanical personnel of i the area , contributed the follow ng notes . The species migrates past 2 195 C . Lac de Morbihan ( Philip Loth ) . In May, , Arthur Newton r in Kania iskau 5 observed squad ons migrat g down the p River, cK nz i miles north of Fort Me e . There were two dozen or more in a

15 . flock, and they kept passing for minutes They followed the course of the river rather than a straight compass course . None was HARPER : BIRDS OF THE UNGAVA PENINSULA

i n noticed staying there through the summer to breed . ( Th s accou t

ih 1925 z 241 so resembles that given by Turner ( Bent, ) for the migration of American Brant ( Branta bernicla hrota ) down the ’ Mr ewt n Koks oak River as to raise the question whether . N o s birds A hi K ania iskau were not also Brant . fter reac ng the mouth of the p ,

l the Koksoak. On ul 16 1953 they wou d naturally turn down ) J y , , i - i Mr. Newton found two adults , with seven fa r s zed young, on Lake W a anikskan r p ; as they swam away, one pa ent led the group and the other brought up the rear . n l 1952 Young geese and molti g, flight ess adults were seen in in the central portion of Michikamau Lake ( Allen Thompson ) . About

1 1953 i Aulneau l . July , , a goose was honk ng on Lac ( Robert S ipp ) On August 2 the leader of a geological party at Nachikapau Lake u reported no geese in that vicinity . About the end of J ly two were

Ha ot C . L . seen at Lac y ( William Hood, I ) About the middle of August a flock of eight was seen on land at Synclin e Lake feeding L eronneau presumably on blueberries ( Brian M. Meikle ) . I. . V 24 1953 12 observed four or five at Leroy Lake , August , ; , including u young not able to fly, on marshy gro nd at Scott Lake , September 4 20 12 13 12 ; six and at Harris Lake , September and ; and at Lac Le Fer 23 A 13 h f , September . bout September t ere was a lock of

r 224 chr f r three or fou on a pond at Mile Airstrip ( William S op e ) . The greater part of the Ungava Peninsula is occupied during the breeding season by one or the other of two subspecies— the Ungava

C nt r r anada Goose ( B. 0 . i e io Todd ) on the east coast and islands of James and Hudson bays and for an un determin ed distance in land;

C B c . cana dens is and the Eastern anada Goose ( . ( Linnaeus ) in the i i remainder of the region . In addit on , some of the breeding b rds of ’ — h r Baffin Island Hutchin s Goose ( B . c . utchins ii ( Richa dson ) t n pass hrough the peni sula on migration . Some of the principal 24 sources of distributional information are : Low ( 1896 z 3 ) ; D. Wal

1906 z 81 115 123 132 lace ( , , , , Townsend and Bent

1925 z 204 Hantz s ch 1928 z 207 Bent ( , ( ) ; Lewis

in 1932 z 35 63 Aust ( ) ; Merrick , Todd Kort right Aldrich Manning Godfrey Rousseau Hildebrand Savile ( 1950 z 95 ) ; Manning and Macpherson ( 1952 z 9 ) ; Bateman ( 1953 z 3 ) ; Polunin and Eklund Stirrett ( 1954 z 214 ) ; and

u 1 2 B . c . Ekl nd ( 957 z 7 ) . Gabrielson and Wright refer to canadens is K ks ak two juveniles from th e lower o o River . ER OF E . . . UNIV SITY KANSAS FU LS , MUS NAT HIST .

Ch en hype rb o r e a atlan ti ca Kennard Greater Snow Goose; Oapesk

The few notes secured by me on Snow Geese in the Ungava Pen insula are referred provisionally to th e present subspecies rather than h rborea to the more westerly Lesser Snow Goose ( C . h. ype ( Pal las ) On October 3 Leon Tousignant reported that he had seen 10—12 white geese on Astray Lake about two and a half weeks pre l n vious . y Accordi g to Howard Jackson , Snow Geese stop occasion h ani i m s éré e St . ally at A u p Lake . J Onge spoke of having seen these geese pass on only two occasions near the mouth of the Moisie

River . M m n n r C ré o t . F harles , general superi tendent of the Quebec Fisheries the Department of Game and , informed me that numbers Ca of Greater Snow Geese pausing on migration at p Tourmente, on

St . 25 the Lawrence estuary miles northeast of Quebec, had recently increased from an estimated to an estimated In com parison with only in that area at the turn of the century 35 and about years later, as reported by White and Lewis 193 440 7 z . ( ) , this is extraordinarily gratifying news Such a rate of increase ( say 220M400 per cent in little more than half a century ) is perhaps as phenomenal as any that has ever been recorded for a 441 native American bird . The authors just cited also report ( p . ) “ that large numbers of Greater Snow Geese habitually stop in late the Manikua an May on the lakes at the headwaters of g , evidently Ca anicoua an coming from p Tourmente . The route from the M g lakes northward over the Ungava Peninsula toward their high Arctic breeding grounds remains practically unknown . Perhaps they rarely pause on their remaining flight of 450—650 miles to Ungava Bay or

r Hudson Strait . Simila ly, there are evidently no regular stopping places on their flights of nearly 600 miles between C ap Tourmente “ ” C 1 23 42 Ch n h rb r us and Delaware Bay . omeau ( 9 z 6 ) reports e ype o e ( probably atlantica ) as shot frequently in the Godbout area since 1 2 88 .

Manning and Manning and Macpherson ( 1952 z 9 ) h r r a refer to C h. ype bo e the large numbers of Snow Geese that have been observed migrating along the east coast of Hudson and James bays and across the western portions of Hudson Strait . Turner

1885 z 248 ( ) , evidently without the benefit of specimens in hand,

1887 : reported the Greater Snow Goose in the latter area . Payne (

77 ) wrote of thousands arriving at Stupart Bay in early September . HARPER : BIRDS OF THE UNGAVA PE NINSULA

Considerably more material is required for a determination of the relative numbers of the two subspecies that cross Hudson Strait and of the places at which each crosses .

An as ru b rip e s Brewster Black Duck; Ilni shep

On 26 5 May , some miles east of Seven Islands , a group of three

Black Ducks flew west near the shore of the Gulf . For three months in the i thereafter, at various points the interior of pen nsula, I saw no more of this species . It can scarcely be at all common there during the breeding season . Toward the end of summer small numbers On 26 appeared , evidently as migrants . August a Montagnais killed four Black Ducks somewhere near the north end of Ashuanipi Lake n ( perhaps on its outlet ) ; and I saw the win g of one of them . O the r following day I noted a flock of th ee birds , and another of four , at a boggy pond close to Mile 224 Airstrip; and I also flushed a flock of - i On three from a near by part of the Ashuan pi River . September 5 f 14 - there was a lock of at the above menti oned pond . Coastal areas have so far furnished the greater part of the records of this species for the Ungava Peninsula . Some of the more impor tant sources of information are : for the south coast— Stearns

C 1906 z 24 Palmer ooke ( ) , Townsend and Bent

C l 923 z l 7 193l z 74—75 omeau ( ) , and Lewis ( , for the

— 1923 31 1932 z 40 east coast Phillips , map ) and Austin ( ) ; for

— 1885 z 249 Hantz s ch Ungava Bay and Hudson Strait Turner ( ) , Gabrielson and Wright and Eklund ( 1957 : for James Bay— Manning and Macpherson Data for the extreme northwest of the peninsula seem to be lacking . Interior “ ” i : 1896 records nclude Hamilton River and throughout ( Low,

323 Nascau ee 1906 z 537 ) upper p River ( Mrs . Hubbard , ) near Lake 130 131 D. Desolation and along George River Wallace , , ,

Kenamu River ( Leslie , Hamilton River ( Merrick ,

1933 : 43 70 St 1948 z 6 , , Lake . John area ( Godfrey and Wilk, ) ;

1886 z 35 f 1949b Lakes Mistassini and Albanel ( Macoun , ; God rey, C learwater River ( Manning , south of Mealy Moun P l nin Ek et d l. o u tains ( Addy, , and Gregory Lake ( and lund , Black Ducks banded on the eastern and southern coasts of the Ungava Peninsula have been recovered along the Atlantic Coast from Nova Scotia to North Carolina; they show a particular coneen ER OF AN E . . . UNIV SITY K SAS FU LS , MUS NAT HIST . tration in southern New England, Long Island, and New Jersey

1954 z ma ( Hagar, p

An as acu t a Linnaeus Pintail; Oapeneshep ( Map

l 224 i t t A sma l , boggy pond on the east side of Mile A rs rip , nor h of Ashuani i t p Lake, wi h a wide border of sedges and other marsh f plants , attracted Pintails as well as other ducks . Here a lock of four , t r dr r n in female or imma u e plumage, opped in towa d su set on 25 r flock hi August . There was another ( o the same ) of four at t s

two . l pond days later As far as my imited observations went, there were no Pintails on the interior waters in the breeding season .

The species breeds apparently on Ungava Bay ( Turner,

Hildebrand, Gabrielson and Wright, and on the east coasts of James and Hudson bays north to Povungni t uk ( M n 80 1952 ni g, , and Manning and Macpherson , There are a few records ( chiefly in the migration season ) for the North Shore of the Gulf : Merriam ( 1882b z 239 ) ; Stearns ( 1883 Town send and Bent Comeau ( 1923z 426 ) ; and Tener ( 1951 z 66 Along the east coast it is an uncommon tran

Hantz sch 1932 z 42 the sient ( , Austin , ) . In interior there St lk are summer records from the Lake . John area ( Godfrey and Wi ,

1948 z 6 ) , Bush Lake ( Manning, south of Leaf Bay ( Bate

1953 z 3 Ai neau k man , ) , and near Lake g and Payne Lake ( E lund, 1957 72 z ) .

Ari a s car o lin en s i s Gmelin - Green winged Teal . 8 In poor light toward the end of the day on August , at a pond at C t u Burnt reek, I saw a flock of half a dozen ducks the size and habi s i On 25 of which were right for th s species . August there were two Greenwings in temporary association with four Pintails at a pond 224 near Mile Airstrip . They were so confiding that sticks thrown near them did not cause them noticeable alarm or force them into f i l ght . w Thi s species breeds along the North Shore of the St . La rence

1882b z 239 1906 z 84 1927 : River and Gulf ( Merriam , ; Dionne, ; Lewis , 62 , and and on the east coast of James Bay ( Manning and

Macpherson , There are few records for the Atlantic

C 1932 z 44 1948 z 221 et d l . oast ( Austin , ; Miss Orr, ; Addy, ,

r 1885 z 249 i 1949 and for the Ungava Bay area ( Tu ner, ; Mann ng, HARPER : BIRDS OF THE UNGAVA PE NINSULA

’ Distn butional re cords of birds in the Ungava Peni nsul a — — mm Bo a le nti ino s . 3 . Gaoia i 4 . t er . urus g su - — i densis subs . 5 . Ana a ute ana h te ana s c . 6 . C c s c pp — — 7 B a o u la o un aous . ona a umb l 8 . L s e lus subspp . g p s g pus g ER OF E . . . . UNIV SITY KANSAS FU LS , MUS NAT HIST

173 l ; Gabrielson and Wright, In the interior the on y df breeding records appear to be for the Lake St . John area ( Go rey

1948 16 1953 z 3 and Wilk, ) and south of Leaf Bay ( Bateman , ) ; but “ ” Merrick ( 1933 z 83) reports teal at Flour Lake in October .

Bu c e ph al a c la n gu la am e ri c an a ( Bonaparte ) American Goldeneye; Meshe kosk

On May 21 a flock of eight or ten Goldeneyes was noted off Fran lin ue t . q , on the Nor h Shore This is perhaps the commonest duck of the interior of the penin At sula . Goldeneye Pond , west of Knob Lake, a pair was evidently domiciled for the summer, one or both of the birds being seen on On 4 6 9 13 11 . June , , , and . Two were present on Slimy Lake, June

Attikama en the Iron Arm , g Lake , single Goldeneyes were noted on 1 1 4 f 1 th e 1 1th . O July and , and a flock of four on these last, none in was a male in breeding plumage , but one , exhibiting more white t t the wing han the o hers as they rested on the water, may have been an eclipse male . At Lac Aulneau an adult female was seen on a number of occa 23 3 27 29th i 1 . On th sions , July to the and again on the she rema ned

r i only a short distance offsho e from camp , without tak ng flight at the appearance of the personnel . Her actions indicated that she might be preparing to lead off some newly hatched young . She rr would call g k and stretch her head forward low over the water . The white collar around her neck was almost concealed as she kept f her head lowered in a rest ul state , but was revealed as she raised her head in successive movements to express inquiry or suspicion . i l The yellowish coloration of the subterminal portion of the max l a , he t v . characteristic in spring, was no longer e ident On July 29 the duck was on a little sedge-bordered pond in the woods a little distance back from the west side of Lao Aulneau ( where she had been reported by Robert Slipp as frequently travel 40—60 ing back and forth in June ) . Although I was in full view at

rrk yards , the duck merely uttered a few of the g notes and indulged - i i . in some head thrustings , and then cont nued div ng The duration of ten consecutive dives varied from 17 to 25 seconds ( average An apparently well-developed timing sense enabled her to make 25 six three consecutive dives of seconds each , and other consecutive ones varyin g only between 19 and 22 seconds . The ten intervals 22 between these dives varied from eight to seconds ( average, but seven consecutive intervals varied only from nin e to 13 seconds .

U ER OF E . . . NIV SITY KANSAS FU LS , MUS NAT HIST .

— 1926 l . 81 101 1931 z 74 75 77 Phillips , , p , map ; Lewis , , , and

1938 t 1942 z 302 307 ; Austin , and Kor right, , b r a S m. o e lis The Northern Eider ( . ( Brehm ) ) breeds along the Atlantic coast north of Hamilton Inlet and on Ungava Bay and

S . m. s entar Hudson Strait . The Hudson Bay Eider ( ed ia Snyder ) breeds on the east coast of Hudson Bay and on islands in James Bay .

Mel an itt a de gl an di d e gl an di ( Bonaparte ) - White winged S ooter; Koiskoshipatom 21 As the steamer was passing along the North Shore on May , C Fran uelin between Baie omeau and q , I noted two flocks of White

n : wi ged Scoters one of four or five birds , and one of seven or eight, both flying low over the water, and at least the latter headed west .

Another bird or two were observed off Godbout . Most of the records from the Ungava Peninsula pertain to the east — ? coast, where large numbers , consisting mostly of ( non breeding ) 60 ° males , spend the summer, north to about latitude ( Turner,

1885 z 250 1926 97 1937 : ; Phillips , , map ; Austin, Gross , 2 ff 428 C 1923 z 4 267 . Stearns and omeau ( , , ) refer to the species as a spring and fall migrant along the south coast .

Gabrielson and Wright found numbers on Ungava Bay . A good many have been recorded from the east coast of James and i c n Hudson bays , north to the vicin ty of Mc ormack Island ( Manni g,

1950 z 96 Savile, ; Manning and Macpherson,

n St . f There are si gle records from Lake John ( God rey and Wilk,

1948 z 7 d 1949b : 15 . ) and from Lake Mistassini ( Go frey, ) If the large numbers of male Whitewings that appear on the coast in summer had merely retreated there from inland breeding grounds as soon as in cubation was under way ( as male Surf Scoters C orthwest in the anadian N evidently do ) , we should expect to find the females and juveniles in the interior during the latter part of m the su mer; but such is not the case . As Austin has remarked there is no adequate proof of nesting anywhere in the

. the two a roxi peninsula Yet, on the assumption that sexes are pp o mately equal in number, where can the females be f und, to match the preponderant summering males of the coastal waters?

Me l an itt a pe rs pic ill at a ( Linnaeus ) Surf S ooter; Koaiken

A number of Surf Scoters were seen off Baie Comeau on May 21 ; 50 among them was a flock of about , passing west low over the HARPER : B IRDS OF THE UNGAVA PENINSULA

wo Fran lin u t ue . O water . There was also a pair miles east of q May

23 and 27 a single male was noted on the bay at Seven Islands . My only observation in the interior was of a pair on Slimy Lake, June

1 1 ; here they may have been preparing to breed . l - o This species , ike the White winged S oter , summers on all the

ul : t 1838 coasts of the Ungava Penins a sou h ( Audubon, ,

1882b : 240 1925 z 76 Merriam , ; Townsend and Bent, Lewis , ; 1926 C Phillips , , map east, north to ape Mugford ( Bige

1902 z 28 t 1937 z 2l low, ; Bent, Aus in , Gross , ;

1947 z 277 r Stu art Ak atok Grayce, ) ; no th ( p Bay, p Island, and mouth

Koksoak u 1885 z 251 n of River ) ( T rner, ; Manni g, Gabriel n M r cCo son and Wright, and west, north to vici ity of l 1926 n mack Island ( Phil ips , , Manni g, Manning and

Macpherson, Among these coastal birds , the males seem

m 1882b : 240 1925 : to greatly outnu ber the females ( Merriam , ; Bent, 146 i n ; Aust n , Manni g, Interior records include

: t the following localities Hamilton River, in spring migra ion ( Low,

1896 z 324 Petitsika au ) ; p Lake and other lakes of the interior ( Todd, in 1926 i n 1886 z 35 Phillips , , Lake Mistass ni ( Macou , ; Godfrey,

1949b : 15 n et al. ) ; south of Mealy Mountai s ( Addy, ,

t n n : Breeding data are very scan y, and mostly rather i defi ite near

Mcatina 1 1 e 838 885 Little ( Audubon , , east coast ( Turner,

251 A n Ak atok ; usti , p Island ( Bent, interior of in southern Labrador ( Lewis , Austin ,

Mergu s s errat o r s errat o r Linnaeus - — Red breasted Merganser; Bec scie 0 shok

Ou the bay at Seven Islands I saw a pair of these Mergansers on 2 3 27 . May , and a male and a female separately on May In the interior my few observations of Mergansers consisted i l chiefly of brief or d stant glimpses . As nearly as I cou d judge, the i - b rds were the Red breasted species , and all or nearly all the adults On were females . July 3 one was flushed from a little lake near the northwestern end of the Iron Arm of Attikamagen Lake; three were

in th e r Attikama en 14 seen weste n part of g Lake on July , and one in 18 t the Northwest Bay on July . In July Robert Slipp repor ed a nest Ou 19 beneath spru ces on an island in Lac Aulneau . August Gil

r L . Vér nnea u be t Simard and J. o u reported fo r to six ducklings on an expansion in the outlet of Leroy Lake; the Montagnais Indians in — ” un . the party prono ced the species Bec scie , that is , Merganser ER OF E . . . I . UNIV SITY KANSAS FU LS , MUS NAT H ST

rt Ashuani i 30 C n Near the no h end of p Lake, on August , aptai Kai Mansa and I in a motorboat pursued a group of eight to ten young

sters e . , evidently of the present sp cies There was apparently an adult with them , though it was scarcely larger than the others . They

t if . escaped by skit ering and diving, as not yet able to fly They dis played an amazing faculty for simply disappearing , then perhaps reappearing half a mile away— or not at all! Captain Mansa presented two immature Bed-breasted Mergan

15 . sers ( male and female ) , taken on Molson Lake on September

1 lb . . The former weighed approximately , the latter, g ; both carried some fat . In the male ( four or five days later ) the maxilla was brownish or fuscous ; unguis light brown; tomium reddish; man

r dible dull eddish; tarsus and toes pale , dull yellowish orange on inside , yellowish brown on outside . In the female these colors were n similar, except that the tarsus and toes were pale brow ish orange - on the inside, olive brown on the outside . - D. Dr . F Foster reported two Red breasted Mergansers on Ashuani i 9 p and Whiteman lakes on each of several days , June to 24 1949 19 12 - , ; on June he found a nest with eggs on the first men

ti oned . On 26 1949 12 lake July , , he noted a female with young on

Evening Lake . This species occurs more or less commonly on all the coasts : south

1882b : 240 F ( Merriam , ; razar, Stearns , Town —75 r send and Bent, Lewis , , east ( th oughout )

l 902 z 27 1926 1 16 1932 : ( Bigelow, ; Phillips , , map ; Austin ,

1885 z 251 Hantz sch north ( Ungava Bay ) ( Turner, ; ,

Gabrielson and Wright, and west, north to Great Whale Mac her River ( Manning, Savile, Manning and p

1896 z 323 son , In the interior it was said by Low ( ) to be

V : abundant throughout . arious inland localities are Lake Mistassini

n 1886 z 35 1949b : 16 St . ( Macou , ) ; Lake Albanel ( Godfrey, ) ; Lake o John area ( Godfrey and Wilk, Bush, S oter, Kinglet, and

Bienville lakes ( Manning , George River ( Hildebrand,

l 950 z 60 et al. ) ; south of the Mealy Mountains ( Addy, , ’ ht 1942 1953 z 4 . Kortri s and south of Leaf Bay ( Bateman , ) g map ( 362 ) indicates a breeding range over the entire Ungava Peninsula except the northwestern portion— beyond a line from Cape Jones to ’ Chimo ( but note Manning s later records from Bush and Sooter lakes ) . There can be little doubt that this is by far th e commoner of the t two large Mergansers in the interior of the peninsula , al hough Low HARPER : B IRDS OF TH E UNGAVA PE NIN SULA

( 1896 z 323 ) reported the American Merganser ( Mergus mergans er “ americanus Cassin ) as common throughout . - Bu t e o l a go p u s s an ct i j o h an n i s ( Gmelin ) - American Rough legged Hawk; Shakotom

In the breeding season I made field observations on Roughlegs Aulneau m only at Lac , and more especially on the treeless su mit of t e a ridge on the west side, at an alti ud of about feet above sea On 23 level . July , as I neared the precipitous south end of the m ridge, where a nest was presu ably located, a pair of Roughlegs , r n kearr ci cling and soari g overhead, greeted me with their cry of , ’ kearr. Its tone resembled that of a Redtail s , but had less suggestion of the hissin g sound made by escaping steam . It was delightful il to listen to this wild cry among the blue h ls of Ungava , as I reclined on a bed of Cladonia alpestris in the lee of a clump of

r . dwarf bi ch One of the birds was in the dark phase, with a white

r ba red tail, and the other was in the light phase , with a white basal h i portion of the tail . In circling about and continuing to voice t e r n t resentment at my i trusion , hey would give from three to seven or

i . eight strokes of the r wings , and then soar Meanwhile , in their i rather leisurely flight, they came with n good range of my movie

n 2 A ln ea . camera . O July 5 an individual gave its cry over Lac u u Robert Slipp reported Roughlegs screaming at him in two cliff

: 3 4 t 4 - areas one or miles south , the o her miles south southeast, of

t . A t his lake par ly feathered juvenal female Roughleg , taken from a Lao Aulneau 3 4 nest near the south end of on August or , was sent

m it . by air to Knob Lake, where I made a speci en of It was not fat,

d ra h an Ce to llus s . weighed approximately lbs . A flea ( p y p ) was it i secured from . The ris was drab; cere greenish yellow; bill black, greenish toward base ; commissure yellow; toes dull yellow; nails At black . this time ( August 4 ) three fully feathered young Rough legs ( out of an original four ) were being reared in a cage at Knob i Lake, after having been taken from a nest on a cl ff somewhere in the area . On 6 September a distant hawk, pretty certainly a Roughleg, was 224 On 22 24 noted near Mile Airstrip . September and single birds n passed Knob Lake, one of them alighti g in a spruce top, then n n descendi g i to a bog ( presumably for a mouse ) . Ou 2 Kenz ie C n 9 . M W . A c June Flight Officer , R AF, while flyi g 15 C some miles southwest of ambrian Lake, noted a hawk, some

n m . The times soari g, someti es flapping , at an altitude of feet E R OF PUBLS . I . UNIV SITY KANSAS . , MUS NAT . H ST

d coloration describe ( dark brown above, with a lighter area toward the tip of the wing ) , as well as the manner of flight, indicated the

it u in . present species . The alt de is especially interest g In 1954 a member of a geological party took a young Roughleg m i Rasle fro a cl ff nest between Lakes and Gerido, north of the Koksoak Kania iskau junction of the and p rivers , for the purpose of

n F in litt . 18 reari g it ( Fred arah, , August , e The Roughleg, being primarily, I beli ve, a breeding bird of the s Barren Grounds , is found in summer along the coast of the Ungava Peninsula about as far as the Arctic Zone extends : east coast of Ri Hudson and James bays , south to Moar Bay and Poplar ver ( Man 1952 ning, Savile, Manning and Macpherson,

r 1885 z 244 n Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay ( Tu ner, ; Pay e,

1887 z 76 1942 z 342 ; Shortt and Peters , ; Manning, Fried 1953 mann, Gabrielson and Wright, Bateman,

C l 9o2 z 29 1932 z 62 Atlantic oast, throughout ( Bigelow, ; Austin , ;

in 1937 z 269 271 278 281 Townsend, Bent, , , , ; Gross , Fried mann, and south coast, from Wolf Bay east ( Lewis , and possibly ( in former years ) even west to Poin te des

1882b : 237 C 1923 z 423 . Monts ( Merriam , ; omeau , ) In the interior it probably nests mainly in the northern half of the peninsula, either in the Arctic Zone proper or on higher ridges of Barren Grounds

: rising out of the Hudsonian Zone for example, ( Lower ) Seal Lake

1909 z 262 ( Macoun and Macoun , ) ; Minto , Bush, and Scoter lakes o C 1949 ( Manning, and Indian H use Lake ( lement, ’ 1 6 Its omission from Low s list ( 89 ) may be significant . How w ever, it is reported from the lower Natashquan River by To nsend St For the Lake . John area there is only a May — r . record ( Godfrey and Wilk, probably a transient bi d

l l h l l n H. Ha i a e et u s e u c o c e p a u s a as c a u s C . Townsend Northern Bald Eagle; Kaoapestokoanet mestsho 1952 i In early July, , Robert Slipp not ced a Bald Eagle frequently 4 5 Petitsika au on Goose River, to miles east of p Lake; he saw the

Eagle chase a Fish Hawk . Another report on probably the same n bird came from Lloyd Hogan, who spoke of it as nesti g for several 1953 ’ years prior to near Guy s River, in the top of a spruce beside a Pe i sika a river emptying into t t p u Lake . - une 1953 In mid I , , Richard Geren reported a Bald Eagle seen recently somewhere in the Knob Lake area . In the summer, mem bers of a geological field party saw an Eagle at Wabush Lake . They HARPER : BIRDS OF THE UNGAVA PENINSULA

l reported its note as a scream , not a whist e; thus it was scarcely a F nf ish Hawk, which apparently is sometimes co used with the Eagle in Labrador . Later they saw a big nest near the top of a tree in the McKenz ie u same area . Sebastien spoke of the occ rrence of the D ln . F. . species in the vicinity of Lao Au eau Dr . Foster reported ul 1 2 1949 one bird at Molson Lake, J y and , , and two at Evening

26 1949 . Lake, July , in There are comparati vely few previous records the peninsula .

1882b : 238 The species has bred at Pointe des Monts ( Merriam , ;

C 1923 z 424 omeau , ) and apparently near Ungava Bay ( Macoun and

26 w 1896 z 325 1909 z 9 . Lo Macoun , ) ( ) saw a pair on Hamilton River 1 7 33 C 28 . F 88 z below Grand Falls , April razar ( ) reports it at ape

1925 z 82 Betchewun 3 n Whittle; Lewis ( ) , near , September ; Li coln , in 1937 z 332 d Bent ( ) , at Wolf Bay; Go frey near Lake

Albanel; and Friedmann at Petitsikapau Lake .

Cir cu s c yan eu s h u d s o ni u s ( Linné ) Marsh Hawk; Notshineo oesho

A n C C t 22 . si gle bird was seen a little west of larke i y, May Previous records are from the followin g locali ti es : Pointe des

1882b : 237 1883 Monts ( Merriam , ) ; Dead Island Harbour ( Stearns ,

2 St . a pair, miles inland from Esquimaux Point ( Havre 1 1 Betchewun Pierre ) , June ( Townsend and Bent, , Sep

3 1925 z 82 tember ( Lewis , ) ; mouth of Natashquan River ( Lincoln,

in St . h 1948 z 8 Bent, Lake Jo n area ( Godfrey and Wilk, ) ; and Great Whale River ( Savile,

Pan di o n h ali a e tu s c aro li n e n s i s ( Gmelin ) American Osprey; Fish Hawk; Koshi mesheo

lin Single birds were seen on May 21 at Baie Comeau and Franq ue .

In the northern interior the species occurs somewhat sparingly . 20 One was seen with a fish over Pierce Lake on June , and one over Attikama n n 29 e 15 . O Northwest Bay, g Lake, on July July Robert Slipp reported a recently occupied nest on the east side of Lao A a uln e u ; he had seen an adul t carryin g fish to it . One appeared

T . 13 over Mollie Lake on August , and one was reported catching a 1 On 1 l fish there on the 8th . August 9 one was cal ing at the outlet of 27 Ashuan Leroy Lake . One was doing likewise on August over the Ashuani i r ipi River just below p Lake, and one was seen in the no th ern part of that lake on August 30 . E RS OF E . . . . UNIV ITY KANSAS FU LS , MUS NAT HIST

F D r i : Ashuani i Dr . . Foster cont ibuted the follow ng notes p Lake, 21 1949 ’ north end , two birds , June , ; Howell s River to Knob Lake, a 14 1949 bird on nest, with young, September , ; Astray Lake , two t 15 1949 nests wi h two young in each, September , ; Astray Lake, a the 21 1949 nest with one young ( older birds on wing ) , September , ; 22 4 ’ 19 9 . At Wishart Lake, nest with one young , September , Howell s

River there were two nests with two young in each, first week of 1953 August, ; all the young individuals were taken and fed in a n t r 23 camp ; bei g allowed their liber y, the fi st one left on August ,

24 1 . the second on August , and the last two on September They would then still return to the camp and squawk for food . It is perhaps noteworthy that the maximum number of young in reported by Dr . Foster in the nests this northern part of the range n l is two; also , that the young remai in the nest ti l the latter part of -u n September . The late break p of the frozen waters in the spri g, an 38 n 51 53 incubation period of about days , and a nestli g period of to P ‘ h. hal tus days ( as determined in the European . iae by Siewert ( 1941 ) — these circumstances together may readily account for f such a late departure rom the nest . It is obvious that the Osprey, n rt with its prolonged nesti g season , can not extend its range no h ward to areas where the season of open water is much less than 100 i the - days . It is also interest ng that hand reared young should have flown so much earlier than those in the wild . Was it possibly due to a more substantial diet provided by their human foster-parents than by their natural parents? Is there a difficulty in catching a suffi cient quantity of fish in these waters that has resulted in limiting the — egg complement to two , instead of the more usual three and occa sionally four— in more southerly regions? There is a moderate population of the Osprey on the North Shore

1882b : 238 Fraz ar of the Gulf ( Merriam , ; , Townsend and

1907 z 371 1925 z 76 Allen , ; Townsend and Bent, Lewis , ) ;

1932 z 65 also on the east coast, north as far as Nachvak ( Austin, ; F riedmann , It is the second commonest hawk on the east Mac her coast of James Bay, north to Roggan River ( Manning and p son , and it nests at Great Whale River on Hudson Bay

n 1896 z 325 ( Savile , In the i terior , according to Low ( ) , it ° 54 . is common throughout , up to latitude ( upper Hamilton River ) 190 6 the asc au ee It was found by Mrs . Hubbard ( 8 5 ) on lower N p

St . River , by Bryant on the Augustin River, by Leslie Kenamu on the River, and by Stainer on a Mec atina tributary of Little River . A few have been noted in the

E R OF A E . . . IS . UNIV SITY K NSAS FU LS , MUS NAT H T

similar circumstances . Three days later I returned to the area and

n . i spected many of the spruces for a nest, but found none Possibly the nest was actually on the ground . Lewis for example , has recorded such a site along the Little Natashquan River; and

1938 z 72 Gaffto sail . Bent ( ) , another one near p , Newfoundland This r n r cr time both bi ds of the pair appeared, constantly givi g thei y and i frequently making slow headway on flutter ng wings . Now and then one would glide down to a spruce top and there continue to On 13th r call . the , as the two bi ds performed in the usual manner, I - r dis ad secured some motion pictu e film , while contending with the

headnet . vantages of a horde of black flies , a , and gauntlets They would fly within a distance of about 35 feet . The Pigeon Hawk has been recorded on all coasts of the Ungava

: 1882b : 237 Peninsula south ( Merriam, ; Stearns , Town

1918 z 88 1922 z 512 send and Bent, Townsend , ; Lewis , ; Bent,

1938 z 70—72 C Chidle ; Friedmann , east, north to ape y

in 1932 z 70 F ( Goues , Aust , ; riedmann , north

C Chidle C Hantz s ch 1929 z 31 1938 z 80 ( ape y to Fort himo ) ( , ; Bent, ;

Gabrielson and Wright, and west ( Great Whale River and Stromness Island ) ( Manning , Savile, Man n ni g and Macpherson , Although the species probably nests sparingly throughout the peninsula except perhaps in the extreme northwestern part, there are few previous records from the in terior : across Ungava from Great Whale River almost to Fort C St . himo ( Macoun and Macoun , the Lake John area

1948 z 8 A 1949b : 17 ( Godfrey and Wilk, ) ; Lake lbanel ( Godfrey, ) ; 100 and about miles up George River ( Hildebrand,

Fa l c o s pa rve riu s s pa rve riu s Linnaeus

Northern Sparrow Hawk . A single Sparrow Hawk was clearly and satisfactorily seen in 22 coniferous woods just north of Shelter Bay, May . G oues reports a Sparrow Hawk from Labrador, but is t vague as to locali y . The species is fairly common at Pointe des C 1923 423 d z in St . Monts ( omeau , ) and the Lake John area ( Go frey

1948 z 8 df and Wilk, ) , and rare in the Lake Mistassini area ( Go rey,

1949b z 1 7 ) .

Ca n a chit e s c a n a d e n s is c an ade n s is ( Linnaeus ) “ ” Ilin Hudsonian Spruce Grouse; Black Partridge ; eo ( M. ( Map i In the wilder parts of the interior, almost un nhabited by either HARPER : BIRDS OF TH E UNGAVA PE NINSULA

white men or red, it was surprising to find Spruce Grouse so sparsely distributed as they appeared to be in 1953. I actually met n with only 19 in the entire season . Perhaps they were at a low poi t 933—34 in their cycle of fluctuating numbers . Peak populations in 1 and in 1943 have been noted by Gross ( 1937 z 22 ) and by Hildebrand Probably birds of this species are more readily detected on the ground in Ungava , where the pale creamy caribou lichen , Cladonia al es tris - p , provides a well nigh universal background, than - in more southerly regions , where the rather dark colored forest floor ’ is a more harmonious match for the bird s plumage . C m June 12 Ron Barrett reported seeing a Spruce Grouse near A On n 29 bel Lake . Ju e a dog at Knob Lake was noticed gnawing on - the fly blown body of an adult female; its crop contained many Va in um s t cc i . leaves ( eviden ly p a couple of stems , with capsules , - Pol trichum i of hair cap moss ( y some unident fied buds , and a small quantity of gravel . th e Arm Attikama en I found a skeleton on shore of the Iron , g

1 . 6 in Lake , July About July I noticed an abandoned nest a fairly open part of the spruce woods at the northwestern end of the Iron Arm 20 , some feet back from the shore . It was situated on a mound Pleuroz ium s chreberi of perhaps the commonest moss of the region , , in a bed of Labrador tea; other plants near by were bunchberry and mountain cranberry . The nest was a slight collection of twigs , n of together with leaves of Labrador tea; it had an i side diameter , 5 - 6 . n say, or inches It contained an entire , brow speckled egg , 41 . l approximately mm in length , and shel fragments of another . On 6 Identification was largely by process of elimination . July Robert Girardin and his geological party observed a mother Spruce

Grouse and her brood in the woods near the Iron Arm . The young u i were so small that two of them were capt red temporarily, wh le the mother charged right up to the human intruders . It was not unti l August 1 1 that I saw my first live bird of the sea — an l i - k son adult female, wa k ng over a spruce clad noll, among r i Cla donia al estris dwarf bi ch and caribou l chen ( p ) , beside Mollie T . . On Lake the following day, near this lake , another female was seen , and a flying bird was heard; and on the l 6th two more were L . . Véronn reported by J eau . -Ou August 25 Fred Farah reported several Spruce Grouse along the road between Mile 224 Airstrip and the north end of Ashuanipi

. Lake Two days later , near the latter point, I came upon a flock of three birds in an opening among mossy woods of black and white E R OF E . MUS . . UNIV SITY KANSAS FU LS , NAT HIST .

h t spruce and balsam , wit undergrow h of blueberry, Labrador tea,

r Pleuroz ium s chreberi dwa f birch, mountain cranberry, bunchberry, , “ ” n and Cladonia alpes tris . After collecti g and attending to one of an r them ( immature male ) , I found one of the remaining two bi ds tr ( both in female plumage ) perching on a fallen spruce unk . It let n r me approach withi a rod or so befo e walking away along the log , mh mh u u . pausing several times to utter a low, throaty p , p It also n spread its tail a time or two . Presently it hopped dow and walked r away over the mossy ground to join the thi d individual . The latter was a shyer bird , and preceded the other in walking away from me .

It kept spreading its tail nervously, and kept the feathers of its neck f l luffed out . It also made occasionally a s ight bobbing movement of r t the head . Finally one of the bi ds flew up into a tree , and so I lef On 29th i them . the I heard of five Spruce Partridges being k lled in that locality . n Before offeri g an account of my next observations , it may be useful to present a summary of what has been previously published on the general nuptial behavior of this species . Most of what has appeared in print has been contributed by woodsmen or other lay men; apparently only two professional zoologists are included among the original observers . Probably all of the accounts to date

canace : in pertain to the subspecies in Maine ( Manly Hardy, Ben C in dire; Gideon Stone , Luman Sargent, and Alva oolidge, Brew “ ” I C . R . ster; Penobscot ; . ; Everett Smith ) ; in New Brunswick ( I

W . n i Bendire W . L . in Banks , ) ; in Nova Scotia ( Bishop ) ; Minne

W . . in sota ( JBreckenridge , Roberts ) ; and in unspecified localities D li G. . L . ih ( Audubon; . El ot; J Devany ) . There is little likel ood of na any marked deviation in the behavior of C . canadensis ca densis from that of canace . ’ 1834 Audubon s account ( , is rather sketchy; it scarcely

- r - r bears the ear marks of fi st hand observation . Pe haps it was derived

i : from his friend , Thomas Lincoln, of Ma ne “ The males pay their addr esses to the females by struttin g before or u C fre them on the ground moss , in the manner of the T rkey ock, quently rising several yards in the air in a spiral manner, when they i n beat the r wings Violently agai st their body, thereby producing a s ic drumming noise , clearer than that of the Ruffed Grous [ ! , and which can be heard at a considerable distance air The male drums in the , always while descending from a — branch 15 20 feet from the ground; it flies back to a limb in the C i ordinary manner . lose at hand , the drumm ng sounds louder than HARPER : BIRDS OF THE UNGAVA PE NINSULA

“ ” the that of the Ruffed Grouse under same conditions . ( Penobscot = S . ( David Libbey ) , fli 10—15 n u The male es up into a tree feet, produci g a loud so nd in this ascent by beating the sides with the wings . It descends noise lessly, and soon repeats the same operation . It is accompanied by 1 G R G. 879 z 6 4 . . 8 . r . I. one, two or th ee hens ( Rich ) , ) It drums on the trunk of a small standing tree ( preferably one h that is leaning ) and flutters upward wit rapidly beating wings , un n 15—20 which produce the drumming so d . After ascendi g feet, it “ r glides quietly on wing to the g ound and repeats the maneuver . “

1 3 2 . m . E . 88 z 6 The drum ing trees are well worn ( Smith, ) “Penobscot” reiterates that the drumming is per

. He formed while the bird is descending , in a small spiral notes ’ Smith s variant account ( see preceding paragraph ) . t i th e t In stru t ng, tail stands almost erect; the fea hers of the throat and breast are raised; the comb is enlarged; the expanded tail “ : is moved from side to side the two center feathers do not move , ” but each side of the tail expands and contracts alternately wi th f each step as the bird walks . It lies up to a perch and back to the n k h t e . grou d , ma ing all noise it can Then it thumps some hard h i i . m substance wit its bill Someti es it sits , mak ng peculiar nodd ng l i and circu ar motions of the head . ( Observations on a b rd in cap

tivit . y ) ( Bishop , t t t n t 14 Af er s rut ing for a few mi utes , a bird flew s raight up about e m feet, and while susp nded there it did the dru ming with the wings , “ t resembling distant thunder . It hen dropped slowly down to the

. . W . in starting spot, and repeated over and over again ( I Banks , B n ir e d e ,

’ Manly Hardy s father told him that the birds drummed in the air i B n 1 2 e dire 89 z 53 . wh le descending from a tree ( , ) “ In autumn I have seen an old male strut about wi th ruffled t n li fea hers and traili g wings ( El ot, The same 1 2 author ( p . 0 ) adds further details concerning the di splay as it is given in the spring : “His head is drawn back and the bright blood-red combs stand erect and stiff above each eye; the feathers of throat and breast are li raised and puffed out, and the wings are lowered and s ghtly open; the l t w while outspread tail, occasional y closed wi h a s ift movement, is elevated above the body . The bird moves about slowly, with n k mi cing, jer y steps . When in the act of strutting he suddenly i i flies upward but not very high, keeping the w ngs mov ng at a very E R OF E . . . I UNIV SITY KANSAS FU LS , MUS NAT H ST .

rapid rate, and after holding himself stationary for a moment in the ” air , descends again slowly to the ground .

Devany ( 1921 ) describes the autumn drumming . The location is — “ two 20 30 . between trees feet apart The bird pitches downward, pausing midway to beat and flutter his wings , and ascends to a ” branch of the opposite tree . The maneuver is repeated by the hour , at regular intervals . Again , in the center of the open space, the bird “ pops up a few feet in the air and givi n g his triumphant flutter drops ” “ dr again to earth . The umming has neither the roll nor the volume “ of that of the Ruffed Grouse; it is in fact little more than a flutter .

It may be heard in any month of the year . The bird flies from the ground on rapidl y beating wings to a branch of a tree, then returns to earth . During both ascent and C ’ descent it produces a sound much like a Ruffed rouse s drumming ,

. in 1925 z 282 but less loud ( Gideon Stone , Brewster,

A cock and a hen were together on the ground . The former flew n in off, vibrating its wi gs with great rapidity, and mounted upward r spi al course around a large balsam , producing a continuous drum n ming sound . After alighti g on a branch and resting a moment or t two , it flew down , spiraling around the runk, with the same sound - of wings . It then strutted about its mate , with wide spread tail . All 2 n 15 0 . i this was repeated or times ( Luman Sargent, Brewster , 2 2 3 19 5 z 8 . )

A C ih 1925 z 283 lva oolidge ( Brewster, ) describes an autumn per f rma o nce . A male flew up from the ground ( where it had been i accompanied by a female ) with no more than the usual wh rring, to perch for a moment on a branch . It returned slowly to the ground at an angle of about with legs dangling, tail depressed, and On — exceedingly rapid wing beats . this descent but not on the ascent— it produced a peculiar sound not unlike the muffled terminal n roll of a Ruffed Grouse . Then it ran over the ground with droopi g - wings and wide spread tail . r in The most detailed description comes from W . J. Brecken idge ( 1932 Roberts , , it deals with performances in Minnesota in May . These took place among spruce and jack pine , in openings 30—40 10—2 t about feet by 0 feet . A male flew from the limb of a ree t - toward the o her side, checking its flight above the landing place by

i n the . spread ng its tail, then with whirring wings droppi g to ground r The sound is merely a normal whi ring of wings , somewhat increased in volume . The bird flew straight up to a perch overhead . i Then it flew to the opposite end of the grounds , repeat ng the pre — IIARPER : BIRDS OF THE UNGAVA PENIN SULA

t Vi ous performance . The round rip was made on an average of ” f every one minute and forty seconds . After an interval ( o some i the b rd began to strut in the proudest manner, and became er endic an entirely different creat ure . The tail was raised to the p p “ l - r ular and slightly spread . The black under tai cove ts were raised in varying degree . The wings drooped nearly to the ground . The head was thrown back till it almost met the tail . The red comb was t erected and expanded . The neck and breast fea hers were erected .

The bird moved about with slow, dignified steps . Meanwhile the l tail was opened slightly and tilted from side to side . Occasional y the bird stopped and picked energetically at the ground . It would the throw its head forward and upward slightly, and at same time - r spread its tail well beyond a semi ci cle . The opening and closing of the tail-feathers were accompanied by two plainly audible sounds An t l like quick strokes of sandpaper across a board . upward i ting of the head at the same time suggested that the sound might be partly vocal .

From the foregoing accounts , we may conclude that there is a n certai amount of geographical , seasonal , and individual variation all th e in the display . However, if earlier observers had been as well trained as the last one quoted ( Breckenridge ) , there may not have been so much variation in the accounts . The most interesting observations that I had the good fortune to make on any bird species during the season had their setting in our camp area among fairly open spruce timber ( “ lichen wood

M. 7 A . land at the north end of Carol Lake . About on September 18 ( temp . an hour earlier ) I had packed up my gear , prepara tu Ashuani i tory to re rning by plane to p Lake , when one of my com panions sang out that a Spruce Hen was walking into camp . I

z sei ed my movie camera and hastened to the spot, where I found i n the bird sitt ng quietly u der a spruce . Presently a male and another female were noti ced near by. It was not long before the male began to put on a display that seemed astounding for that season of the did year . While moving slowly over the ground, it much in the way n of upturning and spreading its tail, fanlike , and twitchi g it spas m l wo r odica ly from side to side ( as described by Bishop ) . T or th ee times it even gave a slight beat or two with its wings , suggestive of ’ the initial strokes in a Ruffed Grouse s drumming . Meanwhile it generally kept between myself and the hens ; at least part of the time it was in close proximity to one of the latter . It also peeked on the ground several times ; whether this was a ceremonial part of the dis ER OF S E . . . I . UNIV SITY KANSA FU LS , MUS NAT H ST

l - play ( as with a domestic rooster ) , or merely uti itarian food gather i 1 di d . ing , not determ ne The former, however, is suggested in the i accounts by Bishop and by Breckenridge . Meanwh le I was in the

25 . open at no greater distance than about feet Several times , when

r r n p essed a bit, one or two of the bi ds flew up i to the spruces , —10 alightin g at a height of perhaps 8 feet . Another part of the display on the groun d consisted of bobbin g n the head up and down , with a concomitant puffi g out of the breast the feathers . This last feature suggested possible simultaneous utter in ance of some low note; yet , my preoccupation with photography,

I detected no vocal sound . The feathers on the front of the neck were generally expanded during the strutting, as mentioned by 4 Bishop and by Breckenridge . It would appear from plate that these black feathers are widely expanded not only laterally but per haps a little toward the rear as well . Just as ducks in nuptial display i k manage to emphas ze some of their most conspicuous mar ings , so i n the Spruce Grouse , by spread ng and elevating its tail, makes a fi e show of the brownish tips of the main feathers and also of the white - - l r the f u . ve spots on black, luffed p under tail coverts The swol en milion combs also show to advantage . in n After a time two more males appeared the offi g , and the original male flew after them as if to drive them off . Strange behavior for September! Meanwhile the two females had manifested no behavior out of the ordinary; at one time one of them seemed to

ki rr a n m an m be pic ng bluebe ies ( V cci iu gus tifoliu ) . l i n Whi e the male had been flying up nto a tree , or down agai , it produced no sound that could be considered drumming— nothing n more than the whirring sound of normal flight . Perhaps an i crease in the volume of the sound is restricted to the proper nuptial season

. i in May or June To produce such a drumm ng sound in flight, the bird must alter the force or extent of its wing strokes in some way as i yet undetected or unexpla ned . 60 m After exposing feet of film , and then attending to some eces t t an sary details of prepara ion for departure, I went for h again half hour later and located one of the birds a hundred yards or more from camp . I was just starting action with the camera when the whir of a plane overhead served notice that these intimate glimpses n if Canachites i to the l e of were at an end , at least for that day . On 30 September , an adult male flew up from beside a road miles east of Knob Lake and dropped into low woods of black

it . spruce , tamarack, and willow, where I obtained A couple of

OF PUBL S . . UNIVERSITY KANSAS MUS NAT HIST .

i 515 . u had l ttle fat; weight, g ; ovary, mm . In the immat re 27 male of August the iris was olive; bill fuscous , extreme tip brown

4 x2 75 . ish olive; it had little fat; weight, g. ; testes , . mm 30 r i - w ( black ) . In the adult male of September the i is was ol ve bro n; i ll f comb verm lion; bi uscous , brownish horn color at tip; base of mandible horn color; toes plumbeous ; nails dusky; it was not very

. 5x2 5 . . fat; weight, g ; testes , mm ( black ) Its proventriculus and gizzard were crammed with fine gravel; they also contained some seeds and other vegetable matter . This last bird alone yielded — n r n . Mallophaga six Go iodes co pule tas Kell . and Mann C l 4 The photograph of a displaying male at arol Lake ( p . ) shows - l that the under tail coverts are predominant y black, with about a On the . dozen white spots at the tips of feathers the other hand, the

n 10 . un white tips , coveri g approximately the distal mm of the der - c . canae in tail coverts in males of C . e from Maine ( specimens r Academy of Natu al Sciences of Philadelphia ) , all but conceal the black basal portions of the feathers when in a normal flattened posi 2 2 l Fuertes in Forbush 19 7 : . tion , as indicated on a plate by ( , , p Probably the different impression produced by these tail coverts in a displaying bird results from their expanded position . The Spruce Grouse occurs throughout th e wooded parts of the

i St . Ungava Pen nsula . The population of the Lawrence region , from 4 St . B 19 8 : Lake John to the Strait of Belle Isle , is regarded by and (

39 C . c . cana ) as ce . That of the more northerly areas is referred to ana n c de s is . Some of the more important sources of distributional — information are : for the south coast Stearns Palmer Townsend and Bent Comeau Eidmann Uttal ( 1939 z 462 ) ; Rand ( 1948 z 39 ) ; for — in n the east coast, north to Nain and Okak Aust Li coln ih 1937 z 22 Utt al 1939 z 460 F ( Bent, Gross ( ) ; ( ) ; ried mann Band ( 1948 z 39 ) ; for the northernmost limits C i Ko aluk — 1885 z 245 ( Fort h mo , and p on George River ) Turner ( ) ; Hantz s ch ih Lincoln ( Bent, Hildebrand

for the coastal areas of Hudson and James bays , north to Richmond Gulf— Mann ing Savile Manning and Macpherson Records for the interior are : upper Nas cau ee i . a 1906 z 537 p R ver ( Mrs Hubb rd, ) ; Windbound Lake, n C Lake Disappoi tment, head of Beaver River, Goose reek, and D 204 205 209 232 251 Susan River ( . Wallace, , , , , , N s c l a au ee D. lower p River and near Lake Desolation ( Wa lace, ik near Seal Lake and at Mich amats Lake ( Mrs . Hub HARPER : BIRDS OF TII E UNGAVA PE NINSULA

79 St . bard, , Fraser River ( Prichard,

i Kenamu 1931 : Augustin R ver ( Bryant, River ( Leslie, 52 65 74 75 77 Hamilton River basin ( Merrick, , , , , , 116 135 143 186 Mecatin a , , , , a tributary of Little River n i Mushala an ( Stai er, Panch a and g lakes ( Manning , d 194 St . an 8 z 8 Lake John area ( Godfrey Wilk, ) ; Lakes 5 f 1 4 b 1 A 1886 z 3 9 9 : 7 . lbanel and Mistassini ( Macoun , ; God rey, ) ' B o n a s a u mb e ll u s umb e ll oi de s ( Douglas ) “ Northern Ruffed Grouse; Brown Partridge Gelinott e ( Map

A un n hunter, g in hand, passi g along a street in Seven Islands on “

10 . i October , said he was going after Gelinottes A fa r number of Ruffed Grouse are reported in th e neighboring woods by Alphonse r He t Bou geois . presented me wi h the tail of a specimen ( gray 1952? l phase ) taken thereabouts in November, Robert Les ie spoke

a n . of seeing a few about Mogridge L ke, northeast of Mou t Wright The species occurs also about Mutton Bay ( Wallace Mansbridge ) Lao Morhiban ili and de ( Ph p Loth ) . The preservation of the tails for decorative purposes is evidently a local custom of some interest, perhaps , to ethnologists or sociologists mi l i “ as well as to o tho og sts . Frazar speaks of seeing the n tail of one tacked to the wall of a house at Esquimaux Poi t . Town “ send and Bent remark A tail of this species decorated a ” atash uan house at N q . The Ruffed Grouse is found through the southern part of the

l 1949b : 18 Ungava Peninsu a , north to Lake Albanel ( Godfrey, ) and “ ” = 24 ll 1885 z 5 . the head of Hamilton Inlet ( Lake Melvi e ) ( Turner, ) See also Frazar Low ( 1896 z 325 ) ; Comeau 284 in n ih dr , Aust Lincol ( Bent, Al ich and Friedmann Snyder an d Shorrt fig . dm 4 Frie ann and Godfrey and Wilk ( 19 8 z 9 ) . The birds

B. u . t ata nn of this region have been variously referred to og ( Li é ) , m = B. u . u b lloi an de . e s B u . obs cure B. u c ( Douglas ) , and . Todd ( es cens Todd ) .

Lag o pu s lago p u s u n g avu s Ri ley “ Ungava Willow Ptarmigan; White Partridge Perdrix blanche Oapin eo ( Map This Ptarmigan occurs sparingly as a summer resident in the ° in terior of the Ungava Peninsula from about latitude 52 north At i t ward . th s season it is mostly limited to the reeless summits of N ER Y OF PUBLS . . . I . U IV SIT KANSAS , MUS NAT H ST

n the ridges and mountai s , though it also seems to range downward - f to a slight extent just below the timber line . Several con licting reports were received as to its presence or absence in the summer about Mile 134 of the railway ( west of Eric Lake ) ; perhaps the “ n summer reports pertai ed actually to early fall migrants . Accord

in o St . g to my Montagnais friend , Jer me Onge, the species occurs in summer on the high ridges about Wabush Lake ( lat . and some 25 mil es farther south ( where a number of ridges rise above Ashuani i feet, as shown on the p sheet of the National Topo 1 4 t 3 . D. graphic Series ) , but not so far sou h as Mile Garth Jackson gave a satisfactory description of Ptarmigan that he had seen in ’ summer south of O Brien Lake ( about 8 miles west of Wabush

Lake ) , in an area that was rather bare ( perhaps burnt ) , though 2 — - He actually 00 300 feet below the tree line . had probably also seen some in early August at Nip Lake ( southwest of Wabush a - i an L ke ) just below timber line . ( The map ind cates elevation of

feet just east of this lake . ) C A few Ptarmigan spend the summer about Burnt reek, in rather - On open or scrubby areas not far from timber line . open ground at the big garbage dump of this settlement 1 came upon a pair on June

30 . in The male, with prominent reddish combs , flushed front of a uk uk dog, flying off with a guttural call sounding somewhat like g , g , hi r guk. T s call became a sort of rattle as the bi d alighted at a little distance . When the female presently flushed , and then alighted, it i k kuk kuk gave a similar but less guttural call, sound ng more li e , , r i kuk. This bi d twitched ts tail in the manner I have described 35 38 n , ) for Willow Ptarmigan in Keewati ; also it bobbed 8 in its head . Toward dusk on August I noted a female an area of i dwarf birch beside a pond just west of Burnt Creek . Th s time I represented the call as kut; kut; kut . in In early June , in burnt tracts the Knob Lake area, I had noted a good many piles of ptarmigan droppings , some of them moderately - n t fresh looki g . There were generally several wi hin a radius of a rod i - or two , probably represent ng roosting places of a flock in the snow i of the previous winter or spr ng . the I had hoped to secure specimens in this area , at least when migrant flocks came down from farther north in the fall to vastly

C m 12 L r nneau . Vé o augment the local birds September I. . saw

1 —12 r B 3 0 of them at Har is Lake . y September 0 tracks in snow on a On high ridge near Burnt Creek were reported by Jéréme St . Onge . the same day I found other tracks on the treeless ridge east of Dolly HARPER : BIRDS OF TII E UNGAVA PE NINSULA

1 Lake . Ou October , while riding in a jeep with Gilbert Simard over the ridges for a distance of 10—12 miles north of Burnt Creek and keeping a special lookout for Ptarmigan , I found no evidence of A them whatever . further quest the next day, between Knob Lake — C . An and Burnt reek, was without avail all day hunt over the Ruth 5 Lake Ridge feet ) on October , with temperature near the

z n - n free i g point, brought me the sight of two flocks , of about six i di - iduals . the v each, and yet no specimens Both were on wind swept summit; both flushed wild and soon passed on out of sight . After 1947 my experience with the species in Keewatin in , I was utterly unprepared for such wildness . ( Richard Geren remarked that the i behavior of local birds is thus on w ndy days , and that on calm , i sunny days they are more approachable . ) The birds of the f rst flock had a good many feathers remaining from the summer plum age; in fact, one of them seemed to have advanced scarcely at all On toward the winter plumage . the other hand , those of the second flock were practically all white , except for the tail . As the first flock - - - kuk kuk kuk kuk. took wing , they seemed to call They made a

r spi ited spectacle , winging over the snowy heights , now flapping, k n the n now sailing to alight, or wal ing or runni g over grou d to put r distance between us . For a little while one of the bi ds mounted on - what was probably a yard high spruce , as if to keep watch while the i — others scurried on . This was my f nal and highly discouraging 30 F D . F sally after Ptarmigan . Dr . . oster spoke of seeing about birds on October 7 between Knob Lake and the old airstrip . i n Allen Thompson reported seeing Ptarmigan , ncludi g young Michikamau ones , at about the middle portion of Lake ( probably in Robert Slipp had seen no Ptarmigan in the summer at Lac Auln eau if , but said that prospectors had found them plent ul north the Koks oak i of R ver . In winter there is a great increase in the numbers of Ptarmigan n in the Knob Lake area and elsewhere in the interior , includi g n A 198 poi ts south of the summer range . flock was reported at Mile 1952-53 C consid on October 8 . In the winter of harles Grace found erable 1 15 134 142— n numbers at Miles , , and especially on plai s near — He 134 35 40 . Mile . They occurred in flocks of and even more 127 showed me photographs of some of the birds . Near Mile there in 1952 h were hundreds on each side of the road early October, ( Jo n C W illé . . in n V Bishop ) . There are many wi ter at Eric Lake ( Pin

. At Morhib an ette ) Lac de great numbers appeared in late October , the 30—40 n toward end of May flocks , numbering up to i di VER OF A E . . . I . UNI SITY KANS S FU LS , MUS NAT H ST viduals 200—300 , were passing northwest all day long , at a height of 36 feet ( Philip Loth ) . According to Robert Leslie, Ptarmigan were shot in May on top of a mountain near Mogridge Lake; the remain in g birds left presently, presumably for more northerly summer

St . . quarters . The species is said to occur in winter at Havre Pierre At i l Mutton Bay there are not many in w nter, and on y a few in sum mer Wallace Mansbridge éronn eau 15—18 n 1953 . L . V About the begi ning of April, , J saw 49 ° 15’ Ptarmigan on the Rat River, at about latitude ( north of Lake 1 53—54 St . John ) . In the fall and winter of 9 he saw many Willow Ptarmigan from a point 40 miles north of Dolbeau to the head of

Rat River, near latitude There were never more than six - together, and generally only two; they were on burnt tracts , cut over lands , sides of roads , and rivers and lakes . The local bushmen said “ that when the White Partridges come down , it is because of sleet in the more northerly areas where they usually pass the winter . In 1955 Véronneau January and February, , saw a few Ptarmigan and many tracks about the headwaters of the Nemiscau River . In the following January he noted two of the birds on a lake in the Lac Ochiltri e area .

Some of the foregoing winter records , from points little more than 100 St . miles from the Gulf of Lawrence , suggest that at least some of the birds appearing along the North Shore of the Gulf may reach that area directly through the interior rather than around the coast by way of the Strait of Belle Isle . Cabot is possibly the only author who has remarked on the rosy tint of the winter plumage of the Ungava Willow Ptar

c . 1953 z 43 migan ( i Harper, ) . His observation was made toward the

St . divide north of Lake John . The Willow Ptarmigan breeds in the more or less treeless eastern part of the south coast of the peninsula , as far west as The Bluff

C 1950 z 74 Harbour ( ouper , Lewis , Hewitt, where Arctic conditions may be simulated if not actually realized .

In winter it occurs along this coast irregularly, but sometimes in con s iderable numbers , as far west as Godbout or even the Saguenay

1882b : 238 Fraz ar w River ( Merriam , ; , To nsend and Bent, C —2 284 94 434 . omeau , , , map on p Along the

C 1896 z 44 i Atlantic oast it is a permanent resident ( Low, ; Aust n,

1932 z 74 l in in ; Linco n, Bent, Frazer , Records the far north of th e Peninsula include the following localities : Fort

C McLean 32 4 22 243 1 5 z 245 Killi n ek 19 18 9 : 3 88 himo ( , ( ) , ; Turner, ) ; HARPER : BIRDS OF THE UNGAVA PE NINSULA

Hantz sch area and Ungava Bay ( , Leaf Bay and Lakes

Mendr 1953 z 5 y and Berthet ( Hildebrand, Bateman , ) ; F Whitefish Lake and alse River ( Gabrielson and Wright, n Gregory Lake and Korak Bay ( Manni g, Manning “ remarks that perhaps [these Ptarmigan! do not nest in the extreme “ L la o north of the peninsula also that some Baffin Island birds [ . g ” pus leucopterus Taverner! presumably winter in Ungava . The great numbers that sometimes appear at Fort Chimo in the fall or r n leuco terus ea ly wi ter might conceivably include a proportion of p , l although act ual records are lackin g . Loca ities in the western coastal th Nasta oka 1932 area include e p and Great Whale rivers ( Bent, 190 198 i n , ; Sav le, and various poi ts on James Bay, where the birds breed south about to Factory River ( Mann ing and Mac the n pherson , The following records from i terior are evi dentl : 1896 z 325 y nesting localities upper Hamilton River ( Low, ) ; Ri f C chmond Gul to learwater Lake ( Low, upper Naseau Ms l 0 3 Bibi uasin . 9 6 z 5 7 pee River ( r Hubbard , ) ; Lake q , near Michi i kamats Lake , upper and middle George R ver, and east of Whale Ri D 190 96 123 140 153 1 4 193 . 7 z 8 ver ( Wallace, , , , , , , near n Michik ma i hik a u Mc amats Wi dbound, , and lakes , and south of 1 14 1 19 128 164 Indian House Lake ( Mrs . Hubbard , , , , , 166 Mistastin A i 2 ss waban C 191 : ) and upper rivers ( abot, Bush, o i ll S oter, and M nto lakes ( Manning , Lake Bienvi e, and

Richmond Gulf to Ungava Bay ( Manning, Eastmain

t 1949b : 18 Otish Hills , nor h of Lake Mistassini ( Godfrey, ) ; Moun n Ai neau tai s ( Pomerleau , Lake g , Leaf River , and Payne k 19 3 n 57 z 7 . Lake ( E lund , ) Wi tering grounds in the interior include Nichicun i Ri Lake ( Low, the Ham lton ver basin ( Mer

120 163 167 169 170 225 St . rick, , , , , , , the Lake John

1948 z 9 ni 1886 : area ( Godfrey and Wilk, ) , Lake Mistassi ( Macoun ,

35 f 1949b : 18 ; God rey, ) , and Lower Seal Lake ( Doutt, In the wooded part of the peninsula the species appears to be ir S a roxi ent ely absent in summer between the t . Lawrence and pp mately latitude and to breed north of that lin e only at the

t the of etc . higher elevations , ei her in scrubby areas ( dwarf birch, ) a th m - i e t . ne r ti ber line or in the Barrens above In other words , it does not breed in the Hudsonian Zone except at its very upper or

o . r 1953 z 46 outer edges ( f Ha per , Aside from a few scanty ’ in ahn ost notes in Turner s manuscript ( quoted Bent, nothing seems to have been published on the exact nesting habitat the of Ungava Willow Ptarmigan . N ER OF PUBL S . . . U IV SITY KANSAS , MUS NAT HIST .

The above distributional summation includes certain records ( especially from the North Shore of the Gulf ) that have been

a bus . t i u referred to L . l . l The taxonomic sta us of the breed ng pop lation of this area seems to be in distinct need of further investiga A O U Ch ck-l 1957 r . . . e ist tion . The of assigns these bi ds , and like t - be wise those of sou h central Quebec ( wherever that may ) , to “ albus . 1953 z 47 However, as I have remarked previously ( ) , The nearest other breeding population of albus is possibly on the west 800 ! ” coast of James Bay, some miles distant

Lag o pu s m u t u s ru p e s t r i s ( Gmelin ) hi Hudson Bay Rock Ptarmigan; Keske ts sh ( M.

On 15 August my Montagnais friends , Georges Michel and Ben

McK nz ie e , brought me an adult male Rock Ptarmigan that they had secured in the Barrens about half a mile north of the summit of ’

C u n t . ere s Mountai , at an alti ude of roughly feet This was a t ra her startling find , for I would scarcely have expected it to occur in summer in this longitude at any point nearer than the extensive

Koks oak 200 . Barrens beyond the River, nearly miles to the north

They saw no other Ptarmigan thereabouts , and this one did not fly ’ n Geren s before it was shot . It remai s to be determined whether n t Mountai is a regular summer habitat of the species , or whe her it i was merely the haunt of an isolated and possibly injured ndividual, 1 am n i left behind on the spring migration . ( i cl ned toward the former view . ) - i The comb of this specimen was orange red; b ll fuscous , tip - slightly paler, basal part of mandible horn color; nails basally brown - ish horn color, tips dusky . The bird was molting, and had some fat; 6 X 4 — testes , mm . Its weight was g. less than that of any of nine November specimens that I secured in Keewatin 1 83 . The wing measures mm , compared with an average of mm hr r . r for t ee adult males taken in Keewatin . The fi st p imary is old an d frayed; the second has attained only about half its full

n le g th . n Norman Delmage spoke of seei g a Ptarmigan , which he believed th to be of is species , in approximately the same area , in the fall of 1951 ( probably September ) , when there was no snow . It was r He notably gray, and fai ly uniformly colored . has seen a good many winter birds in the Knob Lake area— probably for the most part in late win ter or spring ; they were distinguished by a black stripe

L éronneau in l tt . 14 1 . . . V i 956 through the eye I ( , May , ) saw many

VER TY OF E . . . I UNI SI KANSAS FU LS , MUS NAT H ST .

- of white under tail coverts . The chances are highly in favor of this r bi d being the American species . th e From east coast, there is a specimen collected at Table Bay — ( 1913 ) and two reports one from Nain ( 1880 ) and one from Sand

1889 1932 z 81 . On wich Bay ( ) ( Austin , ) the south coast Gross has recorded a December specimen from Mecatina k l ’ “ Island . The basis for E b aw s statement that on the ” inland plateau the coots nest in numbers is not evident; possibly there is confusion with the Scoters ( frequently called t kblaw of which here is no mention by E .

Ch a radriu s s e m ip alm a tu s Bonaparte n Semipalmated Plover; Ring eck . Two of these birds appeared at the muddy edge of a pond at C 3 Burnt reek, June . A slightly belated individual ran and flew 11 along the sandy shore at Seven Islands , October . The Ringneck breeds on most parts of the coast of the Ungava ul n d — Penins a, u er conditions at least approximating and generally

i — : w real zing those of the Arctic Zone south ( To nsend and Bent,

1931 z 74—75 r 1932 : Lewis , east , th oughout ( Austin ,

82 C 1937 z 24 n i n C Chidl e ; ross , ; Lincol , Bent , north, ape y

C 1885 z 246 Hantz sch to ape Wolstenholme ( Turner, ; , Man

1953 z 5 ning, Hildebrand , Bateman , ) ; and west, C ape Wolstenholme south at least to Paul Bay ( Manning , 81 , and Manning and Macpherson , Payne ( 1887 z 77 ) reported a remarkable observation at Stupart Bay : an i i On adult pickin g up a young one and fly ng with t . the south coast the breedi ng records seem to extend only from the Mingan Islands

n St . eastward . The species is k own only as a transient in the Lake

n a d 1948 z 9 Joh rea ( Go frey and Wilk , ) and at Lakes Albanel and

1886 z 35 f 1949b : 18 . Mistassini ( Macoun , ; God rey, ) It was found in the Chubb Crater area sometime between July 25 and August 20

1955 z 491 Ai neau ( Martin, ) , and at Leaf River, Lake g , and Gregory

1957 z 73 . Lake in July ( Eklund , ) Actual evidence of nesting in the wooded interior seems to be lacking . Although Manning found a number of birds at

Lake Bienville in late June and early July, they may have been non “ ” breeders , for no indication of nests was seen . The two individuals he reports at Coates Lake on July 28 may have been early fall n i migrants . After spendi g the ent re summer on various lakes in the 3 interior, without seeing any of these birds after June , I feel rather HARPER : BIRDS OF THE UNGAVA PENINSULA

’ skeptical as to the implication in Low s slightly ambiguous state

1896 z 324 : C n ment ( ) ommon on Upper Hamilton River . Seen Ju e l 6th . Breeds .

S q u at ar o l a s q u at ar o l a ( Linnaeus ) - li Black bel ed Plover .

M two r y only observation was of one or birds , seen and hea d 1 1 along the Gulf shore a few miles east of Seven Islands , October . With a main breeding range extending from the Melville Penin w l sula west ard along the Arctic coast to A aska, it is scarcely sur prising that in the hi gher latitudes the migratory path for the bulk of t this species should lie no far her east than James Bay . Such a stat of affairs must account for the paucity of records from the Ungava

Penin sula . It would appear that the large numbers arriving on the coast of our Northeastern States , spring and fall , must travel more t or less direc ly between that region and James Bay . Such a route leaves practically all but the western shore of the Ungava Peninsul a On 900 C to one side . occasion , a flight of some miles from, say, ape Cod to James Bay probably could be accomplished without a pause by such strong , swift fliers . Many years ago the Blackbelly was reported as a common migrant the on south coast generally ( Stearns , but as rare and 1 2b 23 i mann 88 : 8 . E d irregular at Pointe des Monts ( Merriam , ) Ma am k noted one near t e River in September . It appears to be an exceptionally rare autumn al visitant on the east

n 1932 z 85 n coast ( Austi , ) and unk own on the north coast of the On the peninsula . east side of Hudson Bay there are two September i l records at Great Whale R ver ( Savi e , There are a few A ugust records from the east side of James Bay, from Roggan River l to Paint Hil s Islands ( Manning and Macpherson , There i — St . n u 8 is a s ngle record from the interior Lake Joh area, J ne

( Godfrey and Wilk,

Cap e ll a g allin ag o d eli c at e ( 0 rd ) ’ Ka m sk — Wilson s Snipe; o oashst or Otitipesho? ( M. ) Map Although the numerous and extensive sedge bogs of the interior would appear to constitute thoroughly sui table breeding-grounds ’ the for Wilson s Snipe, my observations were comparatively few, total number of individuals seen bein g probably no more than r seven . Two bi ds were noted early on the blustery, snowy morning I E R OF S PUBLS . . . . UN V SITY KANSA , MUS NAT HIST

1 20 of June 3 at a marshy pond beside Burnt Creek . From June 7 to from one to three birds were found at a wide moss-sedge bog a mile l 18th north of Knob Lake ( p . Here, on the , I became aware of a strange-looking object goin g through some sort of contortion on At wet ground among the sedges or grasses . first, while not moving i s od i e far, it gave a series of notes somewhat l ke the ordinary p , then k r added a lot of yoo notes . The wings appea ed to be more or less r extended . Presently it skulked along th ough the low bog vegetation n k oo and a little later took wi g , repeating the rapid series of y notes ir as it continued indefinitely to circle through the a . Once in a m while it pitched down into the bog on a steep slant . After a ti e the another Snipe jumped up from a near part of bog , and both — circled overhead at a height of 100 feet or more the one constantly - - “ k oo k oo k oo etc . uttering y y y , , and the other occasionally winnow ” ing . They were presumably female and male , respectively . There must have been a nest in the vicinity . Two days later , at this bog , ’ 4os r with a temperature in the , th ee birds at once made wide , speedy, and wonderful circles through the sky , against the clouds , t supplying music with their constant vocal notes and wi h the eerie, - n feather produced winnowi g as well . On 30 l t September , at Knob Lake, I collected a male at a i tle pool - of open water in a snowy , burnt over muskeg . Its iris was deep i t brown; maxilla brownish olive , becom ng fuscous on distal hird; w - t mandible light bro nish olive, becoming fuscous on distal two fif hs ; - tarsus and toes pale olive green . The bird was fat, and weighed

u 4 X 1 . g . ; sk ll rather soft; testes mm . The stomach contained grit The second Montagnais name given above was supplied by

ér me St . i Jé Onge while examining this specimen . The f rst name “ skwa closely resembles the Naskapi Kah mo hast , quoted by Aus tin Wilson’ s Snipe does not appear to be common on the south coast

1882b : 238 in 1925 z 76 ( Merriam , ; Lincoln , Bent, Lewis , ) , but it is considered locally common on the east coast north to ’ l n 2 i 193 z 87 . Webb s Bay ( Linco n , Bent, Austin , ) In the Ungava Bay area there are records from the vicinity of Fort Chimo

r 1885 z 246 ( Tu ner, ) , south of Leaf Bay ( Bateman , and at F alse River ( Gabrielson and Wright, on Hudson Bay, in from Great Whale River ( Lincoln , Bent, and on James Ri Tur Bay, from Rupert House and from Moar Bay to Roggan ver (

1885 z 246 ner, ; Manning and Macpherson , In the interior

Petitsika au 1896 z 324 the species has been found at p Lake ( Low, ) HABPEB : BIRDS OF THE UNGAVA PENINSULA

df St . and at Lake John ( Go rey and Wilk, Its breeding range evidently does not extend far beyond the limit of trees .

Ac t it i s m a c u l a r ia ( Linné ) Spotted Sandpiper; Katsha kaskopiniot

Two birds of this familiar species were associated on the sandy 23 the beach at Seven Islands , May . In the interior of peninsula it is a little commoner and more generally distributed than any of the C other shore birds . One was noted on the muskeggy border of amp 9 C u 13 Pond , June ; two along Slimy reek , J ne ; and two together at 2 On Attikama en the 8 . outlet of Knob Lake , June the Iron Arm of g 1 8 10 t Lake single birds were seen on July , , and ; two of hese were - r on a small island that probably offered , as a nesting site , a deg ee of protection from predatory terrestrial mammals . When I joined a e t 14 fi ld par y at the Northwest Bay of this lake on July , I was shown in r a nest of four eggs an open , compa atively dry muskeg close to 2 the . 5 camp It was situated perhaps yards from the shore , among

Vaccinium uli inos um r Rubus chamaemorus dwarf birch, g , crowbe ry, , E uis tum n m n e ha u . q , and Sp g It was about i ches in diameter and 1 3 78 . inch deep , and was composed of twigs up to mm long and

. i Vac mm in diameter, together with dead leaves of dwarf b rch and

cinium. The parent bird , though attending the nest up to the time of h my arrival , did not reappear t ereafter; and the eggs , being deserted 2 x24 21 r 3 . 5 and cold , were collected on July . One of them measu ed mm . One or two Spotted Sandpipers were seen at a pond close to C 8 21 Burnt reek , August ; one on a dock at Leroy Lake, August ; and a loose aggregation of three immature birds on the rocky shore of Ashuani i Ash ani i 2 u 7 . p River below p Lake , August The total num ber of different in dividuals observed in the interior scarcely exceeded a dozen . The prin cipal sources of distributional information are : south — coast Stearns Fraz ar Town send and Bent

in 1929 z 78 —75 Tyler ( Bent , ) , and Lewis , Sa lek — n in east coast, north to g Bay Norton Li coln ( t Bent, Aus in Cross and Grayce

1947 z 277 C Kokso ak ( ) ; north coast ( Fort himo , mouth of River, and

t — 1885 z 247 sou h of Leaf Bay ) Turner ( ) , Gabrielson and Wright and Bateman ( 1953 z 5 ) ; west coast ( Great Whale River to Moar Bay ) — Savile and Manning and Macpherson In the interior there are records from the upper Hamil VER OF AN E . MUS . . UNI SITY K SAS FU LS , NAT HIST .

1896 z 324 in 1929 ton River ( Low, ) ; Saguenay River ( Tyler, Bent, Mushala an Panchia and g lakes ( Manning, the Lake

St . lk John area ( Godfrey and Wi , Lakes Mistassini and

df 1949b : 18 Albanel ( Go rey, ) ; and Bienville and Kinglet lakes

( Manning,

Tr in ga s o lit aria s o lit ar i a Wilson

Eastern Solitary Sandpiper . — The Solitary Sandpiper was observ ed only twice once on the 9 grassy margin of a pond half a mile west of Knob Lake , June ;

u 30 . again in a m skeg on the north side of this lake , June The latter eet eet bird was bobbing and calling p , p , as if perhaps concerned tu over my proximity to a nest . Presently it flew to a low s mp , where

a . it remained quietly . Lack of time prevented a se rch for a nest This species has been rather infrequently recorded from the Ungava Peninsula : on the south coast by Merriam Stearns Townsend and Bent Lewis ( 1928 Eidmann and on the east coast, north to Okak, by Austin ( 1932 z 92 ) ; at Fort Chimo by Turner ( 1885 z 247 ) ; and at Moar and Paul bays on James Bay by Mannin g and Macpherson There is considerable question about Low’ s report

1896 z 324 i i ( ) from the nterior, as explained by Aust n; likewise about ’

Macoun s report from Lake Mistassini, as explained by Godfrey Cabot reports the species as apparently

i St . St . nest ng near Paul River . A specimen was taken at Lake John S readborou h ( Godfrey and Wilk, and one by p g near Seal i Lake ( Mann ng , Since the species utilizes abandoned r n passerine nests in t ees , it can scarcely extend its breedi g range t beyond the limi of trees .

To t an u s m el an o l e u cu s ( Gmelin ) Greater Yellowlegs; Sheshesho

My experience with this species was much like that of previous — observers in the peninsula more or less indication of breeding, but no actual discovery of nest, eggs , or young unable to fly. i u C A bird stand ng in the edge of a marshy pond at B rnt reek, - - - 3 : k oo k oo k oo etc . June , indulged in a long continued hollering y y y , - Then , as I approached, it changed to the more musical , three syl - - labled note of the migration season : when wheu when . ( The Mon Sheshes ho tagnais name , , probably is onomatopoetic, in reference to On 3 this whistle . ) August Richard Geren spoke of having seen HARPER : BIRDS OF TII E UNGAVA PENIN SULA

— — recently apparently in the Vicinity of Menih ek Lake a band of “ l ” Big Ye lowlegs ; he thought there were young birds among them . On August 8 a group of eight alighted on the bare border of an C artificial pond on the west side of Burnt reek, where they uttered i n in the usual whistle . They gave the mpression of bei g engaged a migratory movement . On August 27 a sin gle bird was noted on rocks in the Ashuanipi h ni Ri As ua i . ver just below p Lake Two days later, as I was passing along a mucky road through an opening among spruce woods a little 224 east of Mile Airstrip , a Big Yellowlegs came flying over, to alight on the very tip of a 30 m white spruce . Meanwhile it kept

r ahn ost ternlike : keeer keeer keeer up a constant, sh ill , yelling p, p, p, h t e . etc . This was a new sound in all my experience with species On itt its lofty perch the body and head were inclined a l le forward, - and the legs were bent at the ti bio tarsal articul ation . The tail teetered somewhat ( perhaps owing to the insecurity of the bird’s l lli perch in a breeze ) , and the head bobbed a ittle . In ca ng , the bird At opened its bill to an extent equal at least to a third of its length . i 40 f rst about yards away, it kept its perch until I had approached

i 30 . on with n yards As I passed , it flew to an adjacent boggy area,

n li . where it conti ued yel ng After a tour through the woods beyond, u I ret rned by way of this boggy area , where I was greeted more - vociferously than before . Here it not only perched in tree tops n i - ( includi g , I th nk, dead as well as live tree tops but came swoop “ ing close overhead as it kept up its clamor . It indulged in this dive h bombing several times . Meanw ile a band of about a dozen Rusty Blackbirds ( see account of that species ) appeared and fairly in mobbed the Big Yellowlegs . As the latter flew about my vicinity - i in ( when not dive bomb ng ) , it would fairly set its w gs to move slowly through the air. Presently I caught sight of another and apparently silent Yellow A l legs flying off low over the bog and alightin g in it . ittle later another appeared standin g among the marshy vegetation bordering one of the pools of water in the bog; it was bobbing rather steadily but apparently silently . Judin g by their actions that these were n you g birds , I shot the second one and found it to be a juvenal

. i male Its iris was ol ve; distal half of bill black, remainder gray - green plumbeous ; tibia , tarsus , and toes rather dull greenish yellow . l t There was not much fat on the bird; it weighed g. ; sku l sof ; n 140 m . 5X e 3 . th wi g mm ; testes 5 mm . In abdo inal cavity, appar l the the ent y attached to outside of intestines , were numbers of UN ER OF E . . . . IV SITY KANSAS FU LS , MUS NAT HIST

16 l parasitic worms . From the feathers Mallophaga were col ected uadrace s aus tini Actornitho hilus albus one Q p ( Peters ) , the rest p

Emerson . These young birds must have represented a belated nesting— per haps comin g from a second set of eggs after the first had been At t destroyed . his date a large proportion of the species would have been well down the Atlantic Coast on the way to winter quarters . The sum total of the old bird’s actions seemed strongly to indi cate - on . On that it was , or close to , its actual breeding grounds migration the species is scarcely known to perch in tree-tops or to show such solicitude for its offspring . The plant growth of the sphagnous bog r where I found the bi ds included some small black spruces , along t Chama eda hne Men anthes milacina tri olia Erio horum wi h p , y , S f , p

m ar n r . tenellu C ex a us tio C . auci om , g , and p fl On 30 August what was doubtless the same adult flew over me , r Ou protesting , along the ma gin of a neighboring boggy pond . Sep 2 1 1 224 i tember a flock of , whistling , passed over Mile A rstrip and “ ” On th e 3rd perhaps pitched down in the Yellowlegs Bog . a distant flock of the same size , and probably the same species , appeared over 30 this area . Also on this day, at the same boggy pond as on August , a bird swooped past me , screeching , then took its stand on a dead i its snag projecting above the marsh vegetation , where it cont nued On 4th r u vociferations . the a single bi d and a band of fo r, appar ently of this species , passed over the same area . Another Big Yel l l s On th h ow eg flew over the pond on the 5th . the 7 the usual w istle was heard from one or several birds along the near-by Ashuanipi At C River . arol Lake a flock of four responded to my whistle on 1 1 12 1 5 . September , and single birds were heard on the th and th — Distributional data for the peninsula include : south coast Mer riam Stearns Fraz ar Town

1927 z 63 send and Bent and Lewis ( ) ; east coast, north to — Okak Austin ( 1932 z 93 ) and Gross north coast ( mouth Koksoak F — of River, alse River, and south of Leaf Bay ) Turner

1885 z 247 ln ih 1927 z 332 ( ) , Linco ( Bent, ) , Gabrielson and Wright and Bateman ( 1953 z 5 ) ; west coast ( Povungnituk south

— 1947 z 78 n to Paul Bay ) Manning ( ) , Savile and Manni g and Macpherson Low remarks ( 1896 z 324 ) : Met with f occasionally throughout the interior . Breeds . The only speci ic inland localities hitherto noted seem to be several in the Lake St . n John area ( Godfrey and Wilk, and Lake Mistassi i 1 5 1949b 1 886 z 3 : 9 . ( Macoun , ; Godfrey, )

ER OF N PUBLS . . . . UNIV SITY KA SAS , MUS NAT HIST

i equal sizes . Those seen earl er in the day had shown no disposition to follow in our wake .

The subterminal tail band, mentioned above , was verified at the

S . U. National Museum in several specimens in the spotted grayish t plumage , al hough this feature seems to be overlooked by such

1919 z 590 1925 z 252 authorities as Ridgway ( ) , Dwight ( ) , and For 1925 bush ( , At 23 i Seven Islands , on May , I noted a distant wh te gull , pre s umabl On th e 29th y of this species . an Iceland Gull among several n i On 1 Herri g Gulls was cours ng over the bay . June there was a distant bird alternately resting on the Gulf shore and flyin g opposite th e Seven Islands Airport . The paucity of records from the Ungava Peninsula suggests that the wintering Iceland Gulls generally withdraw to their Arctic n a omitholo ists breedi g h unts before the summering g have arrived , and do not return before the latter have retired southward! At r i Pointe des Monts the bi d is not common , appear ng usually from b 240 1 27 0 1882 : . 9 z 6 February to April ( Merriam , ) Lewis ( ) records C C 4 ’ one at larke ity, May . Audubon s report for the summer of 1833 is questioned by Townsend and Allen ( 1907 z 314 ) ; they them selves found on Great Caribou Island some wing feathers that they ascribed to this species . This is one of apparently only two records the for the entire east coast, despite the fact that this must be main highway between the summer home and the southern part of the

an z s c win ter range . H t h reports the species from Hud C C son Strait and Ungava Bay, and Gross from ape hid ley .

Laru s m arin u s Linnaeus - Great Black backed C ull; Opoeioeo tshiask 21 Aside from a single bird at Rimouski on May , I saw small Blackb acks n 22 numbers of at Seven Islands and vici ity, May to 1 i June . Here I noted only one to three b rds per day, except on May 27 the , when there were half a dozen on bay in a flock together with On 1 1 n other gulls . October , in the same vici ity, an adult and an On 13 immature bird were seen . the th two more individuals were noted between Shelter Bay and Pentecote . This species is almost restricted to the southern and eastern coasts the F of peninsula, although of late years it has appeared in the ort C himo area on Ungava Bay ( Gabrielson and Wright, and Ou even at Great Whale River on Hudson Bay ( Savile, HARPER : BIRDS OF THE UNGAVA PE NI NSULA

t the sou h coast it breeds as far west as Pointe des Monts ( Merriam ,

1882b : 241 ) , but more generally from Seven Islands eastward ( Fra

1922 z 510 1927 z 61 zar, Townsend and Bent, Lewis , , ,

1931 z 74—76 1934b z 99 1951 z 66 , and ; Tener, Along the east coast breeding is general as far north as Nachvak ( Austin ,

1937 z 29 Hantz s ch Gross , ) , but has recorded several

r . bi ds still farther north, at Gray Strait, in October There seem to r be no records f om the interior .

Lar u s ar g e n t a tu s s mith s o n i an u s Goues American Herrin g Gull; Goelande Mesh tshiask The Herring Gull was present on practically all the larger bodies

di ul St . of water Visited, inclu ng the G f of Lawrence and the interior lakes . It was the only gull that I saw in the interior . On 21 May a few Herring Gulls were at Rimouski , in the middle C St . of the Lawrence , in the harbor at Baie omeau , and northeast of Ou ul i Trinity Bay . the bay and the G f in the v cinity of Seven 22 1 Islands , May to June , the birds were common ; in addition to a n flocks x 10 15 20 few single i dividuals , there were of appro imately , , , 25 35 , or birds ( the largest flock on June They frequented the a garbage dumps on the edge of the high bluff ne r the airport, and would commonly fly against the breez e in reconnoitering these spots . At 3 30 Knob Lake and vicinity , June to , from one to three birds were noted on 1 1 different days ; they were generally coursing over t the lake, but now and hen one would fly inland to inspect a gar u 6 8 . A in bage dump few more were seen this Vicinity, Aug st to , including a flock of about a dozen adults at the Burnt Creek gar 7 r bage dump , August . Fairly fresh t acks in the snow were in evi 29 dence there on September . At Attikama en l g Lake and especially its Iron Arm , smal numbers ,

1 21 . representing perhaps a pair or two , were in evidence , July to On 13 July I found an abandoned nest on a low, rocky islet near the t n en rance to the Iron Arm , while two unfledged you g were swim A m ming at a distance out on the lake . pair of Arctic Te s ( also nesting on the islet ) assiduously chased an adult gull away .

At Aulneau i 23 29 . Lac a solitary bird passed several t mes , July to The species is reported as nestin g on rocky islands at the neighbor ik k W a an s an . ing Lake p ( Arthur C . Newton ) Several were noted at

l T. u 14 17 u 18 . Mol ie Lake , Aug st to , and one at Leroy Lake, Aug st From Augu st 23 to September 21 a few were observed near the north end of Ashuanipi Lake— either along the outlet or at Mile 224 t . On Airstrip , where hey showed an interest in the garbage dump September 19 there was a band of one adult and four immatures at i a boggy pond near the a rstrip . i the John Macko , who practiced his cul nary art at a camp near Ashuani i north end of p Lake , undertook to rear a couple of young B from the downy stage . y the time they were captured ( probably in

r . He July ) , they had al eady swum away from the nest fed them on “ Couesius raw meat and fish, including some minnows ( probably lumbeus i i p ) from the lake . They were allowed the r l berty for about two weeks before they eventually flew away about the middle of s ev August . Still they returned to the camp more or less regularly

t r . eral times a day, to avail themselves of the boun y of thei keeper I s had hoped to film them in the act, but my Visit to the camp did not

h r 3 t t . On 0 happen to sync ronize wi h hei s August , however, I - t noticed two full grown birds in imma ure plumage out on the lake , ’ and I prevailed upon John to bring a pan of fish down to th e water s “ ” edge, to determine whether these were his pets , Leah and Jack . n No sooner did he appear than they swam to meet him , utteri g a s ee peculiar, low, sibilant note , p ( not definitely described in the r i lite ature I have exam ned ) , with somewhat lowered and forward inclined head . While he sat on a boulder on the shore , they came up l At to receive the strips of fish from his hands ( p . one moment t bo h seized the same morsel and had a little tug of war . It was won derful a -of- to see and to film these wild , free birds in a G rden Eden

. the performance When pan was empty , they leisurely swam out on n the lake again . Somewhat later , and at some dista ce , each was — ’ h . resting on a rock one out in the lake , the ot er at the water s edge I approached the latter within a dozen feet without dist urbing it; r An and as I depa ted, it settled down in a squatting position . effort d succeee . to band the birds , at a little too late a date, did not If it

r had , we were apprehensive of early retu ns , owing to probable in ability of these hand-reared gulls to discriminate between persons of good intent and those who would harm gulls . On 50 my return to Seven Islands , I noticed a flock of resting on Ou 10th 9 z 1 1th. the bay on October , and about a do en on the the On there were about 100 in the air over a dump near the airport . the following day there was a flock of 200—300 on the neighborin g beach or on the water of the Gulf; till near sunset many of them appeared n On to be passi g back and forth to and from the dump . the return 13 i trip up the Gulf on October , numbers were seen at various po nts from Shelter Bay to Godbout . HARPER : BIRDS OF THE UNGAVA PE NINSULA

n n c . a Nesti g in the i terior of Ungava , as in Keewatin ( f H rper,

1953 z 63 v . i ) , is e idently by isolated pairs , not in colonies Th s state of a l ffairs , together with the smal er than average number of young — apparently only two in two cases may in dicate a certain insuffi ciency in the available food supply . The Herrin g Gull evidently breeds throughout the interior as well as on nearly all parts of the coasts of the penin sula . Some of the principal sources of distributional information are : south coast Merriam Stearns Fraz ar

an d 1922 z 510 —76 Townsend Bent Lewis ( , , and — 1934b z 98 and Tener entire east coast Austin — and Gross entir e north coast Turner ( 1885 : Payne Hantz s ch Manning

1953 z 6 t Hildebrand and Bateman ( ) ; west coast , sou h at least to Moar Bay— Mannin g Savile and Manning and Macpherson The interior records

: o 25 l include Minto , Bush , and S oter lakes , and mi es north of Port a n i n H rrison ( Manni g , Bienv lle and Ki glet lakes ( Man

C 1949 z 372 ning , Indian House Lake ( lement, ) ; the Lake

St . i John area ( Godfrey and Wilk , Lakes Mistass ni and

f 1949b z 19 C C n Albanel ( God rey, ) ; the hubb rater area ( Marti ,

1955 491 1 96 z 323 z 1957 z 73 . 8 ) ; and Payne Lake ( Eklund, ) Low ( ) , “ ” in reportin g the Glaucous Gull as common throughout the in terior k n th e and ma i g no mention of the Herring Gull , obviously confused two species .

La ru s d e l awa re n s i s Ord - C Ring billed ull . 27 Several of these gulls on the bay at Seven Islands , May , were

r n z i distinguished f om Herri g Gulls by their smaller si e, the r ng on th e in bill, and ( one or two subadult birds ) the comparatively nar On 13 row dusky subterminal band on the tail . October one or two ’ birds followed in the steamer s wake between Shelter Bay and Pen tecote 10 n ; and among about gulls doi g likewise near Godbout, per n in haps the majority were defi itely R gbill s . In addition to charac ters mentioned above , they exhibited a comparatively larger amount of black toward the ends of the primaries than does the Herring

C . h ull I have frequently found t is a useful field mark , though it is l litt e noticed in the literature . The principal area inhabited by this species in the Ungava Penin sula is the North Shore of the Gulf, where it breeds in colonies in ER OF E . . . UNIV SITY KANSAS FU LS , MUS NAT HIST .

: C t r Sealn et 1921 the eastern part ape Whi tle and nea Point ( Bent, au Kegashka River, Fog Island , Pointe Maurier, Aylmer 2 Mecatina 19 61 St . 7 z 1931 Sound, and ( Lewis , ) ; Augustin ( Lewis ,

Betchouane 1951 z 66 On and ( Tener, the east coast there

i C 1915 z 43 ur are records from Ham lton Inlet ( ooke, ) , Henley Harbo , A and Port Manvers ( ustin , A report from Fort George di n on James Bay Bent, is scou ted by Manning and Mac pherson likewise a report by Macoun ( 1886 z 35 ) from 4 f 19 9b z 20 . Lake Mistassini, by God rey ( ) There remain reports from

1919 z 623 Rupert House on James Bay ( Ridgway, ) and from Great a Wh le River on Hudson Bay ( Savile, Two records from

St . A 6 3 1948 : Lake John , ugust and September ( Godfrey and Wilk,

appear to be the only authentic ones from the interior .

Lar u s phil ade lph ia ( 0 rd ) ’ Bonaparte s Gull .

Ou 13 C October , off Baie omeau , there were considerable num n di bers of these gulls flyi g about . They were quicker and han er h in n h t an the bigger gulls turni g and dropping to the water, as t ey hi l . did frequent y The broad w te stripe on the anterior, outer part of the wing and the dusky spots on the side of head ( winter plumage ) were conspicuous . ’ Bonaparte s Gull is kn own unequivocally only from the south coast, where it occurs mainly as a spring and fall migrant ( Stearns , k and is not nown to breed . The few definite records

r i 1882b : 241 t extend f om Po nte des Monts ( Merriam , ) to the S rait

1902 z 27 n of Belle Isle ( Bigelow, ) ; they include one i termediate — i A point the mouth of the Mingan R ver ( Palmer, detached wing was found by Godfrey ( 1949b z 20 ) at an Indian ul village on Lake Mistassini . The birds occurring on the G f pre m l su ab y nest west of Hudson Bay .

Ris s a t rid ac tyl a t ridac tyl a ( Linnaeus ) A tlantic Kittiwake .

r C A flock of about four bi ds , appearing off Baie omeau on May

21 l . , furnished my only g impse of Kittiwakes This maritime species occurs on all coasts of the Ungava Penin sula . It breeds commonly on the south coast and summers in great numbers on the east coast, but is scarcely known to breed there or di on the north and west coasts . The principal sources of stributional — information are : south coast Merriam ( 1882b : 241 ) and Lewis HARPER : BIRDS OF THE UNGAVA PENINSULA

— — ( 1927 z 60 ) ; east coast Austin north coast Turner

1 85 z 251 Hantz s ch ( 8 ) , and Hildebrand west coast— Manning The onl y record from the interior “ appears to be for a sin gle bird seen over 100 miles up the Koksoak ”

13 1883 1885 z 251 . River, October , ( Turner, )

S t ern a p ara di s ae a Pontoppidan Tshiask oeshi sh Arctic Tern .

aradi sa a S . On Jun e 12 a tern ( presumably S . p e rather than hirundo at this latit ude ) passed over Knob Lake . Ou 13 A m July I found two adult rctic Te s , a nest, and a downy k young one at a low, mossy, roc y islet near the entrance to the Iron k m 50 Atti a a en . i 50 Arm , g Lake Th s islet is about yards long and l feet wide . The vegetation included some low wil ows and various — n n rv bradorica Carda ote tilla o e ica . la herbaceous plants P g var , m ne Festu a ine a ns an us ti P a l i na P. al i c te is . olia o a e m var g f , p g , p , Pv o ara la ma ros tis cana d ns is lan s dor ii Carex i i Ca e . p , g var g f , and r b unnes cens . Both adults assiduously chased a Herring Gull away from the island and swooped more or less at my compan ion and

f teurr. mysel . The note of one was squeaky; of the other, the usual

The young one uttered a husky chraipe .

The adult female was somewhat fat and weighed g . ; the hi s largest egg in the ovary was about mm . in diameter . The - ll - was deep olive brown ; bi , tarsus , toes , and webs coral red; nails black . Several Mallophaga ( Saemunds s onia lockleyi Clay ) were i collected from th s specimen and the downy youn g . The latter was

i 20 . a male ( testes rather fat, weigh ng g The color : r - k was i is deep olive brown ; bill , tarsus , and toes s in color; distal - t h is trifle portion of bill dusky , but egg too h w it h; webs a paler and more yellowish than toes ; nails dusky . Two other reports of terns ( presumably of this same species )

D. . At i 18 1949 . F. F were received Even ng Lake, on July , , Dr oster A r ul 1952 . t found a nest with two young Lake Mog idge , in J y, ,

Robert Leslie saw a couple of dozen birds . They had eggs on a in rock the lake .

The Arctic Tern nests on all coasts of the Ungava Peninsula . In d ' the more southerly portions sight recor s are scarcely determinable , S hi n as between this species and . m do . The principal sources of — distributional information are : south coast Couper

1929 z 76 Merriam Stearns Taverner ( ) , —75 — and Lewis , east coast Austin and 1937 z 31 — u 1885 z 252 Hantz s ch 1928 Gross ( ) ; north coast T rner ( ) , ( Manning Hildebrand and Gabrielson r — i 81 and W ight west coast Mann ng , and Savile and Manning and Macpherson ( 1952 : ’ “ ” “ Low s report ( 1896 z 323 ) of Sterne Forsteri as common n throughout i terior; Hamilton River probably applies , at least in

: part, to the present species . Other interior localities are Bienville C C and Gregory lakes ( Manning, the hubb rater area 1 4 1 i 1 955 z 9 A neau 957 z 73 . ( Martin , ) , and Lake g ( Eklund , )

Ze n a id u r a m a c r o u ra c a r o lin e n s is ( Linné )

Eastern Mourning Dove . D . F Dr . Foster reported a Mourning Dove seen by himself, C 19 2 5 . Richard eren , and others at Knob Lake in the spring of On the Ungava Peninsula the status of this species is little more t than hat of a casual Visitor . The few previous records have been at

1882b : 238 1883 z 245 t Godbout ( Merriam , , and ) ; Red Bay, Bat le C Harbour , Spotted Islands , and Sandwich Bay ( ooke, and Nain ( Austin,

B u b o vi rgin ia n u s h e t e r o c n e m is ( Oberhols er ) h M 0 O o . Labrador Horned Owl; sho , or o ( pronounced Oh ) (

M ln u y only experience with live Horned Owls was at Lac Au ea . Early ( about on the cloudy morning of July 24 some hooting was heard over on the opposite ( east ) shore , where a bold cliff 300 hoo-hoo-hoo rises about feet above the lake . It sounded like , wh o-h o oo ur . , with perhaps a little emphasis on the fo th note It was

P M. cKenz ie heard again about . Sebastien M reported finding a nest on a ledge of this cli ff; it contained about three eggs about May 1 1 , 953. 2 About P . M. on July 8 I encountered one adult and two juve niles by a little pond in open , black spruce timber just south of the camp on the west shore . They were perched for the most part on dead spruces . The adult looked almost smaller than the fluffy

w . feathered juveniles , still retaining some of their do n The former n and one of its offspri g were collected . Both were females , with ovaries and mm . , respectively; each had a little mouse fur in its stomach; there was little fat on either, despite the local superabundance of Meadow Mice ( Microtus ) and Red-backed ’ Clethrionom s 3 zé Mice ( y ) ; they weighed , respectively, about and 1 3 74; lbs . In the adult the iris was pale lemon yellow; cere and bill

ER OF S PUBLS . . . HI . UNIV SITY KANSA , MUS NAT ST really ferocious varmin t was present and much too close for comfort! It would appear that virginianus may exceed both wapacuthu and heterocnemis in vocal ferocity . Cabot on hearin g the above-discussed note along “

St . r the Paul River, described it as nearly the sharp unpleasant d aw of a file , lasting one and a half to two seconds , across a saw . My two specimens ( especially the adult ) differ interestingly from h ter n m U S e oc e is . . other specimens of in the National Museum , i C wh ch were collected along the east coast, at Fort himo , and at in The Forks , having more than the average amount of buffy on the - nape, back, upper tail coverts , and underparts generally; in this

B . u. vir inianus . respect they show an approach toward g However , there is considerable variation in the plumage of Bubo in the n Ungava Peni sula . At Ashuani i 25 a camp at the north end of p Lake, on August , I noticed a dead Horned Owl that had been shot about four weeks An i previously . other one was said to be still coming to that vic nity n n in the evening and to be heard hooti g usually after midnight . Joh n C . V. Bishop and James Stewart reported seei g a Horned Owl at C - St . r 7 i the lai camp , m les south southeast of Knob Lake, on the i 23 o even ng of September , and hearing from it the juvenal n te F D r t described above . Dr . . . Foster noted two of the bi ds at As ray 15 1949 Lake , September , , and Robert Leslie reported two at the 1952 north end of Manitou Lake, October, . On the south coast of the peninsula th e species is recorded from i 2 = 1882b : 37 St . Po nte des Monts ( Merriam , ) , Esquimaux ( Paul ) Manicoua an C River ( Stearns , Trinity Bay and g ( omeau, 1923 z 305 Eidmann ) , Trout Lake ( , Bonne Esperance, s Harrington Harbour , Johan Beetz Bay, and Moi ie River ( Taverner ,

1942 z 238 ) ; on the east coast , at various points from the Strait of

n in 1938 z 319 Belle Isle to Okak ( Austin , Lincol , Bent, ) ;

C r 1885 z 243 and on the north coast, from Fort himo ( Tu ner, ) and

Kil linek Hantz s ch 1929 z 32 On t southwest of , ) . the west coast here ’ 1896 : appears to be no record . Aside from Low s general statement ( 325 ) that the species is common in the interior , there are a number of specific localities : Fort Nas copie and near The Forks ( Ober hols er r , Natashquan River ( Townsend , Flou

Travers ine 1933 z 83 Lake and p River ( Merrick, , Swamp [y 42 2 19 z 38 St . Bay! River ( Taverner , ) ; Lake John area ( Godfrey and

k 1949b : Wil , and Lakes Mistassini and Albanel ( Godfrey,

1942 z 239 242 Taverner ( , ) indicates that it is uncertain how HARPER : BIRDS OF THE UNGAVA PENINSULA

heterocnemis far inland or westward extends , and he considers a specimen from Bradore Bay as intermediate between subarcticus and heterocnemis .

S u rn i a u lu l a c a p ar o ch ( Muller ) American Hawk Owl; Pepe nestshish 1 Richard Geren Spoke of seeing a Hawk Owl about June , and again a week or so later , along the road between Knob Lake and the n the i A. E . old a rstrip . Moss reported seei g three together along same road about July 18; they were so confiding that they allowed On 27 stones to be thrown at them . August at Scott Lake , a speci men was shot by a Montagnais in the employ of Gilbert Simard, who kindly preserved it and presented it to me . I did not have the r good fortune to see a live bi d . On the south coast the Hawk Owl is common in winter at Pointe b 23 On 1882 : 7 . des Monts ( Merriam , ) the east coast it is a common i in permanent resident, north to Okak ( Aust n , Lincoln 3 3 2 C i 19 8 z 8 . Bent, ) In the north there are records at Fort h mo

1885 z 243 n in 1938 : ( Turner , ) and at Whale River ( Li coln , Bent , Mannin g and Macpherson record a specimen from n the Pai t Hills Islands , James Bay . In the interior species was noted by Low ( 1896 z 325 ) several times on the upper Hamilton River ; in

St . winter it is frequent in the Lake John area ( Godfrey and Wilk ,

i 1886 z 35 rare at Lake Mistass ni ( Macoun , ) , and common

1942 z 65 . at Lower Seal Lake ( Doutt , ) According to these data , there is no evidence of its occurrence in summer in the southern S portion of the peninsula adjoining the Gulf of t . Lawrence ; and its breedi ng range might thus appear to be restricted to the Hudsonian f - Li e zone . Farther to the west, however , there are a considerable C - number of nesting records in the anadian Life zone .

S tr ix a c c l a m a t o r ac cl am at o r Bartram orthem N Barred Owl .

On f 1942 z 211 . the use of this speci ic name, see Harper ( ) 30 19 4 L éronn eau 5 . . V In a letter of April , , J enclosed two photo C graphs of a Barred Owl taken at Lake Paterson , Roberval ounty, r in Quebec . The bi d was caught alive by one of my men the bush He on a very cold morning [in the precedin g January! . brought it

th e . to my tent, but it died next day The specimen was forwarded

W . C ational to Earl Godfrey, of the anadian N Museum, who has 1957 i published ( ) a note on t . E R OF E . . . H UNIV SITY KANSAS FU LS , MUS NAT IST .

Distributional records of birds in the Ungava Peni nsula — — Mac r l al o al o . 9 . a lla l i i e e 1 0 . e e C p ga l nago del cate . g y cy n cy n — ' — d i E m hi l subs . 1 1 Pieoi es tr da lu a a . 12 . e o la a es t i . ct y s b c tus r p p r s pp — — mi a H lo i hl s t lata swains oni . 1 3 . T d to ia subs . 1 4 a ur us gr r s pp . y c c u u HARPER : BIRDS OF THE UNGAVA PENINSULA

St . n There is no record of the species at Lakes John or Mistassi i ,

1882b : but it is reported as tolerably common at Godbout ( Merriam , The present case may furnish one more example of a species advancin g northward with the amelioration of the climate durin g the past 40 years or more .

Ae g o liu s fu n e r e u s r i ch ard s o n i ( Bonaparte ) ’ Richardson s Boreal Owl .

M. t Cm 8 1954 8 P . August , , at , I came face to face wi h a brown - 6 8 Auln eau in owl, flat eared , to inches tall , at Lac ( Fred Farah,

litt . 18 , August , Several months later , after comparing speci mens and colored plates , my friend was inclined to agree that he had ’ z hi s underestimated the si e , and that bird was probably Richardson s - A lius acadiens acadicus Owl rather than a Saw whet Owl ( ego ) . There are few enough records of the former in the Ungava Penin

t the . sula, and s ill fewer of latter ’ Comeau considers Richardson s Owl a common win ter - illi ie ts his h. resident at Godbout, where its Montagnais name is p p p Lewis ( 1922 z 516 ) supplies two records ( spring and winter ) from

Bonne Esperance , near the Strait of Belle Isle . Austin

l : mentions the fol owing localities on the east coast Loup Bay, n Black Bay, Hopedale , and Makkovik . Manni g and Macpherson n C od obtai ed a specimen at Paul Bay on the west coast .

1949b z 21 1930 frey ( ) records a specimen taken in December , , at

Lake Mistassini .

Me g a c e ryle al cyo n a l cyo n ( Linnaeus ) Eastern Belted Kingfisher; Tshiss e melsbo ( Map Ri Single Kingfishers were seen at Rapid ver, northwest of Seven

22 28 . Islands , on May , and on the bay near Seven Islands on May On the shore of this bay there were two Kingfisher holes , a couple of r 20—2 5 . yards apa t, in a sand bluff feet high Another bird was seen on June 12 in spruce timber along Sucker Creek ( tributary to Abel Lake ) ; and finally one on Ashuanipi River near Mile 224 Airstrip on 2 A. E . m August 3. Boe er reported two at Gad Lake about the mid dle of August . Previous records from the penin sula are mostly from along the

1882b : 236 F south coast ( Merriam , ; razar , Stearns , Eidmann Ou Townsend and Bent, and , the uncom east coast , according to Austin the species is an mon summer resident on rivers north to the Makkovik area and to E R OF PUBLS . . . I . UNIV SITY KANSAS , MUS NAT H ST

’ Hunt s River ( west of Hopedale ) . In the interior it is reported by

1886 z 35 i Macoun ( ) as common at Lake Mistass ni , and by Low

1896 z 325 ( ) as common on Romaine River, but as not found north of he t . t the Vicini y of Grand Falls , Hamilton River It is common in

St . Lake John area ( Godfrey and Wilk , but not common

1949b z 21 . recently at Lakes Mistassini and Albanel ( Godfrey, )

Co l a pt e s a u r atu s ( Linn aeus ) subsp . - i hi Yellow shafted Flicker; Pip sts sh ( M. In the Vicinity of Seven Islands a Flicker was heard calling on 24 f - May , and one was lushed from the ground on an alder covered 31 dune by the shore of the Gulf on May . I was considerably surprised on June 4 to find one of these birds t u in a burnt tract on the west side of Knob Lake, on a big spruce s b - it . with a woodpecker nest hole in Two days later , with no Flicker n the t t in sight, a Tree Swallow was perchi g on s ub; and wi hin a few - more days the latter species was defin itely occupyin g the nest hole . On 8 F 28 June a licker was heard , and on June one was seen , in

t . B ano her part of the burnt tract y the latter date , at least, it should have been nesting, provided a mate had been found in this outlying part of the range of the species .

E . A Flicker was reported by A. Boerner at Gad Lake about 1 1 3 D 95 . F . August , ; and one by Dr . Foster at the south end of Menih k 3 1 4 e 0 9 9 . Lake on July , Hitherto the Flicker has been found mainly along the south coast

1882b : 237 1910 ( Merriam , ; Stearns , Townsend and Bent, 14 On ; Lewis , the east coast it is a rare summer resident ,

n in 1939 : north to Kaipokok Bay ( Austin, Lincol , Bent, “ on th e In the north, stragglers have been taken mainland ” Ak atok 1885 z 242 near p Island; Hudson Strait ( Turner , ) and at C l ape Wolstenho me ( Manning , Savile noted two at Great Whale River, and Manning and Macpherson found the species moderately common on James Bay from Moar Bay to Roggan River . Interior localities include Grand Falls ( Low, ’ 1896 z 326 ) , Hunt s River ( west of Hopedale ) ( Austin , S t . the Lake John area ( Godfrey and Wilk, and Lakes

1886 z 35 1949b z 21 . Mistassini and Albanel ( Macoun , ; Godfrey, ) An improbable overlapping of breeding ranges in the Ungava l Peninsula is imp ied in the statements of the distributi on of C . a . b r lis - o ea C . a . lu us h k list t O. U. C ec Ridgway and e Bangs in the A. 1 of 957 . HARPER : BIRDS OF THE UNGAVA PE NINSULA

Dryo c o pu s pil e atu s ab i e ti c o l a ( Bangs )

Northern Pileated Woodpecker .

On August 3 a Nova Scotian ( name not ascertained ) reported a ’ ” ” Cock 0 the Woods a woodpecker about the siz e of a Crow

F. D . near Burnt Creek a month previously . Dr . Foster spoke of see 1 1 1949 h in ing one at Molson Lake , July , , and ot ers the Knob Lake area . A i r 1882b few records from the Po nte des Monts area ( Me riam ,

236 C 1923 z 422 ; omeau , ) are perhaps the only previous records from the Ungava Peninsula .

’ Pi c o i d es t rida ct ylu s b ac atu s Bangs - American Three toed Woodpecker . ( Map

Francis McKenz ie applied the Montagnais name of Pas tipas teo to a colored plate of the Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker ( Picoides arcticus ) , and it is fairly likely that the same name suffices for the - d n present species . A somewhat similar soun i g Naskapi name is indicated by Austin for both species . Thi s is the only woodpecker that I found even slightly common in n Ou 4 the i terior . June I had a brief view of a female on a dead On 8 in l . black spruce a part y burnt tract at Knob Lake June , in the same general area , a bird perched on several different dead and — in h the burnt black spruces t ree cases at or close to tops , at l 40 8 15 . u approximate heights of , , and feet Meanwhile it ind ged in 15 l some fairly hefty drumming; there were about strokes in a ro l , n possibly increasing a little in tempo toward the last . The begi nin s On g of three consecutive rolls were 9 and 7 seconds apart . 17 r m June , north of Knob Lake , I heard more d um ing from an On 6 unseen woodpecker , probably of this species . July , near the Arm Attikama en northwest end of the Iron , g Lake , I shot an adult h male on a dead white spruce in open woods of t is spruce , where there was a carpet of Cladonia alpes tris . Other associated vegeta Vaccin tion included tamarack, willow, dwarf birch, Labrador tea , m m On iu uli inosu Camus cana dens is . g , crowberry, , and moss that r i occasion I had ecorded the note as jerk. Early on the follow ng morning, from my tent on the Iron Arm , I heard a deliberate drum ming , presumably by one of these woodpeckers . This time there n seemed to be seven or eight strokes in a roll . The i tervals between

drummin s 21 20 25 10 a nd 22 a number of consecutive g were , , , , sec onds ( average , seconds ) . More drumming was heard on July ER OF PUBLS . . . UNIV SITY KANSAS , MUS NAT HIST .

- 13. 40 In this locality I came upon a dead, foot white spruce , thor oughly denuded of its outer bark from a height of 1 to about 35 n feet . No porcupi e gnawings were detected , but numerous worm n tracks had been exposed by the chippi g off of the bark . I was much in clined to consider this the work of the present species of woodpecker . On August 30 an adult female was obtained in spruce woods at the north end of Ashuanipi Lake; and on September 23 another r female, in molt, was taken in a bu nt tract of black spruce by the outlet of Knob Lake . The species shows a fairly pronounced pen chant for dead spruce timber . 6 The adult male of July had little fat and weighed g . Its 2 5x 1 5 left testis was . . mm . , the other smaller . The maxilla was black; mandible slaty gray, darker at tip ; tarsus and toes slaty . The 30 adult female of August had not much fat and weighed g . 7 x3 r Its ovary was 5 mm . The i is was brownish; maxilla dusky plumbeous ; mandible plumbeous , tip dusky . The female of Sep 23 x tember was not fat and weighed g . Its ovary was 8 55 - mm . The iris was bright olive brown ; maxill a pale slaty; man - dible plumbeous horn color; extreme tip of bill dusky; tarsus and m li rni . Penenir us ca o toes pale slaty gray Three Mallophaga , f ens is 30 were collected from the bird of August , and Anal es oidea n several mites ( g , i det . ) from the bird of September 23 .

The two female specimens have black crowns , with few spots ( August 30 ) or with many ( September neither has any yellow

Forbush 1927 z 274 h on the crown . ( ) and ot ers state that the female in juvenal plumage possesses such yellow, whereas the r adult female does not . This is such a cu ious situation that one wonders if the age and the sex have invariably been determined correctly . On October 11 several Three-toed Woodpeckers were engaged in an odd northwesterly movement on the outskirts of Seven Islands , 100 where an open cowyard , approximately yards wide , was located among spruce woods . The first one ( presumably of the present t i species , since the o her two def nitely were ) was seen in undulating

flight across the cowyard . Presently there was another one ( orange crowned ) foraging on several living black spruces on the border of eherk the cowyard , at intervals calling a low and after a time taking off on the same course as the first bird . A little later a third individ ual ( black-crowned ) was tapping in the same group of spruces and

E . m A. Boe er noted this species and its distinctive song commonly h at Gad Lake for a period of some t ree weeks , beginning about 1 53 7 9 . August , Previous records from the peninsula are : Pointe des Monts area

1882b : 236 C 1923 z 442 C Fraz ar ( Merriam , ; omeau , ) ; ape Whittle ( , = Esquimaux Point ( Havre St . Pierre ) ( Townsend and Piashte w Bent, Bay ( To nsend , Natashquan C 13 ( Townsend , ove Island , miles southwest of Harring 1943b 99 Matamek Eidmann 193 z 7 ton Harbour ( Lewis , ) ; River ( , C 44 4 2 r 19 z 7 St . hateau Bay ( Pete s and Burleigh, ) ; Lake John k n ( Godfrey and Wil , and Lakes Mistassi i and Albanel 1 b 23 886 z 35 1949 z . ( Macoun , ; Godfrey, )

Er e m o phil a a lp e s t r is a lp e s tr i s ( Linnaeus Northern Horned Lark; Nanioet ( Map 12

A loose flock of about 30 Horned Larks frequented a cowyard in 25 l Seven Islands on May , and about ha f as many on the following day . All seemed to have the decidedly yellow throats and sides of

. al s tr . head of E a . pe is In the interior I found a few summerin g birds on certain of the - higher ridges rising above the timber line : a pair on the summit of 6 Ruth Lake Ridge feet ) , June ; and a flock of three near the

n l 15 . summit of Sunny Mou tain ( about feet; p . August Two of these last adult male and adult female ) were collected; the third was probably a juvenile .

The next meeting with the species was on Lorraine Mountain , 1 1 n 150 September , at a poi t in the Barrens about feet below the summit , the altitude of which is estimated at feet . Here I shot 4 At in an adult female from a flock of about 0 birds . this date and these numbers , they may have been on migration, although the Bar rens of the upper slopes probably constitute the breeding-grounds of a small number . The following plants occurred on at least two of the three alpine

the : summits just mentioned, in the environment of Horned Larks Dia ens ia la onica Arctosta h los al ina Vaccinium uli inosum p pp , p y p , g al num n m . i Betula la dulos a E etrum ni rum Ph llodoce var p , g , p g , y r lea al v - r P L coe u ix u a u si co odium s ela o Carex . , S ( ) , y p g , spp , and Cladonia spp . HARPER : BIRDS OF THE UNGAVA PE NINSULA

n 11 O October , at Seven Islands , in the same cowyard where

Horned Larks had been observed in May, one of these birds was the objective of an unsuccessful stoop by a Northern Shrike . 15 The adult male and adult female of August were fat , weighing 2 X 1 5 and g. , respectively . The testes of the male were . mm . Seeds were among the stomach contents of the female . In both, the iris was olive-brown ; tarsus oli ve or grayish brown ; toes slightly darker . In the male the bill was fuscous , except that the basal three - quarters of the mandible was horn color; in the female the tip of the l k the - bil was dus y, and the basal half of maxilla and three quarters - 1 1 of the mandible hom color . The adult female of September was 4x3 extremely fat, weighing g . The ovary was mm . The iris l - - was o ive brown; bill rather dusky, with basal two thirds of man - i dible yellowish horn color; tarsus and toes dusky ol ve . In each of the three birds the skull was fully granulated . The male of August 15 yielded three Mallophaga ( Philoptems All three larks harbored one or more undetermined species of

l i a feather mites ( Ana geso de ) . The Horned Lark breeds on all coasts of the peninsula ( though probably no more than sporadically on the western part of the south coast ) and in scattered alpine habitats of the interior . Some of the principal sources of distributional information are : south coast Merriam Fraz ar Stearns

C 1923 z 418 Townsend and Bent omeau ( ) , and Lewis

84 — 1902 z 29 ; east coast Bigelow ( ) , Austin

1937 z 36 ih 1942 z 334 Gross ( ) , and Lincoln ( Bent, ) ;

— 1885 z 241 Hantz s ch 1929 north coast Turner ( ) , Payne (

1949 z 202 Manning ( ) , Hildebrand Gabrielson and — Wright and Bateman ( 1953 z 6 ) ; west coast Manning

81 1949 z 202 ; ) , Savile and Manning and Mac pherson The in terior localities include the Barrens of Michikamau 1896 the upper Hamilton River and about Lake ( Low, Mistastin C n o River ( abot, Mi to Bush, and S oter

n i 1949 z 2o3 lakes ( Manni g , Gregory Lake ( Mann ng , ) ; the

C C 1955 z 491 Ai neau hubb rater area ( Martin , ) ; Lakes g , Maryland , n and Ptarmigan , and Gregory and Pay e lakes ( Eklund , C Former nesting at Godbout ( Merriam ; omeau ) , in connection with in a merely migrant status at Havre St . Pierre more recent years i ( Lewis , suggests a retraction of the breed ng range at its southern limit . 4 19 6 a . raticola In the subspecies E . p was found to have extended Irid o p r o cn e b ic o l o r ( Vieillot ) Tree Swallow; Shakoeikenesh

21 At A Tree Swallow was over the harbor at Rimouski on May . u 9 10 Seven Islands small numbers ( p to or ) were seen almost daily, 22 29 May to ; they were chiefly in or over the town itself , and some - at nest boxes put up for them by th e friendly inhabitants . The only locality in the interior where this species came under my 6 observation was Knob Lake and vicinity, in the period from June 3 r i 0 . to The fi st b rd was perching on a spruce stub in a burnt tract, - with a nest hole in it; this was the identical spot where I had found a F On 7th r licker two days previously . the a pai were in evidence in - this Vicinity; both perched at once on the nest stub , and one made a 4 On the 1 1th pass over a Bluebird as it sat about 0 feet away . one and possibly two flew over Knob Lake , and two were at neighbor i Ou 12 ing Slimy Lake ( n Labrador ) . the th one was flying from the - the . ground to nest hole, probably with nesting material 15—16 i In the night of June there was a violent ra nstorm , and on the next afternoon the temperature dropped close to From one t of these causes or the o her, various insects may have been cast on the gravelly shore of Knob Lake , where I saw a Tree Swallow fly down repeatedly and pick at things as if they were edible . It was A obviously not carrying away nesting material . t one time it lit on r 10 an uptu ned canoe feet from me , where I heard its cheery little — hr hr r c ee c ee . h ? call , Meanwhile anot er bi d ( its mate ) occupied a On 1 th t more elevated perch near by. the 8 one was si ting at the - 1 1—12 entrance to the nest hole, and allowed me to approach within On 2 feet without flying away . the 7th a fresh grass stem was stick On 30th ing out of the hole . the a number of birds were seen at the - nest stub and in the vicinity . Thereafter I was absent from Knob 2 22 Lake until August , except for a few hours on July , and I saw no more of the Tree Swallows .

E . shu ni i H. Neal spoke of seeing this species about A a p Lake in At C ad r A . E . June Lake , acco ding to . Boerner , the Tree Swallow appeared about June 15 and was common for a week or 10 days ; and D F. . thereafter an occasional one was seen during the summer . Dr . Foster reported : a small number in 1949 at Ashuanipi Lake on June 19 16 , at Evening Lake on July , and a nest at Molson Lake on July

10 . HARPER : BIRDS OF THE UNGAVA PE NINSULA

r 1882b There are previous reco ds from the south coast ( Merriam , 235 Eidmann ; Palmer , Townsend and Bent , and ,

from the east coast, north to Sandwich Bay ( Austin ,

and Davis Inlet ( Gabrielson and Wright , from th e t t C 1885 z 239 nor h coast in the vicinity of For himo ( Turner , ) ; and from the James Bay coast at Poplar River ( Manning and Mac

1 1896 z 327 952 z 24 . person , ) Although Low ( ) reported the species ” as common throughout the interior , the only definite localities i t 1886 z 34 h herto indicated seem to be Lake Mistassini ( Macoun , ;

1949b z 25 St . Godfrey, ) , the Lake John area ( Godfrey and Wilk , n - and Goose Bay ( Wy ne Edwards ,

Pe r i s o r eu s c a n ad e n s is n ig ri c a pillu s Ri dgway Labrador Jay; Whisky Jack; Oiskitshan or Oiskits an T - his freebooter , the Robin , and the White crowned Sparrow are probably the land birds that become most famili ar to travelers in th e n A i terior wilds . t Knob Lake and vicinity the Whisky Jack was in evidence on more than half the days from June 3 to 25; here it was a particular frequenter of the garbage dumps , in association with - i White crowned Sparrows , Robins , Rusty Blackbirds , and Red Sgu r rels . It was also found among camp buildings , in burnt tracts , and n in green spruce timber . It appeared for the most part as si gles or as two together ; in the latter case some of the groups consisted of an adult with a juvenile . In some of the birds the head and breast were — stained with rusty possibly as a result of contact with garbage . As I was passing through spru ce timber on the slopes of the “ 5 r knob south of Knob Lake on June , I was g eeted by a soft — hoo- oo? inquiring note right overhead y There was a Whisky Jack ,

h . presently joined by its mate , which came wit in perhaps eight feet -tt- - t One of them gave out a sort of tt tt ti . Then hey drifted silently

. On l away my return , one of the same or another pair ca led some n t o t he o oo t oo t oo . On 8 t thi g like y , y , y , y June a bird called from

: kook kook-kook top of a dead black spruce near a garbage dump , , kook-k k k - l wootl oo ook kook. t : woot , Presently I heard ano her cry , , wootl wootl , ; and then the mellow trill that had become familiar to 1 3 2 1 1 95 z 7 . me in Keewatin ( ) This trill was also heard later ( June , 13 18 12 3 , and ; July ; September on September it seemed to be

: wit-wit-wit wit uttered in abbreviated form , or in several parts ; wit-wit wit- i - ; w t wit . On June 13 an adult and a juvenile gave a soft uek On 2 t . 5 q note in flight June , in a family par y of two adults and

r kek two sooty juveniles , bi ds of both ages gave a husky note , ER OF PUBLS . . . IIIST . UNIV SITY KANSAS , MUS NAT either singly or in a series ; it was somewhat reminiscent of a Rusty ’ th e Blackbird s call . One of young seemed still inclined to beg for food, but got nothing so far as I could see . Occasionally a bird at a garbage dump would hold down a bit of On 12 food by means of a foot while pecking at the food . June one was peckin g on a dead Round Whitefish ( Pros opium) on a log C On 13 bridge over Sucker reek . June , among white spruces near h ll Slimy Lake ( Labrador ) , I noticed an adult wit a mouse in its bi ;

I managed to rob it of the latter , which, to my delight, proved to be - h S m tom s . t n the rare y p y It was a lit le fly blow , and t us perhaps not captured by the Jay itself, unless at some earlier hour and left for a 25 time in storage . A bird in the family party of June was pecking on green needles of black spruce; perhaps it was only securing 1834 worms or other insects , and yet Audubon ( , reports “ ” leaves o ir tr es f f e among stomach contents . Ou June 6 one or two adults did not seem to have tail-feathers of full length; and my notes of June 12 refer to postponement of col leeting specimens “till the molt now in progress improves their “ t looks . Yet Bent says : Adults have a complete pos nuptial ” On 1927 2 molt beginning early in July . the other hand, Forbush ( , 384 ) indicates that the period of this molt extends from June to Sep r - tember . The fi st of the sooty colored juveniles was noted on June 13 19 25 at Auln eau , others on June and , and the last one ( Lac ) on 2 August . At Attikamagen Lake the species was noted on 17 days from July 1 22— to for the most part in our camp areas , and to a lesser extent in the spruce timber at a distance . Usually one or two were noted On per day . No juveniles were recorded in this period . several 6 12 - n occasions , from July to , a pair of Ruby crow ed Kinglets , which had a nest above my tent, would vociferate at the appearance of a

Labrador Jay and fairly hound it from the vicinity . The bigger bird would retreat before these mites more or less silently and without

Rub cr s a rehen protest . Presumably the y own had reason to be pp sive; yet I have found no more definite statement in the literature 1927 “ C than that of Forbush ( , Probably it [the anada Jay! is fully as destructive to the eggs and young of other birds as is the On 1 1 k n Blue Jay . July a Jay was apparently pic i g off a spruce bud C in n to eat . alls this Vici ity, from unseen birds that I took to be of - - v - v - hoé ah hod ah hoot hoot hdb t . this species , sounded like , , and At Aulneau r Lac one, two , or th ee Whisky Jacks were noted 23 2 nearly every day from July to August , being attracted , as usual , HARPER : BIRDS OF TII E UNGAVA PENINSULA

k k k k . A e e to the camp garbage dump husky , note was recorded n here as well as at Knob Lake . A slight i dication of the beginning 3 of the postjuvenal molt was evident on July 0 .

A few single birds were noted at Knob Lake from August 3 to 8 .

At T. 9 18 r Mollie Lake, August to , one or two bi ds were seen almost On daily . several occasions , when a Black Bear was making its more the or less regular evening Visit to camp garbage pit, I noticed a — couple of Whisky Jacks in fairly close attendance on it even at t rather deep dusk . Is there possibly a habi ual association between

? C . these two species , as between the Wolf and the Raven ( f 12 1953 z 76 . Harper, ) One of the Jays , on August , passed by the ” “alpine garden adjacent to a perpetual snowbank on Sunny Moun - On m li . tain , above ti ber ne , at an altitude of about feet August 13 and 14 I heard from single birds a note sounding like - - peek; peek peek peek. 18 21 In and near our camp area at Leroy Lake, August to , in n Whisky Jacks were also common , numbers varyi g from one to 2 four or five . One fed in a garbage bucket within feet of some of

A : k ooh k ooh k ooh the men . mong the notes heard here were y ; y ; y - - - — - - - a low kek kek kek kek and a throaty wauk wauk wauk wauk. At 224 27 6 Mile Airstrip and vicinity , August to September and 18 21 tw September to , the birds were frequently seen by ones , os , or

n . At threes ; here , agai , a garbage dump was frequently Visited C 8 17 arol Lake , September to , they appeared by the usual ones or At twos . the garbage pit, meat was evidently more appreciated than r bakery products . The bi ds frequently flew along with legs hanging

. Microtus partly down When I tossed away a fresh , a Whisky Jack, as if observing the act, came on the scene, eyed the mouse from a it tree or bush perch , flew down to , picked it up in its bill , and made Ahn s . o t off at once, however , while in flight, it transferred the ani in mal to its feet, and thus cont ued until it was out of sight among i — - - ui -whui the trees . A most humanl ke whistle whuiy whuiy wh y y

r 224 . fi st heard near Mile Airstrip , was noticed here on several days n l n It sounded so exceedi gly like a man whist i g to a dog that, if

w . heard in a to n , it would doubtless have been taken for such Other - - notes heard here were the husky kek kek kek and the mellow trill . Ou -b i 1 1 two i the near y Lorra ne Mountain , September , b rds had r x ascended to the uppermost t ees , at appro imately feet . t During my final sojourn at Knob Lake and vicini y, the species in 22 2 was evidence nearly every day, September to October , for ER OF PUBLS . . . . UNIV SITY KANSAS , MUS NAT HIST

- the most part as single individuals . One bird was near timber line 1 1 on Ruth Lake Ridge . Near Seven Islands , on October , the last individual was seen . The repertoire of notes uttered by this species is so seemingly endless that it might be difficult to decide, in a given case , whether

r the va iation is a matter of geography or merely of the in dividual . t 13 A juvenal female from the Vicini y of Slimy Lake , June , was a l l litt e fat and weighed g. Its sku l was not granulated . Molt was in progress in the interscapular region . Its iris was deep olive brown; bill plumbeous , distal third of maxilla and distal fourth of An K mandible fuscous ; tarsus and toes black . adult male from nob 24 Lake, September , had little fat and weighed g. Its skull was r 1 fully granulated . The testes measu ed mm . Its stomach con ined Vac nium t a ci . berries Its bill was black, the lower basal part - ul horn color; other bare parts were as in the juvenile . This ad t is referable to nigricapillus . It yielded a number of feather mites Anal es oidea ( g , ’ Belief in bad luck resulting from discovery of a Whisky Jack s - nest is wide spread among northern Indians , from Alaska to Ungava

in Bendire 1895 z 393 m ( Turner , , ) , and also among the Eski os of McKenz ie Ungava ( Hildebrand, While Sebastien dis k claimed any particular nowledge of such a belief, he reported that when he was a boy, his father admonished him not to kill Whisky h l s . evert e es s o l Jacks N he did , when away by himself. I be ieve he reported his father also as telling him not to keep any Whisky Jack

1935 z l 24—125 found in a trap , but to throw it away . Speck ( ) and 1947 —430 Tanner ( , ) discuss the place of this species in the the F C folklore of Labrador Indians . Among the Naskapi of ort himo “ ualifi area , writes Turner the jay [is endowed! with q cations renderin g him the companion of man; in their personifica r tions jays cont ol man , or even the most savage brutes of the forest and stream . D F Dr . F . oster spoke of finding five nests , apparently in the r Knob Lake area . Nearly eve y one was composed of tamarack twigs and lined with moss and rabbit fur . One nest contained He th e 26 1953. eggs on March , reported observing species also in i Menihek 1949 Ashuan i June and July, , at p , Whiteman , Molson, and lakes .

1 L éronneau ih litt . 26 F 955 . . V rom January to March , , J ( , June , 1955 ) found few Whisky Jacks about the headwaters of the Nemis 2 0 . A cau River ; there were two on January name for this species ,

ER OF AS PUBLS . . . . UNIV SITY KANS , MUS NAT HIST

Charles Grace reported some Ravens hanging around camps at

12 1 4 N. S . Mile 0 and Mile 3 ( north from Seven Islands ) of the Q. L 1952-53 in and . Railway throughout the winter of ( eight of them the the latter locality ) ; also , during preceding winter, there were 1 i 2 R Bace four at Mile 7 and two at M le 0 . . Gordon y spoke of see i 213 n ing a couple of these birds at M le , probably in the spri g of 1 3 95 . i ( Just as these b rds were reported in multiples of two , so in — Keewatin in 1947 I found ( 1953 z 74 76 ) a considerable proportion th - of e Ravens in even numbered bands . This may suggest a year n rou d association of pairs . ) Robert Slipp saw a Raven passing east Ou i 26 1953. ward h gh over Lepage Lake about July , three differ 1954 F ent days in the latter part of October, , red Farah observed an - all black bird ( evidently a Raven ) on the wing at Redmond Lake , - about 8 miles south southeast of Knob Lake; it sailed about half the

L Véronneau ih litt . time, at a height well above the trees . I. . ( , “ n 26 1955 C Ju e , ) saw a Raven ( orbeau at the headwaters of the emiscau F ar 23 ebru 1955. N River on y , The status of the Raven in at least the northern part of th e interior of the Ungava Penin sula has probably undergone a certain change

1896 z 326 since the time of Low, who reported ( ) that it was a com n mon resident throughout the i terior . This is the only part of north ern Canada where I have spent a period of months without sight or am n sound of a Raven . I much i clined to ascribe the change to the virtual disappearance of the Labrador Barren Ground Caribou ( Rangifer caboti ) a generation ago over the greater part of this f Canis u us la brad rius territory . The Labrador Wol ( l p o ) suffered a or simultaneous ( immediately subsequent ) decline , owing to the disappearance of its primary food supply . The dependence of the inland Ravens upon the remains of wolf-killed Caribou is appar ently such that they were forced to abandon this territory as the two mammals disappeared . Referring to bygone years , Tanner writes 1947 “ ( , The raven and the wolf announce the arrival of the ” n t t migrati g herd . In the more sou herly por ions of the interior, where a fair number of Woodland Caribou ( Rangifer caribou cari bou ) and Wolves have survived , the Raven has likewise lingered s ( as reported above ) , but even here it may maintain it elf to a con s iderable extent during the winter season by resorting to the garbage dumps of construction camps . “ t ’ 1792 C A cen ury before Low s time , in , the Grand orbeau was

1 9 6 . reported at Lake St . John by Michaux ( 88 z 8 ) The literature of the present century contains exceedin gly few references to Ravens in HARPER : BIRDS OF THE UNGAVA PENINSULA

z 57 t t di D. 1906 the interior . Wallace ( ) men ions heir bree ng at ’ Grand Lake . There are two reasons why Mrs . Hubbard s report “ ” of Crow at Michikamats Lake may actually refer to the present species : ( 1 ) this lake is far north of the previously known range of the Crow in the peninsula; ( 2 ) the Raven is “ ‘ ’ ” C almost un iversally called crow in the north of anada ( Preble, It is vaguely reported by Spreadborough ( in Macoun “ ” i u and Macoun , as found in pa rs throughout the co ntry . n f It was fou d in locks at Indian House Lake ( Prichard,

104 Mistini i C 1912 z 234 ) and near p Lake ( abot, , It is recorded h St . as occasional at Lake Jo n ( Godfrey and Wilk , and as “ n surprisingly uncommon at Lakes Mistassini and Alba el ( Macoun ,

df 1949b z 26 . Go rey, ) A better food situation enables the species to maintain itself in all

h 1929 z 34 n . Hantz s c maritime parts of the peni sula As remarks ( ) , the birds like carrion , of which they always find enough on the beach . They also pick up mussels and other marine animals which “ i fre remain behind at low tide . Aust n has seen them u - quently sk lking around the sea bird rookeries , doubtless awaiting a chance to sneak in for a meal of eggs or youn g . The human settlements along all the coasts provide a certain amount of waste food products , of which the Ravens no doubt take advantage . The prin cipal sources of information on coastal distribution are : south— Merriam Fraz ar Stearns Townsend and Bent and Lewis — — east Austin and Cross ( 1937 z 37 ) ; north Turner

1885 z 241 Hantz s ch 1929 z 34 n ( ) , Payne ( ) , Manni g Hildebrand and Bateman west

1949 z 204 Manning ( ) , Savile and Manning and Mac pherson

Co rvu s b r a chyrhyn ch o s b r a chyr hyn ch o s Brehm Eastern Crow; Aasbo

On 21 St . my way down the Lawrence on May , I noted one or

C the : C two rows at each of following places Rimouski , Baie omeau, At and Godbout . Seven Islands and vicinity small numbers were 22 1 seen or heard daily, May to June . They were noted mostly by s ix ones or twos in spruce woods , but as many as or seven together were attracted to the garbage dumps by the airport on May 26 and

1 . June . Some were found on the shore of the bay or the Gulf The comparative trustfuln ess of these local birds bears out the remark ER OF E . MUS . . HI . UNIV SITY KANSAS FU LS , NAT ST by Townsend and Allen ( 1907 z 389 ) : The Grow in these northern ” regions where no corn is grown , is very tame . Yet I noted a couple of dead ones , evidently shot wantonly . While waiting at one of the airport dumps with a motion-picture 26 C t n camera on May , I noticed a row sit i g on top of a dead canoe r th n bi ch rising from e steep bluff below . It would poi t its open bill ° upward at an angle of 60 from the horiz ontal and let out a - - -‘ - i kr d d ci k. It would intersperse this note with a low, gurgl ng woo wlack ur p or , its bill then t ned downward close to its breast the sound and the action somewhat suggestive of seasickness . Each attitude and note were repeated a number of times before the bird took its departure . This was doubtless some sort of nuptial behavior

c . n ( i Tow send, 1 1 flocks 80 In this same vicinity, on October , I saw two , of about 2 i and 0 individuals . Some of the b rds were accompanying numerous Herring Gulls that passed from the dump down to the shore of the

Gulf . G 2 R. Gordon Racey reported rows at Mile 7 on the railway

t L . Véronneau extending nor h from Seven Islands . J. gave me a note on a Crow observed at two small lakes northwest of Leroy 24 He Lake , August and a day or so later . reported it as of small t th e k n size ( compared wi h Raven , which he nows ) and as givi g reg n - t i ular wi g beats ( hat is , without sail ng , which might have been He observed in a Raven ) . was accompanied by a Montagnais , t Georges Michel , who is doubtless acquainted with bo h species . Hitherto the Crow seems to have been recorded only in the more n i southerly portions of the peninsula , includi g Po nte des Monts

1882b : 23 = 6 St . ( Merriam , ) , Esquimaux ( Paul ) River ( Stearns , “ ” n n the whole coast ( but not wi teri g ) ( Frazar ,

Mingan Islands ( Palmer , Townsend and Bent,

1925 z 76 C Eidmann Lewis , ) , and harles Point ( , It is

St . d common about Lake John ( Go frey and Wilk , and a b 2 1949 z 6 . few have been found at Lake Mistassini ( Godfrey, ) Austin ( 1932 ) does not include the species in the avifauna of New foundland Labrador .

Pa r u s h u d s o n i c u s h u d s o n ic u s Forster C i Hudsonian hickadee; Pitshi k ki ( M. This species occurs somewhat sparingly in the spruce forests of P ras atri the interior . It appears to be far less common there than a ca illus atr ca il i lus the h . p p is , for example, in Nort eastern States In

O P L . UNIVERSITY F KANSAS UB S MUS NAT . HIST .

Ashuani i Ashuani i Along p River below p Lake, there were at least 23 four on August . Near Stevens Lake there was one among spruces , 1 A C 1 r 1 . t 7 September arol Lake, September , one of two bi ds came — - On 24 6 me n ts eé da da . within feet of , utteri g its y y September a party of three or four came drifting down the valley of Camp Brook near Knob Lake, among spruce , tamarack, willow, and dwarf birch . t - One of these was an immature male, wi h skull one fifth granulated r and testes the size of pinheads ( not pigmented ) . The bi d was molting and not very fat, and weighed g . The iris was olive

n . The brow ; bill black; tarsus , toes , and nails plumbeous specimen

Philo terus s . rutteri . yielded four Mallophaga ( p p , probably ( Kell ) P ni h. hu o cus . ds W . It was pronounced by Earl Godfrey, in whose hands I leave the complex problem of the taxonomy of this species i in the Ungava Pen nsula, where, at one time or another, no less than

P h. un aoa five different subspecies have been recognized . . g was 1893 F C ni ricans described by Rhoads ( ) from ort himo , g by Town 1916 labradorius 1950 send ) from the south coast, and by Todd ( ) 1932 litt oralis from the east coast, while Austin ( ) recognized only huds onicus 1951 on the east coast, and is considered by Godfrey ( ) Ou as the bird of the interior and the south and west coasts . the - A. O U C e k 1 littoralis . h c list 957 other hand, the . of recognizes only in the Ungava Peninsula . 1 49 F D For the year 9 Dr . . Foster reported small numbers of C Ashuani i Hudsonian hickadees at p and Whiteman lakes in June , ’

L . at Molson Lake in July, and at Howell s River in September . I. Véronneau 20 1955 saw a few of these birds on January , , at the headwaters of the Nemiscau River , and others a year later at Lac Ochil i tr e . The species ( irrespective of subspecies ) evidently occurs through out the peninsula nearly or quite to the limit of trees : south coast Merriam Frazar Stearns

1916 z 74 1929 z 79 Townsend ( ) , and Taverner ( ) ; east coast north to

— C 1937 z 37 in Okak Austin ross ( ) , and Lincoln ( Bent, 1947 z 374 ) ; north coast ( Fort Chimo to Kopaluk on George River )

1885 z 236 1893 z 328 Hantz s ch Turner ( ) , Rhoads ( ) , and

Hildebrand west coast, north to Great Whale River n 1949 2 5 Mac her z 0 Manni g ( ) , Savile and Manning and p

: son Interior localities include Hamilton River ( Low, 1 96 32 8 z 7 n 1949 z 205 St . ) ; Lake Bienville ( Man ing , ) ; Lake John area ( Godfrey and Wilk, and Lakes Mistassini and

1949b z 26 . Albanel ( Godfrey, ) HARPER : BIRDS OF THE UNGAVA PE NINSULA

Lu c ar c ar o lin e n s is ( Linn aeus ) C r atbi d .

On Dumetella the use of this generic name in place of , see Harper

1942 z 215 ( ) . u 1 C r 4 5 I was quite s rprised, on June , to come upon a atbi d or i m les east of Seven Islands . It was in an alder thicket next to the l u th e . sandy shore of Gulf Its black cap , gray body, and s ightly ndu lating flight were unmistakable . There seem to be no records in the National Museum of Canada C from points nearer than in the Magdalen Islands and Quebec ity .

Tu r d u s m igr a t o riu s m igra t o riu s Linn é Eastern Robin; Pi pitsheo ( Map The first bird to greet me with song at Seven Islands after my - u arrival in the pre dawn gloaming on May 22 was a Robin . D ring the next dozen days I became particul arly impressed with the sweet cleam ess ness , , gentleness , and serenity that characterize the carol n ing of the local birds . This was a musical treat surpassi g anything n in my recollectable previous experience with singing Robi s , from u Georgia and New England to Mackenzie . The daily n mbers observed here did not usually exceed two or three . Some were i familiar town b rds , whereas others were found in the neighboring woods or on the shore of the bay . One was at a dump in Shelter 22 Bay, May . i r As far as I could determ ne by field observation , these bi ds were

ni rideus mi ra r to ias . f not g , but g According to God rey the St population at Lake . John belongs to the latter form , and speci mens from La Tabatiere ( some 330 miles east of Seven Islands ) are

ni rideus . i ul intermediate, though nearer to g In the Ungava Pen ns a mi ratorias C - g would appear to be the form of the anadian Life zone, ni rideus - and g that of the Hudsonian Life zone .

Tu rdu s m igr at o riu s n igr id e u s Aldrich and Nutt - Black backed Robin ; Pi pitsheo ( Map

n - Among passeri e birds , only the White crowned Sparrow seems to be more widely and commonly distributed than the Robin in the i was interior of the pen nsula . At Knob Lake and vicinity the latter 3 At noted nearly every day from June 3 to 0 . first I could detect no di d particular blackness on the back , but eventually I observe such ER OF PUBL S . . . UNIV SITY KANSAS . , MUS NAT HIST

individuals , besides collecting several specimens that are referable n r C n to ig ideus . onsequently I am treati g all the Robins of the more

r no therly localities in the interior as nigrideus . They did not seem to possess quite the musical sweetness of the Seven Islands birds . The

r a roxi most preferred habitat here was the bu nt tracts ; others , in pp

: l mate order of preference , were garbage dumps , iving spruces , pond margins , camp areas , and muskegs . One was seen flying over the Barrens of Ruth Lake Ridge and alighting on a tree at the bor At - der . the dumps its common associates were White crowned Spar

t and . rows , Rus y Blackbirds , Labrador Jays , Red Squirrels Here it r t v would come fai ly readily wi hin a dozen feet or so of an obser er, but elsewhere it was much shyer .

With two exceptions , the nests mentioned in the present para graph were situated in dead spruces ; all but one were in burnt in 4 tracts . Nest g was under way by June , when a bird flew off a r 1 In fresh st ucture placed against the trunk at a height of 5 feet . ( ° di n l 2 the prece g night the temperature had fal en to about 5 F. ) - Two days later one flew from a nest placed on top of a 15 foot stub . On the 7th a pair were engaged in an unsuccessful attempt at bui ld in g on a slight projection in a nearly vertical rock face . Far more of the materials ( small twigs and dead Cla donia ) had fallen down than B 1 th remained on the projection . y the 8 the attempt had been On th l abandoned . e oth a Robin was flushed from a nest placed 14 u 18- l n about feet p, against the trunk of an foot ivi g white spruce at the edge of a burnt tract; it then contained two hatchlin gs and an

. On 2l st n 24th egg the an old bird was broodi g here , and on the the On 21 in nest was empty . June three young were seen the nest dis covered on the 6th; and another nest was found similarly placed on 16- top of a foot stub . A third nest observed on this date contained a hatchling and two eggs ; it was in a cavity in a dead spruce at a point about a yard above the ground, where the higher part of the

r trunk had broken and come to rest at an angle . In each of th ee of the foregoing cases the number of eggs or young was thr ee ; the same

r state of affairs obtains in Newfoundland ( Peters and Bu leigh, The lack of concealment of the nests on bare stubs in the burnt tracts may signify slightness of pressure on the part of

r . winged predators , either diu nal or nocturnal i n In protesting my presence near the r nests , the Robi s would call - - - - - cheep cheep; kuk kuk kuk kuk kuk ( doubtless with some variation in the number of each kind of note ) . They would generally punctu

ER OF E . . . I . UNIV SITY KANSAS FU LS , MUS NAT H ST

was removed from it . Its stomach contents included sev i - eral green worms and one red berry of Vaccin um vitis idaea. The stomach of the juvenal female included a number of whitish worms about half an inch long . ( Evidently there are no earthworms in this area . ) A female in postjuvenal plumage was shot near Knob Lake on

22 . u September . It was fat and weighed g Its sk ll was one sixth granulated . The bill was fuscous , mandible light brownish

Philo terus s . basally; tarsus and toes fuscous . Two Mallophaga ( p p )

it . were collected from This specimen , while perhaps not thoroughly

ni rideus . typical of g , is referable to that subspecies Its crown is mostly veiled with olive; there are broad white tips to the tawny breast and belly feathers . 1949 F D t Ashuani i In Dr . . Foster found a nest with hree eggs at p 21 u 28 Lake, June ; a nest at Whiteman Lake , J ne ; three nests at t Molson Lake , July ( one wi h four young, July several birds at

Evening Lake , July; and some migrants at Astray Lake , September 1 21 8 and . n r n The Robi , as a species , breeds th oughout the peni sula to the i limit of trees and a little beyond . According to present indicat ons ,

T. m. ni r m m. i rat rias g ideus replaces T. g o somewhere east of Seven t Islands and nor h of Lake St . John . Among the principal recorders — of distribution are : south coast Merriam Comeau

1891 z 317 Fraz ar ( ) , Palmer and Townsend

C Chidle — and Bent east coast, north to ape y Austin

1937 z 37 1944 z 472 Gross ( ) , and Peters and Burleigh ( ) ; F C north coast ort himo , south of Leaf Bay, and George River Post )

— 1885 z 235 n Turner ( ) , Manni g Hildebrand Gabrielson and Wright and Bateman west — i coast, north to Great Whale River Mann ng Savile and Manning and Macpherson Interior locali “ ”

n : 1896 z 328 C . w ties i clude throughout ( Low, ) ; rooked River ( D al l n i lace , Bush, Minto , Bienvi le, and Kinglet lakes ( Man ng ,

C St . Indian House Lake ( lement, Lake John area ( Godfrey and Wilk , Lakes Mistassini and Albanel

1949b z 28 ( Godfrey, ) ; Gregory Lake ( Eklund, and Goose - Bay ( Wynne Edwards , A lone Robin observed in July, 5 19 0 . H. in litt . , at Langland Falls by Dr Bertram Harper ( , Septem

28 1955 t a ber , ) represents a considerable nor hw rd extension of w kno n geographical range along the west coast . HARPER : BIRDS OF THE UN GAVA PENINSULA

Hyl o ci chl a gut t at a fax o n i Bangs and Penard r Easte n Hermit Thrush .

25 hr r Near Seven Islands , on May , a Hermit T ush was pou ing out i 45- in its strains from the t ptop of a foot black spruce , as it faced the direction where the sun had already set . On September 16 I shot one of two Hermit Thrushes that were moving about together in upland woods of white spruce at Carol t ost uvenal k Lake . It was a male , wi h p j molt not completed , s ull - 2 X 1 . . one quarter granulated , and testes mm ( black ) It was rather i - fat and weighed g. Its ris was deep olive brown ; bill fuscous ; mandibular tomium yellowish; tarsus and toes pale grayish brown . nium uli in sum Its stomach contained berries ( apparently Vacci g o ) . i in i Since I found no other b rds of this species the nterior, I con cluded that this locali ty might be near the northern limit of its range .

It appears , however, that the zonal distribution of the Hermit Thrush in the Ungava Peninsula presents quite a different picture t from that between Hudson Bay and Alaska . In the lat er region t C f - none of the records is nor h of the anadian Li e zone , with one — dubious exception a li sting by Baird ( 1864 z l 5 ) of a specimen from

c . Peel River , near the mouth of the Mackenzie ( f Preble , C in 1914 and Miss ooke , Bent, In I found the l species at Hil Island and Soulier lakes , Mackenzie , along the - boundary between the Canadian and Hudsonian life zones . In the

Ungava Peninsula, on the other hand , there are a number of records i - along the extreme upper or outer limits of the Hudsonian L fe zone,

- : C at the very border of the Arctic Life zone for example , at hateau a in and Loup bays and Mary H rbour ( Aust , and Eagle

1948 z 224 River on the east coast ( Miss Orr , ) , and at Moar Bay and i perhaps Stromness Island on James Bay ( Mann ng and Macpherson , 1952 2 z 6 ) . Localities on the south coast include Poin te des Monts

1882b : 234 1925 z 76 ( Merriam , ) , Mingan Islands area ( Lewis , ) , and C in the n h Natashquan ( Miss ooke , Bent, In i terior t ere 80 are records from miles up the Natashquan River ( Townsend,

St . an d the Lake John area ( Godfrey Wilk , 1949b Lakes Mistassini and Albanel ( Macoun , Godfrey, - and Goose Bay ( Wynne Edwards , Is perhaps the intrusion of the Hermit Thrush in to the Hudsonian - r Life zone a comparatively recent development, which futu e investi gation may show to be actually takin g place in western Canada as well as in the east? ER OF S PUBLS . . . I . UNIV SITY KANSA , MUS NAT H ST

Hyl o ci c hl a u s tu l at a s wa in s o n i ( Ts chudi ) — Olive backed Thrush . ( Map

My experience with the Oliveback in the interior was limited to the Attikama en vicinity of the Iron Arm on the west side of g Lake , where the growth of black and white spruces appears to be some what taller and denser than in adjacent areas ( trees up to 60—70 feet 2 “ high and probably 0 or more inches in diameter ) . In this closed ”

o . 1955 z 85 r r forest ( f Hare, Dansereau , ) single bi ds we e heard singing nearly every day from July 1 to 13. They were so excessively shy that I never succeeded in gett ing a view of a singer . t 25 One hat sounded to special advantage , at a distance of yards or - - aw f eel areel areel areeli ee . less , seemed to sing y y; y; y There were

i n . also additions or mod fications , almost beyond putting i to script Its h - c aractris tic ik . call note , p , was also uttered repeatedly Only once did I have a brief and unsatisfactory glimpse of a bird that came near my tent . Ou October 1 1 a thrush darted across a road in the woods near the

Gulf shore several miles east of Seven Islands . In a few moments I ik t heard it utter the p note mentioned above , hereby proclaiming its Oliveb ack h identity as an , alt ough the date is later than the normal i 52 o . C in 19 t me of departure ( f Miss ooke , Bent, Ball , 70 In western Canada there is comparatively little overlap in the - breedin g ranges of this species and the Cray cheeked Thrush ( ci . h C Preble , The former extends t rough the anadian - n Life zone and for a certain distance , here and there , i to the Hud m -z the so ian Life one, while the latter is apparently limited to Hud s onian -z li eb ack . O v Life one In the Ungava Peninsula , however , the , k the li e Hermit Thrush, pushes beyond the limits that one might expect on the basis of experience in western Canada . In other words , it has been found almost on the borders of the Arctic Life r C zone, at Petty Harbou , aplin Bay, and Paradise River on the east C in coast ( Austin , and at Rupert House ( Miss ooke , Bent, and Fort George and Poplar River on the west coast

t r r ( Manning and Macpherson , O her ecords are f om

1882b : 234 Pointe des Monts ( Merriam , ) ; upper Hamilton River

1896 z 327 80 n ( Low, ) ; about miles up the Natashquan River ( Tow

w 1925 z 77 St . send , Mingan Islands area ( Le is , ) ; Lake

au John, Moisie Bay, Natashquan , and Pointe Maurier ( Godfrey and

1949b z 29 Wilk, Lakes Mistassini and Albanel ( Godfrey, ) ;

ER OF PUBLS . . . UNIV SITY KANSAS , MUS NAT HIST .

Distributional re cords of birds in the Ungava Peninsula — — l alend la alend la . 15 H lo i hla minima subs . 16 . Re . y c c pp gu us c u c u — — 17 Anth mbes cens be en . 1 8 . Laniu excubitor bo eali . . us ru sc s s r s — — lla illa . Sei novebo a e ns i . 20 . W ils onia i 19 . urus r c s pus pus HARPER : BIRDS OF THE UN GAVA PENINSULA

At the Northwest Bay of Attikamagen Lake I found one or two

C ra cheeks 17 21 . in y on each of several days , July to Some were spruce and balsam woods , probably less dense and tall than those on 4 l l the Iron Arm , no more than mi es distant and at a most the same Olivebacks C altitude feet ) , where I had found but no ray cheeks ; others were in muskegs . It is difficult to account for the the h apparently exclusive occurrence of one species here, and of ot er on the Iron Arm , except by the difference in the density and height ’ ’ m n n eeur wheeur of the ti ber . Here I was i cli ed to think that p and were perhaps not merely different renderin gs on my part of the - identical call note , but perhaps slightly different notes of the bird itself . At Aulneau C ra cheek 30 Lac I heard a y calling on July , and I shot u 1 one of two birds on Aug st in mossy woods of white spruce , tamarack, dwarf birch, willow, and Labrador tea , at an approximate

600 . u ranu altitude of feet It was an adult female , with sk ll fully g lated and ovary reduced ( 6 x25 It was sli ghtly fat and ll l - weighed g . Its iris was olive; bi fuscous , yel owish horn color on basal half of mandible; tarsus grayish brown ; toes a little darker .

r 19 . The last bi d of the season was seen at Leroy Lake , August

t . For some reason , I had not heard the song in the en ire summer Along the east coast of the peninsula the Graycheek breeds in spruce forests from Nain in the north to the vicinity of Battle Har C C i G. bour and ape harles ( Aust n , Wallace , From the last-mentioned area westward as far as Kegashka and Natashquan , along the Strait of Belle Isle and the North Shore h n of the Gulf, t is subspecies is replaced at the breedi g season by ’

H m. bicknell G 1939 : i . . Bicknell s Thrush ( Ridgway ) ( JWallace , k A. U. Chec It is evidently through inadvertence that the O. lis t 1957 the of includes North Shore , from Natashquan eastward , in the breeding ranges of both minima and bicknelli . The dearth of records of either subspecies from the more westerly parts of the = North Shore beyond Esquimaux Point ( Havre St . Pierre ) or

c . the Mingan ( f Townsend and Bent , and from all more

St . southerly inland areas , from Lakes John and Mistassini eastward , suggests that perhaps neither breeds in these areas , which are evi dentl C - Gra cheek y part of the anadian Life zone . In the north the y

F C 1885 z 235 Ko aluk breeds at ort himo ( Turner, ) and at p on George Ri ver ( Hildebrand, The one place of record on the west i C in 1949 coast seems to be Great Whale R ver ( Miss ooke, Bent,

Manning found this bird at Kinglet Lake , but VER OF E . . . . UNI SITY KANSAS FU LS , MUS NAT HIST elsewhere in the remote interior it seems hitherto to have escaped observation . ’ Dilger s map ( 1956 z 315 ) of the breeding range of the Graycheek is decidedly at variance with previously published information as to its northern limits .

S ia li a s iali s s ialis ( Linnaeus )

Eastern Bluebird .

On June 7 a Bluebird appeared in the burnt tract on the west side

r of Knob Lake , where it rested on dead sp uces and on the ground .

It was probably only a casual Visitor, for the species seems to have

r been recorded p eviously at only four places in the entire peninsula ,

h r : 1880 3 1887 all in the sout e n part Godbout , July, , and June , ( Mer

1882b : 234 C 1923 z 418 4 1908 riam , ; omeau , ) ; Tadousac, July , 1 1 4 l 909 z 83 St . 6 9 6 ( Dwight , ) ; Lake John , June , ( Godfrey and

r C in 1949 : St . Wilk, and Havre Pier e ( Miss ooke , Bent,

Re gu lu s c a le n du l a c al en du l a ( Linné ) - Eastern Ruby crowned Kinglet; Tshatshao nish ( Map Th is sprite is one of the most characteristic birds of the interior n spruce forests , where its vocal activity bri gs it to attention perhaps

r mo e frequently than any other species . On May 25 a male gave an amaz ing display of its expanded crown , while evidently singing , in black spruce timber near Seven A Islands . t Knob Lake and Vicinity a few solitary birds were seen or r 4 5 20 13 hea d on June , , and , and two more were noted on the th over the boundary in Labrador , near Slimy Lake . Most or all of On them were in song . the 5th a male was flitting about in the “ ” spruce timber on the slope of the knob near Knob Lake; it regaled i n me t me after time with its wonderful volume of song , full of trilli g t oo-t oo-t oo notes , y y y , toward the beginning and ending with a series of apparently disyllabic notes . In the green spruce timber about Attikamagen Lake the reiterated t oo-t oo b r y y note of the Ru yc own was almost the dominant sound . 2 14 The birds were noted daily on the Iron Arm, July to , and on

15 22 . every day but one at Northwest Bay, July to After my tent t 2nd was pitched at the nor hwestern end of the Iron Arm on the , I i noticed two birds going to a nest almost directly above t . It was 35- situated a little more than halfway up in a foot white spruce , at a - the 4 . point a foot from end of a foot, downward sloping branch It

I ER OF PUBL S . . . . UN V SITY KANSAS , MUS NAT HIST

r n i Rubyc own . This ( fi al ) part of the song sounded so d fferently from my recollection of that part of the song of the species in On Alberta, that I had not recognized it at first . ( the lower Atha 15 1920 cher-a baska River, on May , , I had represented this part as ’ - - ’ wee cher a wee etc . , , ) Saunders comments on a difference in the songs of eastern and western birds , while Bent and Lewis C describe songs in southern Labrador and near Quebec ity ( Bent, 1949 40 z 8 ) . At the Northwest Bay as well as on the Iron Arm , I found the Rubycrown a persistent follower of Labrador Jays through the green 20 t oo t oo timber, up to July . Whenever I heard its protesting y , y , I was apt to become aware thereby of the presence of the other spe in cies . Here it was found tamarack and balsam growth as well as among spruces .

At Aulne au 24 1 . Lac several were seen , July and August In a brief stay at Knob Lake on August 8 I saw one at Goldeneye Pond and two or three in spruce woods near Slimy Lake .

At Mollie T . Lake the species was found in slightly larger num 12 1 8 . bers than previously, on most of the days from August to It was probably attracted to this area by enormous numbers of some -fl Pris ti hora erichs onii green larvae ( probably of a saw y, p ) that i i i were V rtually defol ating the tamaracks . Several b rds were found 19 21 also at Leroy Lake , August to , part of them in willow thickets n borderi g the outlet . In the vicinity of Mile 224 Airstrip one was noted among willows Ashuani i Ri u 23 on the bank of p ver, Aug st , and several among white 2 A C 25 6 . t spruces and dwarf birches , August and arol Lake and n 9 17 Rub crown vici ity, September to , the y was one of the com moner birds in the green timber, several being found among spruces ll two . Fina 11 and among tamaracks y, on October , two or three in appeared company at a dump near the Seven Islands Airport .

All told , there are few birds of Ungava so dynamic as this tiniest

. us one among them Unfortunately for , it passes the most intense season of the year remote from human sight or ken in the boreal

. u spruce forests Alert, with a full meas re of parental devotion , and not only possessed of remarkable vocal talent but not at all shy in it Rub crown about demonstrat g , the y is a feathered exponent of r f the st enuous li e . Actual nesting seems to have escaped the notice m i l is s n of nearly all o tho og t who have explored the peni sula . A E . m C ad . Boe er reported the species as not common at Lake till the end of summer . H ARPER : BIRDS OF THE UNGAVA PENINSULA

li Attikama en 8 Two female nest ngs from g Lake, July , were some C . r what fat, and each weighed g olors of their bare pa ts were - iris olive; maxilla pale olive brown , its tomium and the mandible - - skin color; tarsus and toes skin color ( the latter in one case marked in li n l . T . fai t y with dusky ) A molt g juvenal male from Mol e Lake ,

14 . l ranu August , had little fat and weighed g Its sku l was not g i lated , and its testes were the size of pinheads . Its ris was olive ll - brown; bi fuscous , mandible horn color on basal half; tarsus fus - l t . cous ; toes yellowish brown , benea h du l orange

There are records along the south coast, from Pointe des Monts C eastward, by ouper Merriam Stearns

1925 z 76 Townsend and Bent Lewis ( ) , and

F H. C ih 1949 z 408 Allen and Miss ooke ( Bent, , and along the i east coast, north to Makkov k, by Austin and Miss Orr 2 A report by Weiz ( 1866 z 67 ) from Okak is dubious . The species has evidently extended its range northward to Ungava ’ i Bay since Turner s time , be ng found at George River Post and Kopaluk by Hil debrand and at Fort Chimo by Gabrielson and Wright On the west coast it has been recorded at F Ri f ort George , Great Whale River, and chmond Gul ( Macoun and

Macoun , Savile , and as common along James 1952 Bay, from Moar Bay to Paul Bay ( Manning and Macpherson , Interior localiti es include : Hamilton River between Grand “ ” F l =Sand irt 1896 z 327 a ls and Sandy ( g ) Lake ( Low, ) ; Natashquan n i River ( Tow send, Lakes Mistassin and Albanel 1 4 2 r 9 9b z 9 St . ( Macoun , Godf ey, ) ; Lake John area ( God r v i f ey and Wilk , Bien ille and Kinglet lakes ( Mann ng , - and Goose Bay ( Wynne Edwards ,

An thu s rub e s c en s r u b es ce n s ( Tun stall )

American Pipit . ( Map

On 4 i 1953 z 8 . the use of this spec fic name , see Harper ( ) This spe i t 23 n 1 cies was observed at Seven Islands and vic ni y, May to Ju e , r n when it was probably still on mig ation . It was fou d for the most

and part in yards and vacant lots in the town , to some extent at

th e l t it . garbage dumps , where count ess blowflies doubtless a tracted On May 27 about two Pipits and two Savannah Sparrows were in r company at a bayside meadow . Many of the bi ds were solitary, while others occurred in loose flocks numbering up to half a dozen n 30 individuals or more . O June 1 there were about among grassy sand dunes on the shore of the Gulf several miles east of the town . E R OF PUBL S . . . . UNIV SITY KANSAS , MUS NAT HIST

Some individuals displayed pugnacity toward others , driving them i - - cheet-cheet away from a feed ng ground . The common flight note , cheet-cheet l , was heard occasional y, but no vocal expression at all 2 r was recorded after May 8 . Birds with buffy unde parts seemed to be more heavily streaked , while those with these parts inclining 53 n tr c . 19 : toward ci namon seemed less heavily s eaked ( i Harper ,

83 1955 : 90 ; Sutton and Parmelee , 27 A bird that I had under observation for an hour or so on May , n at a garbage pit in the town , kept tilti g or pumping its tail most of

i . the time, ceas ng only for a little spell While in action it gave the tilts at an average of probably a little more than one per second— say 14- ! C fl tilts per hour , or in a hour day onsider the y ! Cm based energy required for all that motion the very next day, however, at the same spot, one sat quietly for several minutes , - apparently without tail pumping . On my occasional ascents in June and July to the Barrens on the summits of ridges about Knob and Attikamagen lakes and Lao Aulneau n , I found no Pipits . In the vici ity of the perpetual snow 10 12 bank on Sunny Mountain , on August and , I came upon a few r f Pipits , in groups of two , th ee , or hal a dozen, in addition to a n r i si gle bi d . The extensive Barrens on the upper slopes of th s moun n l 2 cir a tai ( p . ) ( summit c feet ) and of the adjacent and ’ Geren s slightly higher Mountain feet ) constitute , in all prob l n s abi ity, a breedi g haunt of the Pipit . These lonely height , with a prospect over the undulating hills of Ungava to a blue horizon per 60—80 n haps miles distant, seem a fitti g environment for such a i hardy b rd of the Arctic . It adds a welcome bit of life and move ” ment to the alpine garden that flourishes about the base of the Anthus snowbank . Bearing itself the flowery name of , it harmon Cas s io e C eras tium Dr as Ox ria h l izes with the beds of p , , y , y , P y l doc o e i t . , and other alpine beauties , as it trips da n ily among them th e m r In enjoy ent of such a prospect, a naturalist, for his pa t, can scarcely fail to experience with more than common intensity “ that ”

H. . mysterious uplifting gladness of which W . Hudson writes On September 11 I secured an immature female from a flock of about six in the Barrens on the upper slopes of Lorraine Mountain circa t ( feet ) . This flock was possibly a family par y on its breeding territory; yet it might easily have been on migration at this

i . date . The spec men was fat and weighed g The skull was one - l quarter to one half granulated , and the ovary was small . The bi l t was dusky , wi h basal half of mandible brownish; tarsus olive ; toes

ER OF PUBLS . . . HI . UNIV SITY KANSAS , MUS NAT ST

r tu ned roots of a fallen tree . They did quite a bit of hovering over the alders ( obviously on the lookout for prey ) and also over the upturned roots mentioned above, where a Red Squirrel moved or sat rather nonchalantly in their presence . They were always interested l in the actions of several scurrying squirre s , but made no attempt to r fu attack . Presently one of the bi ds appeared with something rry in l t n its bil ; this boo y, which I caused it to drop by wavi g my arms , proved to be the fresh hind quarters of an immature Meadow Mouse Microtus n di d ( ) . The birds were rather confidi g; they not much 2 — im mind my approaching to within 5 30 feet . After a t e they f dri ted away through the camp area . On 30 r July one or two Sh ikes appeared in the same place , hover On ing over the alders or perching on the upturned roots . the fol i lowing three days sin gle birds behaved sim larly in the same place . Ou u 1 n Aug st , for example , a juvenile flew i to a tamarack, dropped n in to the ground among alders without apparently securi g anyth g , - and then perched on a brush pile within a dozen feet of me . It had a rather pitiless , predatory aspect, peering here and there , turning i it — its head and perhaps bobb ng , and anon tilting its tail altogether giving the impression of a highly alert and agile bird, whose living l depended upon its possession of such qua ities . Its breast was

in . barred only in patches , as if molt were progress ’ After writin g the foregoing words on the Shrike s predatory the C aspect, I found that revered abot had had a some “ what different view : To the eye the bird offers no suggestion of

i . being predatory, much less of being revolt ngly cruel Yet he “ it k admits that plays with its victims like a cat, pic ing them gradu l ” al y away . On the morning of August 2 I watched for some minutes an encounter between a Shrike ( apparently a juvenile ) and a Labra

a . t churr dor l y on the sandy point I was attracted here by a note, doubtless uttered by the Shrike . It was rather vigorously and h r n t n t reateningly pu sui g the other, wi hout actually comi g to grips

it . h with The Jay would consistently retreat, t ough obviously not particularly concerned for itself . They dodged in and out among the alder bushes , and also among the limbs of a dead spruce lying hi horizontally beside the alder t cket . There was more or less of an kek outcry, now and then , from one or the other, including a ( prob a r ably from the Jay ) and possibly a j y ( from the Sh ike ) . I won dered if the Whisky Jack had aroused the animosity of the other by i At r seeking or steal ng its food caches . one time the Sh ike came and perched on a brush-pile 12—15 feet from me and indul ged in a little song . At Lac Aulneau Sebastien McKenz ie gave me a Montagnais ( or ? Ats ens kets an possibly Naskapi ) name, , for this species . It may be a “ ” k i l i t sort of nic name , meaning someth ng ike dev l , but not so s rong “ ” b ad it a term ; perhaps bugger, as he expressed , would be a closer “ i meaning . Ind ans [presumably Naskapi! give the unpleasant name ” r C Mis hoi of Torturer to the Sh ike ( abot, , the name sup F McKenz ie plied by rancis , may be a more formal or a more gen raliz e ed designation . An i r ul 31 t unsexed juven le , secu ed on J y , had li tle fat and - weighed g. Its skull was one tenth granulated . Its stomach l i a n . cont i ed the remains of a bird Its iris was deep o ive; b ll blackish, - mandible horn color basally; tarsus , toes , and nails slaty black .

P i it . Fourt een Mallophaga ( h lopterus sp . ) were obtained from a T Solit ry Shrikes were seen on five occasions at Mollie . Lake and n 12 i v 10 15. ici ity, August , , and The first one was sing ng on top of a i u n i - liv ng spr ce near the lake . The remai der were above t mber line

t . on Sunny Mountain , at alti udes of perhaps feet The highest one perched on a rock and in an alder thicket, and hovered n above me in an i quisitive manner . During a snow blizzard on September 26 I caught sight of a Shrike app arently in pursuit of a sparrow-sized bird among some B sparse trees and shrubs beside the seaplane base at Knob Lake . y - r the time I had secured my field glasses , only the Sh ike and a W hisky Jack were in sight . The latter seemed to be taking cover r among the lowermost limbs of a bare tree , with the Sh ike appar ently menacin g it from above and yet making no serious attack .

Soon the Shrike moved on to a tree a rod or two away, and the k Whis y Jack gradually ascended the first tree toward the top . Evi

dentl a n . y it had no real fe r, but preferred to avoid an encou ter Ou 1 1 a i October , at Seven Isl nds , a Shrike, start ng from the tip of 250 a spruce , made a fast, direct stoop at a Horned Lark about feet r distant in a cowya d, but missed . Thereupon it flew up to another

il i i a . spruce top , and kept t t ng its ta l , but soon disappe red One was i m also seen on th s day at the town du p . Records of this species from the Ungava Penin sula are not num er u On o s . the south coast it occurs at Pointe des Monts in winter

1882b : 235 C 1923 z 419 . A ( Merriam , ; omeau , ) sight record of a pair in Eidmann fi summer at Trout Lake ( , requires con rma i t on before acceptance , for the species is scarcely to be expected at E R OF A E . . . I . UNIV SITY K NSAS FU LS , MUS NAT H ST

C - On that season in the anadian Life zone . the east coast it is an uncommon summer resident from Okak to Sandwich Bay ( Austin , C in On Miss ooke, Bent, the north coast it is n w F C t 1885 k o n from ort himo and from sou h of Leaf Bay ( Turner, 238 ; Gabrielson and Wright, Bateman , and on the

l 906 z 313 . west coast from Great Whale River ( winter ) ( Eifrig , )

: 1896 z 327 Interior records are Hamilton River ( Low, ) ; Lake Mel

Ville ( Norton , ( Lower ) Seal Lake ( Macoun and

l 909 z 592 Mistastin i C Macoun , ) ; R ver ( abot, and Indian C in House Lake ( Miss ooke, Bent, Possibly the breed ing range in the interior covers only the upper or outer portions of - the Hudsonian Life zone .

S tu m u s vu lgari s vu lgari s Linnaeus

Starling .

li i A 21 . t Two Star ngs were seen at Rimousk , May Seven Islands and Vicinity the species is apparently well established . It was seen t 25 1 mostly by ones or wos , daily from May to June , but a flock of

25 z four passed on May , and half a do en ( mostly in one flock ) were

1 . at one of the airport dumps , June Some of the birds in the w n - to n were perchi g on wires , and two were at a nest box on May 25 . The first record for the peninsula was at Betchewun in 1917 i ( Lewis , The species began nest ng at Natashquan in 1933 i in 1934 1934a , and cont nued ( Lewis , , and It 2 1 1 r St . t 19 6 93 appea ed at Lake John be ween and , and has become

n 1953 z 44 common there ( Godfrey and Wilk , Bleak ey ( ) , besides mentioning its occurrence at Seven Islands , presents a rather astonishing record of a pair with at least five young ones at Fort McK nz i 2 e e in the summer of 195 .

De n dr o i c a m agn o li a ( Wilson )

r Magnolia Wa bler . A singing male was observed on May 30 in coniferous woods near the shore of the Gulf several mil es east of Seven Islands . The species is kn own along the south coast at Pointe des Monts = 1882b : 234 n St . ( Merriam , ) , at Esquimaux Poi t ( Havre Pierre ) n and elsewhere ( Townsend and Bent, in the Mi gan

1925 z 77 i in Islands area ( Lewis , ) , and at Natashquan ( L ncoln , 1 2 S h 953 z 09 . t . Bent, ) It is common in the Lake Jo n area ( Godfrey

ER OF E . . . . UNIV SITY KANSAS FU LS , MUS NAT HIST

black and white spruces , tamaracks , and dwarf birches , and at a garbage dump . There were a number of others among spruces and 2 C r 9 1 . On tamaracks at a ol Lake and vicinity, September to Octo ber 1 1 there was a loose company of six to ten at a dump near Seven

Islands Airport . 26 - I recorded the song only on May , and a call note only on May 2 2 ts 6 and July 0 ( on the latter date sounding like ip ) . An 25 adult female, taken in a mouse trap at Seven Islands , May , x 5 7 3 . had little fat and weighed g . Its ovary measured mm

Its bill, tarsus , and toes were black . A molting juvenal female from the Ashuani i 25 north end of p Lake, August , was somewhat fat and Its u . weighed g. Its sk ll was not granulated iris was deep olive brown; bill, tarsus , and toes fuscous . m A. E . Boe er reported the species as common during the season at Gad Lake . Along the south coast there are records from Pointe des Monts

1882b : 234 C t Fraz ar 10 ( Merriam , ) , ape Whit le ( , miles up ’ St = . St . Paul s River ( Stearns , Esquimaux Point ( Havre

Pierre ) and elsewhere ( Townsend and Allen , and Mingan

Islands area and Harrington ( Lewis , and along the h An utausu evik east coast nort to g g ( Austin , The species ’ seems to have reached the north coast since Turner s time , being k found by Hildebrand at George River Post and Kopalu .

On 1950 : Hudson Bay it is known from Great Whale River ( Savile , and on James Bay it is common from Moar Bay to Paul Bay MacPherson : ( Manning and , Interior records are Grand

1896 z 327 1949 : Falls ( Low, ) ; Bienville and Kinglet lakes ( Manning ,

n 1949b z 32 Lakes Mistassi i and Albanel ( Godfrey, ) ; and Lake

St . John area ( Godfrey and Wilk,

De n dr o ic a v ir e n s vir e n s ( Gmelin ) -h Black t roated Green Warbler . m 1 A. E . h A 0 Boe er reported seeing t is species once ( about ugust , 1953 ) at Gad Lake . Previous records from the peninsula are : Esquimaux Poin t = St . Fraz ar ( Havre Pierre ) ( , Mingan Islands ( Palmer , Piashte near Bay River, Natashquan , and Esquimaux C Island ( Townsend and Bent , Battle Harbour ( ooke, °

53 N. off the east coast, at about latitude ( Shortt and

St . Peters , Lake John ( Godfrey and Wilk , and b 32 1949 z . Lake Mistassini ( Godfrey, ) De n dr o i ca s t ri at a ( Forster ) Blackpoll Warbler; Tossi pimansh A Blackpoll was seen on June 1 in spruce woods several miles east At i the of Seven Islands . Knob Lake and vic nity species was noted 2 i on 13 days between June 3 and 9 . Nearly all were s ngle males ; a female was recorded on June 19 . They frequented particularly the burnt tracts ; to a less extent, green spruce timber, muskegs , a willow 12 swamp , tamaracks , and a garbage dump . One on June was on the

Labrador side of the boundary, near Abel Lake . The song , though 14 22 heard only from June to , probably would have been detected at other times by ears sharper than mine; it seemed to consist of - ts it ts it etc . . four to seven or eight notes ( , dying away at the end A Attikama en 4 male at the Iron Arm of g Lake , July , was the last

Blackpoll observed for more than seven weeks . I did not find it in i T the more northerly localities ( Lac Aulneau and Moll e . and Leroy r lakes ) , although it should have been present . Single bi ds were 224 r noted at Mile Airstrip among white spruces and dwa f birches , 26 C August , and at arol Lake among spruces and tamaracks , Sep 9 tember . An 12 adult male from Abel Lake , June , had little fat and weighed - g. Its testes measured mm . Its iris was olive brown; - maxilla black; tomium and man dible yellowish horn color; tarsus - Anal esoidea and toes olive yellow . It yielded some feather mites ( g ,

The species should be expected to breed practi cally throughout - the Ungava Peninsula north to the tree limit . The principal sources — of distributional information are : south coast Merriam ( 1882b Stearns Town send and Bent and Lewis

1925 z 77 — ( ) ; east coast, north to Port Manvers Palmer

l 902 z 30 1907 z 408 1932 Bigelow ( ) , Townsend and Allen ( ) , Austin ( and Miss Orr north coast ( Fort Chimo and

— 1885 z 237 George River Post ) Turner ( ) , Hildebrand Gabrielson and Wright and Bateman west — coast, north apparently to Richmond Gulf Manning Savile and Manning and Macpherson Interior localities are : between Richmond Gulf and Fort Chimo ( Macoun

1909 z 645 1896 z 327 and Macoun , ) ; upper Hamilton River ( Low, ) ;

Minto and Bush lakes ( Manning , Bienville and Kinglet a n i in lakes ( M nni g, Indian House Lake ( L ncoln , Bent,

1953 z 405 ni ) ; Lakes Mistassi and Albanel ( Macoun , God ER OF S E . . . UNIV SITY KANSA FU LS , MUS NAT HIST .

4 19 9b : 33 St . frey, ) ; Lake John area ( Godfrey and Wilk, Ai neau k Lake g ( E lund, and Goose Bay ( Wynne

Edwards ,

De n dr o i c a p alm ar u m hyp o ch rys e a Ridgway

Yellow Palm Warbler .

Ou May 28 an adult female was collected a mile north of Seven in Islands an open growth of spruces , where the dry ground was

i . covered with l chens It was a little fat and weighed g . The x4 k ovary measured 7 5 mm . The maxilla was dus y; its tomium and - the mandible yellowish horn color; the latter brownish toward tip; - tarsus and toes dusky olive brown . Another Yellow Palm Warbler was observed in a willow swamp

C 7 . along amp Brook at Knob Lake , June r C Along the south coast there are reco ds from Godbout ( omeau, 1923 433 = z ) ; Natashquan and Esquimaux Point ( Havre St . Pierre ) Piashte ( Townsend and Bent , Bay ( Townsend , ch 1 2 Bet ewun 9 5 z 85 . and Mingan and ( Lewis , ) In the interior the occurrence of this warbler in the Lake St . John area has been estab lished by Godfrey and Wilk at Lake Mistassini by God frey and at Goose Bay by Wyn ne-Edwards Two specimens from James Bay ( Fort George and 20 miles south of alm Long Point ) are referred to the Western Palm Warbler ( D. p . p arum ( Gmelin ) ) by Manning and Macpherson i t In the Ungava Pen nsula this species , like several o her birds , evidently penetrates more generally into the Hudsonian Life-zone

A. . . Ch ck than it does in western Canada . According to the O U e - lis t its breeding range is the Canadian Life zone .

S e iu ru s n o ve b o ra ce n s is ( Gmelin ) - Northern Water thrush . ( Map This appeared to be one of the commoner birds in nearly all the Ashuani i interior localities investigated , from p Lake north to Lac l Au neau . It was found most frequently along the banks of streams , th and about half as frequently along e shores of lakes . There were also a few occurrences in muskegs generally bordering lakes ) and at garbage dumps . In the early part of the summer it would gen erall th e y draw attention to itself by its voice , for it is one of most 6 persistent of the local singers . The song was heard from June to 1 - ts t 10 24 8 i . July ; the call note , , from June to July Thereafter, until

28 . the last one was seen on August , the birds appeared to be silent

E R OF E . UNIV SITY KANSAS FU LS . , MUS NAT . HIST .

r the Ungava Peninsula . Among the sources of dist ibutional informa tion are : for the south coast— Merriam Townsend and

1925 z 77 Bent and Lewis ( for the east coast, north to

An utausu evik— l in 1953: g g Austin and Linco n ( Bent, for the west coast ( Great Whale River to Fort George and Poplar River ) — Savile and Mannin g and Macpherson n There are records in the i terior at Grand Falls ( Low, inland from Richmond Gulf and on the Koksoak River

C 1909 z 659 above Fort himo ( Macoun and Macoun , ) ; at Lakes Mis tassini df 1949b : 34 and Albanel ( Macoun , Go rey, ) ; and in

St . i the Lake John area ( Godfrey and Wilk, The b rds of the last two areas are referred by Godfrey to Grinnell ’s Water-thrush n b S . . nota ilis ( Ridgway ) , and those of the west coast by Manning and Manning and Macpherson to the same st subspecies . However, Eaton after careful udy, concludes that geographical variation in this species is too slight to be worthy t of nomencla ural recognition .

W ils o n i a pu s ill a p u s illa ( Wil son ) ’ Wilson s Warbler . ( Map

In the Knob Lake area this warbler was observed on eight days 2 A 9 9 . from June to , chiefly as solitary males female was noted in

18 n 29th . company with a male on the th , and perhaps agai on the l C The principal habitat was a wil ow swamp along amp Brook, including some living and dead white spruces within or near the swamp . There were also single occurrences in a spruce muskeg by C in amp Pond , among dead spruces and living alders a burnt tract by Goldeneye Pond , and among white spruces near Slimy Lake . 24 n The song was heard on several days from June 15 to . O the first date a bird was singing from the tops of 6-foot willows or from black and white spruces and a tamarack . The song consisted generally of

: chee-chee four or five rapid notes , dying away a little at the end h - c ee chee; but occasionally of as many as seven to nine . In the - - - - - On latter case it would end in a trillin g chree or oh r r e e e . the following day one was again sin gin g in the willow swamp ; also in a 10- 60 ° foot white spruce . It pointed up its bill at an angle of from

z h the hori ontal, and vibrated its t roat , wings , and tail with the energy of its singing . It was a very persistent vocalist, and a rather i ku confid ng bird . Adorned with its black S llcap , and peering about On inquisitively, it had a somewhat comical aspect . another occa sion one sang in the tops of alders . HARPER : BIRDS OF THE UNGAVA PENINSUL A

On 224 i t the west side of Mile A rstrip , in an open grow h of dwarf r bi ch and young white spruce, one or two small warblers , probably 2 or t 5 . females young of his species , were seen on August They were quite yellowish below, and somewhat so above . These characters do not fit any other warbler I found in the interior . There are previous records along the south coast : Poin te des 2 23 ux = 188 b : 5 St . R Monts ( Merriam , ) , Esquima ( Paul ) iver = i St . ( Stearns , Esquimaux Po nt ( Havre Pierre ) and elsewhere ( Townsend and Bent, Mingan Islands area

1925 z 77 i n in ( Lewis , ) , and Mutton Bay ( L ncol , Bent, and the C in along east coast north to artwright ( Aust , ’

Miss Orr, Hildebrand s record from the George River Post is far to the northward of any other in the penin On n sula . the west coast the species has been fou d at Great Whale F t River ( Savile, and at ort George, S romness Island , and n l Paul Bay Manni g and Macpherson , The on y previously

i l 1896 z 327 reported interior localit es seem to be Grand Fal s ( Low, ) , n f 1949b Lakes Mistassi i and Albanel ( Macoun , God rey, h e t St . and Lake John area ( Godfrey and Wilk , Apparently this is one of the species that have been pushing north ward in the peninsula of late years .

Pa s s er d o m e s t icu s d o m e s ticu s ( Linnaeus ) House Sparrow; Tshi moalo

The House Sparrow was met with only in the town of Seven 23 28 10 1 1 Islands , May to and October and . It appeared mainly in by ones and twos , but there was a flock of four females a thicket - 27 . 25 on May A female was at a nest box , May , and a male was 2 7 . going into a crevice in a hotel , May

C 1923 z 432 1884 omeau ( ) shot one at Godbout in , but saw only

39 1 39 z 5 Har one more in the years following . Weaver ( 9 9 ) quotes F rison . Lewis as not having observed this species in 18 years of traveling along the North Shore of the Gulf from Baie Comeau to

Blanc Sablon . It is common throughout the settled areas about Lake

St . n Joh ( Godfrey and Wilk,

Eu ph agu s c a r o lin u s ca r o li n u s ( Muller ) Rusty Blackbird; Tshetshe kenoi ( Map

“ ” The n in the Montagnais name is apparently pronounced as an i This name is l kely onomatopoetic . ER OF PUBLS . . . . UNIV SITY KANSAS , MUS NAT HIST

In the generally sparse avian population of the interior, the Rusty r the Blackbi d is one of the more familiar species . This is partly result of its predilection for the garbage dumps at the larger camps . In the Knob Lake area it was observed on 1 1 days from June 3 to 2 9 . In the first week about half a dozen ( males and females ) were i generally in evidence, either s ngly or as a group , at one of the gar th t bage dumps ; ereafter ( with nes ing under way ) , no more than The th two or three . birds were so drawn to is spot that they showed themselves much more confiding here than elsewhere . A couple allowed me to film them without any concealment at a distance of 12—14 t n no more than feet, al hough they expressed some uneasi ess k with a frequent ek. Each note was generally punctuated with a quick uplifting of the tail and a flirt of the wings . Sometimes the fl irt of the wings was given without an accompanying note . Their - n companions at the unfailing feast were White crow ed Sparrows ,

r Robins , Labrador Jays , Red Squi rels , and a few mice . One of the Rusties displayed a trick of hovering for some appreciable moments over the spot on the dump where it contemplated alighting . The 3 6 pleasantly squeaking and gurgling song was heard on June , , and 1 At C 1 . 3 Burnt reek, on June , a Rusty was fluttering its wings beside a pond in a manner suggestin g possible amatory display . On June 9 I flushed a bird from its nest of five eggs in a 12-foot black spruce leaning outward from the muskeggy edge of Camp l 2 Pond ( p . The nest was close to the trunk and about feet above the water . Both old birds called excitedly and incessantly

kek kek kek chek chek chek etc . f , , , or possibly , , , In lushing from the nest two days later, the female flew out low over the water, and t i circled back to land . The male hen came , and both ma ntained a t vocal protest . The female was the bolder, coming closer han the u t th — a other . D ring his excitement e male sang a couple of times

k -da -l B 2 7 . sort of liquid ee ee . y June the nest was empty It was Cladonia built exteriorly of tamarack twigs , with some and a dead

Rubus chama morus leaf of e on the bottom . The middle part was of peat or decomposin g Sphagnum ; and the lining consisted of the n h stems of some fi e sedge , along wit a few cranberry stems and leaves . Ou July 19 a flock of about four passed the Northwest Bay of

Attikama en 3 g Lake , and on August a number were seen at Knob i Ou 19 20 21 n i Lake and v cinity . August , , and si gle b rds in winter plumage were noted on the borders of the outlet of Leroy Lake .

— a a b . b a a tiv ava a ada m L L , L , FIO . 1 . C p e young Ung C n Geese fro e f ke Que ec Kno ke

S t mb 27 1953 . Quebec . ep e er ,

A mal a tl t . — A mal H d ia S in di lay y 2 . G FIG . e u son n pruce rouse sp pos ure fe e p r t mb 18 1953 . a l L a L ab ad . S , revealed in the background . C ro ke , r or ep e er - m ti i t . ( From a 16 mm . o on p c ure ) HARPER : BIRDS OF THE UNGAVA PE NINSULA

On 28 29 19 20 flocks n August and and September and , numberi g from three to half a dozen or a dozen birds , frequented the garbage 2 dump and a neighboring bog and muskeg near Mile 24 Airstrip . At h 29 ul in i t is bog, on August , an ad t Greater Yellowlegs , ev dent i i i anxiety for a couple of juvenal b rds , kept voc ferat ng at me , swoop hi -b i ing overhead, and perc ng in the tops of near y small trees . Th s t z commotion at racted a band of about a do en Rusty Blackbirds . it They hovered and perched near , and several even followed it — i rather closely as it flew about thus almost mobbing t . If an i anthropomorph c interpretation were allowable, their behavior ’ might almost be considered a protest at the Yellowlegs di sturbance of the peace! Ou September 19 I heard a li ttle gurgling singin g as well as the call-note from a flock of half a dozen in a black spruce muskeg near An m the airstrip . immature male and an i mature female were col lected from the flock . They were extremely fat and weighed , ku - respectively, and g . The s lls were one quarter and one 2 x tenth granulated; testes .75 mm . ; ovary small . In each the iris was n pale yellow, with a brownish ti ge; bill blackish, mandible slightly paler basally; tarsus and toes black . Both yielded numerous feather Anal es id a Mrs i o e . h mites ( g , indet t ere was also a mallophagan ( g d a n a e i cert ( Kell . ) on the female . Both are paler than average fall specimens ; the tips of most feathers on throat , breast , and flanks are C n - t l near i namon Buff, while some of hose on the bel y are much

C n . lighter , near Pale Pinkish i namon Their respective measure

: 115 1 17 86 . ments are rather large wing , , ; tail , , mm Throughout the season the birds were scarcely ever found far t from a lakeside , a s reamside, or a bog .

: — Among the previous records are south coast Godbout, spring = C m u n St . and fall ( omeau , Esqui a x Poi t ( Havre ’ L Ans au St . e Pierre ) , spring ( Frazar , Augustin to Loup

1910 : ( Stearns , Mingan , spring ( Townsend and Bent, ’ — in t east coast north to Webb s Bay Aust , nor h

— C r 1885 z 24 1 — C coast Fort huno ( Tu ner , ) ; west coast reat Whale

River ( Savile, Poplar River, Paul Bay, and Fort George — “ ” ( Manning and Macpherson , interior throughout ( Low , 1896 z 326 ) ; in marshes from Ri chmond Gulf to Ungava Bay

i 1949 : ( Macoun and Macoun , Lake Bienville ( Mann ng ,

n df 1949b : 35 . Lake Mistassi i ( Macoun , Go rey, ) The species evidently does not remain on the more westerly parts of the

North Shore of the Gulf at the breeding season . ER OF PUBLS . . UNIV SITY KANSAS , MUS NAT . HIST .

Qu is c alu s q u i s cu l a ve r s ic o l o r Vieillot

Bronzed Crackle .

This species was met with only at Seven Islands— a flock of about 25 27th seven males and females on May , two together on the , and 2 h 8t . several on the All were in the town , at such places as a yard,

etc . a fence, Occurrences of the Bronzed Crackle in the Ungava Peninsula are mostly limited to the North Shore of the Gulf : Pointe des Monts

1882b : 236 Betchewun 1922 z 513 ( Merriam , ) ; ( Lewis , ) ; Esquimaux : 2 St . 19 5 Point ( Havre Pierre ) Lewis , Seven Islands and The

1927 z 65 1929 : Bluff Harbour ( Lewis , ) ; and Natashquan ( Taverner ,

The species is also known in the interior in the Lake St . John area Godfrey and Wilk, In its northward extension it has i C — not been recorded beyond the l mits of the anadian Life zone .

Mo l o th r u s at er ate r ( Boddaert ) C Eastern owbird .

Several sin gle male Cowbirds were noted in Seven Islands on May 2 2 2 n 2 h 5 7 8 . O 7t , , and the there were also two males in proximity for some minutes . One was on a wire , in an ordinary pose; the other on top of a pole , where it kept its head pointed toward the “ — - zenith for much of th e time a well known sort of attitudinizing . Comeau reports two Cowbirds shot in the vicinity of 4 1929 n 7 188 . z 78 Poi te des Monts , July , Taverner ( ) found several at m k 192 1949b 36 Mata e 8 . : in June and August, Godfrey ( ) considers ’ m l Macoun s report fro Lake Mistassini erroneous . Savi e

reports two individuals at Great Whale River in June .

He s p e riph o n a ve s p ert in a ve s p e rt in a ( Cooper )

Eastern Evening Grosbeak .

On 23 1955 th e February , , on the headwaters of Nemiscau River , - L éronneau ih litt . 26 1955 . . V I ( , June , ) saw two good sized yellow n birds , with black and white on the wings . After referri g to a colored plate in a bird manual, he had no doubt that they were

Evening Grosbeaks . Godfrey and Wilk in reporting winter occurrences at “

St . : the Lake John, remark This seems to be northernmost record of Nemis this species east of the Great Lakes . The headwaters of the 200 l cau River are more than miles sti l farther north .

ER OF PUBLS . . . UNIV SITY KANSAS , MUS NAT HIST .

Ou plumage among tamaracks and spruces at Leroy Lake . Septem 30 ber , in the Knob Lake area, a flock of half a dozen passed over li head near the old airstrip , with a note sounding somewhat ke

tweet tweet tweet . On , , the same date I collected an adult male r from a band of about four bi ds in low woods of willow, alder, tam k arac t . , and black spruce near the new airs rip

This specimen was somewhat fat and weighed g. Its skull

2 x2 1 1 . r . 6 was fully granulated . The testes measu ed mm ; wing , mm ; 95 hom tail, mm . The bill was fuscous , base of mandible brownish ul color; tarsus , toes , and nails black . Its stomach and proventric us n m Ornitho contained spruce buds and Vacci iu ? seeds . A few mites (

n l s i a n n r . s s as s . Ana e o de . y p and g , i det ) were obtai ed from this bi d

The adult female of July 20 was sli ghtly fat and weighed g. The skull was fully granulated; ovary somewhat enlarged; largest ovum , 1 - mm . ; brood patch bare . The bill was fuscous , slightly paler toward

i . base of mand ble; tarsus , toes , and nails fuscous There were n in i sects in its mouth . Both specimens are closer weight, as the es chatosus leucum male is in coloration , to than to ; consequently they are referred to es chatosus . A E . . Boerner reported quite a number of Pine Grosbeaks at Gad L Lake toward the end of summer ( the earliest about August J. .

Véronneau ih litt . n 26 1955 r ( , Ju e , ) saw th ee of the birds ( with red 26 breasts ) about the headwaters of the Nemiscau River , January 11 1955 and February , . The species apparently breeds more or less throughout the t i wooded por ions of the Ungava Pen nsula . Among the more impor

: — 1882a tant distributional data are south coast Godbout ( Merriam,

1882b : 235 Fort and ) and Old Bay ( Stearns , east coast

1902 z 29 north of Aillik ( Bigelow, ) ; Hamilton Inlet, near Hopedale , Tikkoatokok and Loup , , Nain , and Stag bays ( Austin , C — C and artwright ( Miss Orr, north coast Fort himo

r 1885 z 239 K 0 aluk ( Tu ner, ) and p on George River ( Hildebrand, west coast— Richmond Gulf and Great Whale River — 1896 ( Manning, interior upper Hamilton River ( Low, 96 i miles up George B ver ( Hildebrand, Kinglet and

C i 1886 : oates lakes ( Manning , Lake Mistass ni ( Macoun ,

34 1949b : 36 . F C ; Godfrey, ) Specimens from ort himo are referred to

P. m berh l e e . leucu O o s r 1914 51 by ( z ) ; from St . Peters Bay and the r Hawkes Harbour, to same subspecies by Bu leigh and Peters es chatosus and from Lake Mistassini, to by Godfrey Records by Merriam ( 1882a ) and by Comeau of for i t r mer breed ng at Godbout, in connection wi h a dea th of more recent summer records along the North Shore , suggest a possible change of status in that area .

Aca n this lin ar i a li n ar i a ( Linn aeus ) Common Redpoll ; Kaipishis sit mishoi

On the linaria ammea use of the specific name instead of fl , see Harper In the Knob Lake area this bird was found on six or seven days 4 21 t from June to . For the most part it appeared by ones or wos , as might be expected in the nestin g season . Some ( including one feedin g on dwarf birch and others perchin g in dead spruces ) were On i in burnt tracts . June 6 I met with two among liv ng and dead l 35 the spruces near S imy Lake, and a flock of about on eastern

i . slope of Ruth Lake Ridge , at an alt tude of about feet They were feeding in an alder thicket jus t below an extensive snowbank

the . covering some of the higher, treeless slopes of ridge A couple On of them bathed in a streamlet runnin g through the thicket . June 17 there were two among black spruces at the edge of an extensive sedge bog north of Knob Lake; and on the 20th three together ( at least one of them a male ) were feeding on the surface of this bog . ’ On the 2l s t a pair were attracted by a Robin s vociferations in a burnt tract . On July 10 two Redpolls together seemed to be gathering food on the rocky shore of an island at the entrance to the Iron Arm of Atti kama en At g Lake . Knob Lake again in September , I found a flock of about a doz en on the 24th drifting down the little valley of Camp r i Brook through a burnt tract, among sp uce , tamarack, w llow, and On 27 in . th t dwarf birch the , ano her part of this tract, I met with a 2 5 . flock of about They were feeding mostly on a clump of alders , s and their track appeared on the surface of the snow, where the l seeds of the alders were scattered thickly . There were ikewise - tracks and seeds on the snow in a near by clump of dwarf birch . An immature bir d collected near Knob Lake on Sep 24 l l t . tember , had it le fat and weighed g Its sku l was partly The - granulated . base of the bill was orange yellowish, tip dusky; - side of maxilla and central part of mandible horn color; tarsus and l Philo terus toes o ive . The specimen yielded 10 Mallophaga ( p Although Townsend and Allen refer to this bird as “ breeding throughout the length and breadth of the Labrador pen VER OF PUBLS . . UNI SITY KANSAS , MUS NAT . HIST .

Distributional records of birds in the Ungava Peni nsula — h — 2 1 . E a a o ina a olin . 2 Pi i ola e le ato subs . up gus c r l s c r as 2 . n c nuc r pp — — 23 . S in i in 24 . o o i hia ni rilor . p us p nus p us . Z n tr c g a 25 — i — M i in i in mi . Pa e ella il a a ilia a. 26 elo z a l coln i l col . ss r c c . sp

ER OF PUBLS . . . . UNIV SITY KANSAS , MUS NAT HIST

-fl this area by a serious outbreak of larvae ( probably of a saw y, r r On P is tipho a erichs onii ) that were defoliatin g the tamaracks . Sep 10 tember a flock of about a dozen, perhaps of this species , flew by C r at a ol Lake . There are comparatively few previous records from the Ungava i 1834 i n Pen nsula . Audubon ( , reported Sisk ns , with you g at Br re r u ado . the end of July, at The bi ds are also fo nd at Pointe des

1882b : 235 Monts ( Merriam , ) and from Mingan to Harrington and Bradore 1922 514 z . ( Lewis , ) Macoun and Macoun pre 1907 sent nesting data from Hamilton Inlet . Townsend and Allen ( 394 ) saw a single bird at Battle Island . The Siskin is occasional in

St . the Lake John area ( Godfrey and Wilk , and fairly com

1949b : 37 . mon at Lakes Mistassini and Albanel ( Godfrey, ) Occur rence as far north as Great Whale River ( Savile, and Mollie T Lake may represent a comparatively recent advance of the species .

Lo xi a l e u c o pt e r a l e u c o pt e r a Gmelin - White winged Crossbill; Oatshikoteshish kaoapishit

This species was met with at only two localities in the interior .

l T. 10 i Near Mol ie Lake , on August , a male was perch ng on the top of a dead spruce in moderately heavy timber . Later in the day a flock of about four , including two red males , was seen in coniferous two r woods along the shore of the lake . Three days later pai s were in t and noted the same area; one male was on the top of a dead ree, its mate in a green black spruce . At 1 1 r Stevens Lake, September , there was a group of fou , includ ing an adult male . Here again th e species seemed given to perching for a considerable space of time in the uppermost branches or tops in of spruces ( white this case ) . The White-win ged Crossbill is somewhat sparingly distributed n through the wooded parts of the Ungava Peni sula . Some of the

: — principal records are south coast Pointe des Monts ( Merriam ,

1882b : 235 n ) , near Mingan River ( Tow send and Bent, and Matamek Eidmann — River ( , east coast Sandwich Bay,

Makkovik, near Hopedale , and Okak ( Austin , and Indian

1945 z 241 h — Ch Harbour ( Loomis , ) ; nort coast Fort imo ( Turner,

1885 z 239 — C ) ; west coast reat Whale River ( Savile , and r F Sheppa d Island, Paul Bay, and ort George ( Manning and Mac

— 1896 z 326 pherson , interior Hamilton River ( Low, ) ,

1942 z 65 1949 Lower Seal Lake ( Doutt, ) , Lake Bienville ( Manning , HARPER : BIRDS OF THE UNGAVA PENINSULA

Lakes Mistassini and Albanel ( Macoun, Godfrey, k 1949b : 37 St . ) , Lake John ( Godfrey and Wil , and Goose - 1957 : 77 Bay ( Wynne Edwards , )

Cal a m o s piz a m el a n o c o r ys Stejneger

Lark Buntin g .

t A fine adult male of this species of the western plains , hat turned 27 r up in Seven Islands on May , fu nished the chief ornithological r surprise of th e season . It kept coming to a ga bage pit in a back

n air . At yard, where it hopped over the grou d with a jaunty one r time it was within a foot of a slightly larger male Cowbi d . It also di perched on overhead wires in several different places . In ad tion to - th e the big white wing patch, there were small spots of white toward tips of the wings . The bill was large, conical , and grayish or plumbeous . I was able to inspect these features at a distance of no more than 35 feet . An This is apparently the first record for the Province of Quebec . orbush 1929 3 : occasional stray has been found in Massachusetts ( F , , 126 ) and at Toronto ( Falls ,

Pa s s e r cu l u s s an dwi ch e n s is l ab r a d o riu s Howe

Labrador Savann ah Sparrow . Savannah Sparrows were moderately common at Seven Islands n and Vici ity, where from one to several were noted practically every

25 u 1 . i day, May to J ne The places they frequented ncluded bare the areas , meadows near the bay and Gulf , thickets of sweet gale and alder, and garbage dumps . No more than two or three were seen together .

An adult male taken on May 28 had a littl e fat and weighed 19 g. r l - x Its testes were mm . The i is was o ive brown ; ma illa dusky, - tomium and mandible horn color; tarsus and toes light brownish - in straw color . In general lightness of coloration and the pale straw

l e P. s . s avanna ye low abov the eye, the specimen resembles , but in labradorius its blackish crown it is more nearly like , and it is

dr . referred to that subspecies by John W . Al ich n 6 I found a si gle bird in the brush beside Knob Lake on June , ir but no others in the ent e interior, where they might have been x - l e pected in the numerous moss sedge bogs . Not a song , not a cal

w . note, was heard any here

There are many records of Savannah Sparrows in the peninsula .

Those of the east coast, of the north coast west to Sugluk, and of the E R OF PUBL S . . . . UNIV SITY KANSAS , MUS NAT HIST

south coast west to the Mingan Islands , have been assigned to labmdorius ; and those of James Bay and Lakes Mistassini , Albanel , 1 3 4 2 St . oblitus 9 8 z 5 and John to ( Peters and Griscom , ; Godfrey and 1 4 labrad rius 9 9b : 37 . o Wilk , Godfrey, ) Migrants of have b 3 1949 : 8 . been found at Lake Albanel ( Godfrey, ) The birds of the i central interior remain to be determ ned . Some of the more impor tant additional sources of information on the distribution of the — s pecies in the peninsula are : south coast Merriam Fraz ar Stearns Palmer and Townsend and Bent east coast— Austin and

1937 z 38 — 1885 z 240 Hantz sch 1929 : Gross ( ) ; north coast Turner ( ) , ( Manning Hildebrand and Bateman west coast— Manning Savile and Manning and Macpherson Interior localities in clude :

i 1896 z 326 o n upper Ham lton River ( Low, ) , S oter Lake ( Manni g, t Ptarmi and Payne Lake , Povungni uk River, and Lake gan ( Eklund,

Ju n c o hyem ali s hye m ali s ( Linnaeus ) - Slate colored Junco ; Otete pisho

The familiar Junco was present in nearly all localities visited in 500 the course of the season , from Seven Islands northward nearly Auln a At 25 miles to Lac e u . a cowyard in Seven Islands on May I t th e saw one or two , and two were toge her among spruces near Gulf

the 30 . i shore several miles to eastward on May Aga n in October, 9th 11th several were seen in the town each day from the to the , in On 11 such places as vacant lots . the th there were three or four in a flock in the town and two at the airport dump . In the Knob Lake area from one to several were seen on each of 2 l 6 7 . five days , June to Several of the loca ities ( Lejeune and Abel C - 8 St . 7 lakes , June , and lair camp , miles south southeast of Knob 24 in Lake, June ) are Labrador . The places the birds frequented r t included bu nt racts , green spruce timber, and the vicinity of a

8 . garbage dump . Several pairs were noted on June Near the Iron Arm of Attikamagen Lake sin gle adults were noted 1 2 4 13 on July , , , and ; one of these was among dwarf spruces at -l n th e about feet, above the general timber i e , while others On 4 were in or near green timber at lower altitudes . July a bird was flushed from its nest in a tussock of moss in an open muskeg . The nest was overhung with bent old stems of a sedge , and it contained Ou three callow young, well protected by upstanding down . the

ER OF N E . . . . UNIV SITY KA SAS FU LS , MUS NAT HIST

St . hi John area ( Godfrey and Wilk, Panc a Lake ( Man - ning, and Goose Bay ( Wynne Edwards ,

Spiz e ll a ar b o re a a rb o r ea ( Wilson )

Eastern Tree Sparrow .

The status of this bird in the central interior seems to have “ changed since Low wrote ( 1896 z 327 ) that it breeds in great num Ri S readborou h bers on upper Hamilton ver , and since p g found it “very abundant across Ungava from Richmond gulf to Fort Chimo” 1896 1953 in ( Macoun and Macoun , In I found it far less common than indicated by the authorities just cited; also by Manning for localities inland from the east coast of

1952 z 31 Hudson Bay, by Manning and Macpherson ( ) for the coast

C . of James Bay, and by others for western anada - h Knob Lake lies within the Hudsonian Life zone, t roughout which the Tree Sparrow presumably breeds . Yet in this area I met with r in just four solitary bi ds in June . Two were on Ruth Lake Ridge (

: - Labrador ) one was among large spruces just below timber line, at 6 t i about feet, June , and the o her was among dwarf b rches - and scrubby spruces above the general timber line, at about u 13 20 feet, J ne . The other two , June , were in muskeg areas on the On l border of Knob Lake . August 8 I found six or eight juveni es on C the border of a pond at Burnt reek, in a rather open growth of On 30 spruces and dwarf birches . September I saw one or more birds in the Barrens on the snowy summit of Dolly Ridge

5 l . feet ) , and on October a flock of three near S imy Lake orthwest Attikama en 20 Near the N Bay of g Lake , on July , I came On upon a sin gle bird in a black spruce and tamarack muskeg . the Lao Auln eau 25 east side of , on July , one was noted in a tamarack in il . On 19 a sedge bog August , at Leroy Lake , there was one in a w low

the . thicket along outlet, and one among spruces in lichen woodland On August 23 there were about five among spruces near the gar 224 A C n bage dump at Mile Airstrip . t arol Lake and vici ity several

10 11 17 ll . were seen on September , , and among spruces and wi ows On the 1 1th I found several in a scrubby balsam thicket above the - n t u general timber li e on Lorraine Mountain , at an alti de of about 1 1 feet . In the vicinity of Seven Islands , on October , one was seen in spruce woods , one among alders on dunes by the shore of

in the . the Gulf, and about two woods by airport dump An 13 adult male from Ruth Lake Ridge , June , was a little fat and - x weighed g . ; testes , mm . The iris was olive brown; ma illa HARPER : BIRDS OF THE UNGAVA PE NINSULA

di - fuscous ; man ble corn yellow, tip dusky; tarsus light brownish; toes dark olive . Along most of the North Shore of the Gulf the Tree Sparrow seems to occur only as a migrant ( Stearns , Townsend and ’ C n 1917 : Bent, omeau, but Tow send s record ( ’ 139 ) at Old Romaine on July 9 and Lewis record ( 1930 : 1 10 ) of five in song a lit tle inland from Bradore Bay on July 22 indicate breed r ing in those localities . It is a summer resident along the enti e east Sa lek n coast from g Bay southward ( Austi , Records

the C i 1885 z 240 along north coast are from Fort h mo ( Turner, ) , F Whitefish Lake and alse River ( Gabrielson and Wright, On and south of Leaf Bay ( Bateman , the west coast the the n species is found at breeding season from Korak Bay ( Manni g , south to th e vicinity of Moar Bay ( Manning and Mac

1952 z 31 . : pherson , ) Interior records include Lake Mistassini

1896 z 327 ( Macoun , upper Hamilton River ( Low, ) ; the h F C u route from Ric mond Gulf to ort himo ( Macoun and Maco n , C Indian House Lake ( lement, Gregory,

o n 1949 : Minto , Bush, S oter, Bienville , and Ki glet lakes ( Manning , u tu Leaf and Pov ngni k rivers and Lake Maryland ( Eklund, - and Goose Bay ( Wynne Edwards , ( See also ’ ’

. t i 1949b : 39 Mrs Baumgar ner s map , Godfrey s fa lure ( ) to find the Tree Sparrow at Lake Mistassini , where Macoun had n h 60 reported it as breedi g more t an years previously, might con c eivably be accounted for by a northward shifting of the southern limits of the breeding range in correlation with the warming of the im cl ate in recent years .

Spiz ell a p a s s er in a p a s s e r in a ( Bechstein ) C Eastern hipping Sparrow . At Seven Islands there was a flock of about four individuals at a cowyard and in the adjacent spruces on May 25; also a single bird was at at backyard garbage pit on May 27 . Comeau found this species at Godbout— apparently r —in 1 for the fi st time 905. Subsequently it has been recorded by

1925 z 84 1927 z 65 n Lewis ; ) at Seven Islands , Mi gan , and

Natashquan; by Godfrey and Wilk in the Lake St . John area ; and by Godfrey ( 1949b : 39 ) at Lake Mistassini . Zo n o t ri ch i a n igril o r a Todd - Eastern White crowned Sparrow; Oaposkao pineshish ( Map ER TY OF E . . . UNIV SI KANSAS FU LS , MUS NAT HIST . ning Harper and Wetmore “ ”

Pére . The Montagnais name means bird with a white crown ( I. E

Beaudet ) . At Seven Islands and vicin ity only a handful of W hitecrowns ( probably migrants ) were found in May : two on brushy roadsides 23rd t on the , one in a lit le thicket among houses in the town on the 2 h 24th r 6t . , and one at the ai port dump on the i n In the nterior of the peni sula , as along the east coast and prob ably elsewhere, this aristocrat seems to be the commonest passerine h . t e bird It is sparrow of the Knob Lake area , where it was recorded on nearly every day from June 3 to 30; some of the localities ( Ruth

Lake Ridge and Abel and Slimy lakes ) are in Labrador . It occurred most numerously in the burnt tracts ( with a garbage dump the par ti cular point of assembly ) , next in the rather bare camp area at the in seaplane base, then green spruce timber , and much less frequently in other habitats , such as a sphagnous mound in a sedge bog , dwarf - i birches above timber line on Ruth Lake Ridge , and marg ns of lake 1 12 or pond . As many as 0 or might be seen at a garbage dump At n within a brief space of time . such a spot they were confidi g, sometimes approaching one within little more than a yard . In the early days of June there were certain variable manifesta tions pertaining more or less definitely to nuptial behavior— a sub ject on which little information applicable to this species seems d r . Ou 3r available the , for example , a bi d flew up from the dump — into a dead tree , fluttered its wings , and opened its bill repeating several times . Two days later, in a burnt tract beside Pierce Lake, a pair were hopping about among the brush and blackened logs . One of them ( presumably the female ) , in a slightly depressed position , i fluttered its wings , as if by way of invitation to mat ng, but pro ducin r g no Visible result . Another t ait, exhibited perhaps by the

n . other bird , was an almost constant, wide spreadi g of the long tail It ( frequently wiped its bill, and meanwhile peeked at the capsules - P l tr chum uni rinum o i e . On 7th of a hair cap moss , y j p ) the , in k obvi another burnt area , a bird was again observed pec ing at and l P r ous y swallowing the capsules of olyt ichum. Presently a mating n apparently took place behind a rock , where the little murmuri gs or i squawkings of the pa r attracted a couple of other W hitecrowns . 1 1 w . On th The cro n feathers of the male seemed to be elevated the , W hitecrown in approximately the same area, a flew to a log ( where

I noticed it had its tail spread ) , and partly opened its wings several b times , somewhat spasmodically . No other bird was noticed near y.

ER OF AN S PUBLS . . . IS . UNIV SITY K SA , MUS NAT H T

22 3 9 22 22. July , August to , August , and September ( Among the in r C localities early August were Bu nt reek, Slimy Lake, and the B 4 i i old airstrip . ) y August these were the most fam liar b rds of the rather bare camp area; juveniles were now ahn ost outnumbering o the adults . The birds did not hesitate to g beneath platforms of - the bunk tents , in a space probably less than a foot high; and one n disappeared into a pile of firewood logs . Duri g a shower half a dozen juveniles found refuge in a pile of scrap lumber beside a warehouse . As I came along , some moved off a bit, but a couple n remai ed under the shelter of some boards six to eight feet from me, where I heard from them a low twittering note of three or four syl lables— different from any note I could recall hearing from the adults . Later one of the juveniles came to a platform where I was cleaning a bear hide, and time and again it approached within i inches of my feet . It peeked a t me or two at scraps of bear fat lit i ter ng the platform . It was evidently after blowflies , too , and it seized one, but the fly seemed to escape a moment or two later . Whereas in June this species was probably the commonest bird of m the local burnt tracts , by early August it seemed to have al ost deserted them ; in this month it was found more commonly in green

n . timber . For the rest of the season juveniles out umbered adults On August 5 one of them flew in to a warehouse and was captured and banded . th e Arm Attikama en Near the northwestern end of Iron of g Lake, 2 6 W hitecrowns on July and , I found several in small spruces or tamaracks on or near the summits of ridges . They were close to or -l At above the general timber ine , at altitudes of to feet . orthwes t Attikama en 15 22 the N Bay of g Lake, July to , a number of single birds were noted in spruce or tamarack growth , including a muskeg and our camp area . At Lac Aulneau from one to several birds occurred on each of six 23 1 days from July to August . Most of them were in the camp area, i i from which many of the spruces had been cleared, also in v rg n spruce timber, a muskeg , an alder thicket, and a brush pile . The 30 first juvenile of the season was noted here on July . At T 9 18 Mollie . Lake, August to , the birds were present in about the same numbers as at Lac Aulneau ; the vast majority were juve - niles . This species and the Ruby crowned Kinglet were resortin g multitudin particularly to tamaracks , presumably to feed upon the -fl Pris ti hom erichs onii ous larvae ( probably of a saw y, p ) that were l defo iating these trees thereabouts . About half a dozen in a loose — Ha d- a d H i ll at ll lib t I 1 . , F G . n re re young err ng Gu s , fu er y returning for occasional meal at hands of keeper .

A t 1 953 . As hu ani i L a L ab ad . p ke , r or ugus

2 — ti i t R t Bla bi d 2 t in a 12 FIG . . Nes ng s e of us y ck r , fee up ham foot black spruce leaning over C amp Pond . C aeda phne calyc ulata in foreground ; burnt spruce PLATE 6

— i i - I . hit in i F G 1 . t t W d S a b t t a t W d Nes ng s e of e crowne p rrow , urn spruce r c , s e

b L a b b l m d ad ti at ba a t t m . Kno ke , Que ec ; e ow so e e s cks se of ne res s u p Livi v tati : Bet la la d l a Led m e la di m and Va i ng ege on u g n u os , u gro n n cu , cc n

2 1 1953 . i n i m r laevi li m . um a ti l va . gus fo u fo u June ,

— nd Whit - d S a d at ba of t m F10 . 2 . t a Nes four eggs of e crowne p rrow , on groun se s u p f f

UN VE R OF E . I SITY KANSAS FU LS . , MUS NAT . HIST .

a Lewis reports it as migrant in the Mingan Islands area, In and as breedin g from Piashte Bay eastward . ( the latter locality influ n c - e e of the Hudsonian Life zone probably begins to be felt . )

The species breeds along the east coast north to Nachvak ( Bigelow, l 902 3 On z 0 1937 z 38 . ; Austin , Gross , ) the north coast it

Ch 1885 z 240 has been found at Fort imo ( Turner, ; Gabrielson and

1937 z 38 Wright, at Port Burwell ( Gross , ; Shortt and Ne ih ee Peters , and at p g River ( Hildebrand,

West coast records extend from Kovik Gorge, Richmond Gulf, and

Great Whale River ( Manning, Savile, south to n t n n the Vici i y of Moar Bay ( Man i g and Macpherson ,

: 1896 z 326 Interior localities include upper Hamilton River ( Low, ) ; C un route from Richmond Gulf to Fort himo ( Macoun and Maco , C Indian House Lake area ( lement, Gregory,

C 1949 : Bush, Minto , Bienville , oates , and Kinglet lakes ( Manning , 214 1957 ) Lake Maryland, Leaf River, and Gregory Lake ( Eklund, - and Goose Bay ( Wynne Edwards , Some of these records ( for example , Port Burwell , Lake Maryland and Kovik

n r 1 - Gorge ) represent noteworthy extensions i to the A ct o Life zone . Austin’s statement implying that the species summers more or less generally in the Canadian Life-zone of the Ungava

Peninsula, was evidently made on the unsubstantiated assumption 1 ( p . ) that south of Hamilton Inlet the wooded regions back from ”

C . the coast are mainly anadian in type It is true that at Goose Bay,

- W hitecrown where Wynne Edwards found the , the avifauna is pre C - dominantly of the anadian Life zone , but that fauna includes also a slight Hudsonian element . The recent absence of the species from lk 1948 St . Lakes John and Mistassini in summer ( Godfrey and Wi , ; b n 1949 . Godfrey, ) is especially significant If Macou was correct ( and that is doubtful ) in reporting the bird as a common n 1885 breeder at Lake Mistassi i in , it must have shifted the southern limit of its breeding range northward since that time .

Zo n o t ri chia alb ic o lli s ( Gmelin ) - White throated Sparrow; Tante nipatshiko tshikotshin ( M. At Seven Islands and vicinity from one to several Whitethroats

22 1 . showed up nearly every day, May to June They frequented chiefly balsam and spruce woods ; one or two were in an alder n 10 thicket, where a female unconcernedly scratched leaves withi

in 22 . feet of me . They were song from May onward A male near HARPER : BIRDS OF THE UNGAVA PE NINSULA the airport dump gave its full song from a perch in a tree just a few feet over my head . A VVhi tethroat observed on June 6 in a burnt tract by Slimy C u r reek, Labrador, f rnished apparently the northe nmost record but Cm 25 f one in the peninsula . August a flock of hal a dozen was for agin g among willows and alders along the rocky edge of Ashuanipi On 1 1 River near Mile 224 Airstrip . September an adult was seen on the eastern slope of Lorraine Mountain in a scrubby balsam -i thicket above the general timber l ne , at about feet .

m . E . A. Boe er reported the species as common at Gad Lake There are summer records along the North Shore of the Gulf Merriam Frazar Stearns Palmer Townsend and Bent and Town send

also along the extreme southern part of the east coast, r north to Petty Harbou ( Austin , In the west the White k throat is nown only at Great Whale River ( Savile , and along the coast of James Bay from Poplar Ri ver to Paul Bay ( Man ning and Macpherson , There are comparatively few

: i interior records Lake Mistass ni, Grand Falls , and Romaine River

1896 z 326 20 i ( Low, ) ; for m les up the Natashquan River ( Townsend ,

C od Lakes Mistassini and Albanel ( Macoun, b 3 l 194 1949 : 9 St . n 8 frey, ) ; the Lake Joh area ( Godfrey and Wi k, - and Goose Bay ( Judd , Wynne Edwards ,

Pa s s er ell a iliac a ili ac a ( Merrem )

Eastern Fox Sparrow . ( Map

The Fox Sparrow seems to be none too common an inhabitant of the interior of the peninsula; almost no records are available from there , except that Townsend heard it once or twice on his way up the Natashquan Ri ver for a distance of 80 miles . A single bird was scratchi ng in a willow thicket along Sucker C 2 n 10 i reek near Abel Lake on June 1 . O July one was pour ng out a fine song from spruce tops on an island at the entrance to the Iron

Attikama en n Arm , g Lake; it sou ded pretty much like the same spe At cies did on the Athabaska Delta in Alberta . the Northwest Bay of this lake a Fox Sparrow was one of a number of birds ( Gray h t c eeks , Labrador Jays , and Myrtle Warblers ) at racted by my ” n 21 squeaki g among upland spruces on July .

At Aulneau 25 Lac one was observed nearly every day, July to u 1 in t 27th Aug st , the camp area hinned spruce woods and on the ER OF A PUBLS . . . . UNIV SITY K NSAS , MUS NAT HIST

i T. there were two together . Near Moll e Lake two were found on 10 check August in an alder and willow swale , where a note was 15th 17 heard from them . Several others were noted on the and th, n n - two i cludi g one in the spruce grown camp area, and one or in a muskeg area near the shore . An 10 adult female, taken on August , was slightly fat and weighed

g. Its skull was fully granulated . The ovary was much reduced, - n . and the brood patch was bare . The stomach contai ed seeds The - - iris was olive brown; maxilla brownish; mandi ble horn color; tarsus - and toes light olive brown . Fox The Sparrow, although known along the North Shore of the

Gulf from Godbout eastward , apparently does not breed in the

C Fraz ar more westerly parts ( ouper, , Stearns ,

1906 z 321 C Dionne, ; Townsend and Bent, omeau ,

1925 z 76 . Lewis , ) It has been recorded along the east n in coast north to Nachvak ( Austi , the north at Fort C im i h o and the George River Post ( H ldebrand, and south of Leaf Bay ( Bateman , and on the west coast at Richmond Ri Gulf ( Manning , at Great Whale ver ( Savile , 1952 and from Moar Bay to Paul Bay ( Manning and Macpherson , Evidently this species has extended its range only recently to C - the north coast . Its current status in the anadian Life zone of the n n Ungava Peni sula requires further i vestigation .

Me l o s piz a li n c o ln u lin c o ln u ( Audubon ) ’ Lincoln s Sparrow . ( Map

A sin gle bird gave me a fine view of it on a white spruce in a

C n 18 . willow swamp along amp Brook at Knob Lake , Ju e The species must be rare in the central part of the peninsula . k It is nown along the south coast near Natashquan , the type 1834 locality ( Audubon , , Townsend, in various i unspecified local ties ( Townsend and Bent, at Blanc Sab n lon ( Tow send, in the Mingan Islands area and at Har i r ngton ( Lewis , at Moisie Bay ( Godfrey and Wilk, and on the east coast in a number of places north to Hope i t the dale ( Aust n , In the nor h there is apparently only i C i 1883 ur On s ngle record from Fort h mo in ( T ner, the west coast it has been found by Savile at Great Whale i R ver, and by Manning and Macpherson from Moar Bay n to Roggan River . The only previously known i terior localities seem

- E R OF S PUBL S . . . IE ST . UNIV SITY KANSA , MUS NAT

Cal c arin e l app o ni cu s l app o n i cu s ( Linnaeus ) r Lapland Longspu .

25 A male in a cowyard at Seven Islands , May , was the only Lap in land Longspur I noted the season . This species breeds fairly generally over the Arctic Life-zone of n C th e the peni sula, south probably to ape Jones on west coast

( Manning, and perhaps as far as Holton Harbour on the n east coast ( Austi , Elsewhere it is a migrant . Some of the principal sources of distributional information are : south coast Merriam Stearns and Lewis ( 1927 z 65 ) ; — east coast Bigelow ( l 902 z 30 ) and Austin north coast — Turner Payne Hantz sch and Mannin g Hildebrand Gabrielson and Wright and Bateman west coast— Man nin g and Manning and Macpherson Appar the in i ently only interior records are from Hamilton River, spr ng

1896 z 326 25 ( Low, ) from Scoter Lake and miles north of Port Har - C C rison , in mid July ( Manning, from the hubb rater

t 25 20 n 1955 z 491 area, sometime be ween July and August ( Marti , ) ; Povun and from Payne Lake , Lakes Ptarmigan and Maryland, and g nituk River ( Eklund,

Pl ect r o ph e n ax n ivali s n ivali s ( Linnaeus ) ineshish M Eastern Snow Bunting; Popon p ( .

in n r r In the course of my f al ride from K ob Lake to the old ai st ip , 8 30 October , I detected on snowy Dolly Ridge a flock of about i l in i . small b rds , with apparent y a good deal of white the r plumage

They were presumably Snow Buntings . This species has a somewhat more northerly breeding range than u n t the Lapland Longsp r , extendi g sou h on the west coast of the McCormack n peninsula to Island ( Manni g, and on the

i 1932 z 200 . east coast to Okak and perhaps Na n ( Austin , ) Farther l south it is a migrant and occasiona ly a winter visitor . For records on the south coast, see Merriam Townsend and Bent

and Lewis on the east coast, Bigelow

1902 z 30 1937 z 39 th e ( ) , Austin and Gross ( ) ; on north r Hantz sch coast, Tu ner Payne and Hildebrand and Gabrielson and Wright ( 1951 : 140 n ) and on the west coast, Manning and Manni g and Macpherson Interior records include Lake Mistassini HARPER : BIRDS OF THE UN GAVA PENIN SULA

1896 z 326 ( Macoun, Hamilton River ( Low, ) ; apparently the Ri lahert McCill Leaf ver area ( F y, Lake ( Manning,

C C i 1955 z 491 the hubb rater area ( Mart n , ) ; and Lakes r Pta migan and Maryland ( Eklund,

LITE RATURE CITE D

m A L R H R. T R AND R. Mos . Y C . E . . D OO G F. OY . W BS DD , , . C L, . B E , E E ,

1 U. S . i h 950? Waterfowl breedin g groun d surveys in eastern Canada. F s

and Wildli e S vi and a adi an Wildli e S e vi e S l . S ci . Re t . f er ce C n f r c , p p — ma Wildli e 84 1 . f , , p

A RI H OHN W . LD C , J - 1946 . S e iati o in the hite h e ed ee e . Wil on ll . p c n w c e k g s s Bu ,

1 03 . m A RI H or W AND H RB E RT FRI DM NN . LD C , J E E A — ma . 1943. A evi ion of the f ed o e . o do 103 2 r s ru f gr us C n r, , ps AU UBON OHN M S D , J JA E . 1 1— nd din 83 1 839 nitholo i al io a h Philadel hi a vol . 1 a E . Or g c b gr p y . p ( )

h vol . 2 1 : iv 512 1831 2 : m di 588 1834 3 : xvi 638 burg ( s xx + , ; + , ; + ,

1 835 4 1 i 64 93 fi . 1839 . : viii 6 8 39 f . 1837 5 : xi 6 ; xx + , g , ; xx x+ , g , AU UBON RI R. D , MA A

1897 . A d n an hi l w o : xiv 532 21 l . o d s o nal . Vo . 1 Ne u ub j ur s . Y rk + , p , 1 fi g . A TIN US OLIVER . R L . , , J l 1932 . The i d of f a La ad Mm. ttall nith. o dl d o . e b r s New un n br r Nu Or C ub , 7 ma 2 ps . IR SP N R F BA D, E CE . 1 —1 mith o ian 864 872 . Revie of Ame i an i ds in the m e m of the S w r c b r , us u s n

ll . I tituti n P Smith ni an i ll . 12 : vi 478 i s o . a t 1 . o . o ns r s M sc C s , + , u

ST N Y C . BALL, A LE

1 952 . Fall i d mi r P Pea od . Nat . b r g ati on on the Gaspé eninsula . b y Mus i l i H t a e Uni v . ll . 7 : vii 2 1 1 2 l . 33 f . s , Y , Bu + , p , g N GS UTRAM BA , O . - 1 900 . A evi of the Th W e of o th Ame i a . Auk r ew ree toed oodpeck rs N r r c , — : 126 142 .

ART N BE N AMm S B O , J MIT H .

1799 . a a t 1 . hil a Fr gments of the natural history of Penns ylvani a. P r P del hia iii p : xv +24 .

R TR M E IN B . BA A , DW

1 954 . o e of the U ava Penin ula o thea te n anada . B olo i t M ss s ng s , n r s r C ry g s , — 57 4 ) : 273 278 . ARTR M WI I M B A , LL A .

1791 . T avel thro h orth 8: S o th a olina Geo i a E a t 8: Wes t r s ug N u C r , rg , s

ma . Flo ida Phil adel hia : iv 522 8 l . 1 r p xxx + , p , p

T M N BOB . BA E A , 1 5 o f e ea Ba - o t himo 9 3. Observations on the natural hist ry o th L f y F r C - m di ate at u alis t 7 1 l . e io Un ava e e . I te e r g n , g , Qu b c n r N r , , p UMG RTN R A RGU RIT BA A E , . MA E E . VER OF S E . . . . UNI SITY KANSA FU LS , MUS NAT HIST

1 i i f m i a ee S a o . Wil on B ll . 939 . D tr tio o the A T s bu n er c n r p rr w s u , — ma 137 149 2 . , ps TZ OH N BEE , J A .

19 16 . t n th Ei T a lat d om the F h and annotated No es o e der . ( r ns e fr renc — b ha le W . To n end. Auk 292 1 l . y C r s w s ) , , p

ROBE RT . BELL, Ma — 61 7 1895 . The La ado P i la S otti h eo . . 3 br r en nsu . c s G g g , , l 1 m p . , ap .

mi ni 892 Li hi i f i an i d Vol . S th o an 1 . fe stor es o North Amer c b r s . [ s

o tri Kno l d e 12 l . C n b . w e g , p

1895 . Li e hi to ie of o th Ame i an i d om the a ot to the f s r s N r r c b r s , fr p rr s

mi nia o tri . no led e a l Vol . S th o K gr ck es . [ s n C n b w g , ix 518 l + , 7 p . NT AR T HUR AN BE , CLEVEL D . M 1919 . i hi t i f Am i an di n i d . U 8 . Nat . us . L fe s or es o North er c vi g b r s .

B ll . 107 : iii 24 5 55 l . u , x + , p 1 2 1 i Mus i e hi to i of o Am an ll and te n . U. S . Nat. . 9 . L f s r es N rth er c gu s r s

B ll . 1 13 : x 345 93 l . u , + , p 1922 i e hi to ie of o th Am i a t l and eli an and their . L f s r s N r er c n pe re s p c s l i l a l e . U. S . Nat . . B ll . 121 : xii 343 69 . s Mus u , + , p Ms 1925 . Li e his to ie of o th Ame i a d o l a t . U S . Nat . u . f r s N r r c n Wil f w ( p r ) .

ll . 130 : x 376 60 l . Bu , + , p

1927 i e hi to i of o th Ame i a ho i ds a t U. S . Nat . . L f s r es N r r c n s re b r ( p r ll 1 l B 42 : ix 430 55 . Mus . u . + , p

1929 . i hi n i h S . Nat . L fe sto es of North Amer can s ore birds ( part U.

. ll l 46 : xi 412 66 l . Mus Bu + , p

1932 . Li e hi to ie of o th Am i an allin a eo i ds . U S . Nat. f s r s N r er c g c us b r .

ll 162 : xi 490 93 l . Mus . Bu + , p

1937 . Li hi o i i i S . fe st r es of North Amer can b rds of prey ( part U. Nat ll 1 l . 67 : viii 409 102 . Mus . Bu + , p

1938 . Li e hi to i f Am i i f S . Nat . f s r es o North er can b rds o prey ( part U.

. Bull . 170 : viii 482 92 l . Mus , + , p 193 i hi i m ri an M 9 . L e to of h A U. S . Nat . us . f s r es Nort e c woodpeckers . ll 1 74 : viii 334 39 l . Bu + , p

1 942 . Li e hi to i of o th Am i an l at he lar allo and f s r es N r er c f yc c rs , ks, sw ws, lli i a U. S . Na ll 5 l the . t . . B . 179 : xi 55 70 . r es Mus u , + , p

1947 . Li e hi to i of o th Ameri an a o and titmi e . U. S . f s r es N r c j ys , cr ws , c Na ll 1 t . . B . 19 : xi 495 68 l . Mus u , + , p

1 949 . Li e hi to ie of o th Am i a th he in le and their f s r s N r er c n rus s , k g ts , lli a U. S . Nat . . Bull . 196 iii 454 5 l e . : v 1 . s Mus , + , p

1950 . Li e hi to ie of o th Ame i an a tail Shri vi eo and thei f s r s N r r c w g s , kes , r s , r lli U a e . . S . Nat . . B ll . 197 : vii 41 1 48 l. s Mus u , + , p 1 Mus 953 i hi ri f m ri l L e to e o o th A a ood a . U. S . Nat . . . f s s N r e c n w w rb ers

ll . 203 : xi 734 83 l . Bu , + , p IG O H NRY B . B EL W, E — 1902 . Bi d of the no thea te n oa t of La ado . Auk 31 . r s r s r c s br r , BISHOP W TSON L , A .

m 367 . 1 890 . anada o e in a ti vit . Fc est and St ea : C gr us c p y r r ,

ER OF PUBLS . . . . UNIV SITY KANSAS , MUS NAT HIST

- DIONN C . E . E ,

1906 . Les oi ea de la ovi e de é e . uébec : viii 414 8 l . 2 1 s ux pr nc Qu b c Q + , p ,

fig.

DIX , W . L . l l i 1956 . Li hen and h ati of the Un ava Peni n a. B o o t c s ep cs g su ry g s , — 43 50 .

DOUT I‘ K NN T H , J. E E .

1942 . A evie of the Pho a. Annal arne i . r w genus c s C g e Mus ,

125 12 l . fi 8 . 5 ma . , p , g , ps

DW I GHT ON THA N R , J A , I .

1909 The Bl e i d Sialia iali in . Auk . u b r ( s s ) Quebec , ma mo lt va i a 1925 . The ll La ida of the o ld thei l gu s ( r e ) w r ; r p u ges , u s , r

Nat . i t tio latio hi and di ib ti o . B ll . Am. . H ns, re ns ps str u n u Mus s — 40 1 1 1 l . 384 fi , p , g .

E T ON S T PH N W . A , E E — fi 1 957 . Va iati on in S ei ru novebo a ens i . Auk 239 3 r u s r c s , , g

1 map .

IDMAN N E , H.

1 937 B it a e z ur tni der V l a a on Sudlabrador. Ve b . . e r g Kenn s oge f un v r — ith . Ge ell . a e 166 . Orn s B y rn ,

IFRI E G, C . W . G. — 1 0 m k 1 . 9 6 . ote on o o th i d . Au 3 8 N s s e n r ern b r s ,

BRE W . E M R LAW, L E .

1 926 . Un ava and La ado . I : Vi to E . Sh l o d edito at al g br r n c r e f r ( r ) , N ur i ’ i — m st s de to th Am i a 102 1 1 1 Balti o e . gu e er c s : . r

E N CARL R KLU D, . 1957 i n . B rd a d mammal notes from the interior Ungava Peninsula . - — “ a adian Field at rali t 76 1 ma 1956 . C n N u s , , p,

E IOT DANIE GIRA LL , L UD .

1 897 . Th alli i Ed. 2 . New o e g naceous game birds of North Amer ca. Y rk i— viii 1 9—220 46 l x , , p .

F S R . B U . ALL , J CE

1947 . A i h anadi an Field s g t record of the lark bunting at Toronto . C at ali t 60 N ur s ,

F H RTY ROB ERT LA E , J.

1 918 . Two t av a o ava Peni n la La ado . Geo . Rev. r erses cr ss Ung su , br r g , — 132 12 fi . 1 ma , g , p .

FORBUSH E R HO , DWA D WE . — 1 1 i f h n l a . Bos 925 929 . B rds o M assac usetts a d other New Eng and st tes [ n 1 4 1 l i ma 1925 in to : : x i 8 33 . 101 f . 2 ! x x + , p , g , ps , ; A a i 4 1 l fi 1 l iii 466 32 l 6 29 . 66 . 18 ma 927 3 : v r b c! + , p , g , ps , ; x + , p

53 fi . 17 ma 1929 . g , ps ,

FRAZ AR MA TT , . BBO . ’ 1 h i mm in a ad ni olo i nd olo i 887 . An o nit olo t e L o . th t a t r g s s su r br r Or g s O g s , — — — 3; 20; 35 .

FR Z R OHN E A E , J .

1950 La ado i te ote 1950 . A ti . br r w n r n s , rc c , HARPE R : BIRDS OF THE UNGAVA PE NINSULA

FRI M NN H RB RT . ED A , E E The i d of o th and iddl Ame i a omme ed b the late 1946 . b r s N r M e r c ( c nc y

R Rid a . Pa t 10 . U. S Na . ll o e t . t . B . 50 : xii 484 28 b r gw y ) r Mus u , + ,

fig . n i m i a 1 1 1950 . The ird of o th a d ddle A e . Part . U. S Nat . . b s N r M r c . Mus

B ll . 50 : iii 793 51 fi . u , x + , g G BRI SON RA AND RU E WRI GHT I B C S . . A EL , N n i mo a a di i n 1 951 ote o the d of the Fort hi U v tr t . a adia . N s b r s C , ng s c C n - — Field at ali t 65 140 3 fi . N ur s , , g

GO FRE Y W . E R . D , A L

1g49a. Di tri ti on of the a of the am a o . Auk s bu r ces sw p sp rr w ,

38 .

1 949 i d f La i a ini an l Nat . b . o e t d La e Al a e e . B r s k M s ss k b n , Queb c Mus .

a ada B ll . 6 fi . 1 ma . C n u , g , p

1951 . G o a hi al a ia n in th eal hi ad a f Ro i e gr p c v r tio e B or C ck ee e st o the ck es . a adian i ld- a li : 22—2 F e t a t 65 1 6 . C n N ur s , ) m l i l 1957 o e di tri ti o a ot on a adian i d . a adi a e d . S s bu n n es C n b r s C n n F “ aturali s 70 136—1 1 5 N t, ( 3 ) : 38 , 9 6 .

GO FR Y W . EAR AND A. L . a . D E , L , 1948 Bi f i n da . d o La S . hn Na . ana the e t o e o e e . t . r s k J r g , Qu b c Mus C ll l . 1 . 1 ma . Bu , p , p

GR Y ROB RT A CE, E . 1947 ir h MacMillan uk . B d of t e La ado E editio 1946 . A s br r xp n , , — 275 280 .

Gno s s , ALFRED O. - 1937 . i d of h in i k t e Bo do Mac Millan A t E di tio . Au B r s w rc c xpe n , 42 4 l , p .

H R OS EP H A. ACA , J

1 954 . o th a nd ame e te l a a a h ett Div . Fi he ie a G N r s rn f yw y . M ss c us s s r s 1—2 i ma 8 2 f . 1 1 , g , ps . HANTZ S CH B RNHAR , E D . 1 928—1 n i n 929 . Co tr bution to the knowledge of the avifauna of ortMh a te n La ad T n l n and R. . M. . A. Ande o o . a b B e s r br r ( r s . y rs - — A de o . a adian Field at ali t 9 1 fi . n rs n ) C n N ur s , , g ; — — — — — 33 40; 94; 125; 148 ; 177 —207 — —1 —34 3 ; 227, 1928 ; 8 ; ; ( ) 52— 59 , 1 929 .

H R F. K NN TH A E , E E . 1950 li in . C mate and z onal divisions of the boreal forest formation east — ern da i . 6 ma . a a . G o . Rev . : 615 635 6 f C n e g , , g , ps — 1 952 i ma . . Th 7 f . 4 e La ado o ti eo . Rev . : 405 424 br r fr n er . G g , , g , ps

HARP R FRA N IS E , C . ’

1 942 . illi m R h A ad. Sci . 8 W a Ba t am am ird P o . o e t e of . r r s n s b s r c c s er c , — 208 221 . 1 Mid 953 . Bi d of the Nuelti n La e E editi o Kee atin 1947 . Am. r s k xp n , w , — la d i ma . at ali t 1 16 8 f . 1 n N ur s , , g , p

H ITT OLIVE R H EW , . 1 950 - i d a t a i of th . Fifth census of non passerine birds in the b r s nc u r es e E RS OF E . MUS . . . UNIV ITY KANSAS FU LS , NAT HIST

l — l o h f a e e . a adian ie d at ra n rth s ore o the Gulf of St . L wr nc C n F N u — is t , : 73 76 . HI BRAND H NRY LDE , E .

0 ot on the bi d of a a Ba di t i t . a adi a ield 195 . N es r s the Ung v y s r c C n n F — at ali t : 55 67 . N ur s , HUBB R IN B N SON L NI S HUBBAR MRS . A D, M A E ( EO DA D,

m l o . Soc . 1 906 . La ado o La vill to U ava Ba Am. G br r fr ke Me e ng y . e g — m B ll . 539 1 1 fi . 1 a . u , , g , p ’ man a h kn ad d n xvi 338 1908 . A o w thro o n La o . Lo o : w s y ug un w br r n + , 0 l m 5 p ., 1 ap . HUS TI H C I MARI . , L — 1 949a . Ph t o o a hi al io of La ado . A ti 42 4 y ge gr p c reg ns br r rc c, ,

maps . On nin limin 1 4 th o o a h f th e a ado ul a. A e 9 9b . e f rest ge gr p y o L br r P e s pr — r n i i ma . a th . A ta Geo . 63 3 f . 1 8 y sy es s c g , , g , ps 1 51 The li h n oodla in ab ado and i im o t a e as inte 9 a. c e w nds L r r the r p r nc w r — m i a d i d A a . 4 8 1 8 a t for do e t te e e . t Geo p s ures s c r n er c g , ,

fi . 4 ma g , ps . 1 51 o e t- ota i al not m Kno a ar a in int io of Lab 9 b . F r s b n c es fro b L ke e the er r d i l l A E a o P a. With atalo e of the va a la t b . . r r en nsu ( c gu scu r p n s , y — Porsild . 20 1 Na ada ll 2 17 13 t . . a , pp Mus C n Bu , fi 2 ma g ., ps . - 1954 . On o t and tre o th in the Kno La e a ea La a f res s e gr w b k r , Quebec br - r in ma . do P ula . A ta Geo 60 27 fi . 1 en s c g , , g , p

JUDD, W . W . - 1951 . Whit th oat d S a o at Goo e Ba La ado . a adi a Field e r e p rr w s y, br r C n n li at a t 65 2 : 80 . N ur s , ( ) KORTRIGHT FR N S I H. , A C

1942 . The d e and a of o th Am i a. Wa hi n t on ucks . gees sw ns N r er c s g 4 l viii m fi . 1 m 76 36 . n e o 6 a . + , p , u r us g , ps L IS H RRI SON F. EW , A 2 m — l 19 2 . ote on o La ado i d . Auk : 507 516 1 . N s s e br r b r s , , p 1 2 Additi l k 9 3. a ot on i d of the La ado P enin ul a. Au on n es b r s br r s , — 135 137 .

1925. ot n i k o d of the La ado P nin ul a in 1923 . Au N es b r s br r e s , 74—86 1 l , p .

1 927 . ot on i d of the La ad P in l a in 1 925 and 1926 . Auk N es b r s br or en su , — 66 .

1928 . ot on i d L i a adi a ield N es b r s of the abrador Pen nsul a in 1928 . C n n F aturalist 42 8 1— N , ( ) 19 194 . l i - 1 929 . The natura h story of the Double crested Co rmorant ( Phala cro

corax a ita a ita L o Itha a N. Y . : 12 fi . 2 ur s ur s ( ess n ) c , g , ma ps .

1930 . o n i f i a adia ield N tes o b rds o the Labrador Pen nsula in 1929 . C n n F atu ali t 44 5 109—1 1 1 N r s , ( ) . ’ 1931 Five a o in ri rth ho of . ye rs pr gress the bird s anctua es of the no s re - — the l of St . La a adia Fi ld at rali t : 73 78 . Gu f wrence . C n n e N u s , 1 4 om i i i f e 93 a. S e observations in d cat ng the northeastward extens on o th f li — a o the Sta . Auk 89 r nge r ng , .

ER OF PUBLS . MUS . . . UNIV SITY KANSAS , NAT HIST

RRIAM C . HART . ME , B eedin of the ine o ea ini ola en leator in lo e 1 882a . r g P Gr sb k ( P c uc ) w r — a ada . Bull . tt all ni th . l 121 . C n Nu Or C ub , i of i d a ained o ithin ten mil om oin 1 882b . L st b r s scert t occur w es fr P t de o t P ovin e of b a ada ba ed hi l o the ot M n s , r c Que ec , C n ; s c ef y up n n es — of a ol o A. om a . B ll . tt all nith. l : 233 242 . N p e n C e u u Nu Or C ub, Adde d m to li t of i d a e tai d to o r ithin ten mile 1883 . n u s b r s sc r ne ccu w s om Poi t de o t P ovi e of e a ada a ed chiefl fr n M n s , r nc Queb c, C n ; b s y

n h ot f a l n A omea . ll . tt all rni th. upo t e n es o N po eo . C u Bu Nu O l —245 C ub, .

RRIAM . HART V RNON BAI Y SON AND A PR B . C E . W . E . . ME , , E LE , NEL , E LE i ma f Am i In h -li f 1 9 10 Fo th ov io al z o o o th e a. : e t o . ur pr s n ne p N r r c C ck s o th Am e i a ird e a ed b a ommitt ee of the Ame i an N r r c n b s , pr p r y c r c ’

nitholo i t U io ed. 3 : o ti i e . New o . Or g s s n n , fr n sp ec Y rk

RRI K E IOT T. ME C , LL

1933. T l ma e o th. New o : 8 . 1 . ru n r Y rk p , p

I R A N H M LLE , LDE . l 1941 S e iation in the avi a e n o . Uni v. alifor ia P . ool . p c n g nus Ju c C n ub Z — : 173 434 23 fi . 10 ma . , g , ps

ORT ON ART H R H N , U .

1 90 1 Bi d of the Bo doin oll edi ti o to a ado in 1 901 . . r s w C ege Exp n L br r Hi —1 l P o . Po tla d S oc . Nat . t 2 t . 58 1 . r c r n s , , p , p

ER H E R H RR OB OL S Y C . , A

1 04 . A vi i f i P o . U. S . Nat . 9 re s on o the Amer can great horned owls . r c — . 1 92 . Mus , 19 14 n ir i hin n w ds om o ndl a d . o . B ol Soc . a o . Four e e P . W t b fr N wf u n r c s g , — 27 : 43 54 .

ORB VIR IN I A , G .

1 948 . ot on i d of S and i h Ba and vi init e o n dland N es b r s w c y c y, N wf u — La ado . Auk 65 2 : 220 225 . br r , ( )

P M R WIL IAM . AL E , L 1 1 ot on the ird o v d d rin i f nited tat 89 . N es b s bser e u g the cru se o the U S es mmi i h m in 1 i h P o . F s Co ss on sc ooner Gra pus the summer of 887 . r c — 8 Nat . 265 . U. . Mus

P YN F. F. A E, 1 l n f i f l i 887 . F o a a d a a o P e o Wa e S o nd H d on Stra t . I r f un r nc s u , u s s n ’ Report of the Hudson s Bay Expedi tion of 1 886 under the command i N 0— i li of L t . A. R. Go do R. . : 7 83 . S e o al Pa e Par ame t eu r n, ss n p rs n Canada 1 4 ( “

N T : I . I PE OBSCO ( DAV D S L BBEY ) . mmi f n a a i n m d d a o . Fo e a d St ea 1 878 . D o ed a t ru ng ruff C n n gr use r s r , - : 131 132 .

mmi of o and am 1 883 . D the e o e . F e t St e ru ng spruc gr us r s r ,

R HAR AND D. B R I . P T S S . THOM S U GH E E , OLD , A LE m a a Auk 1944 . Two new e o d o e o dl d L ado r c r s fr N wf un n br r . ,

473. f l h ’ l Nfd . xix 431 3 . 1 ma 1 951 . Bi d o o d a d. St . o : 3 . r s Newf un n J n s , + , p , p HARPER : BIRDS OF THE UNGAVA PE NIN SUL A

w M E L o ms c o . P T RS AMS L . AND LuD G E E , J , hi l va iati o in th ava ah m 1938 . eo a a e S S a o ll . . o . G gr p c r n nn p rr w . Bu Mus C p — l . 480 . Zoii , PHI IPS OHN C . LL , J — 1 A at al hi to of the d . Bo to and N w 2 1m 1 923 926 . n ur s ry ucks s n e York : : ma 1 923 xi l 0 l . 30 ma 1 25 4 4 9 26 38 3 : 383 26 . 9 : + , p , ps , ; + , p , ps , ; ma 92 xi 489 32 l . 23 1 6 . + , p , ps ,

PITE LKA FR NK A. , A i i n i in l ma o io mm ni Am 1 41 D t b tio of d e ati o to ti o ti e . . 9 . s r u b r s r n j r b c c u s — idla d at rali t : 1 13 137 1 fi . 10 ma M n N u s , , g , ps .

POL UNIN I HO S AND CARL R. E K UN . , N C LA , L D ote on ood ha it of at fo l in the int io of ava 1 953 . N s f b s w er w er r Ung Pen in dia i ld- at ali t —137 l a . a a F su C n n e N ur s , .

POM R U R NE. E LEA , E ’ m n ni i l — m de l U ava. R v e v té ava 16 2 1950 . Au o t e L s e g u U ers , ,

maps . n mn Po s , A. E .

1 l h l — in I ma i Husti ch 1 95 ata o e of t e va ul a ant . P . 20 1 2 16 : l . C gu sc r p s p r , Forest-botani cal notes from Knob Lake area in the interior of Lab — a ni l 13 fi . 2 Na . . a ada B ll . 2 17 do P e a . t r r nsu Mus C n u , , g ,

maps .

Nat . 1957 . Ill t at fl a f n hi a us r ed or o the Canadia Arcti c Arc pel go . . Mus da B iii 2 7 fi ana ll . 146 : 09 0 . 332 ma . C u + , g , ps

POTT R D I . E , AV D ni i - l i i n t ee 1 932 . B ota cal ev dence of a post P e stocene marine connect o be w n

H d on Ba and the St . La re e a in . Rhodo a u s y w nc B s r , 89 12 ma — 1 1 2 . , ps;

PR B E R A. E LE , DWA D

1 902 . A iolo i al in i a n f H Ba io U. S . D t . b g c vest g ti o o the udson y reg n . ep — A . l a . i m . a na 140 13 . 1 m N. A F gr c , u , , p , p - i l in a z i e io . 1 908 . A b o o gical vesti gati on of the Athab aska M cken e r g n - l fi . 8 U. S . t . A i . N n a 574 2 1 . 12 D r Am. Fa ep g c , . u , , p , g ,

maps . PRI R H T H H. SK H C A D , E E .

ma . 19 1 1 . h h l L d 254 54 l . 1 T o t a a a o . Lo do : xv r ug r ck ess br r n n + , p , p

R N A L . A D, . — 1 4 k 44 . 9 8 . Variati on in the S e G o e in anada . Au pruc r us C , R UP HUGH M A , .

1 935 . ani l i Nat . . a ada B ot ca nvesti gations in Wood Buffal o Park . Mus C n

1 l i a . 3 . 6 f . 9 m p , g , ps RHO S S MUE AD , A L N H ni th ma on the eo 1893 . The d o an hi adee and its allie i e u s C ck s , w r rks g

a hi di tri tio of i d a in o eal Am i a. Auk gr p c s bu n b r r ces b r er c , — 32 1 333 .

I . G R . . G RI H . C ) . m 4 mmi n d t a : 68 . 1 879 . D of the a ada ro e . Fo e t a S ru ng C n g us r s re , Rmc wmt ROB RT , E .

m lat r . a hin to iv 44 53 19 12 . olo ta da d and olo o e W : C r s n r s c r n enc u s g n + ,

pl. E R OF S PUBLS . . . . UNIV SITY KANSA , MUS NAT HIST

r n i i a U 1914 1919 . The ird of o th a d ddl e Ame . . S . Nat . Mus , b s N M r c . l B ll . 50 t . 6 : 882 36 l . 19 14 t . 8 : xvi 852 34 . 1919 . u , , p xx+ , p , ; p + , p , R B RT S THOM S S O E , A .

1932 . The i d of in ota. Vol . 1 . in ea olis : iii 691 50 l b r s M nes M n p xx + , p i 298 f g . ROUSSE U U S A , JACQ E . ’ 1 52 Les z o e iolo i e de la énin ul é e - a ado et l emi 9 . n s b g qu s p s e Qu b c L br r b — a ti e . a adi a o . Bota 474 2 l . 1 fi . 1 rc qu C n n J ur ny, , p , g ,

map .

S IL D. B. O. AV E, - 1 950 . i d note om G eat Whale Riv . anadian Field atu ali t B r s fr r er C N r s , — 99 .

SH RTT MAN D P T R S T . . H. S . O , , . E E ’

om e bi d o d m a ada ea n Ar ti . a adian 1942 . S e r cent r rec r s fro C n s ster c c C n — o . R a h D 348 1 ma J ur ese rc , , , p . SI RT HOR ST EWE , .

1 941 . t i l i d Fi hadl Pandion h. haliaetus L Zur Bru b o og e es sc ers ( ( . ) — o . f. itholo ie E r anz un sband 1 93. J ur Orn g g g ,

SMIT H E E R TT . , V E m nd am 1 883 . The i d of ai e . One i tall e t Fo e t a St b r s M n [ ns n ! r s re , — 25 26 . ' SN R L . L . AND M HOR IT Y T S . DE , , . .

1946 . Va iatio in Bona a umbellus ith a ti la e e e e to the s e r n s , w p r cu r r f r nc p

ie in a ada a t of the Ro i . a adi a ou . Re ea h D c s C n e s ck es C n n J r s rc , , —1 33, 1 map . SP K FRA NK G EC , . m n 1 935 . aska i : the ava h te of the La ado P in l a. o a N p s ge un rs br r en su N r , l 3— 0 l i a. : 248 2 . 28 f . 1 ma . Ok , p , g , p S T E ARN WIN FRE S , D A.

1 883 . n i f ot o the at al h to o La ado . P o . U. S . Nat . . N es n ur s ry br r r c Mus , — 137 .

1890? i d li in in m Ame i a i ld e La ado . Re t d o F B r f br r ( pr e fr r c n e , ?Amh t a iii— iii — — l : v 9 100 1 7 1 . ers , M ss . , , , p TIRR TT E M S G O . E , .

1954 . Field o e vatio of e e in am Ba ith ial e e e to bs r ns g es J es y, w spec r fer nc — th l o T a in etee th N. Am. ildlife onf . : 2 1 1 221 . e b ue g os e . r ns . N n W C SUTT N GEORGE MAND D I P RM F. . O , . , AV D A ELEE m - i i in in 7 1955 . S rvival o l of the Wate P t Ba I la d. Ar ti u pr b e s r p ff s n c c, —92 fi , 3 g .

T NN R VA lN éi . A E , - 1947 . tli e of the o a h li 8: tom of ewfoundl and La a Ou n s ge gr p y, fe cus s N br mb i 1— 6 fi ma dor. Vol . 1 . a d : 43 186 . 23 . C r ge , g , ps

T V RN R P. A. A E E , m 0 iii 1 9 19 . i f Me . 1 4 z B d o a t a ada . a ada G ol S rv r s e s ern C n C n e . u ey , + 2 0 l i 97 , 5 p . , 68 f g .

1 9 m a an i ld- a ali 29a. Bird ot o the a adi a La ado . adi F e t r t n es fr C n n br r C n N u s , — 9 7 .

1 929 t d of h a adi an a of o ta mi a a o u b . A s u y t e C n r ces r ck p r g n ( L g p s r e i N nn R 2 z 2 — 1 ma t . at . . a ada A . t . 19 8 8 38 . up s r s ) Mus C n ep , , p

E R OF A PUBLS . . . . UNIV SITY K NSAS , MUS NAT HIST

W IZ S MU . E , A EL i m l 1866 . L t of ve t at o e v d at a La ado b Rev . S a s r ebr es bs r e Ok k , br r, y ue

iz i r M. D o . W th a otatio b A. S . P a ard . P Bo to e , w nn ns y ck , I , . r c s n Hi — Soc . Nat . t 277 s , . MR W T O A. E E , i m m e iz a l u O hr r k 1953 . The a l ati of the a E b e C s Fo ster. Au pp c on n e r p y , — 70 ( 3 ) : 372 373 .

W I T AND HARRI N F . H E . F. G. SO L IS E, , . EW — 1 937 . The G at S o Goo e in a ada. Auk 444 . re er n w s C n , WYNN -E R S V. C . E DWA D ,

1 957 . Bird o d a Goo Ba and l h in Lab ado anadi an s bserve t se y e sew ere r r . C

Field- at rali t 70 2 : 76—77 N u s , ( ) , HARPER : BIRDS OF THE UNGAVA PE NINSULA

Index

Abie bals amea 24 d a 16 24 47 53 54 7 1 89 s , w rf, , , , , , , , Acanthis 1 04 1 13 1 16 123—125 1 5 , , , , 3 , 137 , lammea lammea 135 14 1 142 1 44 145 147 l f f , , , , , ; p . 6 lina ia lina ia 20 28 135 Bilbe al ine 24 r r , , , rry , p ,

lina ia o t at a 137 Bi ho oh C . V. 63 84 r r s r , s p , J n , , A a i a 30 Bitt Am i a 34 c r n , ern , er c n , A i ite e tili atri ca illus 23 Bla bi d R t 73 95 96 106 cc p r g n s p , ck r , us y, , , , , i i ma i 7 129—131 A t t la a 20 27 1 l . 5 c s cu r , , , ; p Act omitho hilus alb 74 lo fli e 1 17 123 146 p us , B w s , , , Ae olius Bl be 37 54 58 g ue rry , , , a adien acadicus 87 low t 24 c s , swee , unereus riehards oni 28 29 87 Bl bird E a t 94 1 14 f , , , ue , s ern , — — Ald 16 24 105 1 19 12 1 127 129 Bo A. E 30 32 59 87 88 er , , , , , , erner, , , , , , 1 3—135 139 14 1 142 146 148 9 1 92 94 1 16 124 12 , , , , , , , , , , 7, 134, 1330 1 47 149 , Bon a Ald i h ohn W . 36 139 as r c , J , , Al ri aP 1 0 umbellus 27 ma 7 ecto , 3 , ; p m l Alle F a i H. 1 17 u be lus ane ens 61 n , r nc s , c sc , Almo d Pete 30 59 umbellus ob e 6 1 n , r , , scur , Aln 24 umbellus to ata 6 1 us , g , Am i a o a hi al S o i t 17 umbellus umbelloides 59 6 1 er c n Ge gr p c c e y , , , , 31 Bota s lenti i o 27 34 ma 4 uru g n sus , , ; p ’ Ame i a ni tholo i t Uni o he B da Phil 36 r c n Or g s s n C ck our ge , , li t o th Ame i a Bi d 29 Bo oi Al ho e 59 6 1 s of N r r c n r s , , urge s , p ns , , 66 88 1 04 1 1 3 126 151 B a t Am i a 25 37 , , , , , r n , er c n , , Anal e soidea 90 93 98 1 1 9 125 B a ta g , , , , , , r n 131 134 bernicla k ota 37 , r , Ana ana de n i 27 s c s s , a ta 2 1 27 40 ma 5 anaden i ana dens i 37 cu , , , ; p c s s c s , a olinen i 2 1 27 40 a ade n i hutchinsi 37 c r s s , , , c n s s , b i e 20 27 39 anadens is i te io 20 35—37 ru r p s , , , c n r r, , — A d é athi 36 id W . . 54 56 58 n r , M eu , Breckenr ge , J, , l B r r m 1 d m da la h la l . 3 ru elia f ed u An o e o c . c o 07 r g uc p y , p , Anth mbes ce ns mbescens 20 28 B bo us , , , u 17 ma 17 vir inianus 28 29 , 1 ; p g , A ti In tit t of o th Am i a 5 vir inianus heterocne mis 2 1 82—85 rc c s u e N r er c , , g , , ir i nian barcti 30 v g us s u cus , 85 A to ta h lo al ine 24 92 vir inianus vir inianus 83 84 rc s p y s p , , g g , , A dea he odia he odias 27 34 vir inianus wa acuthu 83 84 r r s r , , g p , , Ar a d Pére 1 0 B e hala la la ame i ana 20 27 n u , , uc p c ngu r c , , , A a i 24 42 spen , qu k ng, A d bo ohn ame 76 1 19 B a 24 u u n , J J s , , uckbe n , B hb 24 53 54 unc erry, , ,

a e E . W . 30 B ti B k r, , un ng , Bal am fir 16 24 54 56 1 13 E a t S o 152 s ( ) , , , , , , s ern n w , 1 16 123 142 147— 149 La 1 39 , , , rk ,

Ban . W . 54 55 B bot 23 ks , J , , ur , Ba tt Ron 53 B t a adi a 24 rre , , urne , C n n , Bea Bla 35 97 B teo la o a cti-oha i 2 1 27 r, ck , , u g pus s n j nn s , , , B a b al i 24 47 e r erry, p ne , B a d t t E Pe . . 22 23 1 1 1 144 e u e , e J , , , , - B ba d a l 24 a t William B . 12 erry , ke pp e , C bo , , ama ti ana de la Betula Cal gros s c nsis var. ngs land lo a 24 92 ls 2 3 dor ii 24 8 1 g u s , , ; p . , f , , a i e a 24 Calamos iz a melano cor s 139 p pyr f r , p ' y , Bi h Calcarius la onicus la onicus 28 rc , pp pp , , a 16 24 102 133 29 152 c noe , , , , , ER OF A E . . . . UNIV SITY K NSAS FU LS , MUS NAT HIST

alid i canutus a 23 mi ato ia 34 C r s ruf , gr r s , a a hite o oll H r 9—1 1 C n c s C nn y, en y,

Ma T . 109 1 10 1 4 a ade ns i 27 59 ma 6 oo 1 3 1 1 c n s , , ; p C ke , y , , , , , anaden i ana e 54 60 1 17 122 c s s c c , , , anaden i anade n i 20 52 54 oolid e Al va 54 56 c s s c s s , , , , C g , , , 60 t Coo , a adia Wildli S vi 30 Am i a 67 C n n fe er ce , er c n , d riu E o ea 67 ani l labm o s , 100 , C s upus ur ”p n a ella allina o de li ate 2 1 27 69 oot S ot 68 C p g g c , , , ; C s ( c ers ) , ma o mo a t p 9 C r r n , a bo D bl — e ted 33 34 C r ou e cr s , , auritus 34 Flo ida 34 , r , cincinatus 34 o anade ns i 24 89 , C rnus c s , , mi n i i o v a da ne aten i var. a t ol a C r pr s s gus f , C r us brach rh nchos brach rh nchos 28 24 , 8 1 y y y y , , 1 a e 92 l . 3 1 0 C r x, ; p an ustior 24 74 comx i nci ali 28 99 g , , pr p s , , bmnnescens 24 8 1 o Elli ott 1 1 , , G ues , , auci m 2 Couesius lumbeus 78 p flo , 4, 74 p , a ibo bi d E a t 132 139 C r u , Cow r , s ern , , L ab ado Ba o d 100 a b 1 30 r r rren Gr un , Cr n erry, Woodla d 100 mo tai 24 53 54 n , un n , , , a oda e e 28 bill C rp cus purpur us purpur us , , Cross ,

133 Re d, 23 a io e h noides 24 1 18 White- i d 138 C ss p yp , , w nge , atbi d 105 1 19 o E a t 99 10 1 102 C r , , Cr w , s ern , , , e h lle atlanti 23 o b 24 7 1 89 C pp us gry s , Cr w erry , , , e a ti m al in m 24 1 18 flo 24 C r s u p u , , Cuckoo wer, e ato h ll 47 C r p y us , h la a l Chan aeda ne aly t , 24, 74; . p c cu p D lma o ma 5 1 66 g e ge , N r n , , D endroica ha ad i s emi almatus 2 1 27 29 C r r us p , , , , o onata o onata 20 28 123 68 c r c r , , , ma olia 28 29 122 gn , , , hen C alma m 28 h i p ru , y e bo ea atla t a , 38 p r r n c alma m h ochr s ea 2 1 126 p ru yp y , , h e bo a h e bo ea 38 y e y , p r r p r r alma m alma m 126 p ru p ru , hi ad C ck ee, t iata 20 28 125 s r , , , E a t Bla - a ed 23 s ern ck c pp , ti ina 28 29 123 gr , , , H d ia 22 102 104 u son n, , , vi en vi en 28 29 124 r s r s , , , hi d m e-ear 24 C ckwee , ous , De ham ia le o a 24 145 sc ps f xu s , , i oil 24 C nquef , D he A t i 34 i h d o ia 2 esc nes , n o ne , ya e , 7 , 49 C rcus c n us u s n s Dia en ia la o i a 24 92 p s pp n c , , lad ia 92 106 130 145 l . 6 C on , , , , ; p Dod . W . 1 1 ge , J , i 24 47 53 54 89 ls . 2 al est , , , , , ; p , p r s D Ea t o i 82 ov , M , 3 e s ern urn ng Dov i 23 ek e , miti l . 3 s , p Do tt Mr. and . . th 12 u , Mrs JKenne , r n i rinaP l 2 a g fe , p . D a i te i olia 24 1 18 ry s n gr f , , la la h emalis 23 C ngu y , Dr oco us ileatus abieticola 28 89 H y p p , , l A ti . 10 a . C rk , Mrs us n , D uck , l m t Rola d C . 12 C e en , n , Bla 39 l h i m 2 ck , et ono y , 8 C r s Ha l i 23 r equ n , li to ia ellow 24 C n n , , D rille 59 ufresne , Cy , linto ia orealis 19 24 C n , , D met ella , 105 l b-m m tai 24 u C u oss , oun n , “ ’ ” o 0 the Wood 89 C ck s , ola te E a l o the n Bald 48 49 C p s g e , N r r , , auratus 2 1 28 88 id , , , er , auratus bo eali 88 Am i a 43 r s , er c n , auratus l te 88 H d o Ba 44 u us , u s n y , l mb s o th 44 Co y u N r ern ,

loridanus 34 Em et m ni m 24 35 92 ls . 2 3 f , p ru gru , , , ; p ,

VER OF PUBLS . . . IIIS T . UNI SITY KANSAS , MUS NAT

a o curviros tra 23 J cks n , ,

a th D. 62 leuCO tera leuco tera 2 1 28 138 G r , p p , , , Ho a d 38 43 Luear a olinen i 105 w r , , c r s s , a L o odi m ela o 24 92 Jy, yc p u s g , , Bl 96 ue , a ada 96 a d ald C n , M c on ,

Lab ado 95 96 99 1 06 1 16 127 D . O . 30 r r, , , , , , , ,

R. 130 , 149 D. , 30 - MK nz ie o Slat ol d 140 c e Junc , e c ore , , un mali h m i 20 2 0 Ben 22 32 66 J eo hye s ye al s , , 8 , 14 , , ,

F a i 22 89 1 1 1 12 1 l . 1 r nc s , , , , ; p ell R mi 59 S a ti 12 22 49 82 98 1 1 1 K y, e , eb s en , , , , , , , i i h E a t B lt d 87 12 1 K ngf s er, s ern e e ,

i let W . A. 47 K ng , , - E a t n olde o d 23 a oh 78 l . 5 s er G n cr wne , M cko , J n , ; p - m M1 1 E a te R o d 96 107 a o a . s rn uby cr wne , , , M c un , J es , 1 14—1 16 127 146 allo ha a 30 36 60 74 8 1 90 93 , , M p g , , , , , , , , itti a Atla ti 80 104 107 108 1 19 12 1 131 135 K w ke, n c , , , , , , ,

ot Ame i an 23 a i T . H. 12 30 Kn , r c , M nn ng , , , a a Kai 46 M ns , , l La e ean P. 22 a b id Wal a e 59 6 1 64 brecqu , J , M ns r ge, c , , , Laela 147 ado -rue tall 24 ps , Me w , , La o Me acer le al on al on 2 1 28 87 g pus g y cy cy , , , ; la o 27 29 ma 1 0 g pus , , p

la o alb 66 i l B ia M. 37 g pus us , Me k e , r n , M i a la o leuco terus 65 ela tt g pus p , n la o un avus 20 6 1 ma 8 de landi de landi 44 g pus g , , ; p g g , m t e t i 27 29 66 ers icillata 2 1 27 44 u us rup s r s , , , p p , , , Ml i a Lani excubitor bo eali 20 28 29 e o z us r s , , , , sp 1 19 ma 18 eo iana ericr ta 28 15 1 ; p g rg yp , , i i l lincolnii lincolnii 2 1 28 150 ma La i la na 24 . 3 r x r c , ; p , , , ; p La o the H d 92 93 12 1 26 rk , N r rn orne , , , Law melodia melodia 28 151 s , , r e n at ith n n Mena canthus 1 19 a g t us sm so ia us , 1 1 , 20 , , 27 77 Men anthe t i oliata 24 74 , y s r f , , de lawarens is 27 29 79 a , , , Merg nser , laucoides laucoides 75 Ame i a 23 47 g g , r c n , , la 1 1 Ho d d 23 g ucus , o e , ma i na 76 Red- a ted 45 46 r s , bre s , , Me hilade l hia 80 p p , rgus Le ath -lea 24 me an e ame i an 23 47 er f, rg s r r c us, , Led m e ato e ato 20 27 45 u s rr r s rr r, , , de mben 19 e i Elliott 12 cu s , M rr ck , , l n i m 4 l i 130 oe n a d 2 s . 3 6 e gr cu , ; p , M c , Le li R b t 59 6 1 64 8 1 84 ad 82 120 s e , o er , , , , Me ow, , L i Ha i on F 129 Red- a d 82 ew s , rr s b cke , Li iti 30 i h l eo 66 102 ce , b ng , M c e , G rges , , Li h a i o 24 53 Mi ot 82 97 120 c en , c r b u , , cr us , , , Li ol il oil at 24 nc n , M f , w er, F d i C 60 6 1 64 70 74 88 ite 30 90 93 98 1 19 125 131 re er ck , , , , , , M s , , , , , , , , 9 99 1 5 12 134 147 3, , 04, 12 , 8 , 129 , Mo oth ate ate 28 132 Thoma 54 l s , rus r r, , Lo La la d 152 Mom bas sanus 33 ngspur, p n , s ,

Loo o A. E . 30 85 n , M ss , , , ommo 31 32 o hai a 23 53 144 C n , , M ss , rc p , , , - Ms ck C . F. W . 30 Red th oat d 32 ue ebe r e , , , Lo hod t e cuoullatus 23 do h am 30 p y s , Mur c , J es ,

Late ma lo a 23 i la . 12 cu s , Mur e , O us J,

Loth Phili 36 59 61 64 M rica ale 24 l . 3 , p , , , , y g , ; p w M rio h llum alt rni orum 24 36 Lo , A. P. , 1 1 y p y e fl , , Lo ia M rs idea ineerta 131 x y , HARPER : BIRDS OF THE UNGAVA PENINSULA

National m of a ada 30 85 lo ridanus cincina tus 34 Museu C n , , , f , 1 0s lorida nus loridanus f f , 34 ational S ien e Fo datio 5 30 lorida nus mi ato ia 33 34 N c c un n , , f gr r s , , H E 0 94 1 0 Philo teru al . 3 3 s 93 108 12 1 135 Ne , , , p , , , ,

e o dla d De a tm t of in of. rutt eri 104 N wf un n p r en M es , and R o e 30 Ph llodo e ae lea 24 92 1 18 es urc s , y c c ru , , ,

e to Arth r C . 30 36 37 59 Pi ea N w n , u , , , , , c 147 la a 24 g uc , ma l N ctea ctea 23 iana 24 s . 2 3 y ny , r , ; p , Picoide s i e of aval Re ear h 5 30 ame i an labrado rius 9 1 Off c N s c , , r c us , i of the Su o Ge e al 5 30 a ti 89 Off ce rge n n r , , rc cus , Oide mia ni a ame i ana 23 tricicz ct lus ba etas 2 1 28 89 ma gr r c , y c , , , ; p Old S a 22 23 l l qu w, , Ornithobius onio leurus 36 Pi e a 24 56 123 g p , n , j ck , , , O nithon 134 Pi ett e r yssus , n , Kom 22 o n D ale . 12 Osb r , J, e Am i a 49 Will 59 63 Ospr y, er c n , e , , Owl Pi i ola , n c Am i an Ha 85 en le ato 28 ma 22 er c wk , uc r, ; p Lab ado Ho ed 82—8 4 en le ato es chatosus 20 133 r r rn , uc r , , o the n Ba d 85 e le ato le a 134 N r r rre , nuc r ucur , ’ Ri ha d on Bo eal 87 Pin tail 40 c r s s r , , S aw- het 87 Pin ba k iana 24 w , us n s , S o 23 Pi it Ame i a 1 17-1 19 n wy , p , r c n , O ia di na 24 1 18 Pit he - lant 24 xyr gy , , c r p , Pla t alle alle 23 u us , Palme Ral h S 17 30 31 Plect he a nivali nivali 20 28 r, p , , rop n x s s , , , P ndi n a o 29 , 152 '’ haliaetus a oline nsis 2 1 27 49 Pleuroz ium h ebe i 23 53 54 c r , , , sc r r , , , '’ haliaétus haliaetus 50 Plove , r , ri - Pa t d e , Bla ellied, 25 , 69 “r g ” ck b b a 67 mi lm t e , S a a ed, 68 “ rr n”s e p Bla 52 59 Poa k , , c ” B o 59 6 1 al i ena 24 8 1 r wn , , p g , , i S , 54 , 59 al ne , 8 1 “ pruce p Whi te 6 1 64 Pol t i h m 53 , , y r c u , Pa a i e i m 23 144 r s jun p r nu , , atrica illus atrica illus 23 102 Po d d 24 p p , , n wee , huds onicus 28 Po la al am 16 24 , p r , b s , , huds onicus huds onicus 20 102 104 Po l , , , pu us huds onicus labrado rius 1 04 bal ami e a 24 , s f r , huds onicus litt o ali 104 t em loide 24 r s , r u s , huds onicus ni i ans 104 Po i 90 gr c , rcup ne , huds onicus un aous 1 4 0 A . 24 g , Porsild, . E , Pas e amesticus dome ti 28 29 i bu le ur s r s cus , , , Potamogeton perfol atus var. p 12g aide 24 36 s , , Pass erculus Pote tilla o ve i a var. lab ado ri a n n r g c r c , nd h s a wic ensis , 2 1 , 28 24 , 8 1 sandwichens is labradorius 139 140 , , i r i h omi 1 16 138 146 Prist pho a er c s , , , sandwichens is oblitus 140 , P o o i m 96 r s p u , s andwiche nsis ava na 139 s n , Pta mi a r g n , Pas e e lla ilia a ilia a 20 28 29 149 s r c c , , , , ; H d o Ba Ro 66 67 u s n y ck , , ma 25 p ava Will o 6 1—6 5 Ung w, Penene rmis cali omie f ns is , 90 Pe ris oreus r austini 74 anadens i 28 Quad aceps , c s , ana densi ni rica illus 20 95 98 b D a tm t of Game and c s g p , , , Que ec ep r en Fi h 30 Phalacrocomx s , dilo hus albociliatus 34 i al i a le ve i olo 28 29 p , Qu sc us qu sc rs c r, , , loridan alb liat 4 132 f us oci us , 3 ER OF S PUBLS . . . UNIV SITY KANSA , MUS NAT HIST .

Ra bit 98 E a t S 1 51 b , s ern ong,

Ra R. Go do 100 1 02 E a t T 142 cey , r n , , s ern ree , Ra i e E a t Whit - o d 95 105 ng f r s ern e cr wne , , aboti 100 — 107 127 1 30 143 148 l . 6 c , , , , ; p ’ a ibo a ibo 100 Gambel s 145 c r u c r u , , ’ Ran n l tricho h llus 24 36 Ha ri 127 u cu us p y , , r s , Rav th 97 99— 102 Ho 129 en , Nor ern , , use , ’ Red ll ommo 1 35 Li l 150 po , C n , nco n s , Re l o th S am 15 1 gu us N r ern w p , ale d la alend la 20 28 1 14 S ava ah 1 1 7 c n u c u , , , ; nn , ma 16 Whi t -th at d 148 149 p e ro e , , at a a at a a 23 S ha m m 23 130 s r p s r p , p gnu oss , , R ld R ha n m l no . A. 10 S 23 7 1 . 3 ey s , , p g u , , ; p Ri m l 68 us cu . 3 ngneck , f , p Ri a tridact la tridact la 80 S in in in 20 28 137 ma ss y y , p us p us p us , , , ; p Robi 23 n , Bla -b a d 95 105—108 130 S iz ella ck cke , , , , p 13s a bo ea a bo ea 20 28 142 r r r r , , , E a t 1 05 a e ina as e ina 28 29 143 s ern , p ss r p s r , , , Rom H 1 1 1 S readborou h William 1 0 1 141 er , enry , p g , , , , R b hamaemo 24 7 1 130 l . 3 1 42 u us c rus , , , ; p S r p uce , Saemunds sonia lockle i 8 1 la 16 24 53 58 59 74 82 89 y , b ck , , , , , , , , ,

St . e ér6me 22 38 62 70 90 96 103 1 07 109 1 10 1 14 Ong , J , , , , , , , , , , , li — Sa l . 2 124 128 130 131 133 135 138 x, p , , , , , , uoa-ursiP 24 9 l ( ) , , 2 142 ; p s . 1 , 5 S a d i hit 16 24 53 73 90 96 103 n p per , w e , , , , , , , , E a t S olita 72 1 06 1 07 1 09 1 10 1 13 1 14 1 16 s ern ry, , , , , , , , L a t 75 124 125 128 129 138 141 147 e s , , , , , , , S ott d 7 1 S ata ola uata ola 69 p e , qu r sq r , San i o ba anaden i 19 24 S i l Red 95 106 1 15 120 130 gu s r c s s , , qu rre s , , , , , , S a t L ma 54 56 S ta li 122 rgen , u n , , r ng , Sa a enia ea 19 24 S r u l te eoca lon . 2 rr c purpur , , , p Saw-fl 1 16 138 146 Ste ne y , , , r S chr fer Willi am 37 o ste i 82 ¢ p , , f r r , S ot 68 hi undo 8 1 c ers , r , Am i a 23 aradisaea 2 1 27 8 1 er c n , p , , , S 44 St a t ame 84 urf, ew r , J s , Whi t - in d 44 45 Sto e w ge , , ne , S i e la e F. 83 urus C renc , novebo a ens i 20 28 126 ma 19 Gid o 54 56 r c s , , , ; p e n , , novebo a e ns i notabilis 128 St i cclama tor a lamato 28 29 r c s , r x cc r, , , Sh i o th 93 1 19—12 1 8g r ke , N r ern , , Sialia iali iali 2 1 28 1 14 Sta ma v l a i v l a i 28 122 s s s s , , , s u g r s u g r s , , Sima d ilbe t 30 45 63 85 S mia l la ca aroch 28 29 85 r , G r , , , , u u u p , , , Si ho a t a 30 47 S all T 88 94 p n p er , , w ow, ree , , Si i o th Pi e 137 S m tom s 96 sk n , N r ern n , y p y , Sli Robe t 30 37 42 45 47—49 pp , r , , , , , ,

59 , 63 , 100 Tait , A. H. , 30 , 36 Smila ina t i olia 24 74 Tama a 16 24 58 89 98 103 c r f , , r ck , , , , , , , Smith oni a I ti t tio 1 0 1 1 104 107 1 13 1 16 120 123—125 s n ns u n , , , , , , , , i il ’ 128 1 0 1 3—135 138 141 142 S W o 69 70 l . 3 3 3 n pe , s n s , , ; p , , , , , , ’ S olomo - eal th ee-l av d 24 1 46 n s s , r e e , S omate ia Te a ommo Lab ado 16 24 53 r , C n r r , , , , molli ima bo ealis 44 54 89 1 13 145 ss r , , , , molli ima dres s eri 43 T al — i d 40 ss , e , Green w nge , molli ima ede nta ia 44 T Ar ti 31 77 8 1 ss s r , ern , c c , , , S o l mo tai 24 Thali t m ol amum 19 24 rre , un n , c ru p yg , , S a o Thom o All 30 37 63 p rr w, ps n , en , , , Ea te hi i 143 Th h s rn C pp ng , rus , ’ Ea t Fox 149 150 Bi ll 1 13 s ern , , ckne s ,