Midal Cables Pty Ltd Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment

December 2011 Revision 0

This Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility – Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment (“Report”): 1. has been prepared by [insert GHD entity which provides the Report – for example that entity may be GHD Pty Ltd or GHD Australia Pty Ltd] (“GHD”) for Midal Cables Pty Ltd; 2. may only be used and relied on by Midal Cables Pty Ltd; 3. must not be copied to, used by, or relied on by any person other than [insert name of client] without the prior written consent of GHD; 4. may only be used for the purpose of assessing the Project under Part 3A of the EP&A Act (and must not be used for any other purpose). GHD and its servants, employees and officers otherwise expressly disclaim responsibility to any person other than Midal Cables Pty Ltd arising from or in connection with this Report. To the maximum extent permitted by law, all implied warranties and conditions in relation to the services provided by GHD and the Report are excluded unless they are expressly stated to apply in this Report. The services undertaken by GHD in connection with preparing this Report: x were limited to those specifically detailed in section 1.3 of this Report; x did not include [GHD undertaking detailed investigations outside the study area; GHD undertaking detailed surveys in more than one season]. The opinions, conclusions and any recommendations in this Report are based on assumptions made by GHD when undertaking services and preparing the Report (“Assumptions”), including (but not limited to): x Information supplied or made available by third parties is correct and accurate (eg databases and reports relevant to the locality). x The reliability of the methods required to be undertaken as part of the assessment in detected threatened biota. GHD expressly disclaims responsibility for any error in, or omission from, this Report arising from or in connection with any of the Assumptions being incorrect. Subject to the paragraphs in this section of the Report, the opinions, conclusions and any recommendations in this Report are based on conditions encountered and information reviewed at the time of preparation and may be relied on until for 6 months, after which time, GHD expressly disclaims responsibility for any error in, or omission from, this Report arising from or in connection with those opinions, conclusions and any recommendations.

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Contents

Abbreviations i

Executive Summary ii

1. Introduction 1 1.1 The Project 1 1.2 The Site and Study Area 2 1.3 Objectives and Purpose of this Assessment 2

2. Legislative Context 5 2.1 State Legislation and Policies 5 2.2 Commonwealth Legislation 10

3. Methods 13 3.1 Tasks 13 3.2 Consultation with EPA 14 3.3 Database Searches and Literature Review 15 3.4 Field Surveys 15 3.5 Determination of Biodiversity Offset 22 3.6 Weather Conditions 23 3.7 Limitations 24

4. Biogeographical and Land Use Context 27 4.1 Bioregion and Catchment 27 4.2 Landscapes and Connectivity 27 4.3 Natural Features 28 4.4 Climate 41 4.5 Developed Features 41

5. Survey Results 42 5.1 Vegetation Cover and Floristics 42 5.2 Fauna Habitats 46 5.3 Fauna of the Site 48 5.4 Threatened Biota 51

6. Impact Analysis 64 6.1 Existing Conditions 64

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6.2 Construction Impacts 64 6.3 Operational Impacts 66 6.4 Key Threatening Processes 68 6.5 Port Stephens CKPoM 71

7. Impact Management 73 7.1 Overview 73 7.2 Impact Avoidance 73 7.3 Impact Mitigation 74 7.4 Benefits of Avoidance and Mitigation 77 7.5 Biodiversity Offset Strategy 78

8. Conclusions 80 8.1 Impacts on State-listed Threatened Biota 80 8.2 Koala Habitat 81 8.3 SEPP 14 Wetlands 83 8.4 EPBC Act Assessment 83 8.5 Summary of Key Findings 85 8.6 Draft Statement of Comittments 88

9. References 90

Table Index Table 2-1 Flora and Fauna Director General’s Requirements for the Environmental Assessment 5 Table 2-2 Biodiversity / Ecology Submission for the Environmental Assessment 6 Table 3-1 Field Survey Dates and Key Tasks 16 Table 3-2 Flora Survey Effort 16 Table 3-3 Fauna Survey Methods and Effort 21 Table 3-4 BOM Weather Records for Williamtown 23 Table 4-1 Threatened Flora Species Known or Predicted to Occur in the Locality 34 Table 4-2 Threatened Fauna Species Known or Predicted to Occur in the Locality 36 Table 5-1 Results of the Habitat Characterisation Survey 57 Table B-1 Threatened Biota Known or Predicted from the Locality, Habitat Association and Likelihood of Occurring at the Site 100

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Table B-2 Threatened Biota that are unlikely to be impacted by the Project 137

Figure Index Figure 1-1 The Site and Study Area 3 Figure 1-2 The Site and 10 km Buffer 4 Figure 3-1 Flora Survey Locations 25 Figure 3-2 Fauna Survey Locations 26 Figure 4-1 Groundwater Regime of the Site and Surrounding Area 30 Figure 4-2 Threatened Flora of the Locality 39 Figure 4-3 Threatened Fauna of the Locality 40 Figure 5-1 Vegetation Cover of the Site 43 Figure 5-2 Vegetation Condition of the Site 45 Figure 5-3 Hollow Bearing Trees of the Site 49 Figure 5-4 New Holland Mouse Records and Predicted Biomass 63 Figure 6-1 Direct Impacts on Vegetation Cover 69 Figure 6-2 Groundwater Impacts 70

Appendices A Protected Matters Search Tool Database Search B Threatened Biota C Flora Species Recorded within the Site D Actions Required in Relation to Notifiable Weeds Pursuant to the Noxious Weeds Act 2003 E Fauna Species Recorded within the Site F Assessment of Impact on State Listed Threatened Species and Ecological Communities G Assessment of Impact on Nationally-Listed Species and Ecological Communities

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Abbreviations

Term Definition

BAT BioBanking Assessment Tool

CEEC Critically endangered ecological community

DECC Former Department of Environment and Climate Change (NSW) now Office of Environment and Heritage (EPA)

DECCW Former Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water (NSW) now Office of Environment and Heritage (EPA)

DEWHA Former Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (Commonwealth) now Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (DSEWPaC)

DSEWPaC Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Populations and Communities (Commonwealth) formerly Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts

DNR Former Department of Natural Resources (NSW), now part of the NSW Department of Water and Energy (DWE)

DPI Former Department of Industry and Investment (NSW) now Department of Primary Industries (NSW)

EEC Endangered ecological community

EP Endangered population

EP&A Act NSW Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979

EPBC Act Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999

FM Act NSW Fisheries Management Act 1994

Midal Midal Cables International Pty Ltd, the Proponent

NPWS Former National Parks and Wildlife Service now Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water

NSW New South Wales

SEPP State Environmental Planning Policy

The Project The Midal Aluminium Cabling Facility

TSC Act NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995

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Executive Summary

The Project Midal Cables International Pty Ltd (Midal) propose to construct and operate the Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility (referred to as the ‘Project’) on Lots 5 and 6 in DP 270328 located adjacent to the southeastern margin of the Tomago Aluminium Smelter at Tomago in Port Stephens. The Project would involve the construction and operation of a haul road to transport molten aluminium from the Tomago Smelter to a facility comprising a building tol house, the gas fired furnace and rolling mill that would manufacture aluminium rod. Ancillary infrastructure such as the gas fired furnace and rolling mill control rooms, and undercover rod storage would also be within this building. Other aspects of the Project include:

 Cooling towers and infrastructure associated with the gas fired furnace and rolling mill.

 A building approximately 124 m by 46 m and 8 m high that would house wire drawing machines, stranding machines and associated facilities.

 Laboratories and administration buildings.

 Stores building, electrical and mechanical workshops.

 Hardstand movement, loading areas, and car parking.

 Stormwater detention and nutrient control devices that would form part of a water recycling system that would maximise water reuse in the manufacturing process.

 On site sewage treatment plant.

 All required utility upgrades and connections.

Purpose of Report This Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment (the Assessment) has been prepared to characterise the existing biodiversity values of the site and assess the impacts of the proposed Project within the context of Part 3A of the NSW Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (EP&A Act). Impacts and measures required to address the adverse effects of the Project (if any) on the sites biodiversity values are discussed.

Legislative Framework Specific consideration has been given to the Department of Plannings’ Director Generals Requirements (DGRs) issued under Part 3A of the EP&A Act for the Project, and the Project requirements of the Office of Environment and Heritage (EPA) and Port Stephens Council. The primary focus of the assessment is on threatened biota listed under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (TSC Act) and the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). Consideration of the Noxious Weeds Act 1993 (NW Act) and the Port Stephens Council Comprehensive Koala Plan of Management (CKPoM) is also provided.

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Consultation The EPA was initially consulted via the Preliminary Environmental Assessment (PEA) resulting in the provision of the DGRs and associated agency submissions. Further consultation was undertaken with the EPA during the preparation of this report to gain clarity on targeted survey and offsettgin requirements.

Methods The Assessment has been prepared with consideration of the Draft Guidelines for Threatened Species Assessment under Part 3A of the EP&A Act (DEC and DPI, 2005), the Draft Threatened Biodiversity Survey and Assessment Guidelines for Developments and Activities (DEC, 2004) and the BioBanking Assessment Methodology (DECCW, 2009). The assessment has also considered any relevant survey requirements specified in the Lower Hunter Central Coast Regional Environmental Strategy: Flora and Fauna Survey Guidelines (LHCCREMS, 2006). Surveys were completed in February, June and December 2011 comprising detailed systematic and targeted seasonal surveys designed to characterise the biodiversity values of the site and study area. Field surveys included mammal trapping (Elliott traps and hair tubes), bird/ reptile/ frog census, habitat assessment, flora quadrats and transects and targeted searches for threatened flora species.

Existing Environment One native vegetation type was identified within the study area and is described as Smooth Barked Apple Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest on the ‘NSW Vegetation Types Database' (EPA, 2011). This vegetation coincides with the proposed haul road that links the Project with the Tomago Aluminium Smelter. The area covered by this vegetation type within the study area is 10.58 ha of which approximately 1.00 ha occurs within the site. Smooth Barked Apple Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest is characterised within the site by the co-dominant tree species’ Smooth-barked Apple (Angophora costata) and Red Bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera) on free draining dry sandy soils. This vegetation is typically dry sclerophyll heathy woodland to forest and is widespread throughout the Tomago sand beds. The canopy can include Eucalyptus pilularis (Blackbutt) as a third co-dominant although this species was not observed within the site or study area. Previous land uses on site including industrial and sand mining activities have resulted in the occurrence of non-native vegetation land cover features including:

 Exotic Open Grassland (2.76 ha).

 Hardstand (1.36 ha). By area the exotic open grassland is the largest landcover feature of the site (approximately 1.91 ha). It coincides with previously disturbed industrial land use where disturbance levels are high. This land has been cleared for a considerable period with limited evidence of prior natural vegetation formations.

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Threatened Species, Populations and Ecological Communities The majority of threatened plant species identified by the Wildlife Atlas Database (EPA, 2011), EPBC Act Protected Matters Search Tool (PMST) and BioBanking Assessment Tool (BAT) were targeted during surveys to identify whether they were present within the impact area. Targeted species included Rulingia prostrata, Cryptostylis hunteriana, Galium australe, Grevillea parviflora subsp. parviflora, Asperula asthenes, Callistemon linearifolius, Melaleuca groveana and Tetratheca juncea. None of these threatened flora species or their habitats were found within native or non-native vegetation types described within the site. This finding is consistent with the results of extensive surveys within the same vegetation type and mapping conducted by Bell and Driscoll (2006) for the Tomago sand beds. Targeted surveys for Diuris praecox were not completed as it was considered that there is no suitable habitat for this species within the site. This conclusion is supported by surveys conducted by Bell and Driscoll (2006) and the records of the Wildlife Atlas database (EPA, 2011), which shows a near coastal distribution of less than 3 km from the ocean shoreline. Similarly, no targeted survey was completed for Diuris arenaria. This threatened species was, at the time of conducting surveys, identified as having a distribution restricted to the Tomaree Peninsular at least 18 km to the east of the site. Neither the literature review, habitat analysis or database searches (i.e. BAT database, literature review, Wildlife Atlas Database) resulted in the identification of suitable habitat. The project is not expected to impact these species due to the absence of sutiable habitat. However, the EPA has advised that the precautionary principle should be applied to these species on the basis of a new record for Diruis arenaria from Heatherbrae to the north fo the site (approximately 4 km), a record that was not available for consideration during the compilation of this assessment.

Habitat analysis identified suitable habitat for threatened fauna species within the naturally vegetated parts of the site. Three threatened fauna species, the New Holland Mouse (Pseudomys novaehollandiae), Eastern Freetail Bat (Mormopterus norfolkensis) and Grey-headed Flying Fox (Pteropus poliocephalus) were recorded within the study area during field surveys. The New Holland Mouse is listed as a vulnerable species under the EPBC Act but is not listed as threatened under the TSC Act. The Grey-headed Flying Fox is listed as a vulnerable species under both the EPBC and TSC Acts and the Eastern Freetail Bat is listed as a vulnerable species under the TSC Act. Threatened fauna species not recorded during the field surveys that have a moderate to high likelihood of occurrence within the site include:

 Brush-tailed Phascogale (Phascogale tapoatafa) (suitable foraging and breeding habitat).

 Squirrel Glider (Petaurus norfolcensis) (suitable foraging and breeding habitat).

 Eastern Pygmy Possum (Cercartetus nanus) (suitable foraging and breeding habitat).

 Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) (supplementary habitat – foraging and movement).

 Eastern Bentwing Bat (Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis) (suitable foraging).

 Little Bentwing Bat (Miniopterus australis) (suitable foraging habitat).

 Greater Broad-nosed bat (Scoteanax rueppellii) (suitable foraging and breeding habitat).

 Large-eared Pied Bat (Chalinolobus dwyeri) (suitable foraging habitat).

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Impacts on suitable habitat for these species would be restricted to the loss of 0.68 ha of Smooth Barked Apple Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest from the site. Threatened fauna species not identified during the field surveys that have a very low likelihood of occurrence within the site include:

 Swift Parrot (Lathamus discolor) (marginal foraging habitat).

 Regent Honeyeater (Anthochaera phrygia) (marginal foraging habitat).

 Spotted-tailed Quoll (Dasyurus maculatus maculatus) (marginal foraging habitat).

 Long-nosed Potoroo (Potorous tridactylus tridactylus) (marginal foraging habitat). Smooth Barked Apple Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest is not classified as a threatened ecological community listed under the TSC Act and/or EPBC Act. This vegetation type is not classified as overcleared for the Hunter Central Rivers CMA.

Impact Analysis The clearing of native vegetation would be confined to Smooth-barked Apple Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest along the proposed haul road. The Project is estimated to have a total direct impact of 0.68 ha on this vegetation type. Impacts on other non-native vegetation/land cover features are defined as follows:

 1.20 ha of exotic closed grassland.

 1.05 ha of hardstand. There will be no direct impacts on residual native vegetation identified within the study area, including any natural or artificial watercourses. No areas of semi-permanent or permanent water are to be disturbed or removed by the Project.

Impact Avoidance and Mitigation The proposed haul road connecting the facility with the Tomago Aluminium Smelter represents the only component of the Project that would result in a direct impact on native vegetation and associated flora and fauna habitats. A review of the biodiversity constraints resulted in the haul road being redesigned from a straight to curved road to avoid impacts on high value habitat for the New Holland Mouse. Light shed along the route of the proposed haul road has been reduced by the repositioning of lights to minimise the illumination of adjoining native vegetation cover, including areas of suitable habitat for the New Holland Mouse. The surface water and groundwater assessment prepared by GHD (2011) considered the Projects potential indirect impacts on lands outside the site namely the effects on ecosystems dependant on groundwater resources. Various surface water infiltration rates were analysed with a view to reducing the predicted impacts on offsite vegetation. Project design was used avoidance of impacts on the internationally important Hunter Estuary Wetlands Ramsar site and SEPP 14 wetlands, with a reduced tolerable impact on offsite native vegetation also achieved. Key mitigation works proposed to minimise the impacts of the Project on threatened species and their habitats include:

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 The implementation of a Project construction environmental management plan (CEMP), which would include the clearance of fauna prior to construction to minimise mortality and injury and weed management.

 The improvement of habitat values within degraded vegetation adjoining the site through the use of fire, weed management and habitat enhancement to improve vegetation floristics (ie plant species diversity), structure and fauna habitat values. The primary purpose would be improving habitat suitability for the New Holland Mouse within the local area

Impact Assessment The threatened species, ecological communities and their habitats relevant to the Project were assessed within the context of the legislative framework for the Project (Director Generals Requirements - Part 3A of the EP&A Act), the existing environment (biodiversity values of the site and study area), impact analysis (expected impacts on biodiversity) and mitigation measures (measures to reduce the Projects impacts on biodiversity). Assessments of significance were prepared for threatened biota identified as likely to occur within the habitats contained within the native vegetation cover of the site (ie Smooth Barked Apple - Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest). The assessment of the Projects direct impacts on State listed threatened biota likely to occur within the site and relevant Matters of National Environmental Significance (MNES) listed under the EPBC Act were considered. This assessment focused primarily on the three threatened species detected within the study area these being the New Holland Mouse, Eastern Freetail Bat and Grey-headed Flying-fox. It was concluded that the Project is unlikely to have a significant impact on threatened species, populations, EECs, CEECs or their habitats listed under the TSC Act or EPBC Act. The assessment of the Projects potential to have an indirect impact on threatened biota and MNES identified within the locality were also assessed. Modelling was used to determine the likely change in groundwater steady state (ie net change) (GHD, 2011). This modelling predicted no indirect impacts on Ramsar wetlands, SEPP 14 wetlands, Commonwealth marine areas or migratory species that occur within the locality. The indirect impacts arising from net change in groundwater is predicted to be restricted to native vegetation located near the site including vegetation classified as EECs. The impacts on this vegetation is considered minor (ie within the natural variation for these communities) (Bell and Driscoll, 2006) and as such the impacts are considered as negligible (ie no measurable biodiversity losses). The assessment concluded the Project is unlikely to have a significant impact on threatened biota listed under the TSC Act or EPBC Act. A referral prepared under the EPBC Act was assessed by the DSEWPaC (referral number 2011/6085) and in their determination notice it was declared that the Project is not a controlled action under the EPBC Act.

Conclusion The project would result in a loss of 0.68 ha of Smooth Barked Apple Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest comprising suitable habitat for threatened species listed under the TSC Act and MNES listed under the EPBC Act. However, this impact is not likely to result in a significant impact on threatened species or their habitats listed under the TSC Act or EPBC Act. No impacts on MNES such as Ramsar wetlands and Commonwealth marine areas are expected.

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Impact avoidance has been used as the primary method for reducing the Projects impacts on threatened biodiversity (ie avoidance of high value New Holland Mouse habitat). Mitigation actions proposed as part of the construction phase of the Project would further minimise the Projects impacts on threatened biota and MNES. A biodiveristy offset is proposed to address the projects residual impacts on biodiversity. A Biodiversity Offsets Package would be prepared using the BioBanking Assessment Methodology and the EPAs Interim Offsetting Policy for Part 3A Projects for the purpose of identifying the number of ecosystem credits required to achieve an in perpetuity conservation outcome for the 0.68 ha of native vegetation lost through the site development.

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1. Introduction

This Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment (the ‘Assessment’) has been prepared by GHD on behalf of Midal Cables International Pty Ltd (Midal) as part of the Environmental Assessment, for the Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility (referred to as the ‘Project’). The Project is to be assessed under Part 3A of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (EP&A Act). This report has been prepared to assess the biodiversity values of the site, the impacts of the Project on these biodiversity values and to develop an approach to the minimisation of these impacts through avoidance, mitigation and ameliorative measures.

1.1 The Project Midal Cables International Pty Limited (Midal) proposes to construct an aluminium rod and conductor manufacturing facility adjacent to the Tomago Aluminium Smelter at Tomago in Port Stephens (the proposal). This facility will process molten aluminium purchased and transported from the Tomago Aluminium Smelter. Midal have entered into a long term supply contract with Tomago to supply molten metal to the proposed facility. The facility will process 50,000 tonnes of aluminium per year. This aluminium will be cast into rods with half the production being exported and half being further processed into aluminium conductors. The Project, as shown in Figure 1-1, would include:

 A haul road approximately 150 m long that would be used to transport molten aluminium from the Tomago Smelter.

 A building approximately 98 m by 38 m and 8 m high that will house the gas fired furnace and rolling mill that would manufacture aluminium rod. Ancillary infrastructure such as the gas fired furnace and rolling mill control rooms, and undercover rod storage would also be within this building.

 Cooling towers and infrastructure associated with the gas fired furnace and rolling mill.

 A building approximately 124 m by 46 m and 8 m high that would house wire drawing machines, stranding machines and associated facilities.

 Laboratories and administration buildings.

 Stores building, electrical and mechanical workshops.

 Hardstand movement, loading areas, and car parking.

 Stormwater detention and nutrient control devices that would form part of a water recycling system that would maximise water reuse in the manufacturing process.

 On site sewage treatment plant.

 All required utility upgrades and connections. The site is part of a Community Title subdivision and all lots within the subdivision are serviced by a private road on Community Land. This road may be sealed as a result of the proposal.

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1.2 The Site and Study Area The Project is proposed to be constructed and operated within a site comprising 4.1 ha of land located on McIntyre Road, Tomago (Lots 5 and 6 in DP 270328) within Port Stephens Local Government Area (LGA). The Project footprint defines the site boundaries and is shown on Figure 1-1. This mostly coincides with existing cleared or disturbed land with the exception of the haul road which passes through native vegetation in the north of the site. The site is situated adjacent to the southeastern margin of the Tomago Aluminium Smelter at Tomago. The study area consists of the site and adjoining native vegetation where the assessment of direct and indirect impacts has been considered. The study area boundary is also shown in Figure 1-1 and comprises an area of 14.7 ha. Lands within 10 km of the site (Figure 1-2) represent the local context (the locality). This area has been used to broadly profile the sites potential biological values, including the identification of threatened biota potentially relevant to the Project.

1.3 Objectives and Purpose of this Assessment The purpose of the Assessment was to:

 Describe the biodiversity values of the site and study area.

 Evaluate the conservation significance of the biodiversity values identified within the site in terms of threatened species, endangered populations and endangered ecological communities listed under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation 1995 (TSC Act), Fisheries Management Act 1994 (FM Act) and Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act).

 Assess the significance of impacts from construction and operation of the Project on the above in accordance with Part 3A of the EP&A Act threatened species assessment requirements and the Part 3A Draft Threatened Species Assessment Guidelines (DECC and DPI, 2005).

 Assess the significance of potential impacts on flora and fauna in relation to Matters of National Environmental Significance (MNES) listed under the EPBC Act; and determine whether the Project is likely to constitute a ‘controlled action’ as defined under the EPBC Act.

 Identify measures to avoid, minimise, mitigate and offset impacts of the Project on biodiversity values to achieve a ‘maintain or improve’ outcome.

2 Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility 22/15280/30/94697 R0 Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment 380,700 380,800 380,900 381,000 381,100 381,200 6,367,600 6,367,600 6,367,500 6,367,500 6,367,400 6,367,400 McIntyre Road

Proposed Haul Road

Workshop and Stores 6,367,300 6,367,300

Building No.1 Hazardous Goods Store

6,367,200 Building 6,367,200 No.2 Drum Shop

Proposed

6,367,100 Carpark 6,367,100

Road

380,700 380,800 380,900 381,000 Private 381,100 381,200 LEGEND

Proposed Carpark Proposed Building Footprint Study Area Proposed Haul Road The Site

1:3,000 (at A4) Midal Cables International Pty Ltd Job Number 22-1528034 012.5 25 50 75 100 Tomago Rod and Conductor Manfacturing Facility Revision 2 Date 12 SEP 2011 Metres Map Projection: Transverse Mercator Horizontal Datum: Geocentric Datum of Australia (GDA) Grid: Map Grid of Australia 1994, Zone 56 o Site Layout Figure 1-1 Level 3, GHD Tower, 24 Honeysuckle Drive, Newcastle NSW 2300 T 61 2 4979 9999 F 61 2 4979 9988 E [email protected] W www.ghd.com.au G:\22\15280\GIS\Maps\Deliverables\Midal_Referal\22_1528033_01_SiteLayout_20110816_2.mxd © 2011. While GHD has taken care to ensure the accuracy of this product, GHD and NEARMAP, LPMA make no representations or warranties about its accuracy, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose. GHD and NEARMAP, LPMA cannot accept liability of any kind (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for any expenses, losses, damages and/or costs (including indirect or consequential damage) which are or may be incurred as a result of the product being inaccurate, incomplete or unsuitable in any way and for any reason. Data Source: NearMap: PhotoMap - 2011; LPMA: DTDC - 2007. Created by: fmackay, tmorton, mbarnier, mabarnier HINTON OSTERLEY NELSONS PLAINS

MORPETH

BERRY PARK

RAYMOND TERRACE

MILLERS FOREST

THORNTON

HEATHERBRAE

WOODBERRY

BERESFIELD TARRO

TOMAGO

Site Location FULLERTON COVE

LENAGHAN HEXHAM

FERN KOORAGANG BAY

FLETCHER

MARYLAND SHORTLAND MAYFIELD WEST MAYFIELD NORTH

MAYFIELD

NORTH WALLSEND LAMBTON

LAMBTON ELERMORE VALE HAMILTON RANKIN PARK NEW GLENDALE LAMBTON NEWCASTLE HAMILTON SOUTH ARGENTON

LEGEND

10km Buffer Prior Sand Mining Activity Tomago Special Area HWC 2009 Site Location NSW Ramsar Wetlands

1:110,000 (at A4) Midal Cables International Pty Ltd Job Number 22-15280 0 0.4 0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2 Tomago Rod and Conductor Manfacturing Facility Revision C Date 11 AUG 2011 Kilometers Map Projection: Transverse Mercator Horizontal Datum: Geocentric Datum of Australia (GDA) Grid: Map Grid of Australia 1994, Zone 56 o The Site and 10km Buffer Figure 1-2 Level 3, GHD Tower, 24 Honeysuckle Drive, Newcastle NSW 2300 T 61 2 4979 9999 F 61 2 4979 9988 E [email protected] W www.ghd.com.au G:\22\15280\GIS\Maps\Deliverables\Ecology\2215280_ECO_002_10kmRadius_SiteLayout_20110811_C.mxd © 2011. While GHD has taken care to ensure the accuracy of this product, GHD and LPMA make no representations or warranties about its accuracy, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose. GHD and LPMA cannot accept liability of any kind (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for any expenses, losses, damages and/or costs (including indirect or consequential damage) which are or may be incurred as a result of the product being inaccurate, incomplete or unsuitable in any way and for any reason. Data Source: LPMA: DTDC - 2007; LPMA: Imagery - 2007. Created by: fmackay, tmorton

2. Legislative Context

2.1 State Legislation and Policies

2.1.1 EP&A Act The Project is a Part 3A Major Project under the EP&A Act. This requires the consideration of Project impacts on threatened biodiversity. In this regard, the Director General’s Requirements (DGRs) were sought to guide the preparation of the environmental assessment report and were received on 12 April 2011. The DGRs identify key issues that must be assessed in the Environmental Assessment prepared in accordance with the requirements of Part 3A of the EP&A Act. The DGRs relevant to the flora and fauna impact assessment are presented in Table 2-1 below:

Table 2-1 Flora and Fauna Director General’s Requirements for the Environmental Assessment

Agency Director General’s Requirement Where Addressed in Report

DPI Measures to be taken to avoid impacts on Section 7.3 biodiversity.

Accurate predictions of the type and amount of Section 6.2 vegetation to be cleared.

A detailed assessment of the potential impacts Section 6; Section 8; of the project on any threatened species, Appendix F; Appendix G populations, ecological communities or their habitats.

Justification for the proposed site layout and Section 7.2 access (particularly the proposed haul road), and alternatives considered to minimise impacts.

Where impacts cannot be avoided, measures Section 7.2 to mitigate any impacts, including proposed biodiversity offset measures and details of the provision and protection of land for conservation purposes.

Details of the objectives, ownership and Section 7.5 maintenance regime for conservation areas.

This assessment has been undertaken and prepared in accordance with the Draft Threatened Species Part 3A Assessment Guidelines prepared by the Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water (DECCW) and Industries and Investments NSW (DEC and DPI 2005).

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Relevant agency submissions appending the DGRs are outlined in Table 2-2 below:

Table 2-2 Biodiversity / Ecology Submission for the Environmental Assessment

Agency Comment Where Addressed in Report

Office of A georeferenced map/ aerial photograph of the subject Figure 1-1 Environment and site and the study area indicating their location and Figure 1-2 Heritage regional context.

Details of the survey design and methodologies/ Section 3 techniques used for both flora and fauna (including details of prevailing weather conditions, any analysis used and copies of all field data sheets).

A detailed description of all vegetation communities/ Section 5 types (disturbed and undisturbed) on the site and study area (and if applicable DECCW BioMetric vegetation types) including a georeferenced map / aerial photograph showing their location. Include a general description, characteristic features, vegetation structure, cover, condition, key diagnostic species, relationship to other communities, species richness and significant species present.

Identification of classification system used in vegetation Section 3.4.2 descriptions (eg Specht et. al. 1974, Hnatiuk et. al. Section 5.1.1 2009). Classification must have regard to floristic and structural elements.

Details of how the vegetation classification for the site Section 4.3.3 was developed, including details and associated Section 5.1.1 products (eg dendrograms/ two-way tables) of any analysis used.

A full floristic list in tabular format of all taxa (both Appendix C native and exotic) recorded on the subject site, including which vegetation communities they occur in, their cover/ abundance and conservation significance.

A full list of fauna (both native and exotic) in tabular Appendix E format recorded on the subject site, indicating which vegetation communities/ habitat type they occurred in.

A georeferenced map/ aerial photograph showing all Figure 5-4 threatened species, populations and ecological communities recorded on site during surveying. (note; records obtained from the ‘Atlas of NSW Wildlife’ database can be used in determining likely habitat, but they are not to be schematically mapped in the EA, as this is considered to be a breach of the licence conditions for such records).

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Agency Comment Where Addressed in Report

All habitat features/ types should be detailed and Section 5.2 mapped (where appropriate), such as frequency and location of stags, hollow bearing trees (including size), mature/ old growth trees, culverts, rock shelters and outcrops, presence of feed trees/ shrub/ groundcover species (eg winter flowering eucalypts, Acacia and Banksia trees, Casuarina/ Allocasuarina and areas of native grasses), crevices, caves, drainage lines, soaks etc.

Details of how the proposal will impact (directly and Section 6 indirectly) and affect known and potential threatened species, populations and ecological communities (including their habitat), including any assessment of significance.

Details of how the proposal may impact on corridors, Section 6.3.3 connective links and fragmentation.

Details of how the proposal will impact (directly and Section 6.3.5 indirectly) on adjacent DECCW conservation estate. Section 8.4.2

Details of mitigation and offset/ compensatory habitat Section measures.

Port Stephens Lower Hunter & Central Coast Regional Environmental Section 3 Council Management Strategy (LHCCREMS) flora and fauna survey guidelines are used as a minimum during ecological assessment.

Impacts on the Hunter River estuary and in particular Section 6.3.5 the downstream Ramsar listed wetlands are Section 8.4.2 addressed.

Port Stephens CKPoM should be considered as this Section 6.5 document has replaced the State Environmental Section Planning Policy (SEPP) 44 within the Port Stephens Council Local Government Area.

Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 and Fisheries Management Act 1994 The TSC Act and FM Act list threatened terrestrial and aquatic species, populations, endangered ecological communities, critical habitat and key threatening processes. These lists represent the primary reference for establishment of threatened biota relevant to the Assessment of the Project. Part 3A of the EP&A Act bypasses s5A of the EP&A Act, this being the ‘Assessment of Significance’ or ‘Seven Part Test’. On this basis, there is no legislative pathway for the declaration of a significant impact on threatened biota listed under the TSC Act or FM Acts (ie no assessment pathway to a Species Impact Statement).

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Native Vegetation Act 2003 Pursuant to Section 75U(e) of the EP&A Act, an authorisation under Section 12 of the NV Act to clear native vegetation is not required for a project approved under Part 3A. Hence, the NV Act does not apply to the Project.

National Parks & Wildlife Act 1974 In terms of biodiversity, the NP&W Act is restricted to the consideration of impacts on the reserve network. As the Project will not impact on any state reserves this Act does not apply.

Noxious Weeds Act 1993 The management of noxious weeds listed under the NW Act applies to all lands within NSW. The Project has the potential to introduce or promote the occurrence of noxious weeds. These matters are considered in Section 5.1.3 of this report.

State Environmental Planning Policy no. 14 Coastal Wetlands The primary purpose of State Environmental Planning Policy 14 Coastal Wetlands (SEPP 14) is to ensure coastal wetlands are preserved and protected in the environmental and economic interests of the state. The Project is located within 10 km of one Ramsar site and SEPP 14 wetlands. An outline of the relevant SEPP 14 matters is presented in Section 4.3 with the consideration of the Projects likely impacts discussed in Section 6.3.5.

State Environmental Planning Policy Major Development 2005 Schedule 1 of SEPP Major Development 2005 outlines ‘classes of development’ that require assessment under Part 3A of the EP&A Act. Clause 9a of Schedule 1 relates to metal, mineral or extractive material processing and requires development that meets the following definition to be assessed under Part 3A of the EP&A Act: Development that has a capital investment value of more than $30 million or employs 100 or more people for any of the following purposes: (a) metal or mineral refining or smelting; metal founding, rolling, drawing, extruding, coating, fabricating or manufacturing works; metal or mineral recycling or recovery, The proposal is expected to employ 161 people and have an estimated capital investment of $40 million. The proposal therefore meets the criteria of Schedule 1, clause 9a of SEPP Major Development and is able to be assessed under Part 3A of the EP&A Act. Under Clause 5 of SEPP Major Development, if there are any inconsistencies between SEPP Major Development and another environmental planning instrument, SEPP Major Development prevails.

Port Stephens Comprehensive Koala Plan of Management A State Environmental Planning Policy No. 44 - Koala Habitat Protection (SEPP 44) assessment is not an assessment requirement for Part 3A projects. The Port Stephens Comprehensive Koala Plan of Management (CKPoM) (PSC, 2002) is an approved management plan under SEPP 44 -and supersedes this policy for the Port Stephens LGA. The working principles outlined in the CKPoM have been considered in the assessment of potential Koala habitat. An outline of the relevant CKPoM matters is presented in Section 4.3

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with the consideration of the Projects likely impacts on the Koala and its habitat discussed in Section 8.2.

2.1.2 NSW BioBanking and Biodiversity Offsets Scheme

The BioBanking Scheme BioBanking has been established by the NSW Government to facilitate maintain and improve outcomes for biodiversity and threatened species lost through development. The scheme creates a market framework for the delivery of biodiversity conservation outcomes and is administered by the Office of Environment and Heritage (EPA). EPA ensures accountability and compliance through legislation, regular reporting requirements and financial measures. BioBanking was established under Part 7A of the TSC Act. The Threatened Species Conservation Amendment (Biodiversity Banking) Bill 2006 enabled the establishment of the BioBanking Scheme in NSW. The Threatened Species Conservation (Biodiversity Banking) Regulation 2008 provides additional rules for specific aspects of the scheme that are important for its operation. Under the Scheme, a BioBank site can be established to generate biodiversity credits. To establish credits for a biobanking site a landholder must commit to enhancing and protecting biodiversity values over time. A biobanking agreement is entered into and registered on land title, binding both the current and future landholders to maintaining the contained biodiversity values and management regimes. Each biobank site may generate a number of different ecosystem or species credits and any of these credits may be sold separately or as a group. Developers can apply for a biobanking statement that specifies the number and class of credits that must be acquired to counterbalance or offset the impacts on biodiversity values that are likely to occur as a result of development. Other non-development related conservation initiatives may also use BioBanking to achieve conservation outcomes (eg philanthropy, government).

The BioBanking Assessment Methodology Biodiversity offsets are required to compensate for residual impacts on EECs, threatened species and their habitats and clearing of native vegetation. A biodiversity offset comprises one or more appropriate actions that are put in place to counterbalance specific impacts on native biota and their habitats. Appropriate actions are considered to be long-term management activities that aim to improve biodiversity conservation. This can include legal protection of land (i.e. an offset site) to ensure security of management actions and to remove threats (DECC, 2008). The BioBanking methodology is the preferred mechanism for determining biodiversity offsets of major projects assessed under the EP&A Act (EPA, 2011a). The NSW Biodiversity Offsets and Bank (BioBanking) methodology has been used to estimate the quantum of offsets that would be required to compensate for impacts of the Project. The BioBanking methodology has been used to estimate the number of biodiversity credits required to offset impacts of the proposed development portions of the Project and the biodiversity credits that would be generated by the conservation of the remainder of the study area as a biobank.

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BioBanking operates on an ‘improve or maintain’ principle and includes a methodology for calculating offset ratios, trading biodiversity values and protecting areas with higher conservation values. The BioBanking methodology does not strictly apply to Part 3A Projects; however the EPA (2011a) interim policy provides a framework for determining biodiversity offsets for Part 3A Projects using a modified form of the BioBanking methodology. The BioBanking calculations presented in this report could also be used to support a biobanking agreement or other approved conservation mechanism. The BioBanking Trust Fund (or alternative conservation mechanism) would fund the management of the conservation lands in perpetuity and ensure that the site is conserved and actively managed to achieve long term gains in biodiversity values.

EPA Interim Offsetting Policy (June 2011) of Part 3A Projects The BioBanking methodology has been varied with reference to the EPA (2011a) interim policy for assessment of biodiversity offsets for Part 3A Projects. This framework specifies the assessment process and decision-making criteria for using BioBanking so that a Part 3A Project may achieve an ‘improve or maintain’, ‘no net loss’ or ‘mitigated net loss’ outcome. This policy provides guidance on offsetting biodiversity impacts of Part 3A projects. The Policy:

 Acknowledges that proposals assessed as State significant projects or Part 3A do not have to meet the “improve or maintain” standard, which is required under the Biobanking scheme;

 Nevertheless, adopts the use of the Methodology for the purpose of: – quantifying and categorising the biodiversity values and impacts of State significant projects or Part 3A proposals; – establishing, for benchmarking purposes, the offsets that would be required if the State significant project or Part 3A proposal had been expected to meet the improve or maintain standard.

 Provides a structured approach to determining how proposals may, in lieu of meeting the improve or maintain standard, meet one of two alternative standards established under this policy.

2.2 Commonwealth Legislation

2.2.1 Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) The primary objective of the Commonwealth EPBC Act is to “provide for the protection of the environment, especially those aspects of the environment that are matters of national environmental significance”.

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Environmental approvals under the EPBC Act may be required for an “action” that has, will have or is likely to have a significant impact on: (a) Matters of national environmental significance (known as ‘MNES matters’). (b) The environment on Commonwealth land (whether or not the action is occurring on Commonwealth land). Approval for a controlled action would be required from the Commonwealth Minister for Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (DSEWPaC). An “action” is considered to include a project, development, undertaking, activity or series of activities. There are seven MNES matters:

 World Heritage Areas.

 National Heritage Places.

 Ramsar wetlands of international importance.

 Nationally listed threatened species and ecological communities.

 Listed migratory species.

 Nuclear actions.

 Commonwealth marine areas. A search of DSEWPaC’s Protected Matters Search Tool (PMST) was undertaken for the locality (DSEWPaC, 7 June 2011). The search results identified the following matters of national environmental significance as predicted to occur within the locality:

 One threatened ecological community, including EECs and critically endangered ecological communities (CEECs).

 Nine listed threatened flora species.

 16 listed threatened fauna species.

 42 migratory species.

 46 listed marine species (not relevant to the Assessment due to the lack of marine habitat in the site).

 11 Commonwealth Lands.

 One Commonwealth Heritage Place.

 One Ramsar wetland. There are no listed Word Heritage Properties listed within the locality. There are no Commonwealth Marine Areas in the vicinity of the Project. The Project does not involve a nuclear action. An Assessment of Significance was undertaken to assess if the Project is likely to have a significant impact on Ramsar sites, threatened species, migratory species, populations and ecological communities, and their habitats listed under the EPBC Act. The assessment, which was undertaken in accordance with the EBPC Act Policy Statement 1.1: Significant Impact Guidelines, concluded that the Project is unlikely to have a significant impact on local

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populations of threatened species, migratory species, endangered populations or endangered ecological communities listed on the EPBC Act. A referral prepared under the EPBC Act was assessed by the DSEWPaC (referral number 2011/6085) and in their determination notice it was declared that the Project is not a controlled action under the EPBC Act.

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3. Methods

The project was approached in a systematic manner involving the consideration of the DGRs, including EPAs submission to the DoPI, relevant legislation and guidelines, field survey and impact assessment. Impacts were analysed within the context of the sites biodiversity values and addressed initially through impact avoidance then mitigation. EPA was consulted on two occasions to discuss particular matters pertaining to survey requirements and the residual biodiversity impact. The projects residual biodiversity impacts were identified and addressed through the consideration of biodiversity offsets under the BioBanking Scheme.

3.1 Tasks The tasks involved in the preparation of the Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment are as follows:

 Literature review of existing studies for the site and locality.

 Database searches to identify threatened flora and fauna and migratory species recorded or predicted to occur in the locality.

 Consultation with the EPA to seek clarification on the DGRs.

 Flora and fauna field surveys, including habitat assessment.

 Targeted threatened flora species survey during flowering periods (where applicable).

 Survey of BioMetric plots for native vegetation types identified within the site in accordance with the BioBanking Assessment Methodology.

 Compilation of flora and fauna species lists for the study area.

 Preparation of descriptions of the vegetation communities occurring in the study area.

 Assessment of the conservation significance of vegetation communities with reference to threatened ecological communities listed under the TSC and EPBC Acts.

 Assessment of the likelihood of occurrence of threatened flora and fauna species and migratory fauna species listed under the TSC Act and/or the EPBC Act.

 Impact assessment for threatened flora and fauna species and threatened ecological communities listed under the TSC Act, FM Act and EPBC Act in accordance with the Draft Guidelines for Threatened Species Assessment (DEC and DPI 2005) and the EPBC Act Significant Impact Guidelines 1.1 (DEH 2006) as applicable.

 Assess the projects impacts on Ramsar sites located within 10 km of the site.

 Identify opportunities for impact avoidance for the Project and impact mitigation requirements.

 Determine the magnitude of the projects residual impact on the sites biodiversity values and quantify the extent of the likely offset requirement using the BioBanking Methodology. Following the completion of these tasks the assessment was provided to the EPA for adequacy review. Matters identified by the EPA during the adequacy review process were obtained and addressed in consultation with the EPA.

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3.2 Consultation with EPA

Initial Consultation GHD met with the EPA prior to the field survey to discuss the survey approach. EPA outlined their response to the Preliminary Environmental Assessment (PEA), which was submitted to the DoPI, where it was identified that 40+ threatened flora and fauna species had potential to occur onsite. Notwithstanding, EPA accepted that the majority of these species were unlikely to occur on site and targeted surveys were only required for those species considered likely to occur. Based on the information presented in the PEA, the EPA confirmed the following plant species as requiring detailed consideration: Netted Bottle Brush (Callistemon linearifolius), Leafless Tongue Orchid (Cryptostylis hunteriana), Sand Doubletail (Diuris arenaria), Rough Doubletail (Diuris praecox), Camfield’s Stringybark (Eucalyptus camfieldii), Earp’s Gum (Eucalyptus parramenttensis), Tangled Bedstraw (Galium australe), Grevillea parviflora subsp. parvflora, Dwarf Kerrawang (Rulingia prostrata) and Black-eyed Susan (Tetratheca juncea). Numerous fauna species were identified with the main species of concern being those that are hollow- dependant (i.e. species of birds, arboreal mammals and bats) and reptiles. The EPA indicated that the optimal survey time for the range of species varied and specified that where surveys were required to be undertaken outside the optimal survey period an assessment of potential habitat was required. Where the species was considered likely to occur on site based on the presence of suitable habitat, then the requirement to undertake a targeted survey for the species prior to clearing would need to be outlined within the Statement of Commitments.

The EPA also recommended the use of the BioBanking Assessment Methodology to assess the biodiversity impacts of the project in terms of its likely biodiversity offsetting requirements.

Post Adequacy Review GHD met with the EPA following adequacy review of the flora and fauna impact assessment to clarify issues raised and to agree on tasks required to address areas of concern. As a result of this process the following agreed tasks were undertaken:

 Targeted seasonal surveys for identified threatened plant species (Cryptostylis hunteriana, Galium australe, Rulingia prostrata);

 Revision of threatened flora species impact assessments, as required, subsequent to the results of the above surveys;

 Completion of an assessment in accordance with the BioBanking Assessment Methodology to estimate the likely biodiversity offset requirement for the residual biodiversity impacts of the project and

 The approach to the provision of a biodiversity offset process within the context of the Biobanking Offsets Scheme and Interim Offsetting Policy for Part 3A projects (June 2011).

 Site meeting to discuss particular matters regarding seasonal threatened species (i.e. Diuris praecox and Diuris arenaria) It was agreed that the development of a biodiversity offset strategy using the Biobanking Assessment Methodology would address the requirement for additional seasonal fauna surveys

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(i.e. to complement the winter fauna surveys undertaken) and associated assessment considerations for these fauna. This was based on the premise that the biodiversity offset calculated using the BioBanking Assessment Methodology would provide a maintain and improve outcome for all ecosystem predicted threatened fauna species that were the subject of consideration.

3.3 Database Searches and Literature Review A desktop literature and database review was undertaken to identify flora and fauna, threatened species, populations and ecological communities and migratory species listed under the TSC Act, FM Act and the EPBC Act that are likely to occur within the site. Previous records, known distributional ranges and habitats types have been used to select threatened biota relevant to the Project. The following databases were reviewed prior to conducting the field investigations:

 Office of Environment and Heritage (EPA) NSW Wildlife Atlas database (10 km radius).

 EPBC Act PMST online search for relevant MNES predicted to occur in the locality (10 km radius), including threatened and migratory species, world heritage areas and Ramsar wetlands.

 NSW FM Act online database for threatened aquatic species, populations and communities (10 km radius).

 Port Stephens Comprehensive Koala Plan of Management (CKPoM) (PSC, 2002).

 SEPP 14 Wetland mapping (Coastal Council of NSW, 1985).

 Bell and Driscoll (2006) Vegetation of the Tomago and Tomaree Sandbeds, Port Stephens, New South Wales: Management of Groundwater Dependant Ecosystems – Part 1 Vegetation Mapping.

 Bell and Driscoll (2006) Vegetation of the Tomago and Tomaree Sandbeds, Port Stephens, New South Wales: Management of Groundwater Dependant Ecosystems – Part 2 Groundwater Dependency.

 NSW Vegetation Types Database (DECC, 2008).

 Tomago Aluminium (2010). Small Mammal Trapping.

3.4 Field Surveys

3.4.1 Overview The field survey methods used to prepare the Assessment are based on those described in the following flora and fauna survey guidelines:

 Draft Guidelines for assessment of Threatened Species under Part 3A of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (DEC and DPI, 2005).

 Draft Threatened Biodiversity Survey and Assessment Guidelines for Developments and Activities (DEC 2004).

 Lower Hunter Central Coast Regional Environmental Strategy: Flora and Fauna Survey Guidelines (LHCCREMS, 2006).

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The investigation period defining the field survey effort is detailed in Table 3-1.

Table 3-1 Field Survey Dates and Key Tasks

Survey Dates Key Tasks

10 February 2011 Detailed flora surveys, including targeted threatened flora surveys

6 to 10 June 2011 Detailed flora and fauna surveys, including targeted threatened flora surveys

21 – 30 June 2011 Floristic diversity and soil hardness sampling Hair tube surveys for New Holland Mouse Targeted survey for threatened flora species

13 – 14 December 2011 Targeted survey for threatened flora species Systematic fauna surveys for birds, reptile and frogs BioMetric plot data collection

The sampling, classifying and mapping of vegetation cover was consistent with NSW Biometric Vegetation Types Database. The area for each vegetation type was used to define the minimum survey effort required for the assessment. Vegetation types were also used to define the likelihood of occurrence for threatened flora and fauna listed under the TSC Act and EPBC Act. A detailed description of the field survey methods is provided in the following sections.

3.4.2 Flora Survey Vegetation and flora investigations were completed for the site and study area using the methods outlined below. Flora survey locations are identified in Figure 3-1. Table 3-2 details the survey effort implemented during field investigations.

Table 3-2 Flora Survey Effort

Vegetation Community Suggested Survey Effort Approximate Minimum Survey Number of Requirement (DEC Person Hours 2004)

Smooth Barked Apple Red 2 transect 8 transects 10 Bloodwood Open Forest on 2 quadrat 4 3 quadrats Coastal Plains including random meanders 4 random targeted threatened flora meanders surveys

Exotic Open Grassland including 1 transect 2 quadrats 2 targeted threatened flora 1 quadrat surveys

Landcover Mapping

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The sites land cover features were initially mapped using remote sensing (i.e. aerial photographic interpretation) within a geographical information system (GIS) with guidance from important biogeographical determinants such as soils, geology, hydrogeology and climate. This was used to stratify the site thereby aid field survey design and effort.

Flora Quadrats The characterisation of vegetation communities in the site involved a cover – abundance analysis of plant species within five separate 20 m x 20 m quadrats. All species present within each quadrat were recorded. Notes were also taken on species dominance, soil type and condition, level of weed invasion and any other signs of disturbance (egg clearing, fire, grazing, and access disturbance). Threatened species were also noted within the flora quadrats, if they occurred. Random meander surveys were completed in lands surrounding the quadrat (up to 20 m buffer) for the purposes of locating threatened plant species.

Transects Systematic east-west oriented transects were walked across the site and study area in a 25 X 25 m grid. Species richness and diversity was measured every 25 m combined with targeted surveys for threatened species along the axis of each transect.

Vegetation Mapping Vegetation cover within the site was delineated through the combined interpretation of landcover mapping and analysis of flora quadrat data. Vegetation classification followed that of Bell and Driscoll (2006). An equivalent BioMetric Vegetation Type from the Hunter Central Rivers catchment management area (DECCW 2008) was assigned to each natural vegetation community defined within the site. All vegetation communities were also assessed against established criteria for State and Commonwealth listed Critically Endangered Ecological Communities (CEECs) and Endangered Ecological Communities (EECs).

Targeted Threatened Flora Surveys Targeted surveys were undertaken for threatened flora species which are likely to occur within the study area. Likelihood of occurrence was defined by reviewing known distributions, prior local records and associated habitats and habitat requirements contained within the literature. Random meander transects were combined with systematic quadrat and transect surveys (see above) with surveys being focused in areas of proposed impact in suitable habitat within immediately adjoining vegetation.

3.4.3 Fauna Survey A variety of techniques were used during fauna surveys within the study area to target threatened fauna species and assess habitat values. Detailed descriptions of survey techniques are outlined below.

Fauna Habitat Assessment Indicative habitat criteria for targeted threatened species were identified prior to fieldwork (i.e. those determined as having a likelihood of occurrence within the site). Habitat criteria were

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based on information provided in EPA and DSEWPaC threatened species profiles, association with NSW Vegetation Types, field guides, and the knowledge and experience of GHD field ecologists. General fauna habitat assessments were undertaken in locations coincident with flora quadrats, including active searches for potential shelter, basking, roosting, nesting and/or foraging sites. Where present specific habitat features and resources such as water bodies, food trees (egg Koala), winter-flowering eucalypts (important for the Swift Parrot, Regent Honeyeater, Grey- headed Flying Fox), casuarinas (important food source for Glossy Black-cockatoo), the density of understorey vegetation, the composition of ground cover (egg leaf litter density), the soil type, presence of hollow-bearing trees, termite mounds and permanent or ephemeral watercourses were noted. Habitat assessments included active searches for the following:

 Trees with bird nests or other potential fauna roosts such as hollows.

 Burrows, dens and warrens.

 Distinctive scats or latrine sites (of particular relevance for the Spotted-tailed Quoll), owl white wash and regurgitated pellets under roost sites.

 Tracks or animal remains.

 Evidence of activity such as feeding scars, scratches and diggings.

 Caves or similar constructed features (egg storm drains) that provide potential roost sites for microchiropteran bats.

 Specific food trees and evidence of foraging. The evaluation of habitat quality was based primarily on the availability of breeding, nesting, feeding and roosting resources. Vegetation condition (i.e. vegetation patch size and connectivity, age, disturbance, structural diversity) was also used to aid the analysis of habitat quality. Other considerations included previous land uses and the effect of these land uses on current vegetation cover, notably previous clearing, fire, agricultural use and proximity to industrial sites. Where possible, vegetation mapping was used to interpolate the results of the fauna habitat investigations.

Trapping for Arboreal and Ground-Dwelling Mammals Trapping for arboreal and ground-dwelling mammals was undertaken to determine species occurrence and abundance, in particular threatened species that were identified in the desktop assessment as occurring or having the potential to occur within the locality. One arboreal trap line (Elliott B) and two ground grids (Elliott A) were established within the site. All traps were opened and set on 6 June 2011. Every trap was checked each morning, closed and then reopened in the afternoon for three consecutive days. All traps were collected on the morning of 10 June 2011. The total trapping effort amounted to 240 trap-nights.

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Larger more difficult species to capture such as the Spotted-tailed Quoll (Dasyurus maculatus maculatus) and Long-nosed Potoroo (Potorous tridactylus tridactylis) were not specifically targeted in the trapping program and have been assessed using habitat and wildlife records. The likelihood of these species occurring within the study area is considered low given the high degree of disturbance within areas of remnant native vegetation. Elliot traps (size A and E) Two ground trapping grids comprising Elliott A and E traps were set out for a four night trapping period. Each trapping grid consisted 25 traps set within a 20 m X 20 m area with inter trap separations being approximately 5 m. Traps were baited with a small ball of standard mammal bait (rolled oats, peanut butter and honey). Elliott A and E traps were used to target small ground-dwelling mammals such as rodents and marsupials. Total ground trap-nights: 25 traps x 2 sites x 4 nights = 200 trap-nights. Elliot traps (size B) One arboreal trapping transect comprising Elliott B traps were fixed to the trunks of trees approximately 2 metres above ground height. The line consisted of 10 traps separated by intervals of approximately 10 m. Each trap was baited with a small ball of standard mammal bait (rolled oats, peanut butter and honey). Elliott B traps were used in an effort to target squirrel gliders and yellow-bellied gliders. Total Elliot B trap-nights: 10 traps x 1 sites x 4 nights = 40 trap-nights.

New Holland Mouse Habitat Characterisation Fox and Fox (1978) established a predictive equation for New Holland Mouse biomass (hereafter referred to as biomass model) explaining 96% of New Holland Mouse biomass variation in an area disturbed by mineral sand mining at Hawks Nest NSW. The biomass model is defined by a linear relationship involving the variables plant species diversity, the proportion of heath species present and soil hardness. The sampling methods followed Fox and Fox (1978) for a 2 m radius from each sampling point as defined by the grid pattern. Plant species richness, abundance and soil hardness data was collected from a 25 m by 25 m grid covering the naturally vegetated parts of the site (i.e. 51 sample points) (see Section 3.4.3 for transect locations). Data was compiled and processed within an excel spread sheet in accordance with the biomass model to predict New Holland Mouse biomass across the site. This was imported into a GIS software package (ArcGIS) to spatially represent the modelling results. The results were used to identify areas of likely space utilization, thus forming the basis for home range predictions. Hair tubes were placed coincident with the above sampling points to examine actual space utilisation by the New Holland Mouse (presence/ absence). Hair tubes were designed to exclude medium to large sized mammals thereby minimising the collection of extraneous hair samples. They were baited with rolled oats, honey and peanut butter.

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Diurnal Bird Surveys Opportunistic surveys for diurnal birds were undertaken in all habitat types present with emphasis on those habitats utilised by threatened species. Three standardised 20 minute morning surveys involved observations, including areas both within and nearby the impact footprint of the Project within June and a one hour survey in December. Birds were identified by observation with binoculars and/or call identification. Diurnal bird surveys also included searches for habitat features of relevance for particular threatened species, including searching for evidence of feeding (egg Allocasuarina chewed cones - Glossy Black-cockatoo foraging) and signs of bird presence, such as pellets, whitewash, nests.

Amphibians and Reptiles Two active search and multiple opportunistic searches for frogs and reptiles, with a total duration of approximately 2 hours was conducted within the site focussing on areas of suitable habitat. Active searches of refuge sites involved examination of fallen limbs, aluminium sheets, wood planks, stockpiles and other debris were carefully lifted and replaced, trunks and decorticating bark were scanned, leaf litter was raked and visual surveying of vegetation for active and foraging specimens was undertaken. Active searches of refuge habitat were completed in June and December with visual surveyed for active individuals also completed in December.

Microchiropteran Bat Survey Stationary Anabat recordings were undertaken in 2 locations in connected habitat linking onsite remnant vegetation. Recording commenced approximately half an hour before dusk and continued until the following morning. This was repeated for 4 consecutive nights (3 nights location 1 + 1 night location 2) in June 2011. Calls recorded during the field survey were identified using zero-crossing analysis and AnalookW software (version 3.6g, Chris Corben 2009) by visually comparing call traits. The analysis of all bat calls was undertaken by GHD ecologists. No reference calls were collected during the survey. The Bat calls of NSW: Region based guide to the echolocation calls of microchiropteran bats (Pennay et al. 2004) was used as a guide to call analysis. Due to the high level of variability and overlap in call characteristics, a conservative approach was taken when analysing calls. A call (pass) was defined as a sequence of three or more consecutive pulses of similar frequency. Pulses separated from another sequence by a period of five seconds were considered to be separate passes. Scattered sequences, where intermittent pulses were not separated by more than five seconds, were recognised as a single pass. Where constant activity was recorded, a single pass was defined as 15 seconds (i.e. one full display screen comprising as Anabat sequence file). Although this method underestimates the number of bat passes when there is continuous activity, the standard unit of time remains consistent (Law et al., 1998; Law et al., 1999).

Spotlighting Spotlight searches were undertaken in June 2011 for nocturnally active mammals (as well as birds and herpetofauna), including dedicated listening periods for fauna vocalisations, in areas of appropriate habitat within the site. Mammals and nocturnal birds were identified by

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observation under spotlight or by vocalisations heard whilst spotlighting. Each survey involved a series of meanders conducted on foot within the survey corridor along the proposed development footprint and within adjacent bushland areas. Surveys commenced at dusk and targeted areas with trees containing hollows to detect arboreal mammals, forest owls and bats emerging from diurnal roosts to forage. Special attention was given to habitats containing a number of suitable habitat features for threatened species. Surveys were conducted by two ecologists for a minimum of 30 minutes over 1 night with opportunistic spotlighting continuing over 4 consecutive nights.

Call Playback Call playback surveys were conducted for the Powerful Owl (Ninox strenua), Masked Owl (Tyto novaehollandiae) and Barking Owl (Ninox connivens) at one location for four consecutive nights in June 2011. Surveys involved an initial listening period of five minutes followed by call playing for five minutes followed by a listening period of five minutes (undertaken separately for each species), and a final listening period of approximately 10 minutes. Calls were played through a portable CD player connected to a 45-watt megaphone. Volume control was used to modulate call intensity.

Opportunistic Observations Opportunistic and incidental observations of fauna species were recorded at all times during field surveys. Survey effort was concentrated on suitable areas of habitat throughout the course of the flora survey, for instance fallen timber was scanned for reptiles and trees and shrubs were scanned for roosting birds.

Fauna Survey Effort Table 3-3 details the survey effort implemented during investigations. Fauna survey locations are identified in Figure 3-2.

Table 3-3 Fauna Survey Methods and Effort

Targeted Species / Groups Methodology Survey Effort

Targeted reptiles and frogs Active area searches, auditory surveys 2 hours

Area diurnal birds Observation and call identification within 2 hours each native vegetation type

Nocturnal birds Call playback and call identification 4 consecutive days

Mammals and nocturnal birds Spotlight surveys 2 hours

Arboreal mammals, Stag watch 1 hour microchiropteran bats and nocturnal birds

Small mammals Ground-trapping - Elliott A/E traps 200 trap-nights

22/15280/30/94697 R0 Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility 21 Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment

Targeted Species / Groups Methodology Survey Effort

Arboreal mammals Tree-trapping – Elliott B Traps 40 trap-nights

Microchiropteran bats Anabat II ultrasonic call recording 21 hours four consecutive days

General diurnal observations Non-targeted opportunistic observations 7 days conducted during the flora survey and installation/ checking of Elliott traps and Hair Tubes

3.5 Determination of Biodiversity Offset The NSW BioBanking Assessment Methodology (DECCW, 2009) (the Methodology) was used to determine the quantum of the biodiversity offset requirement for any residual impacts not able to be addressed via impact mitigation.

Credit Calculation An assessment in accordance with the Methodology was undertaken to establish whether the Project would achieve a ‘maintain or improve’ outcome. GHD collected data derived from field surveys to describe the biodiversity values of the impact area for the purpose of delineating the number of ecosystem credits required to offset the projects residual biodiversity impacts. This data was established from field surveys conducted within the site. Attributes defining the landscape score for the site include such things as location in terms of catchment management areas (CMAs) and sub-regions, vegetation cover in the locality, connectivity with existing vegetation within the locality and Mitchell Landscapes. Mitchell Landscape mapping provides an overview of geology, geomorphology, topography, soils and geodiversity for bioregions within NSW (DECC, 2002). A GIS was used to establish the following landscape attributes for the impact area:

 Assessment circles of 100 ha and 1,000 ha centred on the site. These are used to broadly characterise native vegetation cover and condition, which is an important component of the landscape score for the biobanking assessment. This is also used to establish the credit profile of the site, hence partly define the parameters for credit trading.

 A map of vegetation types across the site. Vegetation was classified in accordance with the standard used in biobanking (NSW Vegetation Types). The base vegetation unit used in the Methodology is referred to as ‘NSW Vegetation Type’, which are contained in a database managed by the EPA (DECCW. 2008).

 Patch size (including areas classified as low condition vegetation – no native tree canopy and less than 50% native plant cover). A native vegetation patch can be described as being in ‘moderate to good’ or ‘low’ condition. Patch size is determined by summing the area of connected ‘moderate to good’ vegetation with ‘gaps’ less than 100 m. Patch size is used to provide landscape context to the site and also as a filter to predict threatened species occurrence

 The area of native vegetation directly impacted by the project.

22 Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility 22/15280/30/94697 R0 Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment

Data derived from field surveys was entered into the BioBanking Assessment Tool (BAT) together with the landscape attributes generated from the GIS to enable the calculation of ecosystem credits for the projects residual impact area. A credit profile was established after running the tool for the purposes of defining of the quantum of the biodiversity offset requirement.

Predicted Threatened Flora Species The BAT has the capacity to predict threatened plant species occurrences on the basis of vegetation type, habitat and geographic filters. This functionality was used to add the database search for threatened plant species relevant to the site.

3.6 Weather Conditions The field surveys were undertaken primarily in winter with one flora survey conducted in February to increase the efficacy of threatened species surveys. Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) records for survey dates are outlined in Table 3-4 below.

Table 3-4 BOM Weather Records for Williamtown

Date Day Temperature (oC) Rain (mm) Maximum Minimum

10/02/2011 Thursday 29.2 17.5 0.2

06/06/2011 Monday 19 8.4 6.0

07/06/2011 Tuesday 18.3 4.4 0

08/06/2011 Wednesday 15.1 6.3 0

09/06/2011 Thursday 15.2 6.4 0

10/06/2011 Friday 17.5 7.9 0

21/06/2011 Tuesday 20.4 3.7 0

22/06/2011 Wednesday 15.4 7.6 0.2

23/06/2011 Thursday 18.1 8.4 0

24/06/2011 Friday 17.9 6.4 0

25/06/2011 Saturday 18.8 4.4 0

26/06/2011 Sunday 21.0 4.7 0.2

27/06/2011 Monday 19.9 6.1 0

28/06/2011 Tuesday 17.7 7.9 0.2

29/06/2011 Wednesday 19.2 10.4 14.2

30/06/2011 Thursday 17.9 10.2 1.0

22/15280/30/94697 R0 Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility 23 Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment

Date Day Temperature (oC) Rain (mm) Maximum Minimum

13/12/2011 Tuesday 21.8 16.3 22

14/12/2011 Wednesday 22.7 15.6 0.4

The weather conditions defining the survey period are considered appropriate for the detection of most flora and fauna species expected to occur within the study area. However, minimum night temperatures were considered cold for microbat activity (i.e. June survey), thus potentially limiting the efficacy of the bat echolocation survey effort. Daytime maxima were adequate (not too cold or hot) for active habitat searches targeting most frogs, reptiles and birds. However, the winter survey period is generally unsuitable for the detection of most frog species via auditory methods. These unsuitable survey conditions were offset by further survey conducted in December following heavy rainfall (i.e. 22 mm in the preceding 24 hr period). These conditions were highly appropriate for targeting frog species and bird activity.

3.7 Limitations Fauna species that have large home ranges and/or exhibit transient space utilisation are likely to exhibit seasonal variation throughout areas of suitable habitat. This variation was not sampled via detailed repeated seasonal fauna surveys. Habitat assessments and prior survey results were relied on to minimise the effect of this limitation on this assessment. As such, the results of the field survey should be recognised as an indicative assessment of the sites biodiversity values. Notwithstanding a particular emphasis was placed on the detection of listed threatened ecological communities, populations and species that are considered likely to occur within the site to enable an accurate assessment of the Projects impacts. Limitations placed on the detection of cryptic species such as orchids or species that are detectable only during their flowering periods was addressed through the completion of field surveys during early summer (December), late summer (February) and winter (June). However, this survey timing was not suitable for the detection of cryptic species such as spring flowering orchids (i.e. Diuris spp.). Habitat analysis and local records were used to determine likelihood of occurrence for species that were not surveyed during the appropriate season. The findings of detailed floristic surveys and vegetation mapping for the Tomago sand beds (Bell and Driscoll, 2006) were also used to overcome these limitations.

24 Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility 22/15280/30/94697 R0 Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment 380,700 380,800 380,900 381,000 381,100 381,200 6,367,600 6,367,600 6,367,500 6,367,500 6,367,400 6,367,400 6,367,300 6,367,300 6,367,200 6,367,200 6,367,100 6,367,100

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6,367,000 380,700 380,800 380,900 381,000 381,100 381,200 6,367,000 LEGEND Study Area Flora Quadrats February 2011 Systematic Flora Transects The Site BioMetric Plot December 2011 Species Diversity Sample Sites Flora Quadrats June 2011

1:3,000 (at A4) Midal Cables International Pty Ltd Job Number 22-15280 0 12.5 25 50 75 100 Tomago Rod and Conductor Manfacturing Facility Revision B Date 17 AUG 2011 Metres Map Projection: Transverse Mercator Horizontal Datum: Geocentric Datum of Australia (GDA) Grid: Map Grid of Australia 1994, Zone 56 o Flora Survey Locations Figure 3-1 Level 3, GHD Tower, 24 Honeysuckle Drive, Newcastle NSW 2300 T 61 2 4979 9999 F 61 2 4979 9988 E [email protected] W www.ghd.com.au G:\22\15280\GIS\Maps\Deliverables\Ecology\2215280_ECO_006_FloraSurvey20110811_A.mxd © 2011. While GHD has taken care to ensure the accuracy of this product, GHD and NEARMAP, LPMA make no representations or warranties about its accuracy, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose. GHD and NEARMAP, LPMA cannot accept liability of any kind (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for any expenses, losses, damages and/or costs (including indirect or consequential damage) which are or may be incurred as a result of the product being inaccurate, incomplete or unsuitable in any way and for any reason. Data Source: NearMap: PhotoMap - 2011; LPMA: DTDC - 2007. Created by: fmackay, tmorton 380,700 380,800 380,900 381,000 381,100 381,200 6,367,600 6,367,600 6,367,500 6,367,500 6,367,400 6,367,400

jk 6,367,300 6,367,300 6,367,200 6,367,200 6,367,100 6,367,100

380,700 380,800 380,900 381,000 381,100 381,200

LEGEND Private Study Area Active Fauna Survey Transects Elliott Ground Trapping Grid Elliott Aborea Trap Transect The Site Biomass Survey Plots/Hair Tubes Anabat Dectector kj Call Broadcast Reptile Transect

1:3,000 (at A4) Midal Cables International Pty Ltd Job Number 22-15280 010 20 40 60 80 Tomago Rod and Conductor Manfacturing Facility Revision A Date 17 AUG 2011 Metres Map Projection: Transverse Mercator Horizontal Datum: Geocentric Datum of Australia (GDA) Grid: Map Grid of Australia 1994, Zone 56 o Fauna Survey Effort Figure 3-2 Level 3, GHD Tower, 24 Honeysuckle Drive, Newcastle NSW 2300 T 61 2 4979 9999 F 61 2 4979 9988 E [email protected] W www.ghd.com.au G:\22\15280\GIS\Maps\Deliverables\Midal_Referal\2215280_ECO_062_FaunaSurvey20110817_A.mxd © 2011. While GHD has taken care to ensure the accuracy of this product, GHD and NEARMAP, LPMA make no representations or warranties about its accuracy, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose. GHD and NEARMAP, LPMA cannot accept liability of any kind (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for any expenses, losses, damages and/or costs (including indirect or consequential damage) which are or may be incurred as a result of the product being inaccurate, incomplete or unsuitable in any way and for any reason. Data Source: NearMap: PhotoMap - 2011; LPMA: DTDC - 2007. Created by: fmackay, tmorton

4. Biogeographical and Land Use Context

4.1 Bioregion and Catchment The following information provides context for the classification of native vegetation and analysis of threatened biota relevant to the Project.

4.1.1 North Coast Bioregion The site is located within the North Coast Bioregion (Thackway and Creswell, 1995). The North Coast Bioregion occurs on the east coast of NSW north from the Hunter River to just inside the Queensland border. The total area of the bioregion is 5,924,130 hectares and the NSW portion of which the NSW portion of the North Coast Bioregion occupies 7.11 per cent of the state. The coastal dunes of the North Coast Bioregion support a vegetation sequence that includes coast tea tree (Leptospermum laevigatum) and coastal wattle (Acacia longifolia) near the beach, with some areas of beach she-oak (Casuarina equisetifolia), scribbly gum (Eucalyptus signata), blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis), red bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera) and bastard mahogany (Eucalyptus umbra). Banksia and other heath species are found in the dunes and heath and paperbark swamps occur behind the dunes and near the lagoons. Rare patches of rainforest species can be found where sufficient nutrients have accumulated.

4.1.2 Hunter Central Rivers Catchment The site is located within the Hunter Central Rivers (HCR) catchment management area (CMA), covering an area of 37,000 km2 on the east coast of NSW. This CMA extends from Taree in the north to Gosford and the coastal waterways of the Central Coast in the south, and from Newcastle in the east to the Merriwa Plateau and Great Dividing Range in the west. The site occurs within the Karuah – Manning CMA sub-region.

4.2 Landscapes and Connectivity The following information provides background data used in the calculation of landscape scores via the BioBanking Assessment Methodology.

4.2.1 Mitchell Landscape The site is located within the Sydney – Newcastle Barriers and Beaches Mitchell Landscape (DECC, 2008). This landscape is characterised by quaternary coastal sediments on long recurved quartz sand beaches between rocky headlands backed by sand dunes and intermittently closed and open lagoons. General elevation ranges from 0 to 30 m with local relief of 10 m. Distinct zonation of vegetation and increasing soil development occurs from the beach to the inland dunes.

22/15280/30/94697 R0 Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility 27 Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment

The site is located on inland dunes where Coast banksia (Banksia integrifolia) and old man banksia (Banksia serrata) are found and merge with more complex forest containing blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis), red bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera), grass trees (Xanthorrhoea sp.) and numerous understorey shrubs on deep sands. Other communities such as Banksia aemula heathland and open scrub of coast banksia (Banksia integrifolia) comprising coast rosemary (Westringea fruticosa), coast tea-tree and grass tree, with smooth-barked apple (Angophora costata) and red bloodwood also occur on these older dunes.

Freshwater sedge swamps occur in larger areas of sand with impeded drainage. In the lagoons, salinity varies depending on tidal flushing and they are often surrounded by broad-leaved tea- tree (Melaleuca quinquenervia) and swamp oak (Casuarina glauca). Water margins are occupied by Juncus sp. and common reed (Phragmites australis) in fresh water areas. Grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) may occur in some tidal inlets.

4.2.2 Vegetation Cover There is approximately 420 ha of native vegetation cover in moderate to good condition within the 1,000 ha assessment circle centred on the site or 42% native vegetation cover. Within the 100 ha assessment circle there is 37 ha of native vegetation cover in moderate to good condition or 37% native vegetation cover.

4.2.3 Connectivity The site is located at the southwestern edge of the Tomago sand beds. Native vegetation cover is the dominant land cover feature of these sand beds. The site borders the edge of the native vegetation cover of the Tomago sand beds and forms part of a large industrial precinct that includes the Tomago Aluminium Smelter. The disturbed footprint of the Tomago industrial precinct has effectively severs vegetation continuity between native vegetation of the Tomago sand beds (north and east of the site) from vegetated lands south and west of the site. It is considered that no vegetation linkages pass through the site.

4.3 Natural Features

4.3.1 Soils and Geology The site is situated near the southwestern extent of the Quaternary unconsolidated sand deposit known as the Tomago sand beds. According to the Woolley et al (1995), the Tomago sand beds is an exposed fine to medium grained sand body of accumulated beach, dune and near-shore shelly sands of area 152 km2. The sand is approximately 15 – 20 m thick at the site and is underlain by unconsolidated clay (Medowie Clay) up to 30 m thick. The thickness of the sand reduces in a westerly direction towards a bedrock outcrop of the Permian Tomago Coal Measures approximately 1.2 km to the west of the project site.

28 Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility 22/15280/30/94697 R0 Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment

The DLWC Newcastle Soil Landscape Series Sheet 9232 (1:100 000) indicates that the site is highly disturbed (i.e. industrial uses and sand quarrying as shown on Figure 1-2). Dominant soil materials around the site consist of Pleistocene beach ridges and sandsheets consisting of marine and aeolin quartz sands. Natural soils have an organic rich A horizon, a bleached A2 horizon and the initial development of weak iron or organic pans in the sandy subsoil. Soils in the area are subjected to wind erosion (localised, dry sandy ridges), have a generally low foundation hazard (except for waterlogged swales), permanently waterlogged (localised, depressions) and possible potential for acid sulphate soils (localised) (Tomago Aluminium Contamination Audit, 2004).

4.3.2 Hydrogeology The Tomago sand beds are a shallow unconfined groundwater source that provides about 20% of the Lower Hunter’s drinking water supply. According to Woolley et al (1995), the hydraulic conductivity of the sand aquifer typically ranges between 10 to 20 m/d. The underlying Medowie Clay is relatively impermeable. A groundwater divide is known to exist within the sand aquifer to the north of the site, orientated in an east-west to northeast-southwest direction. The divide is the result of the influence of the Hunter River, which is located both to the west and the south of the site. In the vicinity of the site, groundwater flows in a southerly direction from the divide and discharges into the Hunter River to the south. The groundwater regime of the site and adjoining locality is shown in Figure 4-1.

4.3.3 Native Vegetation Cover A large expanse of remnant native vegetation cover occurs to the north and east of the site on Pleistocene sand deposits known as the Tomago sand beds. The site is located at the southwestern limit of the Tomago sand beds. Most of the vegetation within the Tomago sand beds is managed by the Hunter Water Corporation as part of the Newcastle drinking water supply. Vegetation of estuarine and wetland origin occurs south of the site. The site is located high in the Tomago sand bed sequence where depth to ground water exceeds 3 m with the vegetation formed on these sands characteristically being dry terrestrial environs that are facultatively dependant on groundwater resources. Bell and Driscoll (2006) describe the following vegetation types on dry elevated sands:

 Tomago Blackbutt-Apple-Bloodwood Forest.

 Scribbly Gum-Apple-Bloodwood Forest.

 Peppermint-Apple-Bloodwood Forest.

 Mesic Blackbutt-Apple Forest.

 Earp’s Gum-Peppermint Scrubby Forest.

22/15280/30/94697 R0 Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility 29 Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment LEGEND

The Site Steady State Groundwater Elevations 3 - 4 Active Modelling Area MODFLOW Elevation (m) 2 - 3 5 - 6 1 - 2 4 - 5 0 - 1

1:50,000 (at A4) Midal Cables International Pty Ltd Job Number 22-15280 0 205 410 820 1,230 1,640 Tomago Rod and Conductor Manfacturing Facility Revision B Date 11 AUG 2011 Metres Map Projection: Transverse Mercator Existing Groundwater Horizontal Datum: Geocentric Datum of Australia (GDA) Grid: Map Grid of Australia 1994, Zone 56 o Elevations Figure 4-1 Level 3, GHD Tower, 24 Honeysuckle Drive, Newcastle NSW 2300 T 61 2 4979 9999 F 61 2 4979 9988 E [email protected] W www.ghd.com.au G:\22\15280\GIS\Maps\Deliverables\Ecology\2215280_ECO_007_Exg_GW_Elevations_20110811_A.mxd © 2011. While GHD has taken care to ensure the accuracy of this product, GHD and NEARMAP, LPMA make no representations or warranties about its accuracy, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose. GHD and NEARMAP, LPMA cannot accept liability of any kind (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for any expenses, losses, damages and/or costs (including indirect or consequential damage) which are or may be incurred as a result of the product being inaccurate, incomplete or unsuitable in any way and for any reason. Data Source: NearMap: PhotoMap - 2011; LPMA: DTDC - 2007. Created by: fmackay, tmorton

None of these vegetation types are considered representative of State or Commonwealth listed threatened ecological communities. However Bell and Driscoll (2006) identified two listed threatened flora species within the Earp’s Gum-Peppermint Scrubby Forest vegetation type these being Earp’s Gum (Eucalyptus parramattensis subsp. decadens) and Heart-leaved Stringybark (Eucalyptus camfieldii).

Vegetation on the edges of the Tomago sand bed where depth to groundwater approaches 1 m includes swamp forests and sedge woodlands. Vegetation types identified by Bell and Driscoll (2006) as obligate groundwater dependant that are relevant to the Project include the following:

 Fringing Baloskion Sedge Woodland.

 Long Swamp Sedge Woodland.

 Earp’s Gum Sedge Woodland.

 Paperbark Swamp Forest.

 Swamp Mahogany Forest.

 Paperbark-Mahogany Low Swamp Forest.

 Fringing Paperbark Swamp Forest.

 Paperbark-Apple-Mahogany Dry Swamp Forest. Vegetation types identified in bold form part of threatened ecological communities listed under the TSC Act.

4.3.4 Threatened Biota The results of the NSW Wildlife Atlas database search identified a number of threatened flora and fauna species with known local occurrences (EPA, 2011). The EPBC Act Protected Matters Search Tool (PMST) identified 27 threatened species, 42 migratory species, one threatened ecological community and one Ramsar Wetland. The BAT identified seven threatened flora species. The database search for the locality (i.e. 10 km search radius) identified numerous pelagic and shore birds, marine mammals and wetland species that do not occupy habitats identified within the site. These species are highly unlikely to occur within the site and would not be impacted by this project. These threatened species are not relevant and have been omitted from this assessment. The residual species identified in the database searches are discussed in the following sections. Figure 4-2 and Figure 4-3 identify the location of threatened species sourced from the EPA (2011) database search. Appendix A presents the results of the EPBC Act PMST.

Threatened Flora A list of threatened flora species that have been previously recorded or that are predicted to occur within the locality and therefore have a potential likelihood of occurrence on the site, subject to habitat suitability, is provided in Table 4-1. Most of the threatened flora species listed in Table 4-1 require natural soil conditions to occur and the majority of the site does not contain suitable habitat in this regard.

22/15280/30/94697 R0 Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility 31 Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment

Bell and Driscoll (2006) have not identified any threatened flora species within the vegetation types likely to occur within the site. However, Earp’s Gum (Eucalyptus parramattensis subsp. decadens) is known to occur north of the site in an area of rehabilitation (EcoBiological, 2011). EPA flora species identified in in their submission were also considered in this assessment.

Threatened Fauna A list of threatened fauna species that have been previously recorded or predicted to occur within the study area is provided in Table 4-2. Many of the threatened fauna species have either a pelagic/marine distribution or are reliant on shorelines/mudflats, grassy woodlands or wet/closed forest habitats. The site does not contain these habitats and on this basis species attributed to these habitat types are not likely to occur on the site. These species have been omitted from this assessment (see Appendix B for details). Table 4-2 includes some fauna species that are capable of occupying disturbed and modified habitats such as those that occur on site, or are highly mobile and capable of exploiting resources in small patches of native vegetation. Threatened fauna species to be considered in this assessment on this basis include the following:

 Grey-headed Flying Fox (Pteropus poliocephalus) – foraging resources present.

 Eastern Bentwing Bat (Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis) (foraging).

 Eastern Freetail Bat (Mormopterus norfolkensis) (foraging/ roosting and breeding).

 Eastern Pygmy Possum (Cercartetus nanus) (foraging and breeding).

 Large-eared Pied Bat (Chalinolobus dwyeri) (foraging).

 Little Bentwing Bat (Miniopterus australis) (foraging).

 Swift Parrot (Lathamus discolor) (foraging).

 Regent Honeyeater (Anthochaera phrygia) (foraging).

 Spotted-tailed Quoll (Dasyurus maculatus maculatus) (foraging).

 Long-nosed Potoroo (Potorous tridactylus tridactylus) (foraging).

 Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) (foraging supplementary habitat present (PSC, 2002)).

 New Holland Mouse (Pseudomys novaehollandiae) (foraging and breeding habitat).

Endangered Ecological Communities The Biometric vegetation types database for the Hunter Central Rivers catchment management area indicates the potential for endangered ecological communities to occur within the site. EECs identified within the locality that may possibly occur on the site are:

 Coastal Saltmarsh in the New South Wales North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner Bioregions.

 Freshwater Wetlands on Coastal Floodplains of the New South Wales North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner Bioregions.

 River-Flat Eucalypt Forest on Coastal Floodplains of the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner Bioregions.

32 Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility 22/15280/30/94697 R0 Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment

 Swamp Sclerophyll forest on Coastal floodplains of the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner bioregions.

 Swamp Oak Floodplain forest of the NSW North Coast, Sydney basin and South East Corner Bioregions. These EECs have local occurrences on Kooragang Island, around Fullerton Cove and the Hunter River floodplain margins. The DSEWPaC (2011) protected matters search predicted the White Box Yellow Box Blakely’s Redgum Woodland and Derived Grasslands Critically Endangered Ecological Community (hereafter termed Box Gum Woodland CEEC) as likely to occur within the locality. This community occurs west from the Muswellbrook district. There are no known occurrences of this community within the Newcastle area.

Migratory Species The EPBC Act Protected Matters Search Tool (PMST) identified 42 migratory species predicted to occur within the study area. Of these, seven are listed as migratory terrestrial species, including the White-bellied Sea-Eagle (Haliaetus leucogaster), White-throated Needletail (Hirundapus caudacutus), Rainbow Bee-eater (Merops ornatus), Black-faced Monach (Monarcha melanopsis), Satin Flycatcher (Myiagra cyanoleuca), Rufous Fantail (Rhipidura rufifrons) and Regent Honeyeater (Anthochaera phrygia). Twenty five migratory wetland species are known to roost within the locality (generally associated with Kooragang Island).

Koala Habitat The Smooth-barked Apple Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest vegetation is classified by Port Stephens Council CKPoM (PSC, 2002) as ‘Supplementary Habitat’. The main Koala forage species that occurs within site vegetation is Smooth-barked Apple, although this vegetation type is considered more valuable to the Koala when Blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis) occurs as a co- dominant. Blackbutt is not a canopy constituent of the vegetation on site. The site’s capacity to act as a corridor between areas of preferred habitat is currently limited by the terminal nature of vegetation cover immediately south of the site and the construction of permanent cyclone wire fencing between the Tomago Aluminium Smelter facility and adjoining industrial estates to the west. Local records indicate that the Koala moves through connected vegetation south of the site with the project having no impact on that vegetation.

SEPP 14 Wetlands SEPP 14 wetlands 815 (Siddon’s Swamp), 816 (Blind Harry’s Swamp), 817 and 835 (part of the Hunter Estuary Wetland complex) occur within 10 km of the site. These have been considered in the assessment (see Section 6.2.2).

Ramsar Wetlands The EPBC Act Protected Matters Search Tool (PMST) indicates that the Hunter Estuary Wetlands Ramsar site occurs within 10 km of the site, as shown in Figure 1-2. The Ramsar site comprises the Kooragang Nature Reserve, which is located in the estuary of the Hunter River, and Shortland Wetlands, which are located in the Ironbark Creek catchment in the suburb of Shortland, 2.5 km south from Kooragang Nature Reserve. Kooragang Nature Reserve is located approximately 1 kilometre south of the site on the other side of the Hunter River.

22/15280/30/94697 R0 Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility 33 Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment

Table 4-1 Threatened Flora Species Known or Predicted to Occur in the Locality

Scientific Name Common Name Record EPBC TSC Act Act

Allocasuarina defungens Dwarf Heath Casuarina Predicted by Protected Matters Search E E1

Asperula asthenes Trailing Woodruff Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) V Predicted by BAT (V1.2)

Callistemon lineraifolius Netted Bottle Brush Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) V V Predicted by BAT (V1.2)

Cryptostylis hunteriana Leafless tongue Orchid Predicted by BAT (V1.2) V V Predicted by Protected Matters Search

Diuris arenaria Sand Double Tail EPA Predicted E1

Diuris praecox Rough Double Tail Predicted by BAT (V1.2) V V Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) Predicted by Protected Matters Search

Eucalyptus parramattensis subsp. decadens Earp’s Gum Predicted by Protected Matters Search V V

Eucalyptus camfieldii Heart-leaved Stringybark Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) V V Predicted by Protected Matters Search

Euphrasia arguta Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) XT E1

Galium australe Tangled Bedstraw EPA Predicted E1

34 Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility 22/15280/30/94697 R0 Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment

Scientific Name Common Name Record EPBC TSC Act Act

Grevillea parviflora subsp. parviflora Small-flower Grevillea Predicted by BAT (V1.2) V V Recorded in locality (EPA 2011)

Maundia triglochiniodes EPA Predicted V

Melaleuca biconvexa Biconvex Paperbark Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) V V Predicted by Protected Matters Search

Melaleuca groveana Groves paperbark Predicted by BAT (V1.2) V V

Muehlenbeckia costata Scrambling Lignum Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) V V

Persicaria elatior Knotweed Predicted by Protected Matters Search V E1

Pultenaea maritima Coast Headland Pea Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) V

Pterostylis gibbosa Illawarra Greenhood Predicted by Protected Matters Search E E1

Rulingia prostrata Dwarf Kerrawang Predicted by Protected Matters Search V E1

Rutidosis heterogama Heath Wrinklewort Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) V V

Syzygium paniculatum Magenta Lilly Pilly Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) V E1

Tetratheca juncea Black-eyed Susan Predicted by BAT (V1.2) V V Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) Predicted by Protected Matters Search

Zannichellia palustris Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) E1

E/E1 – endangered, V – vulnerable, XT – extinct (recently rediscovered).

22/15280/30/94697 R0 Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility 35 Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment

Table 4-2 Threatened Fauna Species Known or Predicted to Occur in the Locality

Scientific Name Common Name Record EPBC TSC Act Act

Ninox connivens Barking Owl Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) V

Phascogale tapoatafa Brush-tailed Phascogale Predicted by BAT (V1.2) V Recorded in locality (EPA 2011)

Burhinus grallarius Bush Stone-curlew Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) E1

Stagonopleura guttata Diamond Firetail Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) V

Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis Eastern Bentwing-bat Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) V

Falsistrellus tasmaniensis Eastern False Pipistrelle Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) V

Mormopterus norfolkensis Eastern Freetail-bat Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) V

Callocephalon fimbriatum Gang-gang Cockatoo Predicted by BAT (V1.2) V Recorded in locality (EPA 2011)

Calyptorhynchus lathami Glossy Black-Cockatoo Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) V

Scoteanax rueppellii Greater Broad-nosed Bat Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) V

Litoria aurea Green and Golden Bell Frog Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) V E1 Predicted by Protected Matters Search

Pteropus poliocephalus Grey-headed Flying-fox Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) V V Predicted by Protected Matters Search

36 Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility 22/15280/30/94697 R0 Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment

Scientific Name Common Name Record EPBC TSC Act Act

Melanodryas cucullata Hooded Robin Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) V

Phascolarctos cinereus Koala Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) V

Chalinolobus dwyeri Large-eared Pied Bat Predicted by Protected Matters Search V V

Miniopterus australis Little Bentwing-bat Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) V

Hieraaetus morphnoides Little Eagle Predicted by BAT (V1.2) V Recorded in locality (EPA 2011)

Glossopsitta pusilla Little Lorikeet Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) V

Litoria littlejohnii Littlejohns Tree Frog Predicted by Protected Matters Search V V

Potorus tridactylus Long-nosed Potoroo Predicted by Protected Matters Search V V

Tyto novaehollandiae Masked Owl Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) V

Pseudomys novaehollandiae New Holland Mouse Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) V

Pandion haliaetus Osprey Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) V

Ninox strenua Powerful Owl Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) V

Anthochaera phrygia Regent Honeyeater Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) E CE Predicted by Protected Matters Search

Petroica boodang Scarlet Robin Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) V

Tyto tenebricosa Sooty Owl Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) V

22/15280/30/94697 R0 Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility 37 Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment

Scientific Name Common Name Record EPBC TSC Act Act

Myotis macropus Southern Myotis Predicted by BAT (V1.2) V Recorded in locality (EPA 2011)

Pyrrholaemus saggitatus Speckled Warbler Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) V

Circus assimilis Spotted Harrier Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) V

Dasyurus maculatus Spotted-tailed Quoll Predicted by Protected Matters Search E V

Lophoictinia isura Square-tailed Kite Predicted by BAT (V1.2) V Recorded in locality (EPA 2011)

Petaurus norfolcensis Squirrel Glider Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) V

Ptilinopus superbus Superb Fruit-Dove Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) V

Lathamus discolor Swift Parrot Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) E E1

Neophema pulchella Turquoise Parrot Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) V

Daphoenositta chrysoptera Varied Sittella Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) V

Crinia tinnula Wallum Froglet Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) V

Ptilinopus magnificus Wompoo Fruit-Dove Recorded in locality (EPA 2011) V

E/E1 – endangered, V – vulnerable, XT – extinct.

38 Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility 22/15280/30/94697 R0 Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment

D W E

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HEIGHTS R K EE DORIBANK FLAT MEDOWIE K MULLWEE STATE S FOREST RUTHERFORD NELSONS EAH OYSTER PLAINS COVE HOWES AM LAGOON DUCKENFIELD R EAST GRETA O EAST MAITLAND A JUNCTION D IRRAWANG ABERDARE RICHARDSO N OR JUNCTION AD RY CREEK KURRI ILLIGER RIVER T KURRI ALUMINIUM R UNT E HEATHERBRAE SMELTER H SALT ASH LOXFORD MOTTO WILLIAMTOWN BERESFIELD FARM d XW *#*#*# XW D ^_ ROA TOMAGO !. GO FULLERTON BUTTAI MA T O COVE AD PELAW HEXHAM O MAIN BLACK R HILL +$jk KOORAGANG BAY LENEGHANS N GEO RICHMOND RG FLAT COAL MAIN E TERMINAL NELSO B jk jk jk O EK E jkjk O R T I C H M SHORTLAND IN DRIV M E FORT djk d WALLACE HEATON PLATTSBURG STATE JESMOND FOREST NORTHVILLE

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LAKEVIEW BLACKSMITHS jk Zannichellia palustris

LEGEND

Freeway Watercourse Recreation Areas Mangrove !. Site Location

Roads Watercourse Area Forestry Reserve Forest Or Shrub 10km Buffer Railways Built Up Areas

1:250,000(at A4) Midal Cables International Pty Ltd Job Number 22-15280 0 8751,750 3,500 5,250 7,000 Tomago Rod and Conductor Manfacturing Facility Revision B Date 11 AUG 2011 Metres Map Projection: Transverse Mercator Threatened Flora within 10km Horizontal Datum: Geocentric Datum of Australia (GDA) Grid: Map Grid of Australia 1994, Zone 56 o of the Site (OEH 2011) Figure 4-2 Level 3, GHD Tower, 24 Honeysuckle Drive, Newcastle NSW 2300 T 61 2 4979 9999 F 61 2 4979 9988 E [email protected] W www.ghd.com.au G:\22\15280\GIS\Maps\Deliverables\Ecology\2215280_ECO_004_ThreatFlora_20110811_B.mxd © 2011. While GHD has taken care to ensure the accuracy of this product, GHD and GEOSCIENCE AUSTRALIA, DECCW make no representations or warranties about its accuracy, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose. GHD and GEOSCIENCE AUSTRALIA, DECCW cannot accept liability of any kind (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for any expenses, losses, damages and/or costs (including indirect or consequential damage) which are or may be incurred as a result of the product being inaccurate, incomplete or unsuitable in any way and for any reason. Data Source: Geoscience Australia: 250k Topographic Data Series 3 - 2006; DECCW: Atlas of NSW Flora/Fauna - 2011. Created by: fmackay, tmorton C KAR K H GLEN OAK Y E E A EK A M E U R R W K DUNN C B AH E S E RS C N S RE IN C D E Y R A ETT R DUNNS M I K V R SINCLAIRS I

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L C BUC TAR N DE GRESWICK E A A AN

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R E O EK A T RIVER T IONA MINDARIBBA NS W OAD LARENCE T R C E C WN RE LV O EK E R M E I DORIBANK L SWAN

BOLWARRA E RIV RINGWOOD FLAT FLAT C BAY HEIGHTS R S

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SULPHIDE JUNCTION BRUNKERVILLE BOOLAROO AWABA STATE FOREST SPEERS POINT P FASSIFERN SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAN AL MERS RO A D J I ThreatenedG Fauna recorded within a 10km radius A D

*#E Australasian Bittern ^_ Eastern Bentwing-bat d Green and Golden Bell Frog #0 Masked Owl "/ Superb Fruit-Dove E

*#C Black Bittern ^_ Eastern FalseWOMMARA Pipistrelle b Osprey "/ Swift Parrot R d Grey-crowned Babble *#E "/

E Black-breasted Buzzard ^_ Eastern Freetail-bat Terek Sandpiper K b Painted Snipe BELMONT d Grey-headed Flying-fox *# Black-chinned Honeyeater LAGOON "/ Turquoise Parrot BALMORALXY Freckled Duck n Powerful Owl ") Black-necked Stork Koala jk Varied Sittella XY Gang-gangLAKE Cockatoo n Scarlet Robin ") Black-tailed Godwit MACQUARIE Lesser Sand-plover jk White-fronted Chat WANGI GF Glossy Black-CockatooPELICAN Little Bentwing-bat !. Southern Myotis ") Blue-billed DuckPOWER FLAT jk Wompoo Fruit-Dove GF Gould's Petrel &3 Speckled Warbler ") Broad-billed SandpiperSTATION DOR EEK Little Eagle jk R Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat GF A SWANSEA GreatC Knot # !. Spotted Harrier $+ Brush-tailed Phascogale HEADS 0 Little Lorikeet GF Greater Broad-nosed Bat &3 $+ #0 Little Tern Square-tailed Kite Comb-crested Jacana GF CAVES Greater Sand-plover #0 "/ Squirrel Glider ^_ Diamond Firetail BEACH Magpie Goose BALGONNIA

LEGEND

Freeway Watercourse Recreation Areas Mangrove !. Site Location

Roads Watercourse Area Forestry Reserve Forest Or Shrub 10km Buffer Railways Built Up Areas

1:250,000(at A4) Midal Cables International Pty Ltd Job Number 22-15280 0 8751,750 3,500 5,250 7,000 Tomago Rod and Conductor Manfacturing Facility Revision B Date 11 AUG 2011 Metres Map Projection: Transverse Mercator Threatened Fauna within 10km Horizontal Datum: Geocentric Datum of Australia (GDA) Grid: Map Grid of Australia 1994, Zone 56 o of the Site (OEH 2011) Figure 4-3 Level 3, GHD Tower, 24 Honeysuckle Drive, Newcastle NSW 2300 T 61 2 4979 9999 F 61 2 4979 9988 E [email protected] W www.ghd.com.au G:\22\15280\GIS\Maps\Deliverables\Ecology\2215280_ECO_005_ThreatFauna_20110811_B.mxd © 2011. While GHD has taken care to ensure the accuracy of this product, GHD and GEOSCIENCE AUSTRALIA, DECCW make no representations or warranties about its accuracy, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose. GHD and GEOSCIENCE AUSTRALIA, DECCW cannot accept liability of any kind (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for any expenses, losses, damages and/or costs (including indirect or consequential damage) which are or may be incurred as a result of the product being inaccurate, incomplete or unsuitable in any way and for any reason. Data Source: Geoscience Australia: 250k Topographic Data Series 3 - 2006; DECCW: Atlas of NSW Flora/Fauna - 2011. Created by: fmackay, tmorton

4.4 Climate The Commonwealth Bureau of Meteorology website provides climatic information for Williamstown RAAF Base weather station (approximately 8 kilometres to the northeast of the site). A review of these data indicates that the mean rainfall ranges from 122.2 mm in June down to 60.1 mm in September. Mean daily maximum temperatures range from 28.8qC in summer to 18.1qC in winter with mean minimum temperatures ranging from 15.4qC in summer down to 6.4qC in winter (Bureau of Meteorology 2011). A comparison between climate data and the weather conditions experienced during the survey period is as follows:

0 0  Mean maximum temperature for June 17.6 C compared to 18.1 C over the survey period.

0 0  Mean minimum temperature for June 6.4 C compared to 6.9 C over the survey period.

 Mean rainfall for the month of June is 122.2 mm compared to 22 mm falling during the survey period and 176.4 mm falling during the month (main rain days being between 12 and 16 June). The data suggests that the June 2011 survey was undertaken during higher than average mean minimum/ maximum temperature and rainfall although the survey work coincided with few rain days and low rainfall quantums. Survey conducted in December coincided with average rainfall conditions and below average maximum temperatures. Survey conditions were considered optimal for birds, frogs and reptiles targeted during this survey.

4.5 Developed Features The majority of land at Tomago is currently used as an industrial estate. The site lies adjacent to the Tomago Aluminium Smelter and a former sand mine site, as shown in Figure 1-2. It includes cleared areas of exotic grasses and hard surfaces from previous development as shown in Figure 1-1. Other developed features include grazing areas to the southeast and west, residential properties to the east, Tomago Village Caravan Park and Tomago Bowling Club to west and southwest respectively and Hunter Region Botanic Gardens to the northwest.

22/15280/30/94697 R0 Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility 41 Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment

5. Survey Results

5.1 Vegetation Cover and Floristics

5.1.1 Vegetation Cover The study area comprises a mix of native and exotic vegetation cover. Two types of vegetation cover have been mapped, as shown in Figure 5-1, these being:

 Smooth-barked Apple Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest (10.58 ha).

 Exotic Open Grassland (2.76 ha). These vegetation types are described below.

Smooth-barked Apple Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest This vegetation is classified as native and is characterised by the co-dominant tree species Smooth-barked Apple (Angophora costata) and Red Bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera) on free draining dry sand soils. Blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis) is a third co-dominant canopy species found within this vegetation type (Bell and Driscoll, 2006) although this species has not been found within the site. This vegetation is typically dry sclerophyll heathy woodland to forest and is widespread throughout the Tomago sand beds. Vegetation beneath the open tree canopy is generally characterised by a dense shrub layer and patchy open ground cover stratum. Approximately 1.00 ha occurs within the site.

Exotic Open Grassland The majority of the site, comprising the central and southern parts, is covered by Exotic Open Grassland and is not identified as native vegetation. Common to dominant species include Couch (Cynodon dactylon) and Red Natal Grass (Melinis repens*) with interspersed exotics scattered throughout. Approximately 1.91 ha occurs within the site.

Hardstand Areas Non-vegetated land cover (i.e. hardstand) also occurs within the study area covering 1.36 ha. This comprises open ground is exposed are scattered throughout (i.e. bare sand), however other non-vegetated surfaces such as concrete and gravel areas, gravel tracks and an abandoned industrial shed also exist. Vegetation cover over this area exhibits little to no shrub layer and no tree canopy layer. Approximately 1.19 ha occurs within the site.

5.1.2 Native Flora Species Native vegetation cover is largely restricted to the northern part of the site and study area (i.e. Smooth-barked Apple Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest) and is an area that contains the highest native plant species richness and diversity within the study area (see Table 5-1 for plant species diversity). A total of 89 flora species were observed during surveys, including 15 exotic and 74 native species. Flora species observed within this vegetation type are listed in Appendix C.

42 Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility 22/15280/30/94697 R0 Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment 380,800 381,000 381,200 6,367,600 6,367,600 6,367,400 6,367,400 6,367,200 6,367,200

380,800 381,000 381,200 LEGEND

Study Area Smooth Barked Apple Red Bloodwood Shrubby Open Forest The Site Exotic Open Grassland Hardstand

1:3,000 (at A4) Midal Cables International Pty Ltd Job Number 22-15280 0 10 20 40 60 80 Tomago Rod and Conductor Manfacturing Facility Revision A Date 11 AUG 2011 Metres Map Projection: Transverse Mercator Horizontal Datum: Geocentric Datum of Australia (GDA) Grid: Map Grid of Australia 1994, Zone 56 o Vegetation of the Study Area Figure 5-1 Level 3, GHD Tower, 24 Honeysuckle Drive, Newcastle NSW 2300 T 61 2 4979 9999 F 61 2 4979 9988 E [email protected] W www.ghd.com.au G:\22\15280\GIS\Maps\Deliverables\Ecology\2215280_ECO_008_Vegetation_StudyArea_20110811_A.mxd © 2011. While GHD has taken care to ensure the accuracy of this product, GHD and GEOSCIENCE AUSTRALIA, DECCW make no representations or warranties about its accuracy, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose. GHD and GEOSCIENCE AUSTRALIA, DECCW cannot accept liability of any kind (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for any expenses, losses, damages and/or costs (including indirect or consequential damage) which are or may be incurred as a result of the product being inaccurate, incomplete or unsuitable in any way and for any reason. Data Source: Geoscience Australia: 250k Topographic Data Series 3 - 2006; DECCW: Atlas of NSW Flora/Fauna - 2011. Created by: fmackay, tmorton

The canopy layer is characterised mostly by dead trees, many of which contain hollows. Live trees included Smooth-barked Apple and Red Bloodwood, which generally had a stunted form and a scattered distribution. Hollows were rare within live trees due to the small diameter at breast height. Of note is the absence of Blackbutt in the tree canopy stratum, with the absence of this canopy co-dominant potentially linked to localised groundwater conditions (Bell and Driscoll, 2006). Native plant species diversity varies throughout the naturally vegetated area and is at its greatest along the edge of prior sand mining areas (see Figure 1-2). Dense shrub cover in the midstory is common throughout the western parts of the study area where sand mining activities have not occurred. The most dominant and common shrub species is Monotoca (Monotoca elliptica) with mid dense occurrences of Leptospermum trinervium and scattered occurrences of Banksia serrata and Acacia longifolia noted. Shorter shrub species include native peas (egg Bossiaea heterophylla, Bossiaea rhombifolia subsp. rhombifolia, Dillwynia retorta, Aotus ericoides) together with Monotoca scoparia, Leptospermum trinervium, Eriostemon australasius, Pimelea linifolia and Amperea xiphoclada var. xiphoclada.

The groundcover stratum is generally sparse, particularly beneath areas with a dense midstory. Species observed include Gonocarpus teucrioides, Lomandra longifolia, Lomandra glauca, Dianella caerulea, Billardiera scandens, Schoenus ericetorum and Hypolaena fastigata. Two orchid species were observed including Acianthus fornicata and Pterostylis longifolia. The association between increased dense shrub stratum and lower plant species diversity is potentially linked to the absence of fire and altered groundwater conditions such as decreased depth to groundwater (Bell and Driscoll, 2006).

5.1.3 Exotic Flora Species The vegetation of the area classified as Exotic Open Grassland is mostly exotic. Appendix C lists the exotic species observed within the site with the most notable exotic species being:

 Red Natal Grass (Melinis repens*).

 Telegraph Weed (Heterotheca grandiflora*).

 Cobbler’s Pegs (Bidens pilosa*).

 Plantago (Plantago lanceolata*). Telegraph Weed, although not listed as noxious, is a species capable of producing high volumes of seed and is capable of growing in low nutrient sandy soils (Mark Aitkens pers. obs.). Disturbance, such as that associated with land development, has the potential to trigger a serious growth response by this species. Moderate densities of Lantana (Lantana camera*) exist throughout the Smooth-barked-apple Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest and this is the most common exotic plant species within the naturally vegetated areas. The greatest densities of Lantana coincided with increased native shrub density (i.e. Monotoca elliptica). Lantana is the only noxious weed species observed within the site that has been declared for the Port Stephens LGA. Information for this noxious species is provided in Appendix C. Whisky Grass (Andropogon virginicus*) and Red Natal Grass were also frequently observed within naturally vegetated areas, although mostly at the edge of native vegetation cover.

44 Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility 22/15280/30/94697 R0 Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment 380,800 381,000 381,200 6,367,600 6,367,600 6,367,400 6,367,400 6,367,200 6,367,200

380,800 381,000 381,200 LEGEND

Study Area Groundcover Surface Disturbed native vegetation with moderate native species Exotic Open Grassland diversity and moderate weed cover (Condition C) The Site Vegetation with high native Hardstand species diversity (Condition A) Disturbed native vegetation with low native species diversity and high weed cover (Condition D) Vegetation with low native species diversity and few weeds (Condition B)

1:3,000 (at A4) Midal Cables International Pty Ltd Job Number 22-15280 0 10 20 40 60 80 Tomago Rod and Conductor Manfacturing Facility Revision A Date 11 AUG 2011 Metres Map Projection: Transverse Mercator Horizontal Datum: Geocentric Datum of Australia (GDA) Grid: Map Grid of Australia 1994, Zone 56 o Vegetation Condition of the Study Area Figure 5-2 Level 3, GHD Tower, 24 Honeysuckle Drive, Newcastle NSW 2300 T 61 2 4979 9999 F 61 2 4979 9988 E [email protected] W www.ghd.com.au G:\22\15280\GIS\Maps\Deliverables\Ecology\2215280_ECO_009_VegetationCond_StudyArea_20110811_A.mxd © 2011. While GHD has taken care to ensure the accuracy of this product, GHD and GEOSCIENCE AUSTRALIA, DECCW make no representations or warranties about its accuracy, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose. GHD and GEOSCIENCE AUSTRALIA, DECCW cannot accept liability of any kind (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for any expenses, losses, damages and/or costs (including indirect or consequential damage) which are or may be incurred as a result of the product being inaccurate, incomplete or unsuitable in any way and for any reason. Data Source: Geoscience Australia: 250k Topographic Data Series 3 - 2006; DECCW: Atlas of NSW Flora/Fauna - 2011. Created by: fmackay, tmorton

5.1.4 Native Vegetation Condition There are four condition classes recognised for native Smooth -barked Apple Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest within the site, as shown in Figure 5-2 these being:

 Vegetation with high native species diversity (Condition A).

 Vegetation with low native species diversity and few weeds (Condition B).

 Disturbed native vegetation with moderate native species diversity and moderate weed cover (Condition C).

 Disturbed native vegetation with low native species diversity and high weed cover (Condition D). Site observations indicate that shrub density plays an important role in overall plant species diversity. Areas of highest native species diversity were observed within areas located intermediately between prior sand mining and dense midstory cover dominated by Monotoca elliptica.

5.2 Fauna Habitats

5.2.1 Introduction The site is surrounded by a developed environment on all boundaries except for the northern boundary (southern extent of the native vegetation cover associated with the Tomago sand beds). Prior land uses have resulted in the clearing of native vegetation cover from the majority of the site with the influence of surrounding industrial land serving to isolate the site from natural landscape scale ecological processes such as fire or the immigration/emigration of native plants and animals. The absence of non-natural conditions and isolation from natural ecological processes has substantially influenced most of the site’s biodiversity values. The theory of spatial heterogeneity suggests that the more heterogenous and complex the physical environment becomes the higher the species diversity and the more complex the plant and animal communities supported. Within this context the majority of the sites abiotic and biotic values are relatively homogenous or uniform (i.e. limited variation in observed conditions) aside from the native vegetation cover at the sites northern extent. There are isolated areas of increased habitat complexity within the non-native vegetated area including scattered occurrences of concrete rubble, timber and metal where ground dwelling fauna may shelter. These conditions generally support low species diversity, which was evident in the survey results where there were few vertebrate fauna observations (no complex habitat values). Similarly the plant species diversity was mostly restricted to exotic or non-endemic natives (rehabilitation species) with native vegetation cover restricted to a few colonising species such as Acacia where native vegetation occurs nearby. The low potential for species to immigrate into the site from the surrounding landscape further limits the potential development of species diversity within the site. Without considerable intervention it is considered that the majority of the site would remain an area of low species diversity occupied only by highly mobile or specialised species. The sections below describe the fauna habitats present at the site.

46 Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility 22/15280/30/94697 R0 Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment

5.2.2 Tree Canopy, Midstory and Groundcover In areas where a native tree canopy exists (Smooth-barked Apple Red Bloodwood Open Forest) the canopy cover is generally less than 5% and at a height of only 5 m – 8 m. These areas generally exhibit greater than 35% mid storey cover dominated by Monotoca elliptica and a patchy ground cover of approximately 20%. These structural characteristics vary in accordance with vegetation condition with the more degraded structural characteristics clearly evident in areas of prior sand mining activity. These conditions offer limited suitability for sedentary woodland and forest bird, mammal and reptile species although small ground mammal habitat values are considered high. The varying structural diversity represents a patchy mosaic of habitat suitability for passerine birds with areas of greatest shrub and groundcover structural complexity representing the habitat of highest value for this fauna group. In the remainder of the site (Exotic Open Grassland), no tree canopy stratum exists. There is an extremely patchy and sparse mid storey stratum (scattered shrubs) combined with a diverse tussocky groundcover comprising mostly exotic plant species. These conditions are generally unsuitable for sedentary woodland and forest bird, mammal and reptile species. The lack of structural diversity also renders these parts of the site of limited value for smaller passerine birds. Only species capable of occupying modified grassland and open habitats are likely to occur within this part of the site.

5.2.3 Hollow-bearing Trees and Stag Trees Hollow-bearing trees and stags exist throughout the woodland areas of the site as shown in Figure 5-3. These trees were examined for marks and scratching which would indicate habitat utilisation and were the subject of bat and arboreal fauna surveys. Although these habitat features exist on site there was limited evidence of current fauna usage particularly in the dead stags. Notwithstanding, isolated live trees that contain hollow resources were observed to have substantial fauna usage, these being located north of the proposed haul road.

5.2.4 Fallen Woody Debris The site contains scattered fallen woody debris of relevance for ground-dwelling fauna. Other scattered concrete and metal and miscellaneous debris also occur throughout the site and provide potential shelter for reptiles and amphibian species. Very few reptiles and no amphibians detected within the site during the field survey, which is consistent with the sites limited mostly homogenous habitat values although surveys conducted during winter are during the lowest activity period for these fauna groups.

5.2.5 Nectar and Sap Resources Flowering plants suitable for nectivors and frugivores were restricted to scattered Banksia and Acacia species. The occurrence of these habitat features is conducive to sporadic foraging activity by diurnal birds. Few of these plants were flowering, which may account for the low level of bird activity encountered during the survey period. There was no evidence of any winter nectar (i.e. flowering eucalypts and large shrubs) or important sap resources (egg large diameter Red Bloodwood) within the site.

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5.2.6 Waterbodies and Water Resource No ephemeral, semi-permanent or permanent water bodies or drainages occur within the site. All surface waters draining into the site infiltrate directly into the unsaturated/ saturated zone of the Tomago sand beds with limited ephemeral stormwater movements evident at the southern part of the site (i.e. only during high rainfall events). The unsaturated zone of the Tomago sand beds is accessible to surface fauna. It is likely that burrowing amphibian species such as the Eastern Banjo Frog (Limnodynastes dumerulii subsp. grayii) will utilise the naturally vegetated parts of the site due to the soft sand soils and availability of subsurface water resources.

5.3 Fauna of the Site A total of 41 fauna species were recorded within the study area, comprising 21 birds, 18 mammals (including four exotic species) and two reptiles. These species are discussed below along with a general description of habitats available at the site. Appendix D lists the fauna identified within the site.

5.3.1 Amphibians The site contains no ephemeral or permanent water resources and as such does not provide breeding habitat for amphibian species. Loose sands do provide shelter habitat for burrowing species such as Limnodynastes dumerulii subsp. grayii, although the absence of nearby water resources limits the suitability of the site for this purpose. There is no suitable habitat for threatened amphibian species within the site (i.e. absence of ephemeral, semi-permanent and permanent water resources).

5.3.2 Reptiles One reptile species, the Striped Skink (Ctenotus robustus) was observed whilst inspecting the underside of scattered rubble and metal objects. No other reptile species were observed during the field investigations, although it is likely that several other common and widespread reptile species typically recorded in modified environments (egg Common Garden Skink Lampropholis guichenoti and Red-bellied Black Snake Pseudechis porphyriacus) also occur. There is no suitable habitat for threatened reptile species within the site.

5.3.3 Birds Few birds were observed on the site during the field survey, which is considered a strong reflection of the modified nature and limited habitat value of the Exotic Open Grassland and simplified floristic and structural characteristics of the Smooth-barked Apple Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest. Bird occurrences were largely restricted to areas of native vegetation cover, particularly small passerine species that require vegetation cover for foraging and to avoid predation. Species observed include the Superb Fairy Wren (Malurus cyaneus), White- throated Gerygone (Gerygone albogularis), Brown Thornbill (Acanthiza pusilla), Eastern Spinebill (Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris) and Silvereye (Zosterops lateralis).

48 Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility 22/15280/30/94697 R0 Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment 380,800 381,000 381,200 6,367,600 6,367,600

l l l l l l

l l l 6,367,400 l l l 6,367,400 l 6,367,200 6,367,200

380,800 381,000 381,200 LEGEND

Study Area

The Site

l Hollow Bearing Trees

1:3,000 (at A4) Midal Cables International Pty Ltd Job Number 22-15280 0 10 20 40 60 80 Tomago Rod and Conductor Manfacturing Facility Revision A Date 11 AUG 2011 Metres Map Projection: Transverse Mercator Horizontal Datum: Geocentric Datum of Australia (GDA) Grid: Map Grid of Australia 1994, Zone 56 o Hollow Bearing Trees of the Site Figure 5-3 Level 3, GHD Tower, 24 Honeysuckle Drive, Newcastle NSW 2300 T 61 2 4979 9999 F 61 2 4979 9988 E [email protected] W www.ghd.com.au G:\22\15280\GIS\Maps\Deliverables\Ecology\2215280_ECO_010_HollowBearingTrees_20110811_A.mxd © 2011. While GHD has taken care to ensure the accuracy of this product, GHD and GEOSCIENCE AUSTRALIA, DECCW make no representations or warranties about its accuracy, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose. GHD and GEOSCIENCE AUSTRALIA, DECCW cannot accept liability of any kind (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for any expenses, losses, damages and/or costs (including indirect or consequential damage) which are or may be incurred as a result of the product being inaccurate, incomplete or unsuitable in any way and for any reason. Data Source: Geoscience Australia: 250k Topographic Data Series 3 - 2006; DECCW: Atlas of NSW Flora/Fauna - 2011. Created by: fmackay, tmorton

The more disturbed parts of the site provide suitable habitat for common birds of open habitats, including open ground feeders such as the exotic Indian Myna (Acridotheres tristis*), Willie Wagtail (Rhipidura leucophrys) and Australasian Raven (Corvus coronoides). Species such as the Noisy Miner (Manorina melanocephala) may also occur in association with scattered trees. Smaller birds such as the Red-browed Finch (Neochmia temporalis) commonly associate with scattered shrubs adjoining denser shrub thickets and woodland such as the partially vegetated lands near the eastern extent of the proposed haul road. The absence of water resources and aquatic macrophytic vegetation eliminates the occurrence of species aligned with these habitats, including ducks, waders and reed specialists such as the Golden-headed Cisticola (Cisticola exilis) and Clamorous Reed-Warbler (Acrocephalus stentoreus).

5.3.4 Mammals

Ground Mammals Three exotic mammalian fauna species have been identified on the site these being the Black Rat (Rattus rattus*), House Mouse (Mus musculus*) and Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes*), the latter which was identified though a scat. These species are likely to occur within all the habitats found within the site, including those contained within the Exotic Open Grassland where the floristic and structural diversity is considered to severely limit the immigration and persistence of native mammal species. The native vegetation cover contains a native ground mammal assemblage comprising the Dusky Antechinus (Antechinus swainsonii), Brown Antechinus (A. stuartii) and New Holland Mouse (Pseudomys novaehollandiae). Long term trapping conducted by Tomago Aluminium indicates that the small ground mammal population is robust and heathy (Tomago Aluminium, 2010). The New Holland Mouse was captured once during the Elliott trapping and was also detected once in the hair tube survey as shown in Figure 5-4. Recorded locations coincide with native vegetation cover (ie Smooth-barked Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest) where plant species diversity is high. Locally, this species is known to occupy habitats contained within Smooth- barked Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest (Tomago Aluminium, 2010). The hair tube survey also showed the House Mouse uses much of the habitats contained within the site, including habitat contained within the Smooth-barked Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest. The House Mouse is a species that can out-compete the New Holland Mouse when present in high densities (Fox and Haering 1997). Evidence of macropods was evident throughout the naturally vegetated parts of the site (ie scats) although there were no sightings of any kangaroos/ wallabies during the survey period.

Arboreal Mammals The site contains hollow-bearing trees/ stags, these being an important pre-requisite for the occurrence of arboreal mammals such as Brush-tailed Possums and gliders. However, tree canopy density is considered sparse and may be regarded a limiting factor in terms of foraging resources (ie nectar and sap resources). Scant evidence of arboreal mammal activity was detected, with one tree showing signs of intense utilisation (ie Brush-tailed Possum scratches).

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Arboreal trapping failed to capture any arboreal mammal species. Species such as the Brush-tailed Phascogale, which has the potential to use parts of the site, was not captured during the arboreal or ground trapping survey nor was it observed during spotlighting, stag watching or hair tubing. These results are consistent with extensive long term ground trapping programs conducted by the Tomago Aluminium Smelter (Tomago Aluminium, 2010).

Michrochiropteran Bats The site contains native vegetation with hollow bearing trees/stags adjacent to a large vegetation remnant exceeding 500 ha. These conditions are amenable to regular habitat utilisation by hollow dependant microchiropteran bat species, particularly those that are adapted to dry sclerophyll vegetation of low productivity. Species that use caves and tunnels for roosts may also use the site for foraging purposes only (ie Eastern Bentwing Bat and Large-eared Pied Bat). The analysis of recorded echolocation data (ie Anabat II) identified nine microchiropteran bat species common in the locality. The most commonly recorded species were the White-striped Mastiff Bat (Tadarida australis) (a tree roosting species) and Eastern Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus megaphyllus) (a cave roosting species), with the latter species likely to be roosting locally within a suitable roost contained within the adjoining industrial precinct or large bridge structures. Other bat species identified include the threatened Eastern Freetail Bat (Mormopterus norfolkensis), Mormopterus sp. 2, Eastern Broadnosed Bat (Scotorepens orion), Goulds Wattled Bat (Chalinolobus gouldii), Chocolate Wattled Bat (C. morio) and forest bats (Vespedelus regulus and V. pumilus).

Microchiropteran bat species more commonly found in riparian environments and wetter forests, including the threatened Greater Broad-nosed Bat (Scotaenax rueppellii) and Eastern False Pipistrelle (Falsistrellus tasmaniensis).are not likely to rely on the site.

5.4 Threatened Biota No threatened flora species have been detected within the site or study area during targeted surveys conducted in February, June and December 2011. Two threatened fauna species have been detected within the study area during the June survey period. The following sections further discuss the threatened species relevant to the site.

5.4.1 Flora No threatened flora species surveyed during their optimal survey period have been detected within the site or study area with the habitat analysis supporting these observations. These findings are consistent with Bell and Driscoll (2006) who have identified no threatened flora occurrences within the vegetation type that occurs within the site (i.e. Smooth-barked Apple Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest vegetation type of the Tomago sand beds). Details of habitat preferences, likelihood of occurrence and impact consequence for each threatened flora species previously recorded or predicted to occur within the locality is provided in Appendix B. EPA identified threatened flora species requiring detailed discussion is as follows.

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Leafless Tongue Orchid (Cryptostylis hunteriana) The Leafless Tongue Orchid (Cryptostylis hunteriana) was targeted during the February and December surveys and was not found to occur within the site. On the basis of targeted survey results during the flowering season and habitat analysis (see Appendix B) it is concluded that there is no evidence supporting the presence of this species or its habitat within the site.

Rulingia prostrata This species occupies ecotone areas between dry sclerophyll (i.e. Scribbly Gum dominated vegetation) and swamp sclerophyll forests (i.e. Swamp Mahogany dominated vegetation) (Bell and Driscoll, 2006), which do not occur on the site or study area. Notwithstanding, winter surveys targeting non-flowing specimens were completed for this species (i.e. foliage of Rulingia prostrata is distinctive and readily identified to genus without flowers). In addition targeted survey effort was completed during its flowering season (i.e. December). Neither targeted surveys resulted in the detection of this species within the site or study area. On the basis of targeted survey results during the flowering season and habitat analysis it is concluded that there is no evidence supporting the presence of this species or its habitat within the site.

Roughtailed Doubletail (Diuris praecox) The Roughtailed Doubletail (Diuris praecox) was not targeted during the survey period as this species was considered unlikely to occur within the site or study area. This species occurs between Ourimbah and Nelson Bay and grows on hills and slopes of near-coastal districts in open forests which have a grassy to fairly dense understorey (EPA, 2011c). Nearby records of this species are to the east in near coastal conserved habitats within Glen Rock State Conservation Area (SCA) and Worimi National Park. In Glenrock SCA the Roughtailed Doubletail is found in low open forest dominated by Spotted Gum (Corymbia maculata) with a grassy understory dominated by Kangaroo Grass (Themeda australis) approximately 0.98 km from the shoreline. This habitat type and proximity to the shoreline is consistent with populations found at Wyrrabalong National Park (Mark Aitkens pers obs). At Lavis Lane Salt Ash Umwelt (2011) reports this species to occur within 1.3 km of the ocean shoreline growing in Blackbutt Smooth-barked Apple Forest with a grassy understory dominated by Kangaroo Grass and Blady Grass (Imperata cylindrica). Roadside occurrences on the Pacific Highway at the entrance to Lake Munmorah State Recreation Area are approximately 3.0 km from the ocean shoreline. These known locations are typical of the recorded ‘near coastal’ occurrences of this species. Kangaroo Grass is frequently associated with Diuris spp. (Backhouse and Lester, 2010; Bishop, 2000; Murphy et. al 2008; Ecovision Consulting, 2005a; Ecovision Consulting, 2005b, Ecovision Consulting, 2008a, Ecovision Consulting, 2008b; Cumberland Ecology, 2011), is considered a keystone species in diverse native grassy woodlands (Prober and Theile, 2005) that often contain Diuris spp. and as such has the potential to be a habitat indicator for many Diuris species. Prober and Lunt (2009) outline the importance of Kangaroo Grass in enhancing ecological resistance to invasion by exotic annuals through the suppression of soil nitrate. These conditions favour the occurrence of a diverse native groundcover stratum comprising grasses and herbs (Prober and Theile, 2005), which is also likely to be favourable for ground orchids such as Diuris species.

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Sites containing Diuris spp. are also likely to be associated with members of the Fabaceae family. Indsto et al (2005) indicate that the flowers of Diuris spp. are likely to mimic the floral structure of Fabaceae species to increase the chance of pollination success (i.e. Fabaceae attract suitable pollinators). Simplistic vegetation structure resulting in high solar radiation penetration to the ground level is commonly associated with an increased abundance of Diuris specimens (Steve Lewer pers com.; Mark Aitkens pers. obs; Cumberland Ecology, 2011), which potentially indicates that this species positively responds to certain types of disturbance although this is not necessarily an indicator of habitat suitability. Such conditions often occur along power line easements transcending through tracts of native vegetation containing suitable habitat. Conversely, Diuris spp. can negatively respond to low light conditions such as vegetation with a dense tree or mid story canopy (Steve Lewer pers com.) Within this context it is considered that the following site characteristics are negative indicators for Diuris praecox habitat suitability within the site despite the presence of a locally widespread vegetation type known to contain this species:

 The site is not classified as ‘near coastal’ (i.e. site is 9.7 km from the ocean shoreline) when compared to Roughtailed Doubletail occurrences (i.e. mean distance from ocean shoreline = 1.7 ± 0.8 km n= 23 locations). Bell and Driscoll (2006) did not record this species in the Tomago sand beds. There are no Roughtailed Doubletail occurrences west from 3.2 km of the ocean shoreline (i.e. Pacific Highway at Lake Munmorah);

 The site is not located on a hill or slope;

 Absence of a grassy (0% grass cover) and dense (<20%) groundcover;

 Presence of a dense midstory (>35%);

 Absence of Kangaroo Grass and Blady Grass (i.e. indicator grasses for Diuris spp.) and presence of the exotic Whiskey Grass (Andropogon virginicus*) and Red Natal Grass (Melinus repens*);

 Low native plant species diversity (0.75±0.6 n=4) recorded along the proposed haul road, compared to the study area (0.81±0.11 n=55);

 Fabaceae species were very rare and in low abundance within the study area (i.e. Fabaceae species restricted to 4 occurrences in the 55 plant species diversity sample sites) and are absent from the site suggesting a low ‘attractiveness’ or occurrence of suitable pollinators. While the site is situated on freely draining sands, which is associated with some records of Diuris praecox, the habitat values associated with freely draining sands are absent these being grassy dry sclerophyll forests with a dense groundcover comprising Kangaroo Grass, Blady Grass or both. The ‘disturbed’ nature of the site, a factor associated with an increased density of Diuris specimens, is not necessarily an indicator of Diuris praecox habitat. Habitat suitability in the proposed facility area (i.e. exotic grassland) is considered highly unsuitable for the Roughtailed Doubletail as no natural topsoil or vegetation cover persists within this area. Similarly, the rehabilitated lands located along the eastern half of the haul road have been stripped of natural topsoil and native vegetation by prior sand mining. Most of the native vegetation west of the

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previously sand quarried lands is covered by a dense stand of Monotoca elliptica, resulting in low light penetration to ground level and general low habitat suitability. Despite the presence of Smooth-barked Apple Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest, a known vegetation type habitat surrogate for this species, it is considered that there is no habitat suitability present within the site that would support the presence of this species. Targeted surveys were not undertaken during the optimal flowering period for this species (i.e. July and August) as it was concluded from the habitat analysis that there was no evidence supporting the presence of this species or its habitat within the site. However, on the basis of the precautionary principle the EPA during the adequacy review process requested that Diuris praecox be considered as potentially occurring onsite within a small area adjoining the power line easement on the western boundary of the site.

Diuris arenaria According to the EPA threatened species profile for Diuris arenaria the habitat of this species is restricted to the Tomaree Peninsular where it grows in coastal heath and dry grassy eucalypt forest on sandy flats. Umwelt (2011) report this species to occur in dry grassy eucalypt forest on sandy flats at Lavis Lane, Salt Ash where it grows with Diuris praecox. Neither the BAT predicted threatened flora list for Smooth-barked Apple Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest or Wildlife Atlas Database search identify this species as a matter for consideration The recorded distribution this species is near coastal and similar to the northern distribution extent of Diuris praecox. Where this species does occur it is found in vegetation with broadly similar habitat values to those of the site. However, preferred suitable habitat appears to be more closely associated with grassy eucalypt forest containing Blackbutt as a canopy dominant and dense groundcover comprising Kangaroo Grass, Blady Grass and Bracken Fern (Umwelt, 2011; Mark Aitkens pers. obs). On the basis of distribution and habitat it was considered that Diuris arenaria is unlikely to occur within the site.

However, consultation with the EPA during the adequacy review period revealed a previously unknown recorded occurrence of this species to the north of the site at Heatherbrae (Steve Lewer, pers com). This new population was detected in September 2011 and is not currently available on the Wildlife Atlas Database. This new record is approximately 18 km west of the previously known limit of distribution for this species and approximately 4 km north of the site. On the basis of this range extension and its proximity to the site it is considered that there is an increased likelihood of occurrence for Diuris arenaria within the site although habitat suitability remains a limiting factor. The EPA have requested that consider this species on the basis of the precautionary principle for a small area that adjoins the power line easement on the western boundary of the site.

Galium australe According to the NSW Scientific Committee (2005) the habitat of Galium australe, as defined by its recorded occurrences in NSW, includes valley floor, alluvial soil beside a creek, heathland in a rocky gully, and the top of an escarpment above a creek. This habitat description is consistent with the distribution and associated vegetation types reported for the Northern Rivers (EPA, 2011c), which state that Galium australe is known from the Comboyne and Hastings Macleay sub-CMA’s. This species is not predicted to occur within ‘Smooth-barked Apple – Red

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Bloowood Heath Woodland’ nor is it predicted to occur within the Hunter Central Rivers CMA (EPA, 2011c). Targeted survey was undertaken for Galium australe in December despite this species not being previously found within the locality (EPA, 2011a), Hunter Central Rivers CMA or regional vegetation type. Systematic and targeted surveys were completed throughout the site did not result in any collections of Galium australe for that matter any species of Galium. These findings are consistent with those of the Bell and Driscoll (2006) study for the Tomago sand beds where they report no findings of any Galium spp. within 6797 rapid data points and 172 full floristic survey plots. Most records of Galium australe are south from Sydney where it has been recently rediscovered on the South Coast in Lake Conjola State Recreation Area and Meroo National Park. On the basis of distribution, habitat, local prior surveys and survey results for the study area it is concluded that there is no evidence of this species or its habitat occurring within the site.

Maundia triglochinoides Maundia triglochinoides was identified by the EPA (following adequacy review) as an additional threatened species also requiring assessment. This species grows in swamps, creeks or shallow freshwater 30 - 60 cm deep on heavy clay, low nutrients. These habitat conditions do not occur on the site and this species is not anticipated to occur on the site. As such, an impact assessment is not required for this species.

5.4.2 Threatened Fauna Three threatened fauna species were found to occur within the study area. Two species were observed these being the Grey-headed Flying-fox (listed on the TSC Act and EPBC Act) and New Holland Mouse (listed only on the EPBC Act). One threatened microchiropteran bat listed on the TSC Act was detected by an Anabat II recorded (i.e. Eastern Freetail Bat).

Grey headed Flying Fox One Grey-headed Flying-fox, a species listed as ‘vulnerable’ under both the TSC and EPBC Acts, was observed beyond the northern boundary of the site within a dense covering of Monotoca elliptica. This individual was likely to have been roosting temporarily on the site and its presence does not indicate any permanent habitation of this species on the site or in the immediate vicinity. Tree species on the site that provide suitable foraging resources for Grey-headed Flying-fox include Smooth-barked Apple and Red Bloodwood although these trees are considered to be of limited value to this species given their the low density and stunted form (i.e. close to ground, small canopy). No camp is present on site nor is there a likelihood of a camp occurring within the site (i.e. no tall dense wet sclerophyll eucalypt/ rainforest canopy). Eastern Freetail Bat The Eastern Freetail Bat was recorded using the Anabat II echolocation detector. Activity by this species within the site was restricted to a few calls and notably during the latter parts of the evening. The low number and late timing of these recordings indicates that the species is likely to be moving into the site from an offsite roost although further survey would be required to establish this conclusion. Foraging is likely to be opportunistic as this species is generally

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associated with riparian environments, mangroves and taller denser forests. Notwithstanding, the hollows contained within the site are regarded as suitable roost habitat for this species. New Holland Mouse

The New Holland Mouse occurs in disjunct, coastal populations in southeast Australia from Tasmania to Queensland. On the mainland the northern coastal distributional limit is Evans Head (NSW) through to a western limit at Anglesea (Vic) and southern limit at Wilsons Promontory (Vic). Occurrences in Bass Strait (Flinders Island) and north/ east Tasmania are also known. Inland occurrences are reported between the Gwyder River near Moree and Dalby district in southeast Queensland (Menkhorst and Knight, 2001). In 2006, there were known to be 6 - 8 metapopulations of the species (NSW Atlas of Wildlife, VIC Atlas of Wildlife, TAS Natural Values Atlas). Across the species’ range, the total population size of mature individuals is estimated to be less than 10,000 individuals (Menkhorst et al., 2008). The species was once regarded as extinct subsequent to its rediscovery in 1969 (Keith and Calaby, 1969) near Port Stephens and is regarded as locally common in NSW (Menkhorst and Knight, 2001). Wildlife Atlas records for the entire State of NSW number 655 with 54 records within the Port Stephens local government area. Most of the Port Stephens Records are from the Tomago Aluminium Smelter long term small ground mammal monitoring project. Tasmanian populations of the New Holland Mouse show a strong association with the occurrence/ abundance of the heath plants such as Aotus ericoides, Tassel Cord Rush (Hypolaena fastigiata), Lepidosperma concavum and Grass Tree (Xanthorrhoea spp.). Heath plant species have been shown to positively correlate with New Holland Mouse biomass (Fox and Fox, 1978) and are common in parts of the site. In NSW, it has been found in a variety of coastal habitats including heathland, woodland, dry sclerophyll forest with a dense shrub layer and vegetated sand dunes (Wilson and Bradtke 1999). Breeding occurs between spring (August) to summer (January) (Menkhorst and Knight, 2001; Kemper, 1980), with increased reproduction cycles noted with decreased latitude (i.e. longer suitable breeding period). First-year females produced one litter in short seasons and one or two litters in the long season. Second-year females produced three or four litters in short seasons, four or five litters in the long season and up to 20 offspring per season. Food abundance and quality may have been important variables in regulating the timing of the breeding season (Kemper 1980). Annual long term small mammal monitoring conducted by the Tomago Aluminium Smelter throughout their buffer lands has been ongoing since the construction of the smelter (i.e. early 1980’s). Monitoring results indicate a resident population of the New Holland Mouse within the smelter buffer lands with the most reliable sampled locations being along the northern edge of the smelter facility. However, trapping data at these long term monitoring stations (i.e. nine sites) shows a general decline in New Holland Mouse detection, which is potentially indicative of a declining population. It is speculated that the main reason for a declining detection rate is the reduced fire frequency and extent through the buffer lands. The decreasing New Holland Mouse detection rate is coincident with an increased abundance of Dusky Antechinus (Antechinus stuartii), with the effects of a wildfire in 2004 contributing to the only exception to this trend.

Small ground mammal surveys conducted as part of the field surveys on the site (Elliott trapping) resulted in the identification of a single male New Holland Mouse in an area coincident

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with the proposed haul road. Hair tube results confirmed the occurrence of the New Holland Mouse nearby the trapped location (i.e. one positive hair sample). New Holland Mouse detection appears to be coincident with the boundary between native vegetation of condition classes A and C (i.e. ecotone between quarried and unquarried lands). Suitable habitat for this species at the site was defined using a predictive equation for New Holland Mouse biomass developed by Fox and Fox (1978). This biomass model explained 96% of New Holland Mouse biomass variation in an area disturbed by mineral sand mining at Hawks Nest NSW. It is defined by a linear relationship involving the variables plant species diversity, the proportion of heath species present and soil hardness. Table 5-1 provides the results of the habitat characterisation survey for the New Holland Mouse using the three determinant habitat variables identified by Fox and Fox (1978).

Table 5-1 Results of the Habitat Characterisation Survey

Simpsons Predicted Soil Soil Site Easting Northing Diversity Heathiness Biomass results hardness Index (g)

P1.01 380727 6367291 30 1.46667 0.731707 0.5 0

P1.02 380756 6367290 30 3.22581 1.21951 0.5 0

P1.03 380761 6367311 30 4.10526 0.97561 0.5 0

P1.04 380781 6367316 25 3.33333 0.97561 0.6 0

P1.05 380730 6367319 30 7.05882 1.70732 0.5 5.76886

P1.06 380742 6367343 30 3 1.21951 0.5 0

P1.07 380762 6367338 40 5.08475 1.95122 0.375 4.72257

P1.08 380783 6367332 30 2.76316 1.21951 0.5 0

P1.09 380749 6367370 45 21 1.46341 0.333333 22.1966

P1.10 380773 6367366 54 5.4466 1.95122 0.277778 5.46084

P1.11 380798 6367362 29 3.35294 1.46341 0.517241 0.275368

P1.12 380754 6367395 52 3.39286 1.46341 0.288462 1.0306

P1.13 380775 6367390 23 7.5 0.97561 0.652174 2.96417

P1.14 380799 6367384 43 3.72059 1.46341 0.348837 1.24059

P1.15 380827 6367379 25 15 1.46341 0.6 14.1126

P1.16 380757 6367412 59 7 1.46341 0.254237 5.50099

P1.17 380782 6367409 34 5.46429 1.21951 0.441176 2.10904

P1.18 380805 6367400 46 15.5455 2.19512 0.326087 18.4873

P1.19 380829 6367402 29 8 1.95122 0.517241 7.8105

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Simpsons Predicted Soil Soil Site Easting Northing Diversity Heathiness Biomass results hardness Index (g)

P1.20 380759 6367438 41 7.65 2.19512 0.365854 8.81089

P1.21 380782 6367437 37 9.625 1.46341 0.405405 8.21013

P1.22 380807 6367431 35 7 2.43902 0.428571 8.78669

P1.23 380834 6367425 18 7.2 1.21951 0.833333 2.99749

P1.24 380859 6367418 28 6.12903 2.19512 0.535714 6.44565

P1.25 380884 6367418 27 6.6 1.46341 0.555556 4.08592

P1.26 380909 6367414 24 6.42857 0.97561 0.625 1.75171

P1.27 380936 6367410 21 5.23077 1.46341 0.714286 1.93867

P1.28 380962 6367406 25 3 0.487805 0.6 0

P1.29 380990 6367400 29 7 1.21951 0.517241 3.73221

P1.30 381015 6367393 29 6 0.731707 0.517241 0.610017

P1.31 381021 6367412 28 2.05882 0.731707 0.535714 0

P1.32 380997 6367422 19 5.625 1.46341 0.789474 2.18336

P1.33 380969 6367425 22 3.27273 0.97561 0.681818 0

P1.34 380944 6367432 22 3.75 0.731707 0.681818 0

P1.35 380920 6367434 25 9 1.46341 0.6 6.85259

P1.36 380892 6367440 34 14 1.46341 0.441176 13.3934

P1.37 380864 6367441 42 9.16667 1.70732 0.357143 8.76078

P1.38 380902 6367460 42 6.11111 1.46341 0.357143 4.10746

P1.39 380881 6367464 44 18.3333 2.19512 0.340909 21.8148

P1.40 380927 6367458 45 2.27586 0.97561 0.333333 0

P2.41 380838 6367449 30 10.1111 0.97561 0.5 6.59383

P2.42 380814 6367455 30 6.875 1.46341 0.5 4.59034

P2.43 380811 6367478 30 6.88235 1.70732 0.5 5.55533

P2.44 380846 6367474 30 5.25 1.46341 0.5 2.62409

P2.45 380857 6367495 30 21.0833 1.95122 0.5 23.6946

P2.46 380884 6367492 40 6.47619 1.95122 0.375 6.40622

58 Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility 22/15280/30/94697 R0 Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment

Simpsons Predicted Soil Soil Site Easting Northing Diversity Heathiness Biomass results hardness Index (g)

P2.47 380913 6367488 40 4.2 1.95122 0.375 3.65203

P2.48 380936 6367479 35 15 0.97561 0.428571 12.7301

P2.49 380958 6367475 25 9 1.46341 0.6 6.85259

P2.50 380941 6367507 35 5.66667 1.95122 0.428571 5.26116

P2.55 380949 6367454 25 5.14286 0.731707 0.6 0

P1.56 380820 6367355 25 7.26316 2.68293 0.6 9.53149

P1.57 380839 6367455 35 9.42857 1.21951 0.428571 6.94477

P1.58 380814 6367440 37 11.6667 1.46341 0.405405 10.6805

P1.59 380786 6367456 37 8.20755 1.21951 0.405405 5.53892

P1.60 380784 6367480 37 6.6 1.46341 0.405405 4.54988

As the average biomass of an individual New Holland Mouse is approximately 15 g, the most suitable habitat areas were defined as those with predicted biomass greater than 15 g, as these areas should be capable of supporting at least one individual New Holland Mouse. Areas of between 5-15 g predicted biomass were also regarded as suitable habitat for this species, although of less importance than areas of between 15-25 g predicted biomass. On this basis biomass modelling using data from the habitat characterisation survey in combination with aerial photography interpretation resulted in the identification of an area of 2.76 ha of suitable habitat for the New Holland Mouse within the study area (ie biomass exceeding 5 g). Within the habitat characterisation area biomass modelling identified 0.35 ha of high value habitat (15-25 g modelled biomass) contained within two separate patches north from the haul road (Figure 5-4). As shown in Figure 5-4, the model indicates that the majority of suitable habitat for the New Holland Mouse is located to the north of the site. There is a small area of higher value habitat (15-25 g predicted biomass) immediately north of the revised haul road within the site (see Figure 5-4), but the largest identified area of higher quality habitat is approximately 60 m to the north of the site. These areas were identified as most suitable for New Holland Mice (15-25 g predicted biomass) on the basis of increased plant species diversity, heathiness and soil softness. Foraging, burrow construction and potentially breeding are considered more likely to occur in these areas than in the lower quality habitats (5-15 g predicted biomass) shown in pink on Figure 5-4. The southern part of modelled New Holland Mouse suitable habitat overlaps with the proposed haul road, with limited suitable habitat predicted to occur south of the proposed haul road. Part of this overlap between the proposed haul road and suitable New Holland Mouse habitat coincides with high value New Holland Mouse modelled biomass (ie 15-25 g). This area of overlap between the Project and New Holland Mouse habitat represents a potential area for impact avoidance.

22/15280/30/94697 R0 Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility 59 Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment

Habitats within the footprint of the development comprise areas of lower quality habitat only. It is considered unlikely that the New Holland Mouse would burrow or breed within these areas, but it is likely that individuals may forage in these areas as an adjunct to the more suitable habitat areas to the north.

Opportunistic or Occasional Visitors The Regent Honeyeater is typically restricted to two known breeding areas in NSW (the Capertee valley and the Bundarra-Barraba region), and would not breed or reside in habitats at the site or within the locality. It is occasionally recorded in non-breeding flocks near the coast, presumably due to drought or lack of foraging resources in its usual breeding range, however during these times it is typically observed in highly productive Spotted Gum (Corymbia maculata) and Swamp Mahogany (Eucalyptus robusta) forests. Such habitats do not occur at the site, but individuals may occur at the site as vagrants or on a sporadic, opportunistic basis in order to exploit foraging resources, or may use vegetation within the broader study area as a stepping-stone while travelling through the landscape. Habitats at the site would have limited value for these individuals. The Spotted-tailed Quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) and Long-nosed Potoroo (Potorous tridactylus) are also considered to have a very low possibility of occurring within the native vegetation in the Tomago Aluminium buffer zone to the north-west of the study area. The vegetation within the site would represent only marginal habitat for these species due to the proximity to industrial development, the lack of dense understorey required by the Long-nosed Potoroo, and the lack of potential den sites for the Spotted-tailed Quoll. However as these species may occur in the areas of vegetation to the north which are contiguous with the site, they could therefore conceivably occur at the site on an opportunistic basis. The site is surrounded on two sides by development, and is unlikely to be important for individuals moving through the landscape.

5.4.3 Migratory Species The Swift Parrot breeds in Tasmania and is only found on the mainland during winter, when it is principally recorded within box-ironbark communities on the western slopes. Coastal forests containing winter-flowering eucalypt species are also considered important habitat. The site does not contain any winter-flowering eucalypt species and the canopy species present are considered to have low value for nectivorous species given their low density at the site and stunted form. Habitats at the site would therefore have little to no value for this species, which may occur only on an opportunistic or occasional basis. The Regent Honeyeater is typically restricted to two known breeding areas in NSW (the Capertee valley and the Bundarra-Barraba region), and would not breed or reside in habitats at the site or within the locality. The likelihood of the Regent Honeyeater using the site as a movement corridor between breeding areas is highly unlikely. Further, given the limited low value occurrence of suitable foraging habitat it is considered that the Regent Honeyeater may occur only on an opportunistic or occasional basis. The Satin Flycatcher, Rufous Fantail and Black-faced Monarch typically occur in denser, wetter forest environments but may occur in more open habitats during migration. These species may therefore occur at the site during migratory movements but would be unlikely to rely on habitats at the site for foraging or breeding. The White-throated Needletail is almost exclusively aerial,

60 Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility 22/15280/30/94697 R0 Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment

and may forage in habitats over the site but is unlikely to be reliant on the vegetation present. This species does not breed in Australia. The Rainbow Bee-eater and White-bellied Sea-eagle both inhabit coastal sand dune systems and open woodlands (among other habitat types), and may therefore occur in habitats at the site. There is no breeding habitat for either of these species at the site: the Rainbow Bee-eater builds tunnels in sandy banks or cliffs while the White-bellied Sea-eagle nests in tall open forest or woodland close to water. The White-bellied Sea-eagle typically forages over water but may forage over open habitats on occasion, therefore the site would represent a small area of marginal foraging habitat for this species. Habitats at the site would be too small to support large or semi-permanent populations of any of these species, and individuals would typically occur at the site only to exploit seasonal foraging resources or use habitats as a stepping-stone’ to assist movement through the landscape. The small area of vegetation to be removed would not represent an important area of habitat for these birds, nor would its removal reduce their ability to move through the landscape.

5.4.4 Endangered Ecological Communities No EECs were found within the site or the study area. However, the occurrence of two EECs is noted within the locality and these may potentially be indirectly impacted via changes in depth to groundwater (GHD, 2011). These EECs are:

 Swamp Sclerophyll forest on Coastal floodplains of the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner bioregions.

 Swamp Oak Floodplain forest of the NSW North Coast, Sydney basin and South East Corner Bioregions. The potential for indirect impacts on these EECs has been considered in Section 6.3.5 of this assessment.

5.4.5 Threatened Biota relevant to the Project The desktop and site based investigations resulted in the identification of suitable habitat for threatened biota known or predicted to occur within the study area. Species considered relevant to the assessment of the Project are listed as follows:

 New Holland Mouse (known to occur with the site – foraging and breeding habitat).

 Brush-tailed Phascogale (Phascogale tapoatafa) (suitable foraging and breeding habitat).

 Eastern Bentwing Bat (Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis) (suitable foraging).

 Eastern Freetail Bat (known to occur within the site – foraging and breeding habitat).

 Eastern Pygmy Possum (Cercartetus nanus) (suitable foraging and breeding habitat).

 Greater Broad-nosed bat (Scoteanax rueppellii) (suitable foraging and breeding habitat).

 Grey-headed Flying Fox (known to occur onsite) (suitable foraging habitat).

 Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) (supplementary habitat – foraging and movement).

 Large-eared Pied Bat (Chalinolobus dwyeri) (suitable foraging habitat).

 Little Bentwing Bat (Miniopterus australis) (suitable foraging habitat).

22/15280/30/94697 R0 Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility 61 Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment

 Squirrel Glider (Petaurus norfolcensis) (suitable foraging and breeding habitat).

 Swift Parrot (Lathamus discolor) (marginal foraging habitat).

 Regent Honeyeater (Anthochaera phrygia) (marginal foraging habitat).

 Spotted-tailed Quoll (Dasyurus maculatus maculatus) (marginal foraging habitat).

 Long-nosed Potoroo (Potorous tridactylus tridactylus) (marginal foraging habitat). A table outlining habitat requirements and likelihood of occurrence is provided in Appendix B. A second table in Appendix B outlines the rationale for excluding certain threatened biota found or predicted to occur within 10 km of the site from further assessment.

62 Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility 22/15280/30/94697 R0 Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment 380,800 381,000 381,200 6,367,600 6,367,600

kj 6,367,400 6,367,400

kj 6,367,200 6,367,200

380,800 381,000 381,200 LEGEND

Study Area NHM Biomass Point kj Hair Tubed New Holland Mouse 10 - 15 20 - 25 The Site 0 - 5 kj Trapped New Holland Mouse Haul Road 5 - 10 15 - 20

1:3,000 (at A4) Midal Cables International Pty Ltd Job Number 22-15280 0 10 20 40 60 80 Tomago Rod and Conductor Manfacturing Facility Revision A Date 11 AUG 2011 Metres Map Projection: Transverse Mercator New Holland Mouse Records Horizontal Datum: Geocentric Datum of Australia (GDA) Grid: Map Grid of Australia 1994, Zone 56 o and Modelled Biomass Figure 5-4 Level 3, GHD Tower, 24 Honeysuckle Drive, Newcastle NSW 2300 T 61 2 4979 9999 F 61 2 4979 9988 E [email protected] W www.ghd.com.au G:\22\15280\GIS\Maps\Working\2215280_ECO_011_NHMRecModelledBioMass_20110811_A.mxd © 2011. While GHD has taken care to ensure the accuracy of this product, GHD and GEOSCIENCE AUSTRALIA, DECCW make no representations or warranties about its accuracy, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose. GHD and GEOSCIENCE AUSTRALIA, DECCW cannot accept liability of any kind (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for any expenses, losses, damages and/or costs (including indirect or consequential damage) which are or may be incurred as a result of the product being inaccurate, incomplete or unsuitable in any way and for any reason. Data Source: Geoscience Australia: 250k Topographic Data Series 3 - 2006; DECCW: Atlas of NSW Flora/Fauna - 2011. Created by: fmackay, tmorton

6. Impact Analysis

6.1 Existing Conditions The native vegetation cover occupying the northern parts of the site is characterised by Smooth-barked Apple Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest of varying structural and floristic condition. There are few biological factors limiting the lifecycle of native flora and fauna that are likely to occur within native vegetation impacted by the Project. However, the occurrence of exotic ground fauna such as the House Mouse and European Fox and presence of exotic flora such as Lantana do place pressure on native flora and fauna (ie recruitment, emigration, predation, competition). However, the project is unlikely to result in any substantial increase in the operation of these adverse existing influences. Existing abiotic influences such as light shed, noise and dust from the adjoining Tomago Aluminium Smelter were evident during the site investigations. These influences have the potential to limit bird activity, plant photosynthesis and the behaviour of some nocturnal fauna. Survey results identified low bird activity and damaged plant foliage, although the latter is likely to be a function of the fluoride emissions from the aluminium smelter (Ecoplan Australia Pty Ltd, 2009). Elliott and hair tube trapping indicate a potential decrease in nocturnal fauna activity near the western margin of the site (Tomago Aluminium, 2010), although the reason for this decrease is unknown. Passive land management by Tomago Aluminium throughout the bushland areas near the site was evident during the survey. Bush fire trail maintenance and slashing for bush fire management appears to be the most active land management activity undertaken in this area. There was no evidence of any recent fire activity within the naturally vegetated parts of the site, an observation supported by the presence of mature fire obligate species (eg Woody Pear), the reduced plant species diversity and limited presence of fire scars on trees and large shrubs.

6.2 Construction Impacts

6.2.1 Direct The site has been exposed to prior land uses, including industrial and sand quarrying, which has resulted in the modification of the prior biodiversity values (eg simplification of species diversity resulting in dominance by selected species). Two types of vegetation cover have been identified (see Section 4.2.2). The direct impacts of the Project on mapped habitat areas are shown in Figure 6-1 and discussed as follows.

Smooth-barked Apple Red Bloodwood Shrubby Open Forest The Project would result in the clearing of 0.68 ha of Smooth-barked Apple Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest and associated habitats. This vegetation does not constitute or form part of an endangered or critically endangered ecological listed under the TSC Act and/or EPBC Act. No threatened flora species are known to or are expected to occur within this vegetation. However, a small area of habitat located adjacent to the power line easement at the western edge of the site has been identified by the EPA as potentially being suitable for Diuris praecox

64 Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility 22/15280/30/94697 R0 Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment

and Diuris arenaria. These species will be considered on the basis of the precautionary principle. Suitable habitat for threatened fauna species occurs within the area of Smooth-barked Apple Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest identified for removal by the project. Assessed in this report are threatened fauna species that have been previously recorded in the locality (Appendix B) and/or occur (ie either seasonally, periodically or permanently) within habitats directly impacted by the Project. Species relevant to the assessment of the Project are listed in Section 5.4.5. The direct loss of suitable habitat for threatened species with large home ranges (ie > 100 ha) are predicted to be minor and tolerable (see Appendix B). These impacts are considered inconsequential owing to the small impact area (ie 0.68 ha) and the likelihood of these species showing low site fidelity for small areas where there is a limited availability of critical lifecycle elements such as roost/ den/ breeding habitat features. The converse is true for species with small home ranges. Firstly, construction impacts have the potential to result in mortality and injury to individuals located within the path of the haul road (eg ground mammals and hollow roosting species). Over the longer term the loss of 0.68 ha of suitable habitat for species with small home ranges has the potential to disrupt lifecycles and movement. Linear impacts have the potential to sever habitat thereby magnifying the habitat area loss. Key to minimising these impacts are fauna clearance during construction, segregating impact from non-impact areas and the retention of habitat with structural diversity, high plant species diversity, high proportions heath species and soft soils within connected vegetation patches capable of supporting numerous individuals. The potential for a direct disturbance of adjacent New Holland Mouse habitat during the construction period may occur as a consequence of an ill-defined construction zone (eg machinery movements in non-construction areas). Measures to isolate native vegetation and threatened species habitat from uncontrolled access during construction is recommended to preserve the habitat avoidance achieved by the curved haul road design (see Section 7.2). Such measures are conceptually similar to the construction of roads involving bridges and culverts, which physically constrain active work areas.

Exotic Open Grassland The area of Exotic Open Grassland to be removed from the site is 1.20 ha. The area of impact comprises limited habitat for native flora and fauna species and no habitat values of importance for threatened biota. Given the low native species diversity and habitat values it is considered that the impact of the Project on threatened biota that may utilise this habitat would be minor and inconsequential.

6.2.2 Indirect There is the potential for an indirect impact on threatened species with small home ranges. The New Holland Mouse generally occupies a small home range with occupied habitat located adjacent to the haul road. During the construction period it is anticipated that construction noise and vibration have the potential to disrupt this species. However, no specific measures are proposed to manage construction noise and vibration as these impact sources are temporary and are not considered to have any measurable impacts on the key habitat values of the New

22/15280/30/94697 R0 Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility 65 Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment

Holland Mouse over the long term (ie plant species diversity, heath species proportion and soil softness). The Project has the potential to interact with the groundwater resources contained within the Tomago sand beds aquifer through the concentrated infiltration of surface waters intercepted from constructed hardstand surfaces (ie site disposal into the groundwater aquifer). Modelling predicts this increased infiltration into the Tomago sand beds aquifer, which has the potential to alter depth to groundwater, which, may potentially result in an indirect impact on offsite vegetation and associated habitats (GHD, 2011). Potential impacts include the alteration of vegetation structure and floristics within offsite native vegetation. Offsite vegetation that is linked to groundwater resources includes the following EECs:

 Swamp Sclerophyll forest on Coastal floodplains of the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner bioregions.

 Swamp Oak Floodplain forest of the NSW North Coast, Sydney basin and South East Corner Bioregions. SEPP 14 wetland no. 817 is also linked to the groundwater resources of the Tomago sand bed aquifer. Smooth-barked Apple Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest, which is found within the study area, is considered to be a facultative groundwater dependant ecosystem (Bell and Driscoll, 2006) and is known to provide suitable habitat for the New Holland Mouse. These potential impacts were analysed and assessed in the surface water and groundwater specialist investigation for the Project (GHD, 2011). An optimised water infiltration rate was designed to avoid offsite impacts on SEPP 14 wetlands and Ramsar wetlands and minimise impacts on groundwater dependant ecosystems within the study area to low tolerable levels (ie no measurable impacts expected). This process was used to avoid impacts on Ramsar wetlands, SEPP 14 wetlands, groundwater dependant ecosystems (ie obligate including EECs and facultative including New Holland Mouse habitat) located within the study area and locality as shown in Figure 6-2. Other potential indirect impacts include dust deposition on vegetation during construction and pollution such as hydrocarbons during construction and operation of the haul road. Dust suppression measures are recommended for implementation during construction to minimise the potential for adverse impacts on native vegetation (see Section 7.3.1).

6.3 Operational Impacts

6.3.1 Lighting Light shed from haul road lighting has the potential to exert a cumulative impact that is in addition to existing lighting effects from west of the site (Tomago Aluminium Smelter facility). The potential impacts of night lighting on small ground mammals includes altered behaviours and habitat utilisation plus increased risk of predation by the European Fox and Feral Cat. Impact mitigation such as the use of shielded directional lighting along the northern edge of the haul road (ie spilling in a southerly direction) would reduce the impacts of light shed on New Holland Mouse habitat within the adjoining native vegetation.

66 Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility 22/15280/30/94697 R0 Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment

6.3.2 Noise The Project is likely to result in a cumulative rise in background noise within areas characterised by native vegetation. Long term monitoring of ground mammal through annual trapping (25 years) conducted by Tomago Aluminium (Tomago Aluminium, 2010) suggests that the effect of noise from the smelter on species such as Antechinus and New Holland Mouse is negligible (ie continued trapping success near the smelter facility). Noise from regular but occasional haul trucks (1-2 trucks per hour) is unlikely to have any substantive influence ground mammal populations in the vegetation that adjoins the haul road. No specific mitigation is recommended.

6.3.3 Habitat Connectivity The native vegetation of the site is located at the terminus of the Tomago sand beds where native vegetation abuts a substantial area of existing utilised industrial lands. These developed industrial lands have severed native vegetation of the Tomago sand beds vegetation located further to the south and west of the site. However, the Project would result in the construction/ operation of a haul road of less than 15 m constructed width resulting in a partial separation of contiguous native vegetation xceeding 500 ha in area (i.e. 1.1 ha patch of native vegetation south from the proposed haul road). Notwithstanding the severance of an estimated 1.1 ha native vegetation patch south of the haul road the size of the residual patch north from the proposed haul road would continue to exceed 500 ha in area. Furthermore, it is considered that the woody vegetation patches located north and south of the proposed haul road remain functionally connected as the gap between these two patches remains less than the DECCW, (2008) threshold for vegetation discontinuity (ie gaps between woody vegetation patches that exceed 100 m are considered discontinuous), although some biodiversity impacts are anticipated. Species considered most sensitive to reduced vegetation connectivity are those that exhibit small home ranges and high site fidelity. In the case of the New Holland Mouse, areas containing high modelled biomass are located mostly north of the proposed haul road. The redesigning of the proposed haul road limited habitat loss and fragmentation, thereby reducing direct impacts on high value New Holland Mouse habitat. This avoidance was fundamental in preserving the integrity of high value habitat for the New Holland Mouse (ie retaining areas of high value modelled biomass in a contiguous patch and reducing the severance of lower value habitat located south of the haul road). The partial severance of native vegetation south of the haul road is regarded as inconsequential for the ongoing survival of this species within the site and study area.

6.3.4 Fauna Mortality There is the potential for the New Holland Mouse to suffer vehicle strike during the haul road construction and its operation. Such interactions are not predicted for the following reasons:

 A small amount of New Holland Mouse modelled biomass occurs south of the haul road with the majority of vegetation south of the haul road considered unsuitable for this species. At best only infrequent movements are expected across the haul road between large areas of high value habitat north of the haul road and a small area of low value habitat to the south.

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 Traffic movements are expected to be between 1-2 truck movements per hour. Trucks would be travelling at controlled speeds (20 km/hr), a speed that would be easily avoided by the agile New Holland Mouse. The New Holland Mouse is adapted to fire prone landscapes and as part of its lifecycle is forced to traverse open burnt landscapes. Within this context it is considered that the New Holland Mouse is capable of negotiating constant speed trucks along a defined movement corridor. No specific mitigation is recommended for the operational phase of the Project.

6.3.5 Surface Waters and Pollution The potential for adverse impacts on native vegetation from the increased interception of surface waters and resultant impacts on water quality is discussed in GHD (2011). Much of the intercepted surface water is to be infiltrated into the groundwater aquifer at a rate that will have a measured tolerable impact on groundwater resources. Excess surface water would be directed south from the site into an existing stormwater drainage reserve. The surface water leaving the haul road is likely to infiltrate within the immediate margins of this road. Roadside plantings including Lomadra longifolia are proposed to trap nutrients and water.

6.4 Key Threatening Processes A ‘key threatening process’ is ‘a threatening process specified in Schedule 3’ of the TSC Act. A ‘threatening process’ is ’a process that threatens, or may have the capability to threaten the survival or evolutionary development of species, populations or ecological communities’.

68 Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility 22/15280/30/94697 R0 Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment 380,800 381,000 381,200 6,367,600 6,367,600 6,367,400 6,367,400 6,367,200 6,367,200

380,800 381,000 381,200 LEGEND

Study Area Groundcover Surface Disturbed native vegetation with moderate native species Exotic Open Grassland diversity and moderate weed cover (Condition C) The Site Vegetation with high native Hardstand species diversity (Condition A) Disturbed native vegetation with low native species Alternative Haul Road Vegetation with low native species diversity diversity and high weed cover (Condition D) and few weeds (Condition B)

1:3,000 (at A4) Midal Cables International Pty Ltd Job Number 22-15280 0 10 20 40 60 80 Tomago Rod and Conductor Manfacturing Facility Revision A Date 11 AUG 2011 Metres Map Projection: Transverse Mercator Direct Impacts on Horizontal Datum: Geocentric Datum of Australia (GDA) Grid: Map Grid of Australia 1994, Zone 56 o Native Vegetation Cover Figure 6-1 Level 3, GHD Tower, 24 Honeysuckle Drive, Newcastle NSW 2300 T 61 2 4979 9999 F 61 2 4979 9988 E [email protected] W www.ghd.com.au G:\22\15280\GIS\Maps\Deliverables\Ecology\2215280_ECO_012_DirectImpact_VegCover_20110811_A.mxd © 2011. While GHD has taken care to ensure the accuracy of this product, GHD and GEOSCIENCE AUSTRALIA, DECCW make no representations or warranties about its accuracy, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose. GHD and GEOSCIENCE AUSTRALIA, DECCW cannot accept liability of any kind (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for any expenses, losses, damages and/or costs (including indirect or consequential damage) which are or may be incurred as a result of the product being inaccurate, incomplete or unsuitable in any way and for any reason. Data Source: Geoscience Australia: 250k Topographic Data Series 3 - 2006; DECCW: Atlas of NSW Flora/Fauna - 2011. Created by: fmackay, tmorton 377,000 378,000 379,000 380,000 381,000 382,000 383,000 384,000 385,000 6,369,000 6,369,000 6,368,000 6,368,000 6,367,000 6,367,000 6,366,000 6,366,000 6,365,000 377,000 378,000 379,000 380,000 381,000 382,000 383,000 384,000 385,000

Midal Cables International Pty Ltd Job Number 22-1528034 1:30,000 Paper Size A4 Site Boundary Net Change in Groundwater (m) Wetlands Tomago Rod and Conductor Manfacturing Facility Revision A 0 250 500 750 1,000 Cadastre 0.01 - 0.02 Hunter Estuary Ramsar Wetlands Date 12 Sep 2011 SEPP14 Wetlands Metres 0.02 - 0.05 Map Projection: Transverse Mercator 0.05 - 0.1 Predicted Net Change in Steady Horizontal Datum: GDA 1994 o 0.10 - 0.15 Grid: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 56 State Groundwater Figure 6-2

G:\22\15280\GIS\Maps\Deliverables\Midal_Referal\22_1528034_05_MidalGroundwaterFig2_RevA.mxd Level 3, 24 Honeysuckle Drive, Newcastle NSW 2300 Australia T 61 2 4979 9999 F 61 2 4979 9988 E [email protected] W www.ghd.com © 2011. Whilst every care has been taken to prepare this map, GHD make no representations or warranties about its accuracy, reliability, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose and cannot accept liability and responsibility of any kind (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for any expenses, losses, damages and/or costs (including indirect or consequential damage) which are or may be incurred by any party as a result of the map being inaccurate, incomplete or unsuitable in any way and for any reason. Data source: Data Custodian, Data Set Name/Title, Version/Date. Created by:mabarnier

The following KTPs are likely to have previously operated or are currently operating within the site given the highly modified and disturbed condition of the vegetation and/ or ongoing exposure or disturbances from adjoining land uses:

 Clearing of native vegetation.

 Loss of hollow-bearing trees.

 Removal of dead wood and dead trees.

 Predation by the European Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes). The project will involve the removal of native vegetation and as such will contribute to the operation of the KTP ‘Clearing of Native Vegetation’. This would also result in the operation of the ‘Removal of dead wood and dead trees’ KTP. The extent of native vegetation to be cleared is minimal when compared to large expanse of like for like vegetation located north and east of the site throughout the Tomago sand beds. The removal of dead wood and trees would be initially minimised through avoidance followed by removal from construction area and placement in alternative nearby habitats. Development of the site in accordance with the Project design would not contribute to the invasion of native vegetation by exotic grasses or to predation of native fauna by the European Fox. However, the Project would not specifically prevent or reduce the predation of native fauna by the European Fox. The Project would involve the clearing of at least two hollow bearing trees (ie Loss of hollow- bearing trees KTP). This was initially minimised through avoidance with residual impacts to be minimised through fauna clearance during construction and installation of nest boxes in nearby habitat.

6.5 Port Stephens CKPoM The study area is located within the Tomago sand beds Koala Management Unit (KMU). Within this KMU the project would not influence or affect:

 Habitat conservation (i.e. no impacts on preferred Koala habitat, habitat linking areas and supplementary Koala habitat in the Salt Ash area or areas of preferred koala habitat and supplementary Koala habitat north of Masonite Road)

 Habitat restoration (i.e. no loss of previously restored habitat including plantings of Swamp Mahogany, Eap’s Gum or Forest Red Gum)

 Traffic management (i.e. no traffic involvement with preferred habitat or movement pathways).

 Dog management (i.e. project will not result in an uncontrolled introduction or proliferation of dogs). Notwithstanding, the Project would result in the clearing of 0.68 ha of Smooth-barked Apple Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest, which constitutes supplementary habitat for the Koala within Port Stephens LGA. It is estimated that approximately 1 ha of Smooth-barked Apple Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest south from the haul road will be severed from the vegetation that comprises the Tomago sand beds KMU although this area of vegetation is:

22/15280/30/94697 R0 Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility 71 Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment

 In low floristic and structural condition;

 Has a low density of Smooth-barked Apple with the presence of this tree species stunted by the fluoride emissions from the Tomago Smelter (Ecoplan, 2009).

 Does not form part of a movement pathway (i.e. existing fencing to the west and south prevents movement through vegetation coincident with the haul road and offsite preferred/ supplementary habitat.

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7. Impact Management

7.1 Overview The sites biodiversity values are characterised mostly by low native species diversity (ie Exotic Open Grassland) with higher native species habitat values attributed to the native vegetation impacted by the haul road (ie Smooth-barked Apple Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest). Impacts on the Exotic Open Grassland are not expected to have any significant consequence for threatened biota identified within the naturally vegetated parts of the site (New Holland Mouse, Eastern Freetail Bat and Grey-headed Flying Fox) or those that occur within the locality. Impact mitigation for the Project therefore relates primarily to the construction and operation of the haul road where impacts on native vegetation are expected. The approach used to minimise the impacts of the Project on threatened biota was guided by the following principles:

 Impact avoidance: Altering design to avoid impacts on biodiversity.

 Impact mitigation: Undertaking actions to minimise unavoidable direct and indirect impacts. Impact avoidance was specifically identified in the DGRs as a matter for consideration in Project design and was investigated where appropriate. Impact mitigation was next approach to managing the Projects impacts on biodiversity. This involved the consideration of minimising construction and operational impacts (ie direct and indirect). The requirement for biodiversity offsets was considered within the context of the Projects impacts (post avoidance) and the effectiveness of the mitigation strategy. The proposed habitat enhancement measures have been assessed using the NSW BioBanking Assessment methodology to determine if they fulfil the ‘maintain or improve’ criteria under Part 3A of the NSW EP&A Act. The following sections discuss this approach in terms of the Project.

7.2 Impact Avoidance Impacts to native vegetation and fauna habitats have been avoided to a large extent through locating the proposal buildings on previously cleared and disturbed land, with minimal habitat value for native flora and fauna. Few other opportunities exist to avoid impacts arising from the Project due to the Projects footprint, design criteria and spatial limitations imposed by the site boundaries. A pertinent example of Project infrastructure constrained by design criteria is the haul road. The application of Australian standards culminated in a straight road design with bends and curves restricted, wherever possible, to turning points associated with the transfer of molten aluminium. The operational safety was a key consideration in the design in the absence of any specific environmental constraints.

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However, the identification of the New Holland Mouse and its habitat within the alignment of the original haul road design raised the need to consider alternative designs to avoid impacts on this species. A revised design compliant with Australian standards and safety concerns was developed to reduce the extent of direct impacts on priority habitat areas where modelled biomass exceeded the average weight of an individual mouse (ie 15-25g as shown in Figure 5-4). Consequently, the revised alignment resulted in the avoidance of high value New Holland Mouse habitat (ie 0.02 ha). Impacts are now restricted to 0.06 ha of lower value New Holland Mouse habitat with no evidence of habitat severance occurring for this species. The revised haul road alignment is also likely to result in a reduced impact on hollow-bearing trees. Four hollow-bearing trees would have been removed by the original haul road design with the alternative design resulting in the loss of two hollow-bearing trees.

7.3 Impact Mitigation

7.3.1 Water Management Surface water management is required to treat increased surface water interception by the hardstand areas of the Project. Part infiltration of surface water is proposed into the groundwater aquifer with the rate of this infiltration restricted to avoid intolerable indirect impacts on local groundwater dependant ecosystems, EECs, SEPP 14 wetlands and the Hunter Estuaries Wetland Ramsar site (GHD, 2011). Excess stormwater derived from the facility would be diverted offsite via an existing open drainage to the south of the site. Excess surface water is not likely to have any incremental adverse impacts on native vegetation and suitable threatened species habitat as the quantum of water is likely to be similar to existing levels and infiltration of this water would occur over a larger area within an existing surface water drainage where infiltration regimes already exist. Enhancement plantings using natives tolerant of increased soil moisture are considered suitable for minimising any incremental impacts (ie Lomandra longifolia).

Water intercepted by the haul road would drain to the edges of this road and infiltrate directly into the adjoining soil. This would result in a minor concentrated line of water infiltration along the edge of the haul road where a localised increased in water volume and nutrients would be managed through a gallery planting of appropriate natives such as Lomandra longifolia. A low bunded edge would also aid in the isolation of unanticipated pollutants such as hydrocarbon spills along this boundary.

7.3.2 Construction Management It is recommended that the Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) for the Project includes measures to mitigate construction impacts such as erosion and sedimentation, modification of habitats as a result of physical disturbance, weeds and pollutants. The following site-specific measures are recommended to mitigate impacts on biodiversity values during the construction phase:

 All construction works, vehicle access, equipment and laydown areas to be contained within the footprint of the proposed haul road, typically comprising a 19 m wide construction

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corridor. The construction area is to be clearly delineated via fencing to prevent encroachment into adjacent areas of retained vegetation.

 Construction is to be restricted to the design footprint of the haul road when in the vicinity of high value suitable New Holland Mouse habitat (15-25 g predicted biomass). In these areas there would be no temporary 5 m wide construction zone on the northern margin of this road.

 The removal of hollow-bearing trees should be avoided wherever possible. Hollow tree felling protocols are to be developed and implemented as part of the CEMP to avoid mortality or injury of any resident fauna and to assist the safe relocation of displaced native fauna contained within hollows cleared for the project. Nest boxes to replace hollows removed for the haul road construction are to be installed at a ratio of at least 2:1 in adjoining habitat areas in accordance with the CEMP. It is estimated that 4-10 hollows would be installed in the adjoining study area.

 Pre-construction survey for Diuris praecox and Diuris arenaria

 Top soil harvesting/ retention should be completed in a manner that: – Limits the potential for erosion and discharge of sediment into native vegetation. – Limits the spread of exotic and or noxious weed species.

 The CEMP should include procedures for the prevention of weed introduction from machinery and vehicles entering the site. Wash down provisions are recommended to prevent the introduction of exotic/noxious species into the site.

 Infiltration of surface waters into the groundwater aquifer is to be managed in accordance with the recommended regime outlined in the surface water and groundwater specialist study (GHD, 2011) to prevent uncontrolled indirect impacts on suitable habitat for threatened species and ecological communities.

 Any portable habitat features such as fallen timber should be removed from the construction footprint and placed into adjoining habitat areas (ie to the north of the proposed haul road) to conserve local habitat resources.

 Noxious weeds disturbed by construction works are to be disposed of in a manner consistent with recommended management guidelines (eg Lantana).

 Dust suppression measures are recommended to minimise the transfer of dust (affecting photosynthesis) and any associated pollution/ nutrients (affects plant growth).

 Delineating the construction footprint with temporary fencing to prevent access of vehicles and machinery or location of stockpiles or equipment in adjoining retained vegetation that is to be avoided by the Project.

Fauna Clearance The New Holland Mouse is a nocturnal gregarious species sheltering within extensive burrow systems generally within stable sand dune systems (Menkhorst and Knight, 2001). The home range of the New Holland Mouse ranges from 0.44 ha to 1.4 ha (Lazenby et al., 2008; Lazenby, 1999) and is associated with fire prone environments. Burrows within these home ranges vary in their construction from simple short constructions to complex long (up to 5 m) and deep (maximum 60 cm) excavations (Kemper, 1981). Such structures are potentially indicative of an

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avoidance tactic to predators and bush fire. On this basis it is considered that the use of fire to discourage habitat utilisation within an area such as a construction zone is not a reliable fauna clearing method for species such as the New Holland Mouse. The proposed haul road is to pass through an area of suitable habitat for the New Holland Mouse where active habitat utilisation by this species has been detected. In this respect a fauna clearance program is recommended to remove animals from the impact area prior to the construction of the haul road to minimise the risk of mortality to individuals utilising this area. Animals are to be captured via an intensive Elliott trapping program and relocated into suitable habitat north of the construction zone. Temporary barrier fencing constructed from black building plastic along the northern edge of the construction zone, is recommended to prevent animals from re-entering the construction zone during the construction period.

Lighting The use of shielded directional lighting designed to minimise light shed into the adjoining native vegetation is highly recommended as mitigation to minimise any adverse impacts on nocturnal fauna behaviour and habitat utilisation. Lighting is recommended to be located along the northern edge of the haul road, particularly where the haul road passes by the New Holland Mouse 15-25 g biomass area, thereby shedding light in a southerly direction away from this habitat.

Pre-contruction Survey A pre-construction survey is required to determine if Diuris praecox and.or Diuris arenaria is present within the site. This survey is to be condutcted during the flowering season (August) and is to be restricted to the western edge of the site in vegetation that adjoins the pwerline easement. This pre-construction survey would coincide with a staged commencement allowing for project construction to start without delay throughout the main part of the site.

Habitat Protection Additional mitigation actions that form part of the CEMP, which are designed to protect peripheral habitat values are proposed. The objectives of these mitigation actions are:

 To improve native plant species diversity and habitat suitability for native fauna species, including but not necessarily restricted to the New Holland Mouse.

 To reduce the effects of exotic fauna and flora species on the habitat of native flora and fauna habitats.

 To improve vegetation structure through an ecological burn to enhance bird, mammal and reptile habitat. The benefits of these mitigation works are outlined as follows.

Ecological Burn Fire and its frequency is a vital ecological process responsible for the regulation of plant species diversity and small ground mammal populations such as the New Holland Mouse in fire prone landscapes. An important ecological relationship exists between fire driven successional change in plant species diversity, vegetation structure and ground mammal communities including populations of the New Holland Mouse (Fox et. al. 2003). Increased time intervals

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between fire events have been shown to decrease plant species diversity and habitat suitability for the New Holland Mouse. Conversely, the New Holland Mouse increases its population numbers and density in areas actively regenerating after disturbance (such as bushfire), reaching highest density approximately 2-6 years afterwards (Wilson & Laidlaw, 2003). The use of a single appropriately timed ecological burn north from the haul road is recommended to increase native plant species diversity and habitat suitability for ground mammals, including the New Holland Mouse. The Bushfire Constraints assessment for the proposal (GHDb 2011) recommended a regime of patchy, low intensity autumn burns at intervals of 10 years to maintain a mosaic of habitat types and fuel ages. This regime would be appropriate for the management bushfire risk and maintenance of suitable habitat conditions for the New Holland Mouse.

House Mouse Control Interspecific competition between the House Mouse and other ground mammal species such as the New Holland Mouse exist and has an effect on localised abundance and distribution for both species. In the main the New Holland Mouse is more competitive than the House Mouse and thus displaces the House Mouse in the earliest part of ground mammal community succession. However, high House Mouse densities appear to result in habitat modification to the detriment of the New Holland Mouse (Fox and Gullick, 1989; Fox B and Haering R, 1997), thus leading to competition related New Holland Mouse population decline. Survey results indicate the occurrence of a high House Mouse population within the site with the density of this local population potentially having an adverse impact on the fecundity of the New Holland Mouse population. Reduce the local population of the House Mouse in combination with habitat modification via an ecological burn would result in improved habitat conditions for the New Holland Mouse with lasting results expected through this intervention in community composition. A targeted population control program is recommended using live capture techniques to ensure non-target species are not harmed (eg small mammal trapping using Elliott traps). Ideally this control program would occur coincident with the fauna clearance program during construction.

7.4 Benefits of Avoidance and Mitigation The Project would result in the loss of 0.68 ha of native vegetation described as Smooth-barked Apple Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest. Impact avoidance is expected to result in the retention of high value habitat for the New Holland Mouse (i.e. avoided modelled habitat within the 15-25 g biomass range) with the revised haul road alignment aligning with lands comprising low plant species diversity (i.e. 0.75 species diversity). Two hollow-bearing trees have also been avoided through the redesigned haul road (i.e. suitable roosting habitat for microchiropteran bats). This impact avoidance was an important initial step in reducing the Projects impacts on threatened biodiversity reliant on hollow-bearing trees. Pre-construction surveys in vegetation adjoining the edge of the powerline easement would be completed in the flowering period (August). Should Diuris praecox and/or Diuris arenaria be

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detected during this survey then additional offsetting and/or translocation works would be undertaken to avoid/ mitigate the impact on these species. It is expected that the implementation of the CEMP would result in the minimal disruption of native fauna populations that utilise the habitats of the impact area. Fauna mortality, injury and disruption would be reduced through the implemnetation of fauna clearance procedures. Plant species diversity and condition (i.e. structure) would be improved through weed management and an appropriately timed ecological burn within close proximity to the site (i.e. north from the proposed haul road). The ecological burn would substantially improve vegetation condition and associated habitat values over the medium term in favour of the Hew Holland Mouse through increased plant species diversity and altered vegetation structure. Fauna clearance works implemented during the construction phase is proposed to minimise fauna mortality reliant on tree-hollows and the ground cover resources (ie ground mammals). Weed and exotic fauna management is proposed to enhance the existing habitat values within adjoining vegetation. Edge management through the construction of a bund parallel to the haul road would aid surface water entrapment and infiltration in addition to the management of pollutants sourced from the road surface. Gallery plantings of Lomandra longifolia along the haul road and other surface water infiltration areas would aid in water/ nutrient treatment thereby aiding in the long term management of weeds (eg reduce nutrient loads).

7.5 Biodiversity Offset Strategy A reduced impact on biodiversity was achieved through the careful redesign of the haul road to areas of lower habitat suitability for threatened biota relevant to the Project (see Section 7.2). Impact mitigation implemented during construction would further reduce direct and indirect impacts (see Section 7.3.1 and Section 7.3.2). Notwithstanding, the above approach there would be a residual biodiversity impact comprising the loss of 0.68 ha of Smooth-barked Apple Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest. It is proposed that this residual biodiversity loss be addressed though the provision of a biodiversity offset. The following sections discuss the need for biodiversity offsets after accounting for the contributions made by impact avoidance and proposed impact mitigation.

7.5.1 Residual Impacts As outlined in Section 3.5 the NSW BioBanking Assessment Methodology (the Methodology) (DECCW 2009) was used to determine the quantum of biodiversity offset required. The residual impact area (ie 0.68 ha) was used to calculate the ecosystem credit liability for the loss of Smooth-barked Apple Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest from the site. Field data collected in accordance with the Methodology was used to determine vegetation condition relative to benchmark. This objective scientific analysis of the project impacts notionally indicates a requirement to retire 33 ecosystem credits for the loss of 0.68 ha of Smooth-barked Apple Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest. A biodiversity offset provided in accordance with the results of the Methodology and Interim Offsettign Policy has the potential to provide a ‘maintain and improve’ outcome for the residual

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biodiversity impacts identified or the project. An agency approved biodiversity offsets package identifying the nature of the offset and its delivery would be provided as part of the Statement of Commitments and condition of consent to ensure the delivery of an in perpetuity ‘maintain and improve’ outcome. It is likely that the offset would be delivered through the BioBanking Scheme Retiring in a manner consistent with the Offsetting Guidelines for Part 3A projects. Approporate biodiversity conservation management actions would apply to the offset area once established.

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8. Conclusions

8.1 Impacts on State-listed Threatened Biota The project is not likely to have an impact on threatened flora and their habtiats. Two species are being addressed via the precautionary approach these being Diuris praecox and Diuris arenaria as the EPA have identified these species as potentially occurring in a small area adjacent to the powerline easement at western boundary of the site. This matter will be addressed through a staged commencement involving a requirement for a pre-construction within vegetation adjoining the powerline easement at the wester edge of the site. The project would directly impact on the habitat of two threatened fauna species identified within the study area, which are listed under the TSC Act (ie the Eastern Freetail Bat and Grey- headed Flying-fox). The project is not likely to have a significant negative effect on any local population of the Eastern Freetail Bat or Grey-headed Flying-fox or suitable habitat for threatened fauna species identified in Section 5.4.5 based on the following considerations:

 The majority of the Projects impact is restricted to non-native vegetation cover (ie Exotic Open Grassland) with reduced fauna habitat values (e.g. low native plant species diversity, vegetation structure and no hollow-bearing trees).

 The main areas of suitable threatened species habitat occur north from the haul road and would not be adversely impacted by the Project.

 Known habitat to be removed for a threatened species (i.e. Eastern Freetail Bat and Grey-headed Flying-fox) would be limited to 0.68 ha, which represents less than 0.1% of the available suitable habitat for these species within the locality.

 Both these species have large home ranges for foraging. The resultant impact on species with large home ranges is likely to be inconsequential.

 The Grey-headed Flying-fox has low site fidelity (i.e. not a camp or roost site).

 The Eastern Freetail Bat may potentially have high site fidelity (i.e. roosts in tree hollows) however impacts on these habitat features have been limited through avoidance and mitigated during the construction and operation phases. In addition to the impacts outlined in the above statements, the following considerations relate to threatened biota not recorded but identified as having suitable habitat within the site that may be impacted by the Project:

 The Project would not isolate any large or important areas of suitable habitat for a threatened species. The impact area is not regarded as a key movement corridor for threatened species relevant to this assessment.

 The occupation of the site by threatened fauna species identified in Section 5.4.5 is likely be on an occasional basis with habitat utilisation associated with the impact areas not regarded as critical to the lifecycles of these threatened fauna species.

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 Ecological processes such as pollination, seed fall, seedling recruitment and fauna movement are likely to occur across the gap created by the proposed haul road with partially severed vegetation likely to continue to function as a single viable patch. The minor reduction in native vegetation cover and connectivity is not likely to comprise a significant reduction in the extent of a threatened species, population or ecological community and their habitats relevant to the Projects impacts.

 Project impacts would be minimised by the mitigation actions discussed in Section 7. It is predicted that the use of an appropriately timed ecological burn, fauna clearance, weed management and House Mouse control is likely to result in a maintain or improve outcome for habitats impacted by the project. Detailed assessments of the likely project impacts on threatened biota and their habitats listed under the TSC Act, which are relevant to the Project, are presented in Appendix E.

8.2 Koala Habitat The site is located in the Tomago sand beds KMU (PSC 2002). Coastal Sand Apple Blackbutt Forest is regarded to be supplementary habitat for the Koala under this plan. Within the site this vegetation community contains a number of small (to 15 m tall) Angophora costata trees which are identified by the CKPoM as important feed trees for Koalas in the Port Stephens area (PSC 2002). However, there was no evidence that Koalas were actively using the site as foraging habitat. Smooth-barked Apple within the site are short and stunted with many showing signs of declining health. These observations are likely to be a consequence of fluoride emissions from the Tomago Aluminium smelter, with numerous dead trees of similar height and basal area considered indicative of fluorides effects on vegetation (Ecoplan, 2009). Within this context it is considered unlikely that the Smooth-barked Apple of the site would provide habitat of local importance for the Koala. The site does not provide any connectivity between patches of preferred or supplementary habitat located south or west of the site (ie habitat severance by proximal industrial development and man proof fencing). Local movement between areas of utilised habitat is likely to occur through vegetation east, south and southwest of the study area with core habitat located southwest of the study area likely to be an important destination for local Koalas. There is no evidence that the project would have any measurable impact on the Koala within the Tomago KHU for the following reasons:

 There was no evidence of site use by the Koala;

 The site is a small area of supplementary habitat and is unlikely to be used by the Koala;

 The site does not form part of a Koala movement pathwaybetween areas of preferred and/or Supplementary habitat.

8.2.1 Port Stephens CKPoM Performance Criteria An assessment of the Project under the Port Stephens CKPoM requires the consideration of the performance criteria. According to the performance criteria the Project must:

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a) Minimise the removal or degradation of native vegetation within Preferred Koala Habitat or Habitat Buffers. Section 5.1 and Figure 5-1 identify the vegetation of the site and its spatial extent. Section 6.2.1 identifies the extent of vegetation removal (0.68 ha), of which 0.55 ha constitutes supplementary Koala habitat (i.e. presence of Smooth-barked Apple). The loss of 0.55 ha of Supplementary habitat would not adversely affect the size of the adjoining Tomago sand beds KMU or any movement pathways. The minimum design standards that apply to the proposed haul road meant that the complete avoidance of native vegetation was not possible. Notwithstandfing, the haul road was positioned south from its original alignment to minimise impacts on the New Holland Mouse and within this context the haul road now aligns with native vegetation of comparitively low plant species diversity and vegetation structure. The haul road footprint and associated construction envelope have been minimised where ever possible to minimise the loss of native vegetation. b) Maximise retention and minimise degradation of native vegetation within Supplementary Koala Habitat and Habitat Linking Areas. Aligning the haul road south from its original alignment has resulted in a greater amount of supplementary habitat remaining contiguous with the Tomago sand beds KMU. No habitat linking areas are to be adversely impacted by the Project. Further, it is considered that the project would not result in indirect imapcts such as the ignition or proliferation of uncontrolled bush fires that may harm off site Koala habitat and/or individuals. c) Minimise the removal of any individuals of preferred koala food trees, where ever they occur on a development site. No specimens of Swmap Mahogany, Earp’s Gum or Forest Red Gum occur within the site and as such the Project will not result in the removal of Preferred habitat. The site contains Smooth- barked Apple, a tree species that provides supplementary foraging habitat for the Koala in the Port Stephens LGA. Smooth-barked Apple trees located along the proposed haul route and south from the haul route have small diameter and breast height (10-20 cm), no evidence of usage (i.e. trunk scratches) and no faecal pellets within this area. d) Make provision, where appropriate, for restoration or rehabilitation of areas identified as Koala Habitat including Habitat Buffers and Habitat Linking Areas over Mainly Cleared Land. The Project is mostly contained within existing cleared lands. Native vegetation loss is restricted to the proposed haul road (0.68 ha) of which 0.55 ha is Supplementary habitat. Due to the extent of site utilisation by the Project (i.e. mostly over cleared lands) it is considered that there is no opportunity to restore or rehabilitate areas of identified Koala habitat. Further, the site is not a classified as a ‘habitat linking area’ and as such any provisioning for habitat restoration or rehabilitation is not appropriate. e) Make provision for long term management and protection of koala habitat including both existing and restored habitat. The Project is largely located on cleared lands unsuitable for the Koala and does not represent a habitat linking area over mainly cleared land. Further, within the context of the Tomago sands bed KMU it is considered that the loss of 0.55 ha of Supplementary habitat does not represent an adverse impact of consequence on this habitat. Accordingly, it is considered that the Project

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is not required to make any commitments to the long term management and protection of existing and restored Koala habitat. f) Not compromise the potential for safe movement of koalas across the site. The Koala is not likely to utilise the site for movement between areas of suitable habitat. Areas of native vegetation classified as Supplementary habitat that is to be removed by the Project are not continuous with Koala habitat located south and west of the site and as such the removal of this vegetation would not compromise the safe movement of Koala’s within the locality. g) Be restricted to identified envelopes which contain all buildings and infrastructure and fire fuel reduction zone. The Project is to be restricted to the identified development footprint. h) Include measures to effectively minimise the threat posed to koalas by dogs, motor vehicles and swimming pools by adopting the following minimum standards The project will not result in an uncontrolled introduction or proliferation of dogs. No pools are proposed nor is there any expectation of motor vehicle interactions arising from the Project.

8.3 SEPP 14 Wetlands The proposed infiltration rates for intercepted surface waters into the groundwater aquifer would result in a localised groundwater mound with greatest effect within and immediately adjacent the site. Local SEPP 14 wetlands have been shown to be outside the area of impact associated with this proposed infiltration rate (GHD, 2011). No adverse impacts are expected for locally occurring SEPP 14 wetlands.

8.4 EPBC Act Assessment On the basis of the assessments undertaken in Appendix F, it is concluded that the Project is unlikely to result in ‘a significant effect’ on any MNES and therefore is unlikely to constitute a controlled action as defined under the EPBC Act. A referral prepared under the EPBC Act was assessed by the DSEWPaC (referral number 2011/6085) and in their determination notice it was declared that the Project is not a controlled action under the EPBC Act. MNES subject to this assessment in the referral are discussed as follows.

8.4.1 Threatened Biota and Migratory Species The following threatened biota was considered as likely to occur within the site:

 New Holland Mouse (known).

 Grey-headed Flying-fox (known).

 Large-eared Pied Bat (low value foraging habitat). Four species (the Swift Parrot, Regent Honeyeater, Spotted-tailed Quoll and Long-nosed Potoroo) were identified as having a very low potential to occur within the study area or immediate surrounds given the absence of preferred habitat. These species would occur at the site on an opportunistic basis, if at all, and would be unlikely to be reliant on the habitat resources present for their conservation in the locality.

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The assessment concluded that the Project is unlikely to have a significant impact on threatened biota relevant to the Project on the basis of the following:

 Approximately 0.06 ha of moderately suitable habitat (5-15 g predicted biomass) for the New Holland Mouse would be impacted by the project, with high value habitat (15-25 g modelled biomass) avoided through altered haul road design.

 Two hollow-bearing trees are to be removed by the Project with the altered haul road design resulting in the avoidance of a further two hollow bearing trees.

 Native vegetation containing suitable habitat for relevant threatened biota directly impacted by the project would be managed through the implementation of a CEMP to minimise direct harm to individuals of an important population notably the New Holland Mouse. Specific management provisions apply to the New Holland Mouse to increase the certainty of this predicted outcome (see Section 7.3.2).

 Important populations of a threatened species (eg New Holland Mouse) and their habitats are not likely to be adversely impacted by the Project. The Project would not contribute to the decline or extinction of these important populations.

 The project would have no appreciable impact on wildlife corridors or movement opportunities for threatened biota. The 0.68 ha of woodland habitat to be removed would contain limited foraging resources for up to six migratory ‘terrestrial’ species, including the Satin Flycatcher, Rufous Fantail and Black-faced Monarch (which may use the habitats during migratory movements only), the White-throated Needletail (which may utilise aerial habitats above the vegetation) and the Rainbow Bee-eater and White-bellied Sea-eagle (which may forage at the site on occasion). There is no breeding habitat present on site for any of these species. The small area of vegetation to be removed does not represent important habitat for any of these species, not would its removal affect their ability to move through the landscape.

8.4.2 Ramsar Sites There is one Ramsar site (the Hunter Estuary wetlands, within the locality of the site (DSEWPaC 2011). The Ramsar site comprises the Kooragang Nature Reserve, which is located in the estuary of the Hunter River, and Shortland Wetlands, which are located in the Ironbark Creek Catchment in the suburb of Shortland, 2.5 km south from Kooragang Nature Reserve. The boundary of the Kooragang Nature Reserve Ramsar site is over 1 km south of the site, and there will be no direct impacts on this or any other Ramsar site from the proposal. Recommended stormwater management at the site includes controlled infiltration wells, which will retain and infiltrate the first 15 mm of rainfall to the underground aquifer to reduce impacts of increased stormwater runoff on surrounding areas. Rainfall in excess of this value would be allowed to follow existing drainage conditions. The predicted rise in the groundwater table under this scenario is modelled in Figure 6-2. The model predicts that detectable increases (>0.01 m) in groundwater levels would be restricted to the areas shown in Figure 6-2 and would not impact on sensitive nearby receivers such as the Hunter Estuary Ramsar wetlands. A number of other mitigation measures designed to prevent contamination, sedimentation or erosion in adjacent areas have also been recommended for inclusion in the Construction

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Environmental Management Plan for the proposal (see Section 7). Provided these measures and the infiltration wells described above are implemented, the Site and Groundwater investigation (GHD, 2011) concluded that there would be no measurable impacts on the Hunter Estuary Wetlands. A Before After Control Impact (BACI) monitoring programme designed to evaluate the accuracy of these predictions would provide an ongoing feedback mechanism enabling a timely response to any unforeseen changes in the level or quality of groundwater surrounding the site (GHD, 2011).

8.5 Summary of Key Findings The Project would clear approximately 0.68 ha of Smooth-barked Apple Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest, a vegetation type that is not listed as an EEC under the TSC act or EPBC Act. No known or suitable habitat for threatened flora species was identified within this vegetation type and as such no impacts are expected for any listed threatened flora. However, the EPA have requested the consideration of Diuris praecox and Diuris arenaria through targeted survey prior to construction via a staged commencement process. The Project is predicted to have an impact on suitable habitat for listed threatened fauna species known to occur within the site, these being:

 New Holland Mouse (EPBC Act only).

 Eastern Freetail Bat (TSC Act only).

 Grey-headed Flying-fox (TSC Act and EPBC Act). Threatened fauna species relevant to the Project (ie suitable habitats contained within the Smooth-barked Appled Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest) but not identified within the site include:

 Brush-tailed Phascogale (suitable foraging and breeding habitat).

 Eastern Bentwing Bat (suitable foraging).

 Eastern Pygmy Possum (suitable foraging and breeding habitat).

 Greater Broad-nosed Bat (suitable foraging and breeding habitat).

 Koala (supplementary foraging).

 Large-eared Pied Bat (suitable foraging).

 Little Bentwing bat (suitable foraging).

 Squirrel Glider (suitable foraging and breeding habitat).

 Swift Parrot (marginal foraging habitat).

 Regent Honeyeater (marginal foraging habitat).

 Spotted-tailed Quoll (marginal foraging habitat).

 Long-nosed Potoroo (marginal foraging habitat). The predicted loss of 0.68 ha comprising suitable habitat for the above listed threatened species represents a small inconsequential loss.

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Impacts on the depth to groundwater are predicted (GHD, 2011) although the effects of these impacts are to be managed through a capped infiltration rate (ie onsite surface water) resulting in no measurable impacts on sensitive receptors identified within the study area or locality (ie Ramsar sites, SEPP 14 wetlands, EECs and threatened species including the habitat of the New Holland Mouse).

8.5.1 Key Thresholds Pursuant to the Draft Guidelines for Threatened Species Assessment under Part 3A of the EP&A Act (DEC and DPI 2005), development applications being assessed under Part 3A must address the following key thresholds.

Whether or not the proposal, including actions to avoid or mitigate impacts or compensate to prevent unavoidable impacts will maintain or improve biodiversity values. The Projects impacts on the biodiversity values of the site have been avoided or minimised where possible through careful planning and the project design. The final Project design necessitated a link between the Tomago Aluminium Smelter and cabling facility that could not completely avoid the biodiversity values identified in this assessment. However, specific modifications to the haul road alignment resulted in impact avoidance by reducing the loss of hollow bearing trees/stag trees that provide potential roosting habitat for microchiropteran bats and other hollow-dependent fauna. The revision of the proposed haul road alignment also avoided areas of higher quality habitat for the Commonwealth listed New Holland Mouse and reduced the overall area of impact on this species’ habitat on site. Specific impact mitigation measures have also been recommended to protect the biodiversity values of the study area during construction and operation of the Project. These mitigation measures would substantially minimise any indirect impacts on retained native vegetation and fauna habitats. The key ways the Project seeks to mitigate the loss of biodiversity values hence achieve a ‘maintain or improve’ biodiversity outcome are:

 No areas of high conservation value are to be affected by the Project. Impacts would be restricted to 0.68 ha of intact native vegetation not classed as a threatened ecological community under the TSC Act or EPBC Act. Whilst the impacts are permanent and irreversible, it is considered that the biodiversity loss is inconsequential.

 Preparation of a CEMP containing specific protocols for the protection of retained vegetation, habitat features and resident fauna from adverse impacts associated with the construction phase of the development. These works are designed to minimise the extent and duration of any impacts on individual animals and associated subpopulations that they form part thereof. Actions would aim to: – Improve habitat values by conducting an appropriately timed ecological burn within native vegetation north from the haul road to improve native plant species diversity and vegetation structure. – Reduce the influence of exotic plants through weed management program designed to prevent the spread of existing weeds onsite and prevent the introduction of new weeds into the site and study area.

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These works would substantially contribute to the protection of local habitat for biodiversity impacted by the Project primarily through increased native plant species diversity, vegetation structure and reduced exotic plant cover. The provision of a biodiversity offset is expected to provide a maintain and improve outcome for biodiversity values lost through development. Residual impacts would be offset through the retirement of 33 credits via the BioBanking Scheme (i.e. loss of 0.68 ha of Smooth-barked Apple Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest). Pre-construction surveys for the two orchids (Diuris praecox and Diuris arenaria) would be provided as part of a staged commencement for the project. This pre-construction survey would be restricted to lands adjacent to the power line easement at the western boundary of the site. Offsetting requirements and/ or translocation would be used to address any direct impacts on these species should they be detected during this survey. This biodiversity offset would be established through the retirement of ecosystem credits via the BioBanking Offset Scheme resulting in an inperpetuity biodiversity conservation agreement that would be appropriately managed.

Whether or not the proposal is likely to reduce the long-term viability of a local population of any threatened species, population or ecological community. The proposed activity would remove 0.68 ha of Smooth-barked Apple Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest. Known threatened species habitat to be removed will be restricted to 0.68 ha of foraging habitat for the Grey-headed Flying Fox and Eastern Freetail Bat. Contained within this 0.68 ha is the loss of approximately 0.06 ha of low value suitable habitat (ie 5-15 g) for the threatened New Holland Mouse. Impact avoidance by redesigning the haul road was used to reduce this impact from an estimated 0.2 ha of suitable habitat containing 0.1 ha of high value habitat (15-25 g modelled biomass). The magnitude of the Projects impact is considered inconsequential given the small impact area (0.68 ha). This impact is considered to have minimal potential to disrupt lifecycles hence the long term viability of threatened biota relevant to the Project. The Project is unlikely to reduce the long-term viability of a local population of threatened species or community. Mitigation, including the use of an ecological burn resulting in protection of native plant species diversity, would limit the localised effects of native vegetation loss thereby minimising the likelihood of any loss of long term viability of a local population of any threatened species, population or ecological community.

Whether or not the proposal is likely to accelerate the extinction of any species, population or ecological community or place it at risk of extinction. The Project would not reduce the viability of local species, populations or ecological communities and is considered unlikely to result in impacts that would accelerate the extinction of the identified threatened species or communities given the following considerations:

 There are no specific habitat features or resources within the impact area of the site that are likely to be unique and critically important in the maintenance of local populations of a threatened species, population or ecological community. The two hollow-bearing trees identified for removal would have an impact on the local habitat values for hollow dependant species, however, is likely to be minimal compared to the extent of hollow tree resources

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within the locality. Mitigation, including fauna clearance during construction and nest box installation, is proposed to minimise these impacts.

 The predicted loss of 0.06 ha of New Holland Mouse suitable habitat (reduced from 0.2 ha), including the avoidance of high value modelled habitat, is considered a minor tolerable loss relative to the remaining 2.64 ha area of suitable habitat identified within the study area. This incremental loss would not compromise the home range of an individual or number of individuals. Notwithstanding, proposed mitigation is likely to result in the improvement of habitat values for this species thereby effectively offsetting this loss.

 Vegetation to be cleared contains habitat of potential importance to threatened biota (ie hollow roosting species) with the impacts reduced through avoidance (ie avoided hollow bearing trees). Habitat enhancement works would improve areas currently characterised as depauperate in native plant species richness/diversity and structure through the implementation of an ecological burn, revegetation and weed management. Improved habitat condition within vegetated areas not impacted by the Project would effectively offset the direct impacts of the Project.

 The implementation of the recommended mitigation measures as discussed in Section 7 to minimise adverse impacts on threatened biota relevant to the project would considerably lessen the impacts resulting from the Project and would not accelerate the extinction of any species.

Whether or not the proposal will adversely affect critical habitat.

Critical habitats are listed under the NSW TSC Act does not occur on the site or study area. Critical habitat defined in the EPBC Act recovery plan for the Grey-headed Flying Fox does not occur on the site or the study area. On this basis no critical habitat would be removed or adversely affected as a result of the Project.

8.6 Draft Statement of Comittments

In terms of the project related biodiversity impacts it is recommended that the following form the basis for the Statement of Commitments:

1. Retire a sufficient quantity of ecosystem credits generated within a an approved BioBank as a biodiversity offset for the 0.68 ha of Smooth-barked Appled Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest removed by the project. The biodiversity offset is to be consistent with the Interim Offsetting Guidelines for Part 3A Project and is to be delivered via the BioBanking Offsets Scheme. 2. Conduct a pre-construction survey for Diuris praecox and Diuris arenaria within the August period specifically for the area adjoining the powerline easement at the western edge of the site. This survey is to determine if these species are present within the impact area. Biodiveristy offsetting requirements and/or translocation would apply should these species be impacted by the haul road.

3. Integrate biodiversity mitigation actions involving fauna clearance, House Mouse control, weed management, nest box installation and an ecological burn into the CEMP

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to minimise the direct and indirect impacts of the project on adjoining biodiversity values. 4. Revegetate the margins of the haul road with Lomandra longifolia to act as a water and nutrient trap thereby minimising indirect impacts on adjoining vegetation through the operational period of the haul road.

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9. References

Backhouse, G. and Lester, K. (2010). National Recovery Plan for the Small Golden Moths Orchid Diuris basaltica. Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne.

Bell S and Driscoll C (2006). Vegetation of the Tomago and Tomaree Sandbeds, Port Stephens, New South Wales: Management of Groundwater Dependant Ecosystems – Part 2 Groundwater Dependency. Report Prepared for Hunter Water Corporation by Eastcoast Flora Survey, Kotara Fair NSW. Bowen, M. and Goldingay, R. (2000) Distribution and status of the eastern pygmy possum (Cercartetus nanus) in New South Wales. Australian Mammalogy 21:153-64. Bureau of Meteorology (2011) Online Climate Statistics http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/ca_nsw_names.shtml (date accessed 10/11/2010). Churchill S 1998 Australian Bats. Reed New Holland, Sydney, NSW.

Coffey (2011). Groundwater Assessment for the Newcastle Gas Storage Facility Project. Report prepared for AGL Pty Limited by Coffey Natural Systems, Rhodes, NSW. Cogger HG 1996 Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia. Reed Books, Melbourne, VIC.

Department of Environment and Climate Change (DECC) (2009a) Threatened Species, Populations and Ecological Communities Profiles, DECC website. Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC) (2004) Threatened Biodiversity Survey and Assessment: Guidelines for Developments and Activities (Working Draft). Department of Environment and Conservation, Hurtsville, NSW. Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC) (2005). Threatened Species: Species, populations and ecological communities of NSW. DECCW Website.http://threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/index.aspx (accessed: 9/11/10) Department of Environment and Conservation and Department of Primary Industries (2005) Draft Guidelines for Threatened Species under Part 3A of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979. Department of Environment and Conservation, Hurtsville, NSW.

Department of Environment and Heritage (DEH) (2006) EPBC Act Policy Statement 1.1 Significant Impact Guidelines: Matters of National Environmental Significance. Department of the Environment and Heritage, May 2006. DECCW (2008) http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/BioMetric_Vegetation_Type_CMA.xls. Department of Environment, Water Heritage and Arts (DEWHA) (2010) Protected Matters Search Tool - Matters of National Environmental Significance. Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra.

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Department of Environment, Water Heritage and Arts (DEWHA) (2010a), Approved Conservation Advice for Pseudomys novaehollandiae (New Holland Mouse), Department of Environment, Water Heritage and Arts, Canberra. DECC (2008) NSW (Mitchell) Landscapes Version 3 (2002) Based on descriptions compiled by Dr. Peter Mitchell. Department of Environment and Climate Change, NSW. Fox B and Fox M (1978). Recolonization of coastal heath by Pseudomys novaehollandiae (Muridae) following sand mining. Australian Journal of Ecology Vol 3 pp 447 – 465.

Fox B.J, Taylor JE Thompson P.T. (2003) Experimental manipulation of habitat structure: a retrogression of the small mammal succession. Journal of Animal Ecology Vol. 72, No. 6, Nov., 2003. Fox B and Haering R (1997) Habitat use by sympatric populations of Pseudomys novaehollandiae and Mus domesticus in coastal heathland. Australian Journal of Ecology Volume 22, Issue 1, pages 69–80, March 1997. Fox B and Gullick G (1989) Interspecific competition between mice: A reciprocal field manipulation experiment. Australian Journal of Ecology Volume 14, Issue 3, pages 357–366, September 1989. Ecovision Consulting (2005a) Baseline surveys for the Moolarben Coal Project. Unpublished Report prepared for Moolarben Coal, Sydney. Ecovision Consulting (2005b) Conservation Plan of Management – Diuris tricolor at Woodland Ridge Estate, Muswellbrook. Ecovision Consulting (2008a) Species Impact Statement: Diuris tricolor at Muswellbrook. Unpublished Report prepared for Retirement Estates, Adelaide. Ecoplan Australia (2009) Vegetation Health Survey of the Tomago Smelter. Unpublished report prepared for Tomago Aluminium by Ecoplan Australia Pty Ltd. GHD (2011). Report for Midal Cabling Pty Limited: Site Water and Groundwater Assessment. Report prepared for Midal Cabling Pty Limited by GHD, Newcastle. Harden, G. (Ed) (1990-1993) Flora of New South Wales – Vols 1 – 4. University of New South Wales Press, Sydney. Hocking, GJ (1980). The Occurrence of the New Holland Mouse, Pseudomys novaehollandiae (Waterhouse), in Tasmania. Australian Wildlife Research 7, 71–77.

Indsto J, Weston P, Clements M, Dyer A, Batley M, Whelan R (2005) Pollination of Diuris maculata (Orchidaceae) by male Trichocolletes venustus bees. Australian Journal of Botany 54(7) 669–679 Keith K and Calaby J (1969) The New Holland mouse, Pseudomys novaehollandiae (Waterhouse), in the Port Stephens district, New South Wales. CSIRO Wildlife Research 13 (1) 45 - 48 Kemper, CM (1976). Reproduction of Pseudomys novaehollandiae (Muridae) in the laboratory. Australian Journal of Zoology 24, 159–167.

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Kemper (1980) Reproduction of Pseudomys novaehollandiae (Muridae) in the Wild. Australian Wildlife Research 7 (3) 385 – 402. Kemper (1981) Description of Pseudomys novaehollandiae burrows located with radioisotopes. Australian Mammalogy Vol 4 numbers 1 and 2. Law, B, Anderson, J & Chidel, M 1998, A bat survey in State Forests on the south-west slopes of New South Wales with suggestions of improvements for future surveys, Australian Zoologist 30(4): 467-479. Law, BS, Anderson, J Chidel, M 1999, Bat communities in a fragmented forest landscape on the south-west slopes of New South Wales, Australia, Biological Conservation 88(3): 333-345. Lazenby B.T, Pye T., Richardson A., Bryant S.A. (2007) Towards a habitat model for the New Holland Mouse Pseudomys novaehollandiae in Tasmania? Population vegetation associations and an investigation into individual habitat use. Australian Mammalogy 29, 137–148.

Marchant S, Higgins PJ (Eds) (1993) ‘Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic birds (vol. 2).’ (Oxford University Press: Melbourne). Menkhorst P and Knight F (2001). A Field Guide to the Mammals of Australia. Oxford Press, Melbourne Australia. Menkhorst P and Knight F (2008). A Field Guide to the Mammals of Australia. Oxford Press, Melbourne Australia. Martin, R.W. and Handasyde, K.A. (1995) Koala Phascolarctos cinereus. Pp 195-8 in Strahan, R. (ed.) The Mammals of Australia. Reed Books Australia, Chatswood. Murphy, A.H., Webster, A., Knight, C and Lester, K. (2008) National Recovery Plan for the Sunshine Diuris Diuris fragrantissima. Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne. Muyt, A. 2001. Bush Invaders of South-East Australia – A guide to the identification and control of environmental weeds found in south-east Australia. R.G. and F.J. Richardson, Meredith, Victoria. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (2005) Available online http://www.maps.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/keyhabs/default.htm (date accessed 11 November 2010). Environment Protection Authority (EPA) (2011) NSW Vegetation Types Database. http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/BioBanking/VegTypeDatabase.htm (viewed on the 16/12/2011). Environment Protection Authority (EPA) (2011a) Wildlife Atlas Database. Data obtained by subscription from Wildlife Data Unit, EPA, Hurstville, NSW. Environment Protection Authority (EPA) (2011b) Threatened Species Profile: Diuris praecox http://www.threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/tsprofile/profile.aspx?id=10240 (viewed on the 16/12/2011). Pizzey G & Knight F 2003 The Field Guide to Birds of Australia. Harper Collins, Sydney, NSW.

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PlantNET (2009) Compiled and edited by staff of the National Herbarium of New South Wales, Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust, Sydney Australia http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/search/index.html (date accessed 11 June 2011). Prober, S and Theile K (2005) Restoring Australia's temperate grasslands and grassy woodlands: integrating function and diversity. Ecological Management and Restoration Vol 6 Issue 1 pp 16-27 Prober, S and Lunt, I (2009) Restoration of Themeda australis swards suppresses soil nitrates and enhances ecological resistance to invasion by exotic annuals. Bioloigcal Invasions Vol 11 pp 171-181. Thackway R, Cresswell ID (1995) An interim biogeographic regionalisation for Australia: a framework for setting priorities in the National Reserve System Cooperative Program. (Version 4.0 Australian Nature Conservation Agency: Canberra). Tomago Aluminium (2010) Small Mammal Trapping Report – 2010. Unpublished report prepared by Tomago Aluminium, Tomago. Turner, V. and Ward, S.J. (1995) Eastern Pygmy-possum Cercartetus nanus. pp 217-8 in Strahan, R. (ed.) The Mammals of Australia. Reed Books Australia, Chatswood. Umwelt (2011) Ecological Assessment of Alternate Haul Route to Lot 218 DP 1044608, Salt Ash. Unpublished report prepared for Mackas Sand, Newcaslte. Wilson, BA (1991). The Ecology of Pseudomys novaehollandiae (Waterhouse, 1843). Wildlife Research 18, 233–247. Wilson B and Bradtke E (2001) The diet of the New Holland mouse, Pseudomys novaehollandiae (Waterhouse) in Victoria. Wildlife Research 26 (4) 439 – 451. Woolley, D., Mount, T. and Gill J. (1995) NSW Department of Water Resources, Tomago Tomaree Stockton Groundwater – Technical Review.

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Appendix A Protected Matters Search Tool Database Search

22/15280/30/94697 R0 Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility 95 Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment EPBC Act Protected Matters Report: Coordinates

This report provides general guidance on matters of national environmental significance and other matters protected by the EPBC Act in the area you have selected.

Information on the coverage of this report and qualifications on data supporting this report are contained in the caveat at the end of the report.

Information about the EPBC Act including significance guidelines, forms and application process details can be found at http://www.environment.gov.au/epbc/assessmentsapprovals/index.html

Report created: 09/08/11 12:46:57

Summary Details Matters of NES Other matters protected by the EPBC Act Extra Information Caveat Acknowledgements

This map may contain data which are ©Commonwealth of Australia (Geoscience Australia), ©PSMA 2010

Coordinates Buffer: 10.0Km Summary Matters of National Environmental Significance

This part of the report summarises the matters of national environmental significance that may occur in, or may relate to, the area you nominated. Further information is available in the detail part of the report, which can be accessed by scrolling or following the links below. If you are proposing to undertake an activity that may have a significant impact on one or more matters of national environmental significance then you should consider the Administrative Guidelines on Significance - see http://www.environment.gov.au/epbc/assessmentsapprovals/guidelines/index.html. World Heritage Properties: None National Heritage Places: None Wetlands of International 1 Significance (Ramsar Wetlands): Great Barrier Reef Marine None Park: Commonwealth Marine Areas:None Threatened Ecological 1 Communitites: Threatened Species: 27 Migratory Species: 42 Other Matters Protected by the EPBC Act

This part of the report summarises other matters protected under the Act that may relate to the area you nominated. Approval may be required for a proposed activity that significantly affects the environment on Commonwealth land, when the action is outside the Commonwealth land, or the environment anywhere when the action is taken on Commonwealth land. Approval may also be required for the Commonwealth or Commonwealth agencies proposing to take an action that is likely to have a significant impact on the environment anywhere. The EPBC Act protects the environment on Commonwealth land, the environment from the actions taken on Commonwealth land, and the environment from actions taken by Commonwealth agencies. As heritage values of a place are part of the 'environment', these aspects of the EPBC Act protect the Commonwealth Heritage values of a Commonwealth Heritage place and the heritage values of a place on the Register of the National Estate. Information on the new heritage laws can be found at http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/index.html Please note that the current dataset on Commonwealth land is not complete. Further information on Commonwealth land would need to be obtained from relevant sources including Commonwealth agencies, local agencies, and land tenure maps.

A permit may be required for activities in or on a Commonwealth area that may affect a member of a listed threatened species or ecological community, a member of a listed migratory species, whales and other cetaceans, or a member of a listed marine species. Information on EPBC Act permit requirements and application forms can be found at http://www.environment.gov.au/epbc/permits/index.html.

Commonwealth Lands: 11 Commonwealth Heritage 1 Places: Listed Marine Species: 46 Whales and Other Cetaceans: None Critical Habitats: None Commonwealth Reserves: None Report Summary for Extra Information

This part of the report provides information that may also be relevant to the area you have nominated.

Place on the RNE: 22 State and Territory Reserves: 3 Regional Forest Agreements: 1 Invasive Species: 15 Nationally Important 3 Wetlands: Details Matters of National Environmental Significance

Wetlands of International Significance (RAMSAR [ Resource Information ] Sites) Name Proximity Hunter estuary wetlands Within Ramsar site Threatened Ecological [ Resource Information ] Communities For threatened ecological communities where the distribution is well known, maps are derived from recovery plans, State vegetation maps, remote sensing imagery and other sources. Where threatened ecological community distributions are less well known, existing vegetation maps and point location data are used to produce indicative distribution maps. Name Status Type of Presence White Box-Yellow Critically Community likely to occur within area Box-Blakely's Red Gum Grassy Endangered Woodland and Derived Native Grassland Threatened Species [ Resource Information ] Name Status Type of Presence BIRDS Anthochaera phrygia Regent Honeyeater [82338] Endangered Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Botaurus poiciloptilus Australasian Bittern [1001] Endangered Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Lathamus discolor Swift Parrot [744] Endangered Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Rostratula australis Australian Painted Snipe Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area [77037] Sternula nereis nereis Fairy Tern (Australian) [82950] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area FROGS Litoria aurea Green and Golden Bell Frog Vulnerable Species or species habitat likely to occur within area [1870]

Litoria littlejohni Littlejohn's Tree Frog, Heath Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area Frog [64733] Mixophyes balbus Stuttering Frog, Southern Vulnerable Species or species habitat likely to occur within area Barred Frog (in Victoria) [1942] MAMMALS Chalinolobus dwyeri Large-eared Pied Bat, Large Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area Pied Bat [183] Dasyurus maculatus maculatus (SE mainland population) Spot-tailed Quoll, Spotted-tail Endangered Species or species habitat may occur within area Quoll, Tiger Quoll (southeastern mainland population) [75184] Potorous tridactylus tridactylus Long-nosed Potoroo (SE Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area mainland) [66645] Pseudomys novaehollandiae New Holland Mouse [96] Vulnerable Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Pteropus poliocephalus Grey-headed Flying-fox [186] Vulnerable Roosting known to occur within area PLANTS Allocasuarina defungens Dwarf Heath Casuarina [21924] Endangered Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Cryptostylis hunteriana Leafless Tongue-orchid [19533]Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area Eucalyptus camfieldii Camfield's Stringybark [15460] Vulnerable Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Eucalyptus parramattensis subsp. decadens Earp's Gum, Earp's Dirty Gum Vulnerable Species or species habitat likely to occur within area [56148]

Melaleuca biconvexa Biconvex Paperbark [5583] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area Persicaria elatior Knotweed [5831] Vulnerable Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Pterostylis gibbosa Illawarra Greenhood, Rufa Endangered Species or species habitat may occur within area Greenhood, Pouched Greenhood [4562] Rulingia prostrata Dwarf Kerrawang [13534] Endangered Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Tetratheca juncea Black-eyed Susan [21407] Vulnerable Species or species habitat likely to occur within area REPTILES Caretta caretta Loggerhead Turtle [1763] Endangered Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Chelonia mydas Green Turtle [1765] Vulnerable Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Dermochelys coriacea Leatherback Turtle, Leathery Endangered Species or species habitat likely to occur within area Turtle, Luth [1768] Eretmochelys imbricata Hawksbill Turtle [1766] Vulnerable Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Natator depressus Flatback Turtle [59257] Vulnerable Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Migratory Species [ Resource Information ] Name Status Type of Presence Migratory Marine Birds Apus pacificus Fork-tailed Swift [678] Species or species habitat may occur within area Ardea alba Great Egret, White Egret Breeding likely to occur within area [59541] Ardea ibis Cattle Egret [59542] Breeding likely to occur within area Sterna albifrons Little Tern [813] Species or species habitat may occur within area Migratory Marine Species Caretta caretta Loggerhead Turtle [1763] Endangered Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Chelonia mydas Green Turtle [1765] Vulnerable Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Dermochelys coriacea Leatherback Turtle, Leathery Endangered Species or species habitat likely to occur within area Turtle, Luth [1768] Eretmochelys imbricata Hawksbill Turtle [1766] Vulnerable Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Lamna nasus Porbeagle, Mackerel Shark Species or species habitat may occur within area [83288] Natator depressus Flatback Turtle [59257] Vulnerable Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Migratory Terrestrial Species Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Sea-Eagle [943] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Hirundapus caudacutus White-throated Needletail [682] Species or species habitat may occur within area Merops ornatus Rainbow Bee-eater [670] Species or species habitat may occur within area Monarcha melanopsis Black-faced Monarch [609] Breeding may occur within area Myiagra cyanoleuca Satin Flycatcher [612] Breeding likely to occur within area Rhipidura rufifrons Rufous Fantail [592] Breeding may occur within area Xanthomyza phrygia Regent Honeyeater [430] Endangered* Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Migratory Wetlands Species Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper [59309] Roosting known to occur within area Ardea alba Great Egret, White Egret Breeding likely to occur within area [59541] Ardea ibis Cattle Egret [59542] Breeding likely to occur within area Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone [872] Roosting known to occur within area Calidris acuminata Sharp-tailed Sandpiper [874] Roosting known to occur within area Calidris canutus Red Knot, Knot [855] Roosting known to occur within area Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper [856] Roosting known to occur within area Calidris ruficollis Red-necked Stint [860] Roosting known to occur within area Calidris tenuirostris Great Knot [862] Roosting known to occur within area Charadrius bicinctus Double-banded Plover [895] Roosting known to occur within area Charadrius leschenaultii Greater Sand Plover, Large Roosting known to occur within area Sand Plover [877] Charadrius mongolus Lesser Sand Plover, Mongolian Roosting known to occur within area Plover [879] Gallinago hardwickii Latham's Snipe, Japanese Snipe Roosting known to occur within area [863] Heteroscelus brevipes Grey-tailed Tattler [59311] Roosting known to occur within area Limicola falcinellus Broad-billed Sandpiper [842] Roosting known to occur within area Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit [844] Roosting known to occur within area Limosa limosa Black-tailed Godwit [845] Roosting known to occur within area Numenius madagascariensis Eastern Curlew [847] Roosting known to occur within area Numenius minutus Little Curlew, Little Whimbrel Roosting likely to occur within area [848] Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel [849] Roosting known to occur within area Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden Plover [25545] Roosting known to occur within area Pluvialis squatarola Grey Plover [865] Roosting known to occur within area Rostratula benghalensis s. lat. Painted Snipe [889] Vulnerable* Species or species habitat may occur within area Tringa stagnatilis Marsh Sandpiper, Little Roosting known to occur within area Greenshank [833] Xenus cinereus Terek Sandpiper [59300] Roosting known to occur within area Other Matters Protected by the EPBC Act

Commonwealth Lands [ Resource Information ] The Commonwealth area listed below may indicate the presence of Commonwealth land in this vicinity. Due to the unreliability of the data source, all proposals should be checked as to whether it impacts on a Commonwealth area, before making a definitive decision. Contact the State or Territory government land department for further information. Commonwealth Land - Director of War Service Homes Commonwealth Land - Australian Postal Commission Commonwealth Land - Commonwealth Trading Bank of Australia Defence - STOCKTON RIFLE RANGE Commonwealth Land - Telstra Corporation Limited Commonwealth Land - Australian Postal Corporation Commonwealth Land - Defence Housing Authority Commonwealth Land - Defence Service Homes Corporation Commonwealth Land - Commonwealth Land - Director of Defence Service Homes Commonwealth Land - Australian Telecommunications Commission Commonwealth Heritage Places [ Resource Information ] Name Status Historic Fort Wallace NSW Listed place Listed Marine Species [ Resource Information ] Name Status Type of Presence Birds Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper [59309] Roosting known to occur within area Apus pacificus Fork-tailed Swift [678] Species or species habitat may occur within area Ardea alba Great Egret, White Egret Breeding likely to occur within area [59541] Ardea ibis Cattle Egret [59542] Breeding likely to occur within area Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone [872] Roosting known to occur within area Calidris acuminata Sharp-tailed Sandpiper [874] Roosting known to occur within area Calidris canutus Red Knot, Knot [855] Roosting known to occur within area Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper [856] Roosting known to occur within area Calidris melanotos Pectoral Sandpiper [858] Roosting known to occur within area Calidris ruficollis Red-necked Stint [860] Roosting known to occur within area Calidris tenuirostris Great Knot [862] Roosting known to occur within area Charadrius bicinctus Double-banded Plover [895] Roosting known to occur within area Charadrius leschenaultii Greater Sand Plover, Large Roosting known to occur within area Sand Plover [877] Charadrius mongolus Lesser Sand Plover, Mongolian Roosting known to occur within area Plover [879] Charadrius ruficapillus Red-capped Plover [881] Roosting known to occur within area Gallinago hardwickii Latham's Snipe, Japanese Snipe Roosting known to occur within area [863] Gallinago megala Swinhoe's Snipe [864] Roosting likely to occur within area Gallinago stenura Pin-tailed Snipe [841] Roosting likely to occur within area Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Sea-Eagle [943] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Heteroscelus brevipes Grey-tailed Tattler [59311] Roosting known to occur within area Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt [870] Roosting known to occur within area Hirundapus caudacutus White-throated Needletail [682] Species or species habitat may occur within area Lathamus discolor Swift Parrot [744] Endangered Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Limicola falcinellus Broad-billed Sandpiper [842] Roosting known to occur within area Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit [844] Roosting known to occur within area Limosa limosa Black-tailed Godwit [845] Roosting known to occur within area Merops ornatus Rainbow Bee-eater [670] Species or species habitat may occur within area Monarcha melanopsis Black-faced Monarch [609] Breeding may occur within area Myiagra cyanoleuca Satin Flycatcher [612] Breeding likely to occur within area Numenius madagascariensis Eastern Curlew [847] Roosting known to occur within area Numenius minutus Little Curlew, Little Whimbrel Roosting likely to occur within area [848] Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel [849] Roosting known to occur within area Philomachus pugnax Ruff (Reeve) [850] Roosting known to occur within area Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden Plover [25545] Roosting known to occur within area Pluvialis squatarola Grey Plover [865] Roosting known to occur within area Recurvirostra novaehollandiae Red-necked Avocet [871] Roosting known to occur within area Rhipidura rufifrons Rufous Fantail [592] Breeding may occur within area Rostratula benghalensis s. lat. Painted Snipe [889] Vulnerable* Species or species habitat may occur within area Sterna albifrons Little Tern [813] Species or species habitat may occur within area Tringa stagnatilis Marsh Sandpiper, Little Roosting known to occur within area Greenshank [833] Xenus cinereus Terek Sandpiper [59300] Roosting known to occur within area Reptiles Caretta caretta Loggerhead Turtle [1763] Endangered Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Chelonia mydas Green Turtle [1765] Vulnerable Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Dermochelys coriacea Leatherback Turtle, LeatheryEndangered Species or species habitat likely to occur within area Turtle, Luth [1768] Eretmochelys imbricata Hawksbill Turtle [1766] Vulnerable Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Natator depressus Flatback Turtle [59257] Vulnerable Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Extra Information

Places on the RNE [ Resource Information ] Note that not all Indigenous sites may be listed. Name Status Natural Newcastle Bight Coastal Area NSW Indicative Place Hunter Estuary Wetlands NSW Registered Indigenous Stockton Rifle Range NSW Indicative Place Historic Burrundulla NSW Indicative Place Carrington Council Chambers (former) NSW Indicative Place Ingall House NSW Indicative Place Islington Park NSW Indicative Place Lambton Park NSW Indicative Place Lambton Post Office (former) NSW Indicative Place Mayfield House NSW Indicative Place Newcastle Showground & Grandstands NSW Indicative Place Post Office (former) NSW Indicative Place Tarro Pumping Station NSW Indicative Place Fort Wallace NSW Registered King Street Urban Conservation Area NSW Registered Kinross, Outbuildings and Curtilage NSW Registered Raymond Terrace Courthouse & Police Station Registered NSW St Johns Anglican Church NSW Registered St Johns Anglican Church Group NSW Registered St Johns Rectory NSW Registered Tomago House Chapel NSW Registered Tomago House, Grounds, Trees and Chapel Registered NSW State and Territory Reserves [ Resource Information ] Tilligerry, NSW Worimi, NSW Hunter Wetlands, NSW Regional Forest Agreements [ Resource Information ] Note that all areas with completed RFAs have been included. North East NSW RFA, New South Wales Invasive Species [ Resource Information ] Weeds reported here are the 20 species of national significance (WoNS), along with other introduced plants that are considered by the States and Territories to pose a particularly significant threat to biodiversity. The following feral animals are reported: Goat, Red Fox, Cat, Rabbit, Pig, Water Buffalo and Cane Toad. Maps from Landscape Health Project, National Land and Water Resouces Audit, 2001. Name Status Type of Presence Frogs Bufo marinus Cane Toad [1772] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Mammals Felis catus Cat, House Cat, Domestic Cat Species or species habitat likely to occur within area [19]

Oryctolagus cuniculus Rabbit, European Rabbit [128] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Vulpes vulpes Red Fox, Fox [18] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Plants Alternanthera philoxeroides Alligator Weed [11620] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Asparagus asparagoides Bridal Creeper, Bridal Veil Species or species habitat likely to occur within area Creeper, Smilax, Florist's Smilax, Smilax Asparagus [22473] Cabomba caroliniana Cabomba, Fanwort, Carolina Species or species habitat likely to occur within area Watershield, Fish Grass, Washington Grass, Watershield, Carolina Fanwort, Common Cabomba [5171] Chrysanthemoides monilifera Bitou Bush, Boneseed [18983] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Genista sp. X Genista monspessulana Broom [67538] Species or species habitat may occur within area Lantana camara Lantana, Common Lantana, Species or species habitat likely to occur within area Kamara Lantana, Large-leaf Lantana, Pink Flowered Lantana, Red Flowered Lantana, Red-Flowered Sage, White Sage, Wild Sage [10892] Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn, Boxthorn Species or species habitat may occur within area [19235] Pinus radiata Radiata Pine Monterey Pine, Species or species habitat may occur within area Insignis Pine, Wilding Pine [20780] Rubus fruticosus aggregate Blackberry, European Species or species habitat likely to occur within area Blackberry [68406]

Salix spp. except S.babylonica, S.x calodendron & S.x reichardtiji Willows except Weeping Species or species habitat likely to occur within area Willow, Pussy Willow and Sterile Pussy Willow [68497] Salvinia molesta Salvinia, Giant Salvinia, Species or species habitat likely to occur within area Aquarium Watermoss, Kariba Weed [13665] Nationally Important Wetlands [ Resource Information ] Kooragang Nature Reserve, NSW Hexham Swamp, NSW Shortland Wetlands Centre, NSW Caveat The information presented in this report has been provided by a range of data sources as acknowledged at the end of the report. This report is designed to assist in identifying the locations of places which may be relevant in determining obligations under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. It holds mapped locations of World Heritage and Register of National Estate properties, Wetlands of International Importance, Commonwealth and State/Territory reserves, listed threatened, migratory and marine species and listed threatened ecological communities. Mapping of Commonwealth land is not complete at this stage. Maps have been collated from a range of sources at various resolutions. Not all species listed under the EPBC Act have been mapped (see below) and therefore a report is a general guide only. Where available data supports mapping, the type of presence that can be determined from the data is indicated in general terms. People using this information in making a referral may need to consider the qualifications below and may need to seek and consider other information sources. For threatened ecological communities where the distribution is well known, maps are derived from recovery plans, State vegetation maps, remote sensing imagery and other sources. Where threatened ecological community distributions are less well known, existing vegetation maps and point location data are used to produce indicative distribution maps. For species where the distributions are well known, maps are digitised from sources such as recovery plans and detailed habitat studies. Where appropriate, core breeding, foraging and roosting areas are indicated under 'type of presence'. For species whose distributions are less well known, point locations are collated from government wildlife authorities, museums, and non-government organisations; bioclimatic distribution models are generated and these validated by experts. In some cases, the distribution maps are based solely on expert knowledge. Only selected species covered by the following provisions of the EPBC Act have been mapped: - migratory and - marine The following species and ecological communities have not been mapped and do not appear in reports produced from this database: - threatened species listed as extinct or considered as vagrants - some species and ecological communities that have only recently been listed - some terrestrial species that overfly the Commonwealth marine area - migratory species that are very widespread, vagrant, or only occur in small numbers. The following groups have been mapped, but may not cover the complete distribution of the species: - non-threatened seabirds which have only been mapped for recorded breeding sites; - seals which have only been mapped for breeding sites near the Australian continent. Such breeding sites may be important for the protection of the Commonwealth Marine environment. Coordinates

-32.82857 151.72625 Acknowledgements

This database has been compiled from a range of data sources. The department acknowledges the following custodians who have contributed valuable data and advice: -Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water, New South Wales -Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria -Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmania -Department of Environment and Natural Resources, South Australia -Parks and Wildlife Service NT, NT Dept of Natural Resources, Environment and the Arts -Environmental and Resource Management, Queensland -Department of Environment and Conservation, Western Australia -Department of the Environment, Climate Change, Energy and Water -Birds Australia -Australian Bird and Bat Banding Scheme -Australian National Wildlife Collection -Natural history museums of Australia -Museum Victoria -Australian Museum -SA Museum -Queensland Museum -Online Zoological Collections of Australian Museums -Queensland Herbarium -National Herbarium of NSW -Royal Botanic Gardens and National Herbarium of Victoria -Tasmanian Herbarium -State Herbarium of South Australia -Northern Territory Herbarium -Western Australian Herbarium -Australian National Herbarium, Atherton and Canberra -University of New England -Ocean Biogeographic Information System -Australian Government, Department of Defence -State Forests of NSW -Other groups and individuals The Department is extremely grateful to the many organisations and individuals who provided expert advice and information on numerous draft distributions.

Please feel free to provide feedback via the Contact Us page.

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Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities GPO Box 787 Canberra ACT 2601 Australia +61 2 6274 1111 ABN

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Appendix B Threatened Biota

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Databases Searched NSW Wildlife Atlas- records within 10 km. EPBC Online Search- 10 km buffer. DPI Records viewer- Hunter/Central Rivers CMA. DEC (2005) Threatened species profiles- threatened ecological communities known or predicted to occur within the Hunter CMA subregion.

Likelihood of Occurrence The likelihood of occurrence is defined as follows: Known Species known to occur within the site (eg breeding and foraging habitat; foraging habitat; movement corridors).

High Presence of potential high value habitat (eg breeding and foraging habitat; important movement corridors). Moderate Presence of potential medium value habitat (eg disturbed breeding conditions; constrained foraging habitat; movement corridors). Low Presence of potential low value habitat (eg disturbed conditions; isolated small habitat area; fragmented movement corridors).

None No preferred habitat or corridors present.

Matters considered in determining the likelihood of occurrence include:

 Known natural distributions including prior records (database searches) and site survey results.

 Geological/ soil preferences.

 Specific habitat requirements (eg aquatic environs, seasonal nectar resources, tree hollows etc).

 Climatic considerations (eg wet summers; snow fall).

 Home range size and habitat dependence.

 Topographical preferences (eg ridgetops, coastal headlands, midslopes, closed depressions).

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Table B-1 Threatened Biota Known or Predicted from the Locality, Habitat Association and Likelihood of Occurring at the Site

Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

Threatened Ecological Communities

Coastal Saltmarsh in the EEC Coastal Saltmarsh occurs on the landward side of mangrove stands in Occurs within Site – None New South Wales North intertidal zones along the shores of estuaries and lagoons that are Hunter CMA Study area - None Coast, Sydney Basin permanently or intermittently open to the sea. This community is subregion (EPA and South East Corner characterised by Baumea juncea, Juncus kraussii, Sarcocornia 2011) Bioregions quinqueflora, Sporobolus virginicus, Triglochin striata, Isolepis nodosa, Samolus repens, Selliera radicans, Suaeda australis and Zoysia macrantha, with occasional scattered mangroves occurring throughout the saltmarsh. Saltpans and tall reeds may also occur. This community occurs in the intertidal zone along the NSW coast.

Central Hunter Grey Box EEC Occurs on Permian sediments in the Hunter Valley. Typically forms a Occurs within Site – None – Ironbark Woodland in woodland dominated by Eucalyptus crebra, Brachychiton populneus Hunter CMA Study Area - None the NSW North Coast subsp. populneus and Eucalyptus moluccana. A shrub layer may also be subregion (EPA and Sydney Basin present and common shrub species include Notelaea microcarpa var. 2011) Bioregions microcarpa, Breynia oblongifolia, Bursaria spinosa subsp. spinosa, Cassinia quinquefaria and Dodonaea viscosa. Ground cover can be moderately dense to dense, and consist of numerous forbs and grass species, and a small number of ferns, sedges and twiners.

Central Hunter Ironbark - EEC Generally occurs on Permian sediments in the Hunter Valley. Typically Occurs within Site – None Spotted Gum - Grey Box forms an open forest to woodland dominated by Eucalyptus crebra, Hunter CMA Forest in the NSW North Corymbia maculata and Eucalyptus moluccana. A sparse layer of small subregion (EPA Study Area - None Coast and Sydney Basin trees may be present in some areas, typically including Allocasuarina 2011) Bioregions luehmannii or Acacia parvipinnula. The shrub layer is typically sparse or absent in some cases, through to moderately dense. Ground cover can be sparse to moderately dense, and consists of numerous forbs, a few grass species, and a limited number of ferns, sedges or other herbs.

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Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

Freshwater Wetlands on EEC Freshwater Wetlands on Coastal Floodplains occur in coastal areas Occurs within Site – None Coastal Floodplains of subject to periodic flooding in which standing fresh water persists for at Hunter CMA the New South Wales least part of the year in most years. Typically occurring on silts, muds or subregion (EPA Study Area - None North Coast, Sydney humic loams in low-lying parts of floodplains, alluvial flats, depressions, 2011) Basin and South East drainage lines, backswamps, lagoons and lakes, it may also occur in Corner Bioregions. backbarrier landforms where floodplains adjoin coastal sandplains, generally below 20 m elevation on level areas. Structure and composition of the community varies spatially and temporally depending on the water regime, though is usually dominated by herbaceous plants and has few woody species.

Hunter Lowland Redgum EEC Hunter Lowland Redgum Forest is an open structure forest. Characteristic Occurs within Site – None Forest in the Sydney canopy species include Eucalyptus tereticornis and E. punctata. Hunter CMA Basin and NSW North Frequently occurring species include Angophora costata, Corymbia subregion (EPA Study Area - None Coast Bioregions maculata, E. crebra and E. moluccana. Mid-storey stratum is open and 2011) sparse, characterised by species such as Breynia oblongifolia, Leucopogon juniperinus, Daviesia ulicifolia and Jacksonia scoparia. The ground cover comprises grasses and herbs. Occurring from Muswellbrook to the Lower Hunter in the Sydney Basin and North Coast bioregions, it has been recorded from the Maitland, Cessnock, Port Stephens, Muswellbrook and Singleton LGAs, though may occur elsewhere in these bioregions.

Hunter Valley Footslopes VEC Typically a woodland, or occasionally forest, comprising a sparse to Occurs within Site – None Slaty Gum Woodland in moderately dense tree stratum, occasional low tree stratum, and Hunter CMA the Sydney Basin moderately dense to dense shrub stratum. The groundcover is typically subregion (EPA Study Area - None Bioregion sparse to very sparse and is relatively species poor. The tree canopy is 2011) typically dominated by Eucalyptus dawsonii and/or Eucalyptus moluccana. Acacia salicina and Allocasuarina luehmannii may form a low tree stratum, or may be part of the upper-most canopy. Typically occurs in colluvial soils on exposed footslopes associated with the interface of Triassic Narrabeen sandstone and Permian sediments.

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Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

Hunter Valley Weeping EEC EEC This Woodland community ranges from a dense to open tree canopy to Occurs within Site – None Myall Woodland of the about 15 m tall, depending on disturbance and regrowth history. This Hunter CMA Sydney Basin Bioregion woodland is dominated by Acacia pendula, with Eucalyptus crebra, A. subregion (EPA Study Area - None salicina and/or trees within the A. homalophylla A. melvillei complex also 2011) occurring. Understorey species may or may not be present, and can include Canthium buxifolium, Dodonaea viscosa, Geijera parviflora, Notelaea microphylla var. microphylla and Senna zygophylla as well as a dense to sparse ground-layer comprised of grasses and herbs. This community only occurs in the Muswellbrook and Singleton LGAs, however may occur elsewhere in the Upper Hunter LGA within the Brigalow Belt South bioregion. A section of this community occurring in the brown clay soil at Jerry's Plains in the Hunter Valley is listed as Critically Endangered under the Commonwealth listing. EEC Known to occur within the Kurri Kurri- Cessnock area of the lower Hunter, Site – None Kurri Sand Swamp on soils derived from poorly-drained Tertiary sand deposits. It is a low Occurs within Woodland in the Sydney Hunter CMA woodland or heathland rarely higher than 15m with a shrubby Basin Bioregion Study Area - None understorey. Dominant canopy species include Eucalyptus parramattensis subregion (EPA subsp decadens and Angophora bakeri. 2011) E Littoral Rainforest is generally a closed forest, the structure and Site – None Littoral Rainforest in the composition of which is strongly influenced by its proximity to the ocean. Occurs within NSW North Coast, Plant species of this community are predominantly rainforest species, with Hunter CMA Sydney Basin and SE subregion (EPA Study Area - None vines potentially comprising a major component of the canopy. The Corner Bioregions 2011) canopy layer is dominated by rainforest species, with scattered emergent individuals of sclerophyll species, such as Angophora costata, Banksia integrifolia, Eucalyptus botryoides and Eucalyptus tereticornis also occurring in many stands. There is considerable floristic variation between stands with localised variants occurring in some regions. Littoral Rainforest occurs only on the coast and is found in the NSW North Coast Bioregion, Sydney Basin Bioregion and South East Corner Bioregion.

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Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

Lower Hunter Spotted EEC Restricted to an approx. 65x35 km area centred on Cessnock-Beresford in Occurs within Site – None Gum - Ironbark Forest in the central and lower Hunter Valley. Occurs on Permian geology and is Hunter CMA the Sydney Basin strongly associated with yellow podsolic and solodic soils of the Lower subregion (EPA Study Area - None Bioregion Hunter Aberdare, Branxton and Neath landscapes. Undisturbed remnants 2011) are typically open forests, but may occur as woodland or dense sapling thickets if disturbed. The canopy is dominated by Corymbia maculata and Eucalyptus fibrosa, with a shrub layer marked by Acacia parvipinnula, Daviesia ulicifolia, Bursaria spinosa, Melaleuca nodosa and Lissanthe strigosa and a diverse understorey.

Lower Hunter Valley Dry VEC Mainly occurs along Barrington footslopes in gullies and south-facing Occurs within Site – None Rainforest in the Sydney steep hillsopes, but is also known from Mt Bright and Mt view south of the Hunter CMA Study Area - None Basin and NSW North Hunter River. Generally found in areas below 300 m asl with annual subregion (EPA Coast Bioregions rainfall less than 900 mm. Often occurs on granite, but has also been 2011) recorded from basalt and metasediment substrates. The canopy is typically 15-25 m high with 40-80% cover.

River-Flat Eucalypt EEC This community is found on the river flats of the coastal floodplains and is Occurs within Site – None Forest on Coastal characterised by a tall open canopy layer of eucalypts, up to or exceeding Hunter CMA Study Area - None Floodplains of the NSW 40 m in height. Though composition varies considerably, characteristic subregion (EPA North Coast, Sydney tree species include Eucalyptus tereticornis, E. amplifolia, Angophora 2011) Basin and South East floribunda and A. subvelutina. Eucalyptus baueriana and E. botryoides. E. Corner Bioregions saligna and E. grandis may occur north of Sydney. Melaleuca decora, M. styphelioides, Backhousia myrtifolia, Melia azaderach, Casuarina cunninghamiana and C. glauca may also occur.

Swamp Oak Floodplain EEC Swamp Oak Floodplain is found on coastal floodplains of NSW. It has a Occurs within Site – None forest of the NSW North dense to sparse tree layer dominated by Swamp Oak. Lilly Pilly (Acmena Hunter CMA Coast, Sydney basin and smithii), Cheese Trees (Glochidion spp.) and Paperbarks (Melaleuca spp.) subregion (EPA Study Area - Known South East Corner may be present. Tree diversity decreases with latitude, and Melaleuca 2011) Bioregions ericifolia is the only abundant tree in this community south of Bermagui. The understorey is characterised by frequent occurrences of vines, a sparse cover of shrubs, and a continuous groundcover of forbs, sedges, grasses and leaf litter. Varying salinity levels alter groundcover species.

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Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

Swamp Sclerophyll EEC Swamp Sclerophyll Forest on Coastal Floodplains is characterised by an Occurs within Site – None forest on Coastal open to dense tree layer of eucalypts and paperbarks, with trees up to or Hunter CMA floodplains of the NSW higher than 25 m. This community includes areas of fern land and tall reed subregion (EPA Study Area - Known North Coast, Sydney or sedge land, where trees are sparse or absent. 2011) Basin and South East Corner bioregions

White Box – Yellow Box EEC CEEC White Box Yellow Box Blakely's Red Gum Woodland is an open woodland Occurs within Site – None – Blakely’s Red Gum or forest community, and is characterized by White Box (Eucalyptus Hunter CMA Study Area - None Grassy Woodland and albens), Yellow Box (E. melliodora) and Blakely's Red Gum (E. blakelyi). subregion (EPA Derived Native Intact sites contain a high diversity of plant species, including dominant 2011) Grassland and additional tree species, shrubs, climbers, grass species and a high Predicted diversity of herbs. Intact stands that contain diverse upper and mid- storeys and groundlayers are rare. Modified sites include the following within 10km areas where the main tree species are present ranging from an open (DSEWPaC 2011a) woodland formation to a forest structure, with the groundlayer predominantly being composed of exotic species. On sites where the trees have been removed, only the grassy groundlayer and some herbs remain. The Commonwealth listing of White Box-Yellow Box-Blakely's Red Gum Grassy Woodland and Derived Native Grassland differs slightly from the NSW listing. Areas that are part of the listed ecological community must have either an intact tree layer and predominately native ground layer or an intact native ground layer with a high diversity of native plant species but no remaining tree layer. Box-Gum Woodland is found from the Queensland border in the north, to the Victorian border in the south. It occurs in the tablelands and western slopes of NSW.

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Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

Flora

Allocasuarina defungens Dwarf Heath E E This species is a straggly shrub to 2 m high growing from a tuber. It grows Predicted Site – None Casuarina mainly in tall heath on sand, but has also been known to occur on clay within 10 km Study Area – None soils and sandstone. It can also extend onto exposed nearby coastal hills (DSEWPaC or headlands adjacent to sand plains. 2011a)

Angophora inopina Charmhaven V V Occurs most frequently in four main vegetation communities: (i) Recorded Site – None Apple Eucalyptus haemastoma–Corymbia gummifera–Angophora inopina within 10 km woodland/forest; (ii) Hakea teretifolia–Banksia oblongifolia wet heath; (iii) (EPA 2011) Study Area – None Eucalyptus resinifera–Melaleuca sieberi–Angophora inopina sedge woodland; (iv) Eucalyptus capitellata–Corymbia gummifera–Angophora Predicted inopina woodland/forest. within 10 km (DSEWPaC Ecological knowledge about this species is limited. It s lignotuberous, 2011a) allowing vegetative growth to occur following disturbance. However, such vegetative reproduction may suppress the production of fruits/seeds, necessary for the recruitment of new individuals to a population, and the time between such disturbance and the onset of sexual reproduction is not known. Flowering appears to take place principally between mid-December and mid-January, but is generally poor and sporadic.

Callistemon linearifolius Netted bottle V V Grows in dry sclerophyll forest on the coast and adjacent ranges. Flowers Recorded Site – None Brush spring – summer. Within the lower Hunter Valley this species is found in within 10 km Spotted Gum Ironbark forests near Kurri Kurri . (EPA 2011) Study Area – None Predicted within 10 km (DSEWPaC 2011a)

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Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

Cryptostylis hunteriana Leafless V V This species is a leafless, saprophytic tongue orchid, which is reliant on a Predicted Site – None Tongue Orchid symbiotic relationship with the microrrhizal fungus found in decaying plant within 10 km matter. Flowering occurs between November and February, producing (DSEWPaC Study Area – None green, red and black flowers carried on an axillary raceme. Foliage is 2011a) absent, with the leaves reduced to scales. C. hunteriana grows in a range of habitats including swampy heaths on sandy soils, scrubby swamp fringes, through to bare hillsides in tall eucalypt forest. Potential habitat typically occurs in woodland dominated by Scribbly Gum (Eucalyptus sclerophylla), Silvertop Ash (Eucalyptus sieberi), Red Bloodwood and Black She-oak. This species appears to prefer open areas in the understorey and is often found in association with the Large Tongue Orchid (Cryptostylis subulata) and the Tartan Tongue Orchid (Cryptostylis erecta).

Diuris arenaria Sand E Sand Doubletail is known from the Tomaree Peninsula near Newcastle. It Not Recorded Site – None Doubletail is currently known from three locations, two of which are in reserves. This within 10 km Study Area – None species occurs in coastal heath and dry grassy eucalypt forest on sandy (EPA, 2011) flats. It is also known to grows in gently undulating country in eucalypt forest with a grassy understorey on clay soil. A spring 2011 record at Predicted Heatherbrae represents a new range extension for this species west from within CMA its restricted occurrence on the Tomaree Peninsula (Steve Lewer, Dec Sub-region 2011). (EPA, 2011)

Diuris praecox Rough Double V V This species is known to occur on hills and slopes of near-coastal districts Predicted Site – None Tail in open forests that have a grassy to fairly dense understorey. This within 10 km species flowers during winter and is only detectable during the flowering (EPA 2011) Study Area – None season. It has a restricted distribution between Ourimbah to Nelson Bay.

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Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

Galium australe Tangled E Tangled Bedstraw is a straggling and inter-twining herb with weak, hairy Not Recorded Site – None Bedstraw stems to 60 cm long. Most flowering collections have been made in late within 10 km spring to early autumn. In NSW Tangled Bedstraw has been found in (EPA, 2011) Study Area - None moist gullies of tall forest, Eucalyptus tereticornis forest, coastal Banksia shrubland, and Allocasuarina nana heathland. In other States the species Not Predicted within CMA is found in a range of near-coastal habitats, including sand dunes, sand spits, shrubland and woodland. In the northern rivers region Tangled Sub-region (EPA, 2011) Bedstraw is known in the Combyne Plateau and Macleay Hastings CMA subregions. Further, in this region the Tangled Bedstraw is only known to occur in one dry sclerophyll forest formation (i.e. Spotted Gum - Grey Ironbark open forest of the Macleay Valley lowlands of the North Coast).

Eucalyptus camfieldii Camfield's V V This species is usually a mallee to 4 m tall although it can grow to a Recorded Site – None Stringybark straggly tree to 9 m. It occurs on poor coastal country in shallow sandy within 10 km soils overlying Hawkesbury sandstone often in coastal heath, mostly on (EPA 2011) Study Area - None exposed sandy ridges. Stands usually occur near the boundary of tall Predicted coastal heaths and low open woodland of the slightly more fertile inland areas. Associated species frequently include stunted species of within 10 km Narrow-leaved Stringybark (E. oblonga), Brown Stringybark (E. (DSEWPaC capitellata) and Scribbly Gum (E. haemastoma). 2011a)

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Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

Eucalyptus Earp’s Gum V V This woodland tree grows from 8-10 m, and occasionally up to 15 m, and Recorded Site – None parramattensis subsp generally occupies deep, low-nutrient sands, often those subject to within 10 km decadens periodic inundation or where water tables are relatively high. It occurs in (EPA 2011) Study Area - None dry sclerophyll woodland with dry heath understorey and also occurs as an emergent in dry or wet heathland. Often where this species occurs, it is Predicted within 10 km a community dominant. There are two separate meta-populations of the tree: The Kurri Kurri meta-population is bordered by Cessnock—Kurri (DSEWPaC 2011a) Kurri in the north and Mulbring—Aberdare in the south. Large aggregations of the sub-species are located in the Tomalpin area. The Tomago Sandbeds meta-population is bounded by Salt Ash and Tanilba Bay in the north and Williamtown and Tomago in the south. In the Kurri Kurri area, Very little is known about the biology or ecology of this species, apart from the flowering period which is from November to January. Propagation mechanisms are currently poorly known while seed dispersal is likely to be effected by wind and animals.

Euphrasia arguta Prel. CE Recently rediscovered in the Nundle area of the north-western slops and Recorded Site – None CE tablelands, this species was once known from scattered locations within 10 km between Sydney, Bathurst and Walcha. Known populations occur in (EPA 2011) Study Area - None eucalypt forest with a mixed grass/shrub understorey, while previous records are described as occurring in open forest, grassy country and river meadows. The species is annual and dies back over winter. Dense stands have been observed in cleared firebreak areas, suggesting the species may respond well to disturbance.

Grevillea parviflora Small-flower V V The habitat for this species are broad, and are known to occur in areas Recorded Site – None subsp parviflora Grevillea supporting heath, shrubby woodland and forest on light clay or sandy within 10 km Study Area - None soils, and often in disturbed areas such as on the fringes of tracks. It has (EPA 2011) been known to flower over two periods throughout the year, July to December and April to May

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Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

Maundia triglochinoides V Grows in swamps, creeks or shallow freshwater 30 - 60 cm deep on Not Recorded Site – None heavy clay, low nutrients. Flowering occurs during warmer months. within 10 km Associated with wetland species e.g. Triglochin procerum. Probably wind (EPA, 2011) Study Area - None pollinated. Diaspore is the seed and root tubers, which are probably dispersed by water. Spreads vegetatively, with tufts of leaves arising Predicted along rhizome. Flowers November-January. (EPA, 2011) within CMA Sub-region (EPA, 2011)

Melaleuca biconvexa Biconvex V V This species occurs in damps areas often near streams or low-lying areas Recorded Site – None Paperbark on alluvial soils of low slopes or sheltered aspects. The flowering period within 10 km Study Area - None for this species is short with flowering taking place over a 3 - 4 week (EPA 2011) period during September and October. This species is conspicuous and could be easily identified outside the flowering period. Predicted within 10 km (DSEWPaC 2011a)

Melaleuca groveana Grove’s V V Grove's Paperbark grows in heath and shrubland, often in exposed sites, Not Recorded Site – None paperbark at high elevations, on rocky outcrops and cliffs. It also occurs in dry within 10 km woodlands. Widespread, scattered populations in coastal districts north of (EPA, 2011) Study Area - None Port Stephens to southeast Queensland. Predicted within CMA Sub-region (EPA, 2011)

Muehlenbeckia costata Scrambling V Occurs in scattered locations from Queensland to the Blue Mountains. Predicted Site – None Lignum Grows in coarse sandy soils and peat in heath, mallee and open eucalypt within 10 km Study Area - None woodland on granite or acid volcanic outcrops at higher altitudes. It is an (EPA 2011) early successional species with large numbers appearing after bush fires, but most plants live only 2-3 years.

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Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

Persicaria elatior Tall Knotweed V V This erect herb grows to 90cm in damp places, especially beside streams Predicted Site – None and lakes. Occasionally in swamp forest or associated with disturbance. within 10 km Tall Knotweed has been recorded in south-eastern NSW (Mt Dromedary (DSEWPaC Study Area - None (an old record), Moruya State Forest near Turlinjah, the Upper Avon River 2011a) catchment north of Robertson, Bermagui, and Picton Lakes. In northern NSW it is known from Raymond Terrace and the Grafton area.

Pterostylis gibbosa Illawarra E E The Illawarra Greenhood is a deciduous orchid that is only visible above Predicted Site – None Greenhood the ground between late summer and spring, and only when soil moisture within 10 km Study Area - None levels can sustain its growth. Grows in open forest or woodland, on flat or (DSEWPaC gently sloping land with poor drainage, and is known from a small number 2011a) of populations in the Illawarra, Nowra and Hunter regions. In the Hunter region, the species grows in open woodland dominated by Narrow-leaved Ironbark (E. crebra), Forest Red Gum and Black Cypress Pine (Callitris endlicheri).

Pultenaea maritima Coast V This prostrate, mat-forming shrub with hairy stems occurs in NSW from Predicted Site – None Headland Pea Newcastle to Byron Bay on 16 headlands. The species occurs in within 10 km grasslands, shrublands and heath on exposed coastal headlands. (EPA 2011) Study Area - None

Rulingia prostrata Dwarf E E Occurs on sandy, sometimes peaty soils in a wide variety of habitats: Predicted Site – None Kerrawang Snow Gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) Woodland at Rose Lagoon; Blue within 10 km Study Area - None leaved Stringybark (E. agglomerata) Open Forest at Tallong; and in Brittle (DSEWPaC Gum (E. mannifera) Low Open Woodland at Penrose; Scribbly Gum 2011a) (Eucalyptus haemostoma)/ Swamp Mahogany (E. robusta) Ecotonal Forest at Tomago (Bell and Driscoll, 2006)

Rutidosis heterogama Heath V V Small perennial herb of the daisy family to 30 cm. Grows in heath on Recorded Site – None Wrinklewort sandy soils and moist areas in open forest, and has been recorded along within 10 km disturbed roadsides. The species has a scattered distribution on coastal (EPA 2011) Study Area - None locations between Wyong and Evans Head and on the New England Tablelands from Torrington and Ashford south to Wandsworth south-west of Glen Innes.

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Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

Syzygium paniculatum Magenta Lilly E V This species is a small to medium rainforest tree, found only in NSW in a Recorded Site – None Pilly narrow linear coast strip from Bulahdelah to Conjola State Forest. On the within 10 km central coast it occurs on gravels, sands, silts and clays in riverside (EPA 2011) Study Area - None gallery rainforests and remnant littoral rainforest communities. Predicted within 10 km (DSEWPaC 2011a)

Tetratheca juncea Black-eyed V V This species is usually found in low open forest / woodland with a mixed Recorded Site – None Susan shrub understorey and grass groundcover, but has been recorded in within 10 km Study Area - None heath and moist forest habitats. The majority of populations occur on low (EPA 2011) nutrient soils associated with the Awaba Soil Landscape. Prefers well Predicted drained sites with cooler, southerly aspects (although has been found on slopes with a variety of aspects). Confined to the Northern Sydney Basin within 10 km bioregion and southern North Coast bioregion in the Wyong, Lake (DSEWPaC Macquarie, Newcastle, Port Stephens, Great Lakes and Cessnock LGAs. 2011a)

Zannichellia palustris E This species of semi-submerged aquatic plant occurs in fresh or slightly Recorded Site – None saline stationary or slowly flowing water in the lower Hunter region of within 10 km NSW. In NSW the species behaves as an annual, dying back each (EPA 2011) Study Area - None summer. Flowering occurs during warm months.

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Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

FAUNA

Birds

Anthochaera phrygia Regent CE E,M This species inhabits dry open forest and woodlands, particularly Box- Predicted Site – Very Low Honeyeater Ironbark woodland and riparian forests of River Sheoak, with an within 10 km abundance of mature trees, high canopy cover and abundance of (DSEWPaC Study Area – Very Low mistletoes. This species breeds in only three known key areas: the 2011a) Capertee Valley and the Bundarra-Barraba region in NSW and Chiltern- Albury in Victoria. In NSW they are confined to the two main breeding areas and surrounding fragmented regions. Non-breeding flocks are sporadically seen in coastal areas, foraging in flowering Spotted Gum and Swamp Mahogany forests, presumably in response to drought or resource availability.

Diomedea Amsterdam E, M The Amsterdam Albatross is a marine, pelagic seabird. It nests in open Predicted Site – None amsterdamensis Albatross patchy vegetation (among tussocks, ferns or shrubs) near exposed ridges within 10 km Study Area - None or hillocks on Amsterdam Island. It sleeps and rests on ocean waters (DSEWPaC when not breeding. 2011a)

Diomedea antipodensis Antipodean V The Antipodean Albatross is marine, pelagic and aerial. It is endemic to Predicted Site – None Albatross New Zealand and breeds on New Zealand offshore islands, but may within 10 km forage off the coast of NSW. (DSEWPaC Study Area - None 2011a)

Botaurus poiciloptilus Australasian E E This species favours permanent freshwater wetlands with tall dense Recorded Site – None Bittern reedbeds particularly bullrushes (Typha spp.) and spikerushes (Eleocharis within 10 km spp.) with adjacent shallow, open water for foraging. It is widespread but (EPA 2011) Study Area - None uncommon and may be found over most of NSW except the far north- west. It hides during the day amongst dense reeds or rushes and feeds mainly at night on frogs, fish, yabbies, spiders, insects and snails.

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Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

Ninox connivens Barking Owl V In NSW populations of Barking Owls are widespread on the coastal plain Recorded Site – None and foothills and the inland slopes and plains. They are sparse on the within 10 km higher parts of the tablelands, in the arid zone west of the Darling River (EPA 2011) Study Area - None and are rare or absent in the dense, wet forests of the eastern fall of the Great Dividing Range. The Barking Owl lives in forests and woodlands of tropical, temperate and semi-arid zones. Their habitat is typically dominated by eucalypts, often red gum species and, in the tropics, paperbarks. It usually roosts in or under dense foliage in large trees including rainforest species of streamside gallery forests, River She-oak Casuarina cunninghamiana, other Casuarina and Allocasuarina species, eucalypts, Angophora or Acacia species. Roost sites are often near watercourses or wetlands. It typically breeds in hollows of large eucalypts or paperbarks, usually near watercourses or wetlands. Barking Owls have been recorded in remnants of forest and woodland and in clumps of trees at farms, towns and golf courses. It feeds on a variety of prey, with invertebrates predominant for most of the year, and birds and mammals such as smaller gliders, possums, rodents and rabbits important during breeding. This species lives alone or in a pair with territories ranging from 30 to 200 hectares. Nests are built in hollows of large, old eucalypts including River Red Gum (Eucalyptus camandulensis), White Box (Eucalyptus albens), Red Box (Eucalyptus polyanthemos), and Blakely's Red Gum (Eucalyptus blakelyi).

Ixobrychus flavicollis Black Bittern V Inhabits terrestrial and estuarine wetlands, generally in areas of Recorded Site – None permanent water and dense vegetation from southern NSW to Cape York within 10 km Study Area - None and the Kimberley, as well as SW WA. May occur in flooded grassland, (EPA 2011) forest, woodland, rainforest and mangroves as long as there is permanent water. This species may roost by day in trees or within reeds on the ground. Nests are located in branches overhanging water and breeding takes place from December to March.

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Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

Thassalarche Black-browed V V This species is a large sea bird with a wingspan of up to 2.4 m. It inhabits Predicted Site – None melanophris Albatross Antarctic, subantarctic, subtropical marine, and coastal waters over within 10 km upwellings and boundaries of currents and can tolerate water (DSEWPaC Study Area - None temperatures between 0 and 24 degrees Celsius. It spends most of its 2011a) time at sea, breeding on small isolated islands.

Ephippiorhynchus Black-necked E Primarily inhabits permanent freshwater wetlands and surrounding Recorded Site – None asiaticus Stork vegetation including swamps, floodplains, watercourses and billabongs, within 10 km Study Area - None freshwater meadows, wet heathland, farm dams and shallow floodwaters. (EPA 2011) Will also forage in inter-tidal shorelines, mangrove margins and estuaries. Feeds in shallow, still water. This species breeds during summer, nesting in or near a freshwater swamp.

Limosa limosa Black-tailed V M Primarily a coastal species, L. limosa is usually found in sheltered bays, Recorded Site – None Godwit lagoons and estuaries with large intertidal mudflats and/or sandflats where within 10 km Study Area - None it is frequently recorded in mixed flocks with Bar-tailed Godwits. Inland, it (EPA 2011) can be found on mudflats and in water less than 10 cm deep, around muddy lakes and swamps. Individuals have also been recorded in wet fields and sewerage treatment works. This species feeds on a variety of insects, crustaceans, molluscs, worms, larvae, spiders, fish eggs, frog eggs and tadpoles present in soft mud or shallow water. Roosting and loafing occurs on low banks of mud, sand and shell bars.

Oxyura australis Blue-billed V This species is a partly migratory bird that travels short-distances between Recorded Site – None Duck breeding swamps and over-wintering lakes. It prefers deep water in large within 10 km Study Area - None permanent wetlands and swamps with dense aquatic vegetation. Nesting (EPA 2011) occurs in Cumbungi over deep water between September and February, as well as in trampled vegetation of Lignum, sedges or Spike-rushes, where a bowl-shaped nest is constructed. Young birds disperse in April- May from their breeding swamps in inland NSW to non-breeding areas on the Murray River system and coastal lakes. The species is completely aquatic, swimming low in the water along the edge of dense cover.

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Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

Limicola falcinellus Broad-billed V M This species favours sheltered parts of the coast such as estuarine Recorded Site – None Sandpiper sandflats and mudflats, harbours, embayments, lagoons, salt marshes, within 10 km and reefs as feeding and roosting habitat. Occasionally, individuals may (EPA 2011) Study Area - None be recorded in sewage farms or within shallow fresh-water lagoons. Broad-billed Sandpipers roost on banks on sheltered sand, shell or shingle beaches.

Thalassarche bulleri Bullers V, M This species breeds in New Zealand but is a regular visitor off the NSW Predicted Site – None Albatross coast. It is marine and pelagic, inhabiting subtropical and subantarctic within 10 km Study Area - None waters of the southern Pacific Ocean. In Australia, Buller's Albatross are (DSEWPaC seen over inshore, offshore and pelagic waters. Breeding habitat of 2011a) Buller's Albatross occurs on subtropical and subantarctic islands and rock stacks in the New Zealand region.

Burhinus grallarius Bush Stone- E This species inhabits open forests and woodlands with a sparse grassy Recorded Site – None curlew ground layer and fallen timber and general lack of shrubby understorey, or within 10 km in structurally similar tidal and estuarine habitats near the coast. Generally (EPA 2011) Study Area - None not found on the escarpments but at lower elevations on the coast or west of the Great Divide, typically in areas of above 300 mm annual rainfall. Largely nocturnal, being especially active on moonlit nights, it feeds on insects and small vertebrates, such as frogs, lizards and snakes and will forage in a range of habitats including irrigated/pasture improved paddocks, playing fields, waste disposal facilities, mangroves, saltmarsh, mudflats, swamps and woodland remnants. Nests are on the ground in a scrape or small bare patch, often in cleared or disturbed areas without native vegetation.

Talassarche melanophris Campbell’s V M Campbell albatrosses occur in Antarctic and subantarctic waters and in Predicted Site – None impivada Albatross the subtropical South Pacific Ocean. They breed only on subantarctic within 10 km Campbell Island, south of New Zealand. Non-breeding birds often forage (DSEWPaC Study Area - None over the continental slopes around Tasmania, Victoria and New South 2011a) Wales.

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Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

Irediparra gallinacean Comb-crested V This species of bird occurs throughout coastal Australia and well inland in Recorded Site – None Jacana the north from the Kimberley to Sydney. Vagrants occasionally appear within 10 km further south, possibly in response to unfavourable conditions further north (EPA 2011) Study Area - None in NSW. Inhabits permanent wetlands with a good surface cover of floating vegetation, especially water-lilies. Pairs and family groups forage across floating vegetation, feeding primarily on insects and other invertebrates, as well as some seeds and other vegetation. Breeds in spring and summer in NSW, in a nest of floating vegetation.

Stagonopleura guttata Diamond V This species is known to occur in grassy eucalypt woodlands, including Recorded Site – None Firetail Box-Gum Woodlands, and Snow Gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) within 10 km Study Area - None Woodlands, riparian areas (rivers and creeks), and sometimes in lightly (EPA 2011) wooded farmland (DEC 2007).

Puffinus carneipes Flesh-footed V M This marine species ranges throughout the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Recorded Site – None Shearwater There are two main breeding areas in the world: one in the South West within 10 km Pacific includes Lord Howe Island and New Zealand; the other along the (EPA 2011) Study Area - None coast of Western Australia.

Stictonetta naevosa Freckled Duck V This species prefers permanent freshwater swamps and creeks with Recorded Site – None heavy growth of Typha, Lignum or Tea-tree. During drier times they move within 10 km from ephemeral breeding swamps to more permanent waters such as (EPA 2011) Study Area - None lakes, reservoirs, farm dams and sewage ponds. They generally rest in dense cover during the day, usually in deep water. Nesting usually occurs between October and December but can take place at other times when conditions are favourable and nests are usually located in dense vegetation at or near water level.

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Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

Callocephalon Gang-gang V This species is nomadic, spending summer in tall mountain forests and Recorded Site – None fimbriatum Cockatoo woodlands, particularly in heavily timbered and mature wet sclerophyll within 10 km forests and winter at lower altitudes in drier more open eucalypt forest and (EPA 2011) Study Area - None woodlands, particularly in coastal areas. This species nests in hollow- bearing trees close to water with breeding taking place between October and January. Breeding usually occurs in tall mature sclerophyll forests that have a dense understorey, and occasionally in coastal forests

Diomedea gibsoni Gibson’s V M As for Antipodean Albatross. D. antipodensis was split into D. Predicted Site – None Albatross antipodensis and D. gibsoni. However, in 2006 the ACAP Taxonomy within 10 km Study Area - None Working Group concluded that available data do not warrant the (DSEWPaC recognition of Gibson’s and Antipodean albatrosses as separate species. 2011a)

Calyptorhynchus lathami Glossy Black- V This species is highly specialised, feeding almost exclusively on the seeds Recorded Site – None Cockatoo extracted from the wooden cones of she-oak species. Its key food species within 10 km on the coast and tablelands are Allocasuarina torulosa and A. littoralis, (EPA 2011) Study Area - None with some A. distyla taken. Inland, its key food species include A. verticillata and Casuarina cristata; also A. inophloia, A. diminuta, A. gymnanthera, and sometimes A. leuhmannii. It is uncommon although widespread throughout suitable forest and woodland habitats, from central QLD to East Gippsland in Victoria, and inland to the southern tablelands and central western plains of NSW. This species needs suitable hollows in living and dead trees for nesting and breeds between March and August.

Pterodroma leucoptera Gould's Petrel E M Gould's Petrel is a pelagic marine species, spending much of its time Predicted Site – None leucoptera foraging at sea and coming ashore only to breed. The Australian within 10 km subspecies breeds and roosts on two islands off NSW, Cabbage Tree and (DSEWPaC Study Area - None Boondelbah Islands, and the at-sea distribution is poorly known. 2011a)

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Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

Calidris tenuirostris Great Knot V M This species breeds in Siberia. In Australia, it occurs within sheltered, Recorded Site – None coastal habitats containing large, intertidal mudflats or sandflats where within 10 km individuals forage for invertebrates. (EPA 2011) Study Area - None

Charadrius leschenaultia Greater sand- V This species is almost entirely restricted to coastal areas in NSW, Recorded Site – None plover occurring mainly on sheltered sandy, shelly or muddy beaches or within 10 km estuaries with large intertidal mudflats or sandbanks. It roosts during high (EPA 2011) Study Area - None tide on sandy beaches and rocky shores; begins foraging activity on wet ground at low tide, usually away from the edge of the water.

Melanodryas cucullata Hooded Robin V Generally a sedentary species, but capable of local seasonal movements. Recorded Site – None cucullata Prefers lightly wooded country, usually open eucalypt woodland, acacia within 10 km scrub and mallee, often in or near clearings or open areas. The robin’s (EPA 2011) Study Area - None occurrence is positively associated with patch size, and with components of habitat complexity that include the amount of tree canopy cover, shrub cover, ground cover, logs, fallen branches and litter. Nests are sited on low, live or dead forks or branches of trees or stumps, or occasionally on fallen trees or limbs.

Pterodroma neglecta Kermadec V V This is a marine species that breeds on offshore islands. Vagrant Predicted Site – None neglecta Petrel individuals can sometimes be found in NSW coastal waters, particularly within 10 km after storm events. (DSEWPaC Study Area - None 2011a)

Tomago Aluminium Rod and Conductor Manufacturing Facility 22/15280/30/94697 R0 Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment

Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

Charadrius mongolus Lesser Sand- V M This species breeds in central and north-eastern Asia and migrates south Recorded Site – None plover in Winter. In Australia it is found on the entire coastline but is most within 10 km common in the Gulf of Carpentaria and along the east coast of Qld and (EPA 2011) Study Area - None northern NSW. Rarely recorded south of the Shoalhaven, and internationally important sites in NSW include the Hunter River estuary, Tuggerah Lakes and the Clarence River estuary. Nationally important sites in NSW include the Richmond River estuary, Shoalhaven River estuary and Botany Bay. In NSW the species is almost entirely coastal and favours the beaches of sheltered bays, mudflats, harbours and lagoons. It forages for crustaceans, molluscs and worms on wet ground at low tide, usually away from the water’s edge.

Hieraaetus morphnoides Little Eagle V The Little Eagle occupies habitats rich in prey within open eucalypt forest, Recorded Site – None woodland or open woodland. Sheoak or acacia woodlands and riparian within 10 km woodlands of interior NSW are also used. For nest sites it requires a tall (EPA 2011) Study Area - None living tree within a remnant patch, where pairs build a large stick nest in winter and lay in early spring. The Little Eagle is distributed throughout the Australian mainland excepting the most densely forested parts of the Dividing Range escarpment.

Glossopsitta pusilla Little Lorikeet V Distributed in dry, open eucalypt forests and woodlands from the coast to Recorded Site – None the western slopes of the Great Dividing Range, extending westwards to within 10 km Study Area - None the vicinity of Albury, Parkes, Dubbo and Narrabri. Usually forage in small (EPA 2011) flocks, often with other species of lorikeet. They feed primarily on nectar and pollen of profusely-flowering eucalypts and a variety of other species including melaleucas and mistletoes. On the western slopes and tablelands White Box Eucalyptus albens and Yellow Box E. meliodora are particularly important food sources for pollen and nectar respectively. Nest hollows have small openings (approximately 3 cm diameter) and are mostly found in living, smooth-barked eucalypts, especially Manna Gum Eucalyptus viminalis, Blakely’s Red Gum E. blakelyi and Tumbledown Gum E. dealbata.

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Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

Sterna albifrons Little Tern E M Migrating from eastern Asia, the Little Tern is found on the north, east and Recorded Site – None south-east Australian coasts. In NSW, it arrives from September to within 10 km November, occurring mainly north of Sydney, with smaller numbers found (EPA 2011) Study Area - None south to Victoria, and is almost exclusively coastal, preferring sheltered environments, however also occurs several kilometres from the sea in harbours, rivers, and inlets. It breeds through spring and summer, nesting in small, scattered colonies on low dunes or sandy beaches just above high tide mark near estuary mouths or adjacent to coastal lakes and islands. The nest is a scrape in the sand, which may be lined with shell grit, seaweed or small pebbles. Their diet consists of small fish, crustaceans, insects, annelids and molluscs sourced from shallow water in channels and estuaries, and in the surf on beaches.

Anseranas semipalmata Magpie Goose V This species of water bird is found in shallow wetlands containing dense Recorded Site – None rushes or sedges, and nearby dry land used for grazing. It occurs across within 10 km most of NSW. It feeds on grasses, bulbs and rhizomes and roosts in tall (EPA 2011) Study Area - None vegetation within wetland areas. Breeding is strongly influenced by rainfall and water levels, and occurs predominately in monsoonal areas. Nests are formed in trees over deep water.

Sula dactylatra Masked Booby V This species of large seabird occurs on Lord Howe Island and on coastal Recorded Site – None areas of the North Coast of NSW as well as throughout the tropical and within 10 km Study Area - None subtropical seas of the world. The breeding population on Lord Howe (EPA 2011) Island is the most southerly breeding colony in the world, remaining at Lord Howe Island year around though ranging widely for food before returning to breed. Nesting occurs on high open areas where they can take off directly into the wind in a nest made from a rough platform of trodden grass. Breeding sites on Lord Howe Island include King Point and Muttonbird Point on the main Island, and Ball's Pyramid, Muttonbird Island and the Admiralty Islets.

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Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

Tyto novaehollandiae Masked Owl V This species occurs in dry eucalypt woodlands at altitudes from sea level Recorded Site – Low to 1,100 m and roosts and breeds in hollows and sometime caves in moist within 10 km eucalypt forested gullies. It hunts along the edges of forests and roadsides (EPA 2011) Study Area - Low and has a home range covering between 500 ha and 1,000 ha. Prey for this species are principally terrestrial mammals but arboreal species may also be taken. Masked Owls are sparsely distributed from southern QLD to SA and WA. It has also been recorded on the Nullarbor plain.

Macronectes halli Northern Giant- V V, M The Northern Giant-Petrel is marine and oceanic. It mainly occurs in sub- Predicted Site – None Petrel Antarctic waters, but extends into subtropical waters mainly between within 10 km Study Area - None winter and spring. It frequents both oceanic and inshore waters near (DSEWPaC breeding islands and in the non-breeding range. During its first year, it 2011a) probably occurs mainly on continental shelves, slopes and cold eastern boundary currents off South America, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. It may be more oceanic from its second year. It is attracted to land at sewage outfalls, and scavenges at colonies of penguins and seals. It breeds on sub-Antarctic islands.

Pandion haliaetus Osprey V M Favours coastal areas, especially the mouths of large rivers, lagoons and Recorded Site – None lakes. They feed on fish over clear, open water. Breeding takes place from within 10 km Study Area - None July to September in NSW, with nests being built high up in dead trees or (EPA 2011) in dead crowns of live trees, usually within one kilometre of the sea.

Rostratula benghalensis Painted Snipe E V, M Normally found in permanent or ephemeral shallow inland wetlands, either Recorded Site – None (was Australian freshwater or brackish. This cryptic species nests on the ground amongst within 10 km Study Area - None Painted Snipe) tall reed-like vegetation near water. It emerges from the dense growth at (EPA 2011) dusk to feed on mudflats and the water's edge taking insects, worm and Predicted seeds. This species prefers fringes of swamps, dams and nearby marshy areas where there is a cover of grasses, lignum, low scrub or open timber. within 10 km (DSEWPaC 2011a)

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Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

Haematopus longirostris Pied V Primarily a coastal species, favouring intertidal flats of inlets and bays, Recorded Site – None Oystercatcher open beaches and sandbanks. It nests on the ground just above the within 10 km tideline in the littoral zone of beaches and estuaries. (EPA 2011) Study Area - None

Ninox strenua Powerful Owl V This species is a nocturnal, solitary and sedentary species. They occur in Recorded Site – None a number of vegetation types ranging from woodland and open sclerophyll within 10 km forest to tall open wet forest and rainforest. However, this species does (EPA 2011) Study Area - None prefer large tracts of vegetation. Powerful Owls nest in large tree hollows (at least 0.5 m deep), in large eucalypts (diameter at breast height of 80-240 cm) that are at least 150 years old with breeding taking place from late summer to late autumn. Pairs of Powerful Owls are believed to have high fidelity to a small number of hollow-bearing nest trees and will defend a large home range of 400 - 1,450 ha. It forages within open and closed woodlands as well as open areas.

Pterodroma solandri Providence V M The Providence Petrel is a marine, pelagic seabird that inhabits the Recorded Site – None Petrel subtropical and tropical waters of the south-west Pacific Ocean. This within 10 km species breeds only on Lord Howe and Phillip Islands off the east coast of (EPA 2011) Study Area - None Australia.

Calyptorhynchus banksii Red-tailed V The Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo is the most widespread of the Black- Site – None Black-cockatoo Cockatoos, ranging broadly across much of northern and western Australia as well as western Victoria. In NSW, one population occurs on Study Area - None the north-western slopes and plains but another small isolated population is found in the coastal north-east. They are found in a wide variety of habitats. In coastal north-east NSW they have been recorded in dry open forest and areas of mixed rainforest/eucalypt forest.

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Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

Ptilinopus regina Rose-crowned V This species is a small colourful rainforest pigeon found on the coast and Recorded Site – None Fruit-dove ranges of eastern NSW and QLD. It occurs mainly in sub-tropical and dry within 10 km rainforest, and occasionally in moist eucalypt and swamp forest where (EPA 2011) Study Area - None fruit is plentiful.

Petroica boodang Scarlet Robin V In NSW this species occupies open forests and woodlands from the coast Recorded Site – None to the inland slopes. It breeds in drier eucalypt forests and temperate within 10 km woodlands, often on ridges and slopes, within an open understorey of (EPA 2011) Study Area - None shrubs and grasses and sometimes in open areas. Abundant logs and coarse woody debris are important structural components of its habitat. In autumn and winter it migrates to more open habitats such as grassy open woodland or paddocks with scattered trees.

Thalassarche cauta Salvin’s V,M This species is abundant throughout the year on all continental shelf areas Predicted to Site – None salvini Albatross around New Zealand. Small numbers of non-breeding adults regularly fly occur within Study Area - None across the Tasman Sea to south-east Australian waters. It breeds on 10 km Bounty, Snares and Penguin Islands. (DSEWPaC 2011a)

Thalassarche cauta Shy Albatross V V, M This species of large marine bird occurs in the circumpolar regions of the Predicted to Site – None southern ocean and along the east coast of Australia from Stradbroke occur within Study Area - None Island in QLD along the entire south coast to Carnarvon in WA. 10 km Uncommon north of Sydney, this species is commonly recorded off (DSEWPaC southeast NSW between July and November, and has been recorded in 2011a) Ben Boyd National Park. It feeds primarily on fish, crustaceans, offal and squid and breeds on off-shore islands on cliffs, crevices and slopes on nests made from mud, rock, bones and plant material. Breeding occurs September - December.

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Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

Tyto tenebricosa Sooty Owl V The Sooty Owl lives in the moist eucalypt forests and rainforests of the Recorded Site – None coastal, escarpment and eastern tablelands regions of NSW. It is more within 10 km common in the north of its range, and does not occur in the western (EPA 2011) Study Area - None tablelands or further west in NSW. Habitat for this species is limited mainly to the tall, moist eucalypt forests and rainforests of the escarpment and coastal areas. Sooty Owls occur in both steep and undulating country but are strongly associated with sheltered gullies, particularly those with a tall, rainforest understorey. The species roosts in hollows in live or occasionally dead eucalypt or rainforest trees in moist forest, amongst dense foliage in rainforest gullies or in caves recesses or ledges in cliffs or banks. Pairs nest in old hollow trees in eucalypt or rainforest trees within 100 m of streams in unlogged and unburnt gullies, or in caves. Hollows are greater than 40 cm wide and 100 cm deep and are surrounded by canopy trees. Hollow entrances are at least 16 m above ground, in trees of at least 120 cm diameter at breast height.

Haematopus fuliginosus Sooty V This species of large wader favours rocky headlands, rock shelves, Recorded Site – None Oystercatcher exposed reefs with rock pools, beaches and muddy estuaries, where it within 10 km forages on exposed rock or coral at low tide for limpets and mussels. (EPA 2011) Study Area - None Breeding occurs in spring and summer, almost exclusively on offshore islands, and occasionally on isolated promontories. The nest is a shallow scrape on the ground, or small mound of pebbles, shells, or seaweed.

Macronectes giganteus Southern Giant E E, M This species of large marine bird has a circumpolar pelagic range from Recorded Site – None Petrel Antarctica to approximately 20° S and is a common visitor off the coast of within 10 km NSW. Over summer, the species nests in small colonies amongst open (EPA 2011) Study Area - None vegetation on Antarctic and subantarctic offshore islands, including Predicted to Macquarie and Heard Islands and in the Australian Antarctic territory. It is an opportunistic scavenger and predator, often trailing fishing boats occur within feeding on marine carcasses. It also feeds of smaller birds including 10 km penguins. (DSEWPaC 2011a)

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Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

Pyrroholaemus Speckled V This species of small wren occurs in a range of Eucalyptus dominated Recorded Site – None sagittatus Warbler communities that have a grassy understorey with a sparse shrub layer within 10 km and open canopy, often in gullies or on rocky ridges. The species requires (EPA 2011) Study Area - None large, relatively undisturbed remnants in order to persist in an area. Its diet consists mainly of seeds and insects.

Circus assimilus Spotted Harrier V The Spotted Harrier occurs throughout the Australian mainland, except in Recorded Site – None densely forested or wooded habitats of the coast, escarpment and ranges, within 10 km and rarely in Tasmania. Individuals disperse widely in NSW and comprise (EPA 2011) Study Area - None a single population. The Spotted Harrier occurs in grassy open woodland including acacia and mallee remnants, inland riparian woodland, grassland and shrub steppe (eg chenopods). It is found most commonly in native grassland, but also occurs in agricultural land, foraging over open habitats including edges of inland wetlands. The species builds a stick nest in a tree and lays eggs in spring (or sometimes autumn).

Lophoictinia isura Square-tailed V Although this species shows a preference for timbered watercourses, they Recorded Site – None Kite have been found in a variety of habitats including woodlands and open within 10 km forests. It appears to occupy large hunting grounds and breeds from July - (EPA 2011) Study Area - None February with nests generally located along of near watercourses. It is a solitary bird, and a specialised predator, taking small passerines, especially honeyeaters and their eggs and nestlings as well as large insects in the tree canopy. It generally hunts low over open forest, woodlands and mallee communities, heaths, and other low scrubby habitats that are rich in passerines. This species prefers a structurally diverse landscape with a broad range of habitats and appears to utilise a large range greater than 100 km2.

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Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

Ptilinopus superbus Superb Fruit- V M A small pigeon that inhabits rainforest and similar closed forests where it Recorded Site – None dove forages high in the canopy. It may also forage in eucalypt or acacia within 10 km woodland where there are fruit-bearing trees. Occurs principally in NE Qld (EPA 2011) Study Area - None to NE NSW, becoming much less common further south and is largely confined to pockets of suitable habitat as far south as Moruya, with vagrants as far south as Tasmania.

Lathamus discolor Swift Parrot E E The Swift Parrot breeds in Tasmania during spring and summer, migrating Recorded Site – Very low in the autumn and winter months to south-eastern Australia from Victoria within 10 km Study Area – Very low and the eastern parts of South Australia to south-east Queensland. In (EPA 2011) NSW mostly occurs on the coast and south west slopes. Favoured feed Predicted trees include winter flowering species such as Swamp Mahogany, Spotted Gum, Red Bloodwood, Mugga Ironbark, and White Box. Commonly used within 10 km lerp infested trees include Grey Box, Inland Grey Box and Blackbutt and (DSEWPaC 2011a) Swift Parrots will return to some foraging sites on a cyclic basis depending on food availability. Following winter they return to Tasmania where they breed from September to January, nesting in old trees with hollows and feeding in forests dominated by Tasmanian Blue Gum.

Xenus cinereus Terek V M This species is a medium sized migratory wader. It has been recorded on Recorded Site – None Sandpiper lagoons, creeks and estuaries throughout Australia, however tends to within 10 km Study Area - None favours mud banks and sandbanks located near mangroves, but can also (EPA 2011) occur on rocky pools and reefs. Primarily a coastal species, this species is occasionally spotted around brackish pools up to 10 km inland. X. cinereus roosts communally amongst mangroves of dead trees, often with other wader species, breaking into smaller flocks or solitary birds when feeding.

Diomedea dabbenena Tristan E This species breeds on the Inaccessible and Gough Islands in the Atlantic Predicted Site – None Albatross Ocean. There is currently only one definitive record of the Tristan within 10 km Study Area - None Albatross from Australian waters. (DSEWPaC 2011a)

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Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

Neophema pulchella Turquoise V This species occurs in open eucalypt woodlands and forests, typically with Recorded Site – None Parrot a grassy understorey. It favours the edges of woodlands adjoining within 10 km grasslands or timbered creek lines and ridges. A granivorous species, the (EPA 2011) Study Area - None Turquoise Parrot feeds on the seeds of native and introduced grasses and other herbs. Grasslands and open areas provide important foraging habitat for this species while woodlands provide important roosting and breeding habitat. This species nests in tree hollows, logs or posts from August to December.

Daphoenositta Varied Sitella V The Varied Sittella is sedentary and inhabits most of mainland Australia Recorded Site – None chrysoptera except the treeless deserts and open grasslands, with a nearly continuous within 10 km Study Area - None distribution in NSW from the coast to the far west. It inhabits eucalypt (EPA 2011) forests and woodlands, especially rough-barked species and mature smooth-barked gums with dead branches, mallee and Acacia woodland. It builds a cup-shaped nest of plant fibres and cobwebs in an upright tree fork high in the living tree canopy, and often re-uses the same fork or tree in successive years.

Diomedea exulans Wandering E V, M This species of marine bird has the greatest wingspan of any living bird Recorded Site – None Albatross (3.5 m). It visits Australian waters extending from Fremantle, Western within 10 km Study Area - None Australia, across the southern water to the Whitsunday Islands in (EPA 2011) Queensland between June and September, though it has been recorded Predicted along the length of the NSW coast. Breeding occurs on a number of offshore islands on exposed ridges amongst open patchy vegetation. within 10 km They are predominately night feeders taking fish and cephalopods such (DSEWPaC 2011a) as squid, crustaceans and carrion from pelagic inshore and offshore waters.

Thalassarche cauta White-capped V,M The White-capped Albatross is probably common off the coast of south- Predicted Site – None steadi Albatross east Australia throughout the year. Breeding colonies occur on islands within 10 km Study Area - None south of New Zealand. (DSEWPaC 2011a)

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Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

Epthianura albifrons White-fronted V This species occurs from southern Queensland to Western Australia and Recorded Site – None Chat down to Tasmania, mostly in temperate to arid climates and very rarely in within 10 km sub-tropical areas. It is found in damp open habitats, particularly wetlands (EPA 2011) Study Area - None containing saltmarsh areas that are bordered by open grasslands. Along the coast they are found in estuarine and marshy habitats with vegetation <1m tall, and in open grasslands and areas bordering wetlands. Inland, they are often observed in grassy plains, saltlakes and saltpans along waterway margins.

Ptilinopus magnificus Wompoo Fruit- V This species is a large and dramatically beautiful rainforest pigeon, almost Recorded Site – None dove twice the size of other coloured fruit-doves. It occurs in, or near rainforest, within 10 km Study Area - None low elevation moist eucalypt forest and brush box forests, feeding on a (EPA 2011) diverse range of tree and vine fruits and is locally nomadic - following ripening fruit; some of its feed trees rely on species such as this to distribute their seeds. The Wompoo fruit-dove is most often seen in mature forests, but also found in remnant and regenerating rainforest.

Fish

Carcharius taurus Grey Nurse CE CE In Australia, the Grey Nurse Shark is now restricted to two populations, Predicted Site – None Shark one on the east coast from southern Queensland to southern NSW and within Study Area - None the other around the south-west coast of Western Australia. The species Hunter/Central has been recorded at varying depths, but is generally found between 15– Rivers CMA 40 m and is often observed hovering motionless just above the seabed, in (DPI 2011) or near deep sandy-bottomed gutters or rocky caves, and in the vicinity of inshore rocky reefs and islands.

Pristis zijsron Green Sawfish PEx V In Australian waters, Green Sawfish have historically been recorded in the Predicted Site – None coastal waters off Broome, around northern Australia and down the east within coast as far as Jervis Bay, although there have been no records of the Hunter/Central Study Area - None species south of Cairns since the 1960s. The Green Sawfish inhabits Rivers CMA muddy bottom habitats and enters estuaries. It has been recorded in (DPI 2011) inshore marine waters, estuaries, river mouths, embankments and along sandy and muddy beaches.

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Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

Carcharadon carcharias Great White V In Australia this species has been recorded from all coastal areas except Predicted Site – None Shark the Northern Territory. They can be found from close inshore around rocky within reefs, surf beaches and shallow coastal bays to outer continental shelf Hunter/Central Study Area - None and slope areas and can move across ocean basins (eg between Rivers CMA V,M Australia and SAfrica). (DPI 2011)

Epinephelus daemelii Black Cod V In Australia the species ranges from southern Qld to Kangaroo Island. Predicted Site – None Adult black cod are usually found in caves, gutters and beneath bomboras within Study Area - None on rocky reefs. They are territorial and often occupy a particular cave for Hunter/Central life. Small juveniles are often found in coastal rock pools, and larger Rivers CMA juveniles around rocky shores in estuaries. (DPI 2011)

Frogs

Crinia tinnula Wallum Froglet V - This species of amphibian inhabits acid paperbark swamps and sedge Recorded Site – None swamps along the northern and central coast regions of NSW. It is within 10 km generally not associated with disturbed habitats (Renwick 2006). (EPA 2011) Study Area - None

Litoria aurea Green and E V This species inhabits marshes, natural and artificial freshwater to brackish Recorded Site – None Golden Bell wetlands, dams and instream wetlands. It prefers sites containing within 10 km Frog bullrushes (Typha spp.) or spikerushes (Eleocharis spp.), which are (EPA 2011) Study Area - None unshaded and have a grassy area and/or rubble as shelter/refuge habitat nearby. They are active by day and breed during the summer months Predicted (DEC 2006). Plague Minnow (Gambusia holbrooki) is a key threatening within 10 km (DSEWPaC process as they feed on green and Golden Bell Frog eggs and tadpoles. DEC have a recovery plan for this species. 2011a)

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Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

Litoria littlejohni Littlejohns V V Littlejohn's Tree Frog has a distribution that includes the plateaus and Recorded Site – None Treefrog eastern slopes of the Great Dividing Range from Watagan State Forest within 10 km (90 km north of Sydney) south to Buchan in Victoria. It occurs along (EPA 2011) Study Area - None permanent rocky streams with thick fringing vegetation associated with eucalypt woodlands and heaths among sandstone outcrops, hunting Predicted within 10 km either in shrubs or on the ground. Breeding is triggered by heavy rain and can occur from late winter to autumn, but is most likely to occur in spring (DSEWPaC 2011a) when conditions are favourable. Males call from low vegetation close to slow flowing pools and eggs are laid in loose gelatinous masses attached to small submerged twigs. Eggs and tadpoles are mostly found in slow flowing pools that receive extended exposure to sunlight, but will also use temporary isolated pools.

Mixophyes balbus Stuttering E V This species is a large muscular frog that occurs along the east coast of Predicted Site – None Barred Frog Australia. They are found in rainforest and wet, tall, open forest. When not within 10 km breeding, adults live in deep leaf litter and thick understorey vegetation on (DSEWPaC Study Area - None the forest floor. This species feeds on insects and smaller frogs, breeding 2011a) in streams during summer after heavy rain. Within the Sydney Basin the species has suffered major declines and is now confined to populations in the Watagan Mountains, the southern Blue Mountains and Macquarie Pass (White 2008).

Mammals

Balaenoptera musculus Blue Whale E V,M Blue Whale sightings in Australian waters have been widespread, and it is Predicted Site – None likely that the whales occur right around the continent at various times of within 10 km Study Area - None the year. However, much of the Australian continental shelf and coastal (DSEWPaC waters have no particular significance to the whales and are used only for 2011a) migration and opportunistic feeding. The only known areas of significance to Blue Whales are feeding areas around the southern continental shelf, notably the Perth Canyon, in Western Australia, and the Bonney Upwelling and adjacent upwelling areas of South Australia and Victoria.

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Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

Phascogale tapoatafa Brush-tailed V This species prefers dry sclerophyll forest with a sparse groundcover of Recorded Site – Low Phascogale herbs, grasses, shrubs or leaf litter. They also inhabit heath, swamps, within 10 km rainforest and wet sclerophyll forest. They forage mostly in rough barked (EPA 2011) Study Area - Low trees and feed mostly on arthropods but will eat other invertebrates, nectar and occasionally small vertebrates.

Dugong dugon Dugong V M Dugongs are considered occasional visitors to NSW coastal and estuarine Recorded Site – None waters. Dugongs were sighted in coastal and estuarine waters containing within 10 km Halophila seagrasses around Wallis Lake, Port Stephens, Lake Macquarie (EPA 2011) Study Area - None and Brisbane Water in the summer of 2002/2003. The presence of Dugongs in these areas at this time coincided with warm water temperatures.

Miniopterus schreibersii Eastern V This species occurs along the east coast from Cape York to Castlemaine Recorded Site – Low (foraging) oceanensis Bentwing-bat in Victoria, generally east of the Great Dividing Range (Churchill 2008). It within 10 km Study Area – Low is known from a variety of habitats from open grasslands to woodlands, (EPA 2011) (foraging) wet and dry sclerophyll forests and rainforest. It has a direct flight pattern and forages above the canopy in forested areas or close to the ground in open areas (Churchill 2008). It is essentially a cave bat but also utilises man-made habitats such as road culverts, storm-water tunnels and other man-made structures. Maternity caves have very specific humidity and temperature regimes and there are only 4 known maternity caves in NSW, near Wee Jasper, Bungonia, Kempsey and Texas. Breeding takes place in October and females may travel several hundred kilometres to the nearest maternal colony (Churchill 2008).

Falsistrellus Eastern False V This species of bat inhabits moist forest generally with trees larger than Recorded Site – None tasmaniensis Pipistrelle 20 m and roosts in eucalypt hollows, underneath bark or in buildings. Diet within 10km Study Area - Low consists of moths, beetles and other insects, which it collects within or just (EPA 2011) below the tree canopy. This species hibernates during winter and breeding takes place in late spring.

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Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

Mormopterus Eastern V This species occurs from southern NSW to southern QLD in dry Recorded Site – Known norfolkensis Freetail-bat sclerophyll forest and woodland east of the Great Dividing Range. It within 10 km forages in natural and artificial openings in the vegetation, typically within (EPA 2011) Study Area - Known a few kilometres of its roost. The species roosts primarily in tree hollows but has also been recorded from man-made structures or under bark. Females give birth in late November/early December and lactation lasts until late January (Churchill 2008).

Cercartetus nanus Eastern V This species is distributed along the coast of southern QLD, NSW, and Site – Low Pygmy-possum Victoria, southeastern SA, and is present throughout Tasmania (Bowen Study Area - Moderate and Goldingay 2000). Banksia spp. and myrtaceous shrubs and trees are favoured food sources and nesting sites in drier habitats. The eastern Pygmy-possum's diet consists largely of pollen and nectar from Banksia spp., Eucalyptus spp., Callistemon spp. and insects (Turner and Ward 1995). It nest in hollows in trees but its small size allows it to nest in a variety of places including under the bark of Eucalypts, forks of tea-trees, and in abandoned bird nests (Turner and Ward 1995).

Scoteanax rueppellii Greater Broad- V This species occurs on the east coast and Great Dividing Range from the Recorded Site – Low nosed Bat Atherton Tablelands in QLD to northern Victoria. It inhabits a variety of within 10 km Study Area – Moderate habitats from woodland to wet and dry sclerophyll forests and rainforest, (EPA 2011) as well as remnant paddock trees and timber-lined creeks, typically in areas below 500 m elevation (Hoye and Richards 2008, Churchill 2008). It has a direct flight pattern and forages for insects (and potentially other bats) in relatively uncluttered areas, using natural or man-made openings in denser habitats. It generally roosts in tree hollows or fissures but may also roost under exfoliating bark or in the roofs of old buildings. The young are born in January in communal maternal roosts in suitable hollow trees (Hoye and Richards 2008, Churchill 2008).

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Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

Pteropus poliocephalus Grey-headed V V This species roosts in camps generally located within 20 km of a regular Recorded Site – High (foraging) Flying-fox food source and are commonly found in gullies, close to water and in within 10 km vegetation with a dense canopy. This species is known to forage in areas (EPA 2011) Study Area – Known (foraging) supporting subtropical and temperate rainforests, tall sclerophyll forests and woodlands, heaths and swamps on the nectar and pollen of native Predicted within 10 km trees, in particular eucalypts, melaleucas and banksias. Grey-headed Flying-fox show a regular pattern of seasonal movement with much of the (DSEWPaC 2011a) population moving to northern NSW and QLD during May and June to exploit winter flowering tree species (Eby and Law 2008). This species will also forage in urban gardens and cultivated fruit crops.

Megaptera novaeangliae Humpback V V Large marine mammal that can grow to 16 m in length and is found in Recorded Site – None Whale oceanic and coastal waters worldwide. They have a stocky body with a within 10 km broad rounded head, a small dorsal fin and very long flippers. The back (EPA 2011) Study Area - None and sides of the body are black as is the underside, which often has some white on it. The flippers and underside in some of the tail-flukes are Predicted within 10km usually mostly white. The population of Australia's east coast migrates from summer cold-water feeding grounds in Subantarctic waters to warm- (DSEWPaC water winter breeding grounds in the central Great Barrier Reef. They are 2011a) regularly observed in NSW waters in June and July, on northward migration and October and November, on southward migration.

Phascolarctos cinereus Koala V The Koala has a fragmented distribution throughout eastern Australia. It is Recorded Site – Low limited to areas of preferred feed trees (includes any of over 70 eucalypt within 10 km and 30 non-eucalypt species) in eucalypt woodlands and forests. (EPA 2011) Study Area - Low

Chalinolobus dwyeri Large-eared V V This species is distributed between south-eastern QLD to NSW from the Predicted Site – Moderate Pied Bat coast to the western slopes of the divide. This species roosts in caves, within 10 km (foraging) rock crevices and mines and has been most commonly recorded from dry (DSEWPaC sclerophyll forests and woodlands. In southern Sydney appears to be 2011a) Study Area – Moderate (foraging) largely restricted to the interface between sandstone escarpments and fertile valleys (DSEWPaC 2011b). C. dwyeri is an insectivorous species that flies relatively slowly over the canopy or along creek beds (Churchill 2008).

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Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

Myotis macropus Large-footed V Primarily a coastal species that forages over streams and watercourses Recorded Site – None Myotis feeding on fish and insects which it catches by raking its feet across the within 10 km water surface, it will occur inland along large river systems. Breeding (EPA 2011) Study Area - None takes place during November or December, roosting in a variety of habitats including caves, mine shafts, hollow-bearing trees, stormwater channels, buildings, under bridges and in dense foliage.

Miniopterus australis Little Bentwing- V The Little Bentwing Bat occurs from Cape York to Sydney in NSW. This Recorded Site – Moderate bat species congregates in maternal roost caves during summer. In NSW, within 10 km (foraging) there is only one known breeding colony which shares a cave with a (EPA 2011) Study Area – Moderate colony of Eastern Bentwing-bats, and females will travel over 200 km to (foraging) reach this site. Outside the breeding season, this bat will roost in caves, tunnels and mines and has been recorded in a tree hollow on one occasion. It forages for insects beneath the canopy of well-timbered habitats including rainforests, wet and dry sclerophyll forests, paperbark swamps and vine thickets (Churchill 2008, Hoye and Hall 2008).

Potorous tridactylus Long-Nosed V V This species of small mammal is generally restricted to areas with high Recorded Site – Very low Potoroo annual rainfall, inhabiting coastal heath and dry and wet sclerophyll within 10 km Study Area – Very low forests. Its major habitat requirement is relatively thick ground cover with (EPA 2011) occasional open areas and may consist of grass trees, sedges, ferns or Predicted heath, or low shrubs of tea-trees and Melaleucas where soil is light and sandy. It feeds on the fruiting bodies of underground-fruiting fungi, roots, within 10 km tubers, insects and their larvae, and other soft-bodied animals in the soil. (DSEWPaC 2011a) Breeding occurs biannually in late winter / early spring and in late summer, with one young being reared (Johnston 1995). In NSW it is generally restricted to coastal heaths and forests east of the Great Dividing Range, with a n annual rainfall exceeding 760 mm.

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Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence Pseudomys New Holland V The New Holland Mouse occurs in disjunct, coastal populations in SE Site – Known novaehollandiae Mouse Australia from Tasmania to Queensland. In NSW it has been found in a Recorded variety of coastal habitats including heathland, woodland, dry sclerophyll within 10 km (EPA 2011) Study Area - Known forest with a dense shrub layer and vegetated sand dunes (Wilson and Bradtke 1999). It is commonly referred to as a ‘disturbance enhanced’ or Predicted early successional species as populations have demonstrated the within 10 km capacity to recolonise and increase in size in areas of regenerating native (DSEWPaC vegetation after wildfire, clearing and sandmining. The species’ presence 2011a) has been strongly correlated with the density of understorey vegetation, and with a high floristic diversity in regenerating heath (Lock and Wilson 1999). Arctocephalus fosteri New Zealand V This species of fur-seal is slightly smaller than the Australian Fur-seal, Site – None Fur-seal growing to a maximum of 2 metres in length. The species prefers rocky Recorded parts of islands with jumbled terrain and boulders. It occurs in Australia within 10 km (EPA 2011) Study Area - None and New Zealand and distribution includes reports of non-breeding animals along southern NSW coast particularly on Montague Island, but also at other isolated locations to north of Sydney.

Eubalaena australis Southern Right V E,M Southern Right Whales have been recorded in the coastal waters of all Predicted Site – None Whale Australian states with the exception of the Northern Territory, though they within 10 km Study Area - None are principally recorded off WA and western SA. Known major calving (DSEWPaC areas occur in shallow, sandy areas off the coasts of Western and South 2011a) Australia. Feeding areas are thought to be in deeper offshore waters at higher latitudes.

Dasyurus maculatus Spotted-tailed V E This species has a preference for mature wet forest habitats, particularly Predicted to Site – Very low Quoll in areas of 600 mm rainfall p.a., but has been recorded from a range of occur within environments including rainforest, open forest, woodland, coastal heath 10 km Study Area – Very low and inland riparian forest, from the sub-alpine zone to the coastline. Den (DSEWPaC sites are found in hollow-bearing trees, fallen logs, small caves, rock 2011a) crevices, boulder fields and rocky-cliff faces. Females occupy home ranges of up to 750 ha and males up to 3,500 ha, which are usually traversed along densely vegetated creek lines.

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Scientific Name Common TSC EPBC Habitat Association Nature of Likelihood of Name Act Act Record Occurrence

Petaurus norfolcensis Squirrel Glider V This species of glider is widely though sparsely distributed throughout Recorded Site – Very low eastern Australia. In NSW it inhabits mature or old growth Box, Box- within 10 km Ironbark woodlands and River Red Gum forest west of the Great Dividing (EPA 2011) Study Area – Very low Range and Blackbutt-Bloodwood forest with heath understorey in coastal areas. This species prefers a diversity of food supplies including acacia gum, eucalypt sap, nectar, honeydew and manna, with invertebrates and pollen providing protein, and requires an abundant supply of tree-hollows for nesting and shelter.

Reptiles

Chelonia mydas Green Turtle V V This species of sea turtle is found in tropical and coastal waters of the Recorded Site – None north and central coast of Australia, occasionally venturing into southern within 10 km Study Area - None waters. Adults feed on marine plant material, however are carnivorous (EPA 2011) when young. Eggs are laid in nests dug into beaches throughout the species range including NSW.

All information in this table is taken from NSW EPA and Commonwealth DSEWPaC Threatened Species profiles (DEC 2005; DSEWPaC 2011b) unless otherwise stated. The codes used in this table are: PEx – Presumed Extinct; CE – Critically Endangered; E – Endangered; V – Vulnerable; EP – Endangered Population; CEEC – Critically Endangered Ecological Community; EEC – Endangered Ecological Community; Prel. – subject to preliminary determination by the NSW Scientific Committee.

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Table B-2 Threatened Biota that are unlikely to be impacted by the Project

Factor Site Values Species Not Compatible with Site Values (cumulative)

Extant distribution Terrestrial environs within the Hunter sub- Flora catchment (eg excludes species with pelagic distributions and those that do not naturally occur Pterostylis gibbosa, Euphrasia arguta, Allocasuarina defungens, Diuris praecox within the study area) Fauna Arctocephalus fosteri, Megaptera novaeangliae, Dugong dugon, Balaenoptera musculus, Mixophyes balbus, Thalassarche cauta steadi, Epinephelus daemelii, Carcharadon carcharias, Pristis zijsron, Carcharius taurus, Diomedea exulans, Diomedea dabbenena, Xenus cinereus, Macronectes giganteus, Thalassarche cauta, Thalassarche cauta salvinia, Pterodroma solandri, Macronectes halli, Sula dactylatra, Anseranas semipalmata, Pterodroma neglecta neglecta, Diomedea antipodensis, Diomedea amsterdamensis, Thassalarche melanophris, Thalassarche bulleri, Talassarche melanophris impivada, Puffinus carneipes, Diomedea gibsoni, Pterodroma leucoptera leucoptera, Calidris tenuirostris, Calyptorhynchus banksia, Chelonia mydas

Geological/ soil/ Pleistocene sand deposits (no headlands or rock Flora topographic conditions outcrops) dry soils (no water resources such as wetlands), not adjacent to water resources, no Grevillea parviflora subsp parviflora, Melaleuca biconvexa, Muehlenbeckia costata, Persicaria mudflats or intertidal zones elatior, Pultenaea maritime, Zannichellia palustris Fauna Botaurus poiciloptilus, Ixobrychus flavicollis, Limosa limosa, Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus, Oxyura australis, Limicola falcinellus, Irediparra gallinacean, Charadrius leschenaultia, Charadrius mongolus, Sterna albifrons, Pandion haliaetus, Haematopus longirostris, Haematopus fuliginosus, Epthianura albifrons, Litoria littlejohni, Litoria aurea, Crinia tinnula, Myotis macropus

Climatic conditions Hot wet summers/ dry moderate winter n/a

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Factor Site Values Species Not Compatible with Site Values (cumulative)

Vegetation Dry sclerophyll heathy forest on deep coastal Flora sands (not grassy woodlands); Exotic grassland Diuris praecox, Tetratheca juncea, Syzygium paniculatum, Rulingia prostrate, Eucalyptus parramattensis subsp decadens, Eucalyptus camfieldii, Cryptostylis hunteriana (Bell and Driscoll, 2006) Fauna Falsistrellus tasmaniensis, Neophema pulchella, Melanodryas cucullata cucullata,

Habitat features  Open vegetation structure. Flora

 No winter nectar forage. n/a

 No forest/ rainforest fruits. Fauna Ptilinopus regina, Haematopus fuliginosus, Ptilinopus superbus, Ptilinopus magnificus,  No Allocasuarina cones. Anthochaera phrygia (breeding), Petroica boodang, Lathamus discolor (foraging), Burhinus  Very low invertebrate diversity. grallarius, Calyptorhynchus lathami, Pyrroholaemus sagittatus, Miniopterus australis (breeding), Chalinolobus dwyeri (breeding), Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis (breeding),  No grass seed resources.

 No caves, tunnels, culverts or similar structures.

Home range  Small impact area (< 10 ha). Large residual Flora adjoining remnant (>500 ha). n/a  Habitat area of site too small to independently Fauna support or form a critical part of a viable Ninox connivens, Callocephalon fimbriatum, Hieraaetus morphnoides, Tyto novaehollandiae, population. Pandion haliaetus, Ninox strenua, Tyto tenebricosa, Circus assimilus, Lophoictinia isura, Dasyurus maculatus

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Factor Site Values Species Not Compatible with Site Values (cumulative)

Ecological processes  Exotic plant incursions. Flora n/a Fauna n/a

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Appendix C Flora Species Recorded within the Site

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Table C-1 Flora Recorded within the Site

Family Species Smooth-barked Exotic Open Apple Red Grassland Bloodwood Shrubby Open Forest Adiantaceae Cheilanthes sieberi subsp sieberi Present

Apiaceae Actinotus helianthi Present

Platysace ericoides Present

Platysace lanceolata Present

Apocynaceae Parsonsia straminea Present

Araliaceae Polyscias sambucifolia subsp A Present

Asteraceae Ageratina adenophora* Present

Ambrosia tenuifolia* Present

Bidens pilosa* Present Present

Conyza bonariensis* Present

Coreopsis lanceolata* Present

Heterotheca grandiflora Present

Hypochaeris glabra Present

Hypochaeris radicata* Present

Senecio madagascariensis* Present

Taraxacum officinale* Present Present

Cyperaceae Caustis recurvata var recurvata Present

Ghania clarkei Present

Lepidosperma concavum Present

Schoenus ericetorum Present

Dennstaedtiaceae Pteridium esculentum Present

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Family Species Smooth-barked Exotic Open Apple Red Grassland Bloodwood Shrubby Open Forest Droseraceae Drosera auriculata Present

Epacridaceae Astroloma pinifolium Present

Monotoca elliptica Present

Monotoca scoparia Present

Styphelia virdis subsp viridis Present

Euphorbiaceae Ricinocarpos pinifolius Present

Fabaceae Bossiaea heterophylla Present (Faboideae)

Bossiaea rhombifolia subsp Present rhombifolia

Trifolium arvense* Present

Fabaceae Acacia longifolia Present Present (Mimosoideae)

Acacia suaveolens Present

Acacia ulicifolia Present

Goodenia bellidifolia sub sp Goodeniaceae Present Present bellidifolia

Goodenia heterophylla subsp Present heterophylla

Scaevola ramosissima Present

Haemodoraceae Haemodorum planifolium Present

Haloragaceae Gonocarpus Teucrioides Present

Iridaceae Patersonia glabrata Present

Patersonia sericea Present

Linsaeaceae Lindsaea microphylla Present

Lauraceae Cassytha glabella forma glabella Present

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Family Species Smooth-barked Exotic Open Apple Red Grassland Bloodwood Shrubby Open Forest Cassytha pubescens Present

Lomandrceae Lomandra cylindrica Present

Lomandra filiformis subsp filiformis Present

Lomandra glauca Present

Lomandra longifolia Present

Malvaceae Sida rhombifolia* Present

Myrtaceae Angophera costata Present

Corymbia gummifera Present

Eucalyptus umbra Present

Eucalyptus globoidea Present

Leptospermum laevigatum Present

Leptospermum polygalifolium subsp Present cismontanum

Leptospermum trinervium Present

Olaceae Olax stricta Present

Orchidaceae Acianthus fornicatus Present

Pterostylis longifolia Present

Phormiaceae Dianella caerulea var assea Present

Dianella caerulea var caerulea Present

Pittosporaceae Billardiera scndens Present

Plantaginaceae Plantago lanceolata Present

Poaceae Alopecurus sp Present

Andropogon virginicus* Present Present

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Family Species Smooth-barked Exotic Open Apple Red Grassland Bloodwood Shrubby Open Forest Aristada ramosa var ramosa Present

Chloris gayana* Present

Cymbopogon refractus Present

Cynodon dactylon Present Present

Entolasia stricta Present

Eregrostis brownii Present Present

Imperata cylindrical var major Present

Melenis repens* Present

Sporobolus africanus Present Present

Proteaceae Banksia integrifolia subsp integrifolia Present

Banksia serrata Present

Conospermum ericifolium Present

Isopogan anemonifolius Present

Lomatia silaifolia Present

Persoonia lanceolata Present

Xylomelum pyriforme Present

Restionaceae Lepyrodia scariosa Present

Rutaceae Erostemon australasius Present

Zieria laxiflora Present

Solanaceae Solanum sp Present

Thymelaeaceae Pimelea linifolia subsp linifolia Present

Verbenaceae Lantana camara* Present

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Family Species Smooth-barked Exotic Open Apple Red Grassland Bloodwood Shrubby Open Forest Verbena bonariensis* Present

Violaceae Hybanthus monopetalus Present

Xanthorrhoeaceae Xanthorrhoea spp Present

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Appendix D Actions Required in Relation to Notifiable Weeds Pursuant to the Noxious Weeds Act 2003

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Section 8 of the amended Noxious Weeds Act 1993 classifies noxious weeds into 5 weed control classes as follows: (a) Class 1 - State Prohibited Weeds. (b) Class 2 - Regionally Prohibited Weeds. (c) Class 3 - Regionally Controlled Weeds. (d) Class 4 - Locally Controlled Weeds. (e) Class 5 - Restricted Plants. The characteristics of each class are as follows: (a) Class 1 noxious weeds are plants that pose a potentially serious threat to primary production or the environment and are not present in the State or are present only to a limited extent. (b) Class 2 noxious weeds are plants that pose a potentially serious threat to primary production or the environment of a region to which the order applies and are not present in the region or are present only to a limited extent. (c) Class 3 noxious weeds are plants that pose a serious threat to primary production or the environment of an area to which the order applies, are not widely distributed in the area and are likely to spread in the area or to another area. (d) Class 4 noxious weeds are plants that pose a threat to primary production, the environment or human health, are widely distributed in an area to which the order applies and are likely to spread in the area or to another area. (e) Class 5 noxious weeds are plants that are likely, by their sale or the sale of their seeds or movement within the State or an area of the State, to spread in the State or outside the State. A noxious weed that is classified as a Class 1, 2 or 5 noxious weed is referred to in the Act as a "notifiable weed". The relevant sections of the Act that define the actions required in relation to notifiable weeds are reproduced below: Section 15: An occupier of land (other than a local control authority) on which there is a notifiable weed must notify the local control authority for the land of that fact within 3 days after becoming aware that the notifiable weed is on the land. Maximum penalty (for an occupier other than a public authority): 20 penalty units.

Section 16: For the purpose of proving in any prosecution under section 15 (1) that an occupier of land was aware that a notifiable weed was located on the land, if it is proved that the occupier or an employee of the occupier or other person using the land ought reasonably to have known that a notifiable weed was located on the land, that is evidence that the occupier was aware that it was on the land. Section 28: (1) A person (including a public authority) must not sell or purchase: (a) any material or other noxious weed material prescribed by the regulations.

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(b) any animal or thing which has on it, or contains, notifiable weed material or other noxious weed material prescribed by the regulations, knowing it to be, or to have on it or to contain, any such weed material.

(2) An occupier of land (including a public authority) must not knowingly remove or cause to be removed from the land any animal or thing which has on it, or contains, notifiable weed material or other noxious weed material prescribed by the regulations. Maximum penalty: 50 penalty units.

(3) Notifiable weed material: (a) in subsection (1) extends to the weed material of a weed that is a notifiable weed in any part of the State, and (b) in subsection (2) is limited to the weed material of a weed that is a notifiable weed in that part of the State that includes the land that is relevant for the purposes of that subsection. Section 29: An occupier of land (including a public authority) must not use or permit the land to be used for the purpose of disposing of, transporting or selling soil, turf or fodder, if the occupier knows, or ought reasonably to know, that there is a weed on the land that is a notifiable weed in any part of the State. Maximum penalty: 50 penalty units.

Section 40: An inspector who has reasonable cause to suspect that notifiable weed material of a weed that is a notifiable weed in any part of the State is or may be present in an agricultural machine may require the person apparently in charge of the machine to treat the machine immediately, in the manner specified by the inspector, to remove any such weed material. For further information about notifiable noxious weeds, contact: Weeds Hotline 1800 680 244 (NSW Department of Primary Industries).

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Appendix E Fauna Species Recorded within the Site

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Smooth-barked Smooth-barked Smooth-barked Smooth-barked EPBC Apple Red Apple Red Apple Red Apple Red Exotic Open Group Common Name Scientific Name Act Bloodwood OF Bloodwood OF Bloodwood OF Bloodwood OF Grassland Condition A Condition B Condition C Condition D

BIRDS

FALCONIFORMES Nankeen Kestrel Falco cenchroides O

Australian Hobby Falco longipennis O

PASSERIFORMES Common Koel Eudynamys scolopaecea O O

Dollar Bird Eurystomas orientalis O O

Superb Fairy-wren Malurus cyaneus O O

Variegated Fairy-wren Malurus lamberti O O O

White-throated Gerygone Gerygone albogularis W

Brown Thornbill Acanthiza pusilla O

Striated Thornbill Acanthiza lineata O

Wee-bill Smicrornis breviostris O

Eastern Spinebill Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris W

Little Wattlebird Anthochaera chrysoptera O

Grey Shrike-thrush Colluricincla harmonica O O

Black-faced Cuckoo Coracina novaehollandiae O ) Shrike

White-brested Artamus leucorynchus O O Woodswallow

Grey Fantail Rhipidura albiscapa W W O O

Willie Wagtail Rhipidura leucophrys O O

Australian Raven Corvus coronoides O O

Grey butcherbird Cracticus torquatus O O

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Smooth-barked Smooth-barked Smooth-barked Smooth-barked EPBC Apple Red Apple Red Apple Red Apple Red Exotic Open Group Common Name Scientific Name Act Bloodwood OF Bloodwood OF Bloodwood OF Bloodwood OF Grassland Condition A Condition B Condition C Condition D

Silvereye Zosterops lateralis O O

Red-browed Finch Neochmia temporalis O O

MAMMALS

RODENTIA House Mouse Mus musculus* E E H H O

New Holland Mouse Pseudomys novaehollandiae V E, H E

Black Rat Rattus rattus* E E

CARNIVORA Red fox Vulpes vulpes* Sc Sc Sc

Dog Canis familiaris* Sc Sc Sc

DIPROTODONTIA Common Brushtail Trichosurus vulpecula Sc Possum

Kangaroo /Wallaby Macropus sp. Sc Sc Sc Sc

DASYUROMORPHA Brown Antechinus Antechinus stuartii E E

Dusky Antechinus Antechinus swainsonii E E

Goulds Wattled Bat Chalinolobus gouldii A A

Chocolate Wattled Bat Chalinolobus morio A A

Freetail Bat Mormopterus sp. 2 A A

Eastern Freetail bat Mormopterus norfolkensis A A

Eastern Broadnosed Bat Scotorepens orion A A

Eastern Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus megaphyllus A A

White-striped Mastiff Bat Tadarida australis A A

Eastern Forest bat Vespedelus pumilus A A

Southern Forest Bat Vespedelus regulus A A

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Smooth-barked Smooth-barked Smooth-barked Smooth-barked EPBC Apple Red Apple Red Apple Red Apple Red Exotic Open Group Common Name Scientific Name Act Bloodwood OF Bloodwood OF Bloodwood OF Bloodwood OF Grassland Condition A Condition B Condition C Condition D

REPTILES

Striped Skink Ctenotus robustus O

Jacky Lizard Amphibolurus muricatus O

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Appendix F Assessment of Impact on State Listed Threatened Species and Ecological Communities

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Assessment Under Part 3A of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 An evaluation of the magnitude, extent and significance of Proposal impacts on threatened species and ecological communities and their habitats following the assessment criteria identified in the Draft Guidelines for Threatened Species Assessment under Part 3A of the EP&A Act (DEC 2005 and DPI 2005) has been undertaken and is provided below. An assessment of the impact on threatened flora species and EECs that occur or have suitable habitat within the site is presented below. This section addresses the heads of consideration given in Appendix 3 of the Draft Guidelines for Threatened Species Assessment under Part 3A of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (DEC & DPI 2005), with reference to the relevant sub-headings.

Assessment of Impact on Threatened Flora Species and EECs Two threatened flora species (Diuris praecox and Diuris arenaria) have been considered on the basis of the precautionary principle. Habtiat that may contain these species occurs on the western edge of the site adjacent a powerline easement. This habitat is located north and south of the site and would not be impacted by the project. Pre-construction surveys targeting these two species would be undertaken with the detection of these species triggering offsetting and/or translocation works. It is considered that the small loss of potential habitat and associated mitigation/ offsetting provisions would minimise any impacts on these species. Threatened ecological communities considered in this assessment are:

 Swamp Sclerophyll forest on Coastal floodplains of the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner bioregions EEC.

 Swamp Oak Floodplain forest of the NSW North Coast, Sydney basin and South East Corner Bioregions EEC. These have been included in the assessment on the basis of indirect impacts arising from altered groundwater conditions. a) How is the Proposal likely to affect the lifecycle of a threatened species and/or population? No threatened flora or their habitats were recorded during the field surveys and as such it is anticipated that there will be no known loss of a threatened flora species, population or its habitat. Pre-construction surveys in August targeting Diuris praecox and Diuris arenaria and any associated offsetting and/or translocation would be undertaken to ensure that the lifecycle of these species would not be impact by the project. b) How is the Proposal likely to affect the habitat of a threatened species, population or ecological community?

Threatened Flora Species No threatened flora species were detected in any of the flora surveys of the site. Field survey results and literature reviews indicate that the native vegetation of the site does not provide suitable habitat for threatened flora species known to occur within 10 km of the site (Bell and Driscoll, 2006). No adverse impacts are expected to occur in listed threatened flora species. The potential habitat identified for Diuris praecox and Diuris arenaria is located north and south from the site and would not be impacted by the project. On this masis it is considered that the habtait for these two species would not be adversely impacted in the locality by the project.

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Endangered Ecological Communities The following table identifies the expected indirect impact on EECs within the locality.

Table F-1 Impacts on EECs with in the Locality

Vegetation Clearing Other Impacts Conservation Significance Community (ha)

Swamp Sclerophyll forest on - Reduced depth to groundwater. Listed EEC. Coastal floodplains of the May reduce plant species diversity NSW North Coast, Sydney and structure. Basin and South East Corner bioregions.

Swamp Oak Floodplain forest - Reduced depth to groundwater. Listed EEC. of the NSW North Coast, May reduce plant species diversity Sydney basin and South East and structure. Corner Bioregions.

Total 0 ha

Broad-leaved Paperbark – Swamp Mahogany Forest and Swamp Oak Forest located outside the site but within the study area is predicted to be indirectly impacted by increased groundwater infiltration resulting in reduced depth to groundwater of between 0.02 to 0.05 m (GHD, 2011). This net change is considered to be within natural variation although small permanent changes in floristics and vegetation structure are expected within ecotonal areas (GHD, 2010). Predicted changes in the Broad-leaved Paperbark – Swamp Mahogany Forest are likely to be minimal although a successional change toward vegetation classed by Bell and Driscoll (2006) as ‘Coastal Wet Sand Cyperoid Heath’ is predicted (ie change in median depth to groundwater range of 0.9 – 1.0 m towards 0.5 to 0.8 m). However, a substantial change towards Coastal Wet Sand Cyperoid Heath is unlikely as this would require a substantially greater decrease in depth to groundwater (ie exceeding 0.1 m). Predicted changes to Swamp Oak Forest are likely to be limited to a small decrease in plant species diversity with no successional change in vegetation type predicted. Within this context it is considered that there will be minor tolerable impact on EECs contained within the study area as a consequence of the Project. c) Does the Proposal affect any threatened species or populations that are at the limit of its known distribution? The currently known geographical distributions of threatened species have been obtained from the EPA Wildlife Atlas database records. No identifiable impact on known or suitable threatened flora species habitats is predicted. It is unlikely that the Project would impact threatened flora species located at or near their natural known distribution limits. d) How is the Proposal likely to affect current disturbance regimes? The site adjoins highly disturbed and modified lands to the south and west currently influenced by industrial land uses. These disturbance regimes have had indirect influences on the existing environment of the site and, in the absence management, may be exacerbated by the Project. In areas of limited existing disturbance, the Project has the potential to introduce weeds into these habitats. The effects of the Projects impacts are minimised by the use of mitigation measures during the construction period by isolating vegetation not within the construction footprint through temporary

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fencing, fauna clearance and weed management. Weed control programs are recommended to minimise the spread of weeds into the adjoining bushland. The use of exclusion fencing to prevent access to bushland adjoining the construction area would reduce the potential for unanticipated damage to peripheral bushland by the construction crews. Ongoing weed management is also considered an appropriate mitigation measure, which would have long term benefits. e) How is the Proposal likely to affect habitat connectivity? The Proposal is expected to result in the removal of vegetation cover at the northern end of the site coincides with the terminus of existing native vegetation cover of the Tomago sand beds. This vegetation loss is be limited to Smooth-barked Apple Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest, which is not listed as an EEC nor does it contain suitable habitat for threatened flora. The width of vegetation clearing would result in a partial disconnection of 1.10 ha of native vegetation located south of the proposed haul road by a gap of approximately 14 m during construction and 9 m during operation. In summary, it is considered that the vegetation clearing required for the Project would decrease connectivity between native vegetation of the Tomago sand beds and a small residual patch located immediately south of the haul road. Notwithstanding it is expected that exchange of genetic material, and fauna is still likely to occur through the landscape by means of insect, wind and water borne dispersal of pollen, seeds and propagules as the vegetation cover will effectively remain connected (ie <100 m gap). f) How is the Proposal likely to affect critical habitat? No areas of critical habitat proclaimed under the TSC Act coincide with the site boundary. Critical habitat will not be affected by the Proposal.

Conclusion to Part 3A Impact Assessment for threatened Flora and EECs It is considered unlikely that the Proposal would result in impacts of a magnitude that would cause a local population of threatened flora or local occurrence of an endangered ecological community to become extinct or contribute to the decline of threatened biota. This is based on the following:

 No threatened flora or their habitats were recorded within the site or impact area. No threatened flora is expected to be impacted by the Proposal within the site.

 Pre-construction surveys for Diuris praecox and Diuris arenaria with associated offsetting and/or translocation would be undertaken to reduce impacts.

 The Proposal would reduce connectivity between areas of existing native vegetation cover. However, the partial decrease in connectivity is restricted to an isolated small patch of native vegetation south of the haul road (i.e. 1.1 ha), which would not be completely severed from the main area of native vegetation cover associated with the Tomago sand beds (ie 30 m gap is less than the maximum tolerable gap of 100 m for woody vegetation types).

 There will be no direct impacts on EECs as none occur within the site. EECs located within the study area are predicted to experience an indirect impact from reduced depth to ground water (i.e. increased infiltration of surface waters to the groundwater aquifer). Impacts associated with the predicted changes in depth to groundwater (GHD, 2011) are considered to be within the tolerance limits for these EECs (Bell and Driscoll, 2006). Impact avoidance has been used to reduce the Projects impact on native vegetation supporting threatened fauna species by redesigning the haul road to impact on native vegetation cover with lower plant species diversity. An appropriately timed ecological burn for the purposes of bush fire hazard

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reduction, fauna clearance and weed control have been recommended to minimise direct and indirect impacts.

Assessment of Impact on Threatened Fauna Threatened fauna species known to occur or have suitable habitat within the site are listed below.

Category Fauna Species

Known to occur within the Grey-headed Flying-fox and Eastern Free-tail Bat. site

Occurrence of suitable Habitat specialists – Koala, Spotted-tailed Quoll, Long-nosed Potoroo habitat within the site Hollow-dependent fauna – Greater Broad-nosed Bat, Brush-tailed Phascogale, Eastern Pygmy Possum, Squirrel Glider Cave-dependent Bats (Foraging) – Large-eared Pied Bat, Little Bentwing bat Eastern Bentwing Bat.

For the purposes of this report, the subject species have been grouped according to similar behavioural characteristics or habitat requirements where possible and assessed below using the factors given in Appendix 3 of the Part 3A guidelines. a) How is the Proposal likely to affect the lifecycle of a threatened species and/or endangered population? The following impact assessment is partitioned into two sections to reflect the survey results. The first section deals with species that were recorded during the survey period. The latter addresses species identified as having suitable habitat within the site.

Threatened Species Recorded within the Site

Grey-headed Flying-fox – vulnerable under the NSW TSC Act The Grey-headed Flying-fox roosts in large colonies of up to tens of thousands and often share camps with the little red flying-fox and black flying-fox (Churchill 1998; NPWS 2000). Colonies are usually formed in gullies with a dense vegetation canopy and a water source nearby. Camps have also been formed in modified vegetation in urban areas (NPWS 2002). Site fidelity is high, with some camps in NSW used for over a century. Bats usually return annually in October/November to particular camps for rearing young (NPWS 2002). In total approximately 0.68 ha of native vegetation comprising suitable foraging habitat would be cleared for the Project. The Proposal is unlikely to displace or disrupt the Grey-headed Flying-fox, though the loss of foraging habitat is expected to contribute to the cumulative loss of suitable habitat for this species. As no flying-fox camps would be disturbed, it is considered highly unlikely that the Proposal would disrupt the breeding cycle or roosting behaviour of the Grey-headed Flying-fox.

Eastern Freetail Bat – vulnerable under the NSW TSC Act The Eastern Freetail Bat generally roosts in tree hollows, although individuals have been recorded roosting in buildings, under exfoliating bark and bat boxes. Preferred hollows are spouts within large mature trees. Females give birth in late November or early December, with lactation lasting until late January. Juveniles are flying by late January (Churchill, 2008).

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The greatest impact from the Project would have on this species is the loss of suitable roosting and breeding hollows. The Eastern Freetail Bat is unlikely to roost in the construction impact zone but may roost in the taller denser vegetation to the north of the site. Fauna clearance works during the construction period combined with nest box installation is recommended to minimise the impacts of the Project.

Project Impacts on Threatened Species Suitable Habitat (not recorded within the site)

Hollow dependant mammals – Brush-tailed Phascogale, Eastern Pygmy Possum and Squirrel Glider – vulnerable under the NSW TSC Act The Brush-tailed Phascogale prefers dry sclerophyll forest with a sparse groundcover of herbs, grasses, shrubs or leaf litter. They also inhabit heath, swamps, rainforest and wet sclerophyll forest. They forage mostly in rough barked trees and feed mostly on arthropods but will eat other invertebrates, nectar and occasionally small vertebrates. Regional occurrences at Clarence Town and Singleton suggest the species to be associated with Spotted Gum Ironbark forest types although it is also known to occur within coastal sand bed vegetation north from the site (Myall lakes National Park). The Squirrel Glider is widely distributed throughout eastern Australia although higher population densities are restricted. In NSW it inhabits mature or old growth Box, Box-Ironbark woodlands and River Red Gum forest west of the Great Dividing Range and Blackbutt-Bloodwood forest with heath understorey in coastal areas. This species prefers a diversity of food supplies including acacia gum, eucalypt sap, nectar, honeydew and manna, with invertebrates and pollen providing protein, and requires an abundant supply of tree-hollows for nesting and shelter. The Eastern Pygmy Possum is distributed along the coast of southern QLD, NSW, and Victoria, southeastern SA, and is present throughout Tasmania (Bowen and Goldingay 2000). Banksia spp. and myrtaceous shrubs and trees are favoured food sources and nesting sites in drier habitats. The Eastern Pygmy Possum's diet consists largely of pollen and nectar from Banksia spp., Eucalyptus spp., Callistemon spp. and insects (Turner and Ward 1995). It nest in hollows in trees but its small size allows it to nest in a variety of places including under the bark of Eucalypts, forks of tea-trees, and in abandoned bird nests (Turner and Ward 1995). The Project is expected to result in the loss of two hollow bearing trees although the majority of hollow bearing trees contained within the study area (i.e. 11) are to remain insitu and unaffected by the Project. Two hollow bearing trees have been avoided through the alteration of the haul road design. No direct impacts are expected to occur on individuals of the Brush-tailed Phascogale, Eastern Pygmy Possum and Squirrel Glider with the Projects impacts likely to be restricted to the loss of potential den sites (ie tree hollows). The loss of den sites has the potential to impact shelter and breeding activity by these species. The use of an appropriately timed ecological burn for bush fire hazard reduction purposes and weed management combined with the retention of potential den habitat (hollows) is likely to enhance habitat for these species within areas that are not to be impacted by the Project. These works are likely to result in improved conditions for lifecycles for these species within the locality.

Koala – vulnerable under the NSW TSC Act The Koala has a fragmented distribution throughout eastern Australia. It is limited to areas of preferred feed trees (includes any of over 70 eucalypt and 30 non-eucalypt species) in eucalypt woodlands and forests. The Port Stephens Koala is recognised as an important population and is the subject of a

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CKPoM (PSC, 2002). Locally the Koala is known to forage on Smooth-barked Apple within the context of supplementary habitat. The site contains a stand of Smooth-barked Apple as part of a wider expanse of this tree species throughout the Tomago sand beds. The occurrence of this locally utilised tree species is limited to young stunted specimens with limited canopy projection owing to the fluoride emissions from the adjoining Tomago Aluminium smelter (Ecoplan Australia Pty Ltd, 2009). The low tree abundance and canopy density of site vegetation and its disconnection with lands south and west of the site contribute to decreased importance of site vegetation for the Koala within the locality. Higher value foraging habitat is located to the north of the site particularly where stands of Earp’s Redgum occur in association with other preferred forage species. The loss of vegetation from the site would have a limited inconsequential impact on the Koala within the locality and Port Stephen area.

Hollow-roosting bats – Greater Broad-nosed Bat – vulnerable under the NSW TSC Act The Greater Broad-nosed Bat, in contrast, occurs in a wide range of habitats from rainforest to cleared paddocks with remnant trees (Churchill, 2008). Tree roosting bats are vulnerable to habitat loss and modification, especially the loss of hollow-bearing trees and good quality foraging habitat. Frequent fires or vegetation changes through pollution or weed invasion can impact on the insect prey base on which these species feed. Some predation by feral and domestic cats may also occur. Any activity that reduces prey or roost availability would contribute to the cumulative impacts on this species within the locality. Loss of tree hollows would reduce the availability of roosting and breeding hollows within the study area. Felling of occupied hollow bearing trees could also lead to the death of individuals if not properly managed.Two hollow-bearing trees are to be removed through the construction of the proposed haul road. Not all hollow-bearing trees to be removed would provide suitable roosting or breeding habitat for these species based on the size of hollows. It is unlikely although not impossible that the small patch size of vegetation proposed to be cleared would contain preferential roost sites for these species. Clearing of vegetation is not likely to displace this species from the site however some disturbance is expected to occur and the extent of habitat available would be reduced. The greatest impact of the Project is the loss of suitable roosting and breeding hollows. The Greater Broad-nosed Bat could roost in hollow-bearing trees throughout the study area including stags. While it is unknown whether any of these species roosts or breeds within the site, the removal of a roost tree without the proper controls may result in the death of a number of bats. Fauna clearance works during the construction period combined with nest box installation is recommended to minimise the impacts of the Project.

Cave-roosting bats – Eastern Bent-wing Bat, Little Bentwing Bat and Large-eared Pied Bat – vulnerable under the NSW TSC Act The Eastern Bent-wing Bat occurs along the coast and ranges of eastern Australia, extending from Cape York through to Victoria. The species is relatively widespread and can be locally common where suitable caves or tunnels are available as roost sites. While caves represent the natural roosting habitat, the species will also utilise old mines, stormwater channels, road culverts and other similar structures. The large-eared pied bat is found in rocky areas and adjoining forested habitat in the east coast and ranges of NSW and southern Queensland. This species generally roosts in caves and mine shafts where it

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inhabits the twilight zone and has also been reported to roost in disused fairy martin nests and therefore may roost under bridges and culverts. The Large-eared Pied Bat is distributed between south-eastern QLD to NSW from the coast to the western slopes of the divide. This species roosts in caves, rock crevices and mines and has been most commonly recorded from dry sclerophyll forests and woodlands. In southern Sydney appears to be largely restricted to the interface between sandstone escarpments and fertile valleys (DSEWPaC 2011b). C. dwyeri is an insectivorous species that flies relatively slowly over the canopy or along creek beds (Churchill 2008). The Little Bentwing Bat occurs from Cape York to Sydney in NSW. This species congregates in maternal roost caves during summer. In NSW, there is only one known breeding colony which shares a cave with a colony of Eastern Bentwing Bats, and females will travel over 200 km to reach this site. Outside the breeding season, this bat will roost in caves, tunnels and mines and has been recorded in a tree hollow on one occasion. It forages for insects beneath the canopy of well-timbered habitats including rainforests, wet and dry sclerophyll forests, paperbark swamps and vine thickets (Churchill 2008, Hoye and Hall 2008). The main threat to these cave-roosting bat species is the loss of roost sites, particularly nursery caves. Their dependence upon relatively few nursery caves suggests that threats to the existence or structural integrity of these may place widespread populations in jeopardy (Dwyer 1995). Locally, these species are most likely to roost under bridges, or in culverts or old buildings in the area. The project would not result in a loss of these habitat features and such no suitable roost or breeding habitat for any of these species be impacted by the Project.

The Spotted-tailed Quoll – Endangered under the NSW TSC Act The Spotted-tailed Quoll is considered to have a very low possibility of occurring within the site due to the absence of potential den sites, the effect of prior and current disturbance on foraging resources (ie lack of medium sized mammals and bird activity) and the effects of competition exerted by the European Fox. The site is surrounded on two sides by development with man proof fencing and is unlikely to be used by individuals for movement through the locality. It is considered that the lifecycle of the Spotted-tailed Quoll is not likely to be adversely impacted by the Project.

The Long-nosed Potoroo – Vulnerable under the NSW TSC Act The Long-nosed Potoroo (Potorous tridactylus) is considered to have a very low possibility of occurring within the site. The vegetation within the site would represent only marginal habitat for this species due to the proximity to human activity (ie industrial development) and associated predatory pressures (ie presence of European Fox) and the lack of dense understorey required by the Long-nosed Potoroo for shelter and foraging. However as these species may occur in the areas of vegetation to the north which are contiguous with the site, this species could therefore conceivably occur at the site on an opportunistic basis. Notwithstanding the site is surrounded on two sides by development with man proof fencing and is unlikely to be used by individuals for movement through the locality. It is considered that the lifecycle of the Long-nosed Potoroo is not likely to be adversely impacted by the Project.

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b) How is the Proposal likely to affect the habitat of a threatened species, endangered population or endangered ecological community? The Project would involve vegetation clearing resulting in the loss of 0.68 ha of native vegetation described as Smooth-barked Apple Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest. A small area of this vegetation type, which is in a compromised ecological state (ie edge effects and past land uses), would also be partial fragmented by the proposed haul road (ie 9 m gap). The Project would preferentially remove native vegetation with low plant species diversity and limited fauna habitat features such as hollow bearing trees. Whilst this has the potential to cause displacement or in some cases possible mortality of fauna that are within the disturbance area during construction it is considered that the magnitude of these impacts are minor and tolerable. Specific impacts to threatened species that are known to occur or could occur in the area are discussed below.

Threatened Species Recorded within the Site

Grey-headed Flying-fox The Project would result in the loss of 0.68 ha of suitable foraging habitat for this species, which is regarded as a negligible impact particularly given the large extent of residual suitable habitat retained within the adjoining Tomago sand beds. There will be no loss of camp sites expected as none were observed within the site. Within the context of the Tomago sand beds it is considered that the habitat values of the site are likely to remain largely unaffected by the Project.

Eastern Freetail Bat The loss of 0.68 ha of foraging habitat and roosts sites (hollow bearing trees) for this species would be a negligible impact, given the large areas through which these species are known to forage the quantum of roost sites retained in the adjoining native vegetation and the proposed fauna clearance works during the construction period.

Project Impacts on Threatened Species Suitable Habitat (not recorded within the site)

Hollow-roosting bats – Greater Broadnosed Bat – vulnerable under the NSW TSC Act The loss of 0.68 ha of foraging habitat and roosts sites (hollow bearing trees) for these species would be a negligible impact, given the large areas through which these species are known to forage the quantum of roost sites retained in the adjoining native vegetation and the proposed fauna clearance works during the construction period.

Hollow dependant mammals – Brush-tailed Phascogale, Eastern Pygmy Possum and Squirrel Glider – vulnerable under the NSW TSC Act The loss of two habitat trees containing is likely to result in a small reduction in suitable shelter and breeding sites for the Brush-tailed Phascogale, Eastern Pygmy Possum and Squirrel Glider. This loss was reduced through impact avoidance (haul road designed to avoid two trees), then mitigation by fauna clearance (reduce mortality) and installation of nest boxes (maintain fauna habitat values). Foraging habitat would be reduced by 0.68 ha, however this loss is considered small and inconsequential. Habitat enhancement via weed management and use of an appropriately timed ecological burn would locally improve native plant species diversity hence result in the improvement of habitat for these species.

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Koala – vulnerable under the NSW TSC Act The loss of 0.68 ha of supplementary foraging habitat for the Koala represents a negligible impact, particularly given the large extent of residual suitable habitat retained within the adjoining Tomago sand beds. No loss of core habitat for the Koala is expected. Within the context of the Tomago sand beds it is considered that the small loss of supplementary habitat is unlikely to harm the Koala.

Cave-roosting bats – Eastern Bent-wing Bat, Little Bentwing Bat and Large-eared Pied Bat – vulnerable under the NSW TSC Act The Eastern Bentwing Bat, Little Bentwing Bat and Large-eared Pied Bat are likely to forage throughout the locality and not show any site fidelity due to the absence of suitable roost sites. There would be no loss of roosting habitat as a consequence of the Project’s construction and operation with the loss of foraging habitat considered small, isolated from roost habitat and inconsequential.

The Spotted-tailed Quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) – Endangered under the NSW TSC Act The Project is predicted to result in the loss of 0.68 ha of low value foraging habitat (ie absence of medium sized mammals (prey and competition influences by European Fox). This loss of habitat is not considered to have any adverse impacts on any locally occurring individuals or populations of this species.

Long-nosed Potoroo (Potorous tridactylus) – Vulnerable under the NSW TSC Act The Project is predicted to result in the loss of 0.68 ha of low value foraging habitat within an environment potentially considered hostile to this species (ie existing influences from human development, activity and predatory influences by European Fox). This loss of habitat is not considered to have any adverse impacts on any locally occurring individuals or populations of this species. c) Does the Proposal affect any threatened species or endangered population that are at the limit of its known distribution? No impacts on species at their limits of distribution are expected as a consequence of constructing and operating the Project. d) How is the Proposal likely to affect current disturbance regimes? Current disturbance regimes within the site include:

 Bushfire management (infrequent fire events).

 Weeds.

 Feral animals. The Project would result in a loss of native vegetation this increasing the propensity for weed invasion, particularly where the Project adjoins and/or intersects existing native vegetation cover. The effects of Projects disturbance regimes can be minimised by the use of appropriate mitigation measures during the construction period such as fauna clearance and House Mouse control. Weed control programs are recommended to minimise the spread of weeds into undisturbed bushland.

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e) How is the Proposal likely to affect habitat connectivity? The Proposal is expected to result in the removal of vegetation cover at the northern end of the site at the terminus of existing native vegetation cover of the Tomago sand beds. This vegetation loss would be limited to Smooth-barked Apple Red Bloodwood shrubby open forest, which is not listed as an EEC nor does it contain suitable habitat for threatened flora. The width of vegetation clearing would result in a partial disconnection of 1.10 ha of native vegetation located south of the proposed haul road by a gap of approximately 9 m. Threatened species relevant to the Project classified as highly mobile with limited site fidelity are unlikely to experience any lasting permanent impacts from the partial fragmentation of vegetation north and south of the proposed haul road. For less mobile species, impacts are also considered to be negligible, as most clearing would take place at the margin of a large intact vegetation remnant that extends to the north and east of the site. Habitat south of the proposed haul road is currently unsuitable for ground mammals such as the New Holland Mouse with the partial fragmentation of this habitat being of limited consequence. Species such as the Squirrel Glider and Brush-tailed Phascolage are capable of traversing the gap created by the proposed haul road. f) How is the Proposal likely to affect critical habitat? No areas of critical habitat proclaimed under the TSC Act coincide with the site boundary. Critical habitat will not be affected by the Proposal.

Conclusion to Part 3A Assessment for threatened fauna It is considered unlikely that the Project would result in an impact on threatened fauna species of a magnitude that would cause a local population of threatened fauna to become extinct or significantly contribute to the loss of population viability for a threatened species. This conclusion is based on the following:

 The impact on native vegetation within the site (0.68 ha) is small in comparison to the adjoining vegetation of the Tomago sand bed.

 The existing vegetation condition is limited by edge effects and prior land uses such as sand quarrying.

 No habitat fragmentation or severance of important wildlife area is proposed by the Project. The clearing of native vegetation would marginally increase the fragmentation of habitats between vegetation south and north of the proposed haul road although these impacts are considered to be minor and inconsequential.

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Appendix G Assessment of Impact on Nationally-Listed Species and Ecological Communities

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EPBC Act Assessment of Significance Pursuant to the EPBC Act, an assessment of potential impacts arising from the development on MNES must be undertaken. If the assessment concludes that a significant impact is likely then a referral to the Minister of Department of Sustainability, Environment Water, Population and Community (DSEWPaC) must be made. The submission of a referral to the DSEWPaC (referral number 2011/6085) confirmed that the Project is not a controlled action under the EPBC Act. The following assessment supported the preparation of this referral. The Assessment provided is consistent with EPBC Act Policy Statement 1.1 - Significant Impact Guidelines Matters of National Environmental Significance (DEH 2006). The DEH (2006) guidelines require proponents (or their representatives) to perform a ‘self-assessment’ to decide whether or not the proposed action is likely to have a significant impact on any MNES. Where impacts on a matter of MNES are likely then an assessment of the significance of those impacts must be performed. Table G-1 outlines the threatened species for which an assessment has been completed:

Table G-1 Species Assessed under the EPBC Act

Group Scientific Name Common Name EPBC Act Status

Threatened Fauna Pseudomys novaehollandiae New Holland Mouse V

Pteropus poliocephalus Grey-Headed Flying-Fox V

Chalinolobus dwyeri Large-Eared Pied Bat V

Migratory Species Merops ornatus Rainbow Bee-Eater M

Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Sea-eagle M

Hirundapus caudacutus White-throated M Needletail

Monarcha melanopsis Black-faced Monarch M

Rhipidura rufifrons Rufous Fantail M

Myiagra cyanoleuca Satin Flycatcher M Key: CE= Listed as critically endangered V = Listed as vulnerable E = Listed as endangered M = Listed as migratory The Regent Honeyeater, Swift Parrot. Spotted-tailed Quoll and Long-nosed Potoroo are considered to have a very low possibility of occurring within the native vegetation of the site and the study area. The vegetation within the site would represent only marginal habitat for these species due to the proximity to absence of winter flowing eucalypts (ie Regent Honeyeater, Swift Parrot), industrial development, the lack of dense understorey required by the Long-nosed Potoroo, and the lack of potential den sites for the Spotted-tailed Quoll. However as these species may occur in the areas of vegetation to the north which are contiguous with the site, they could therefore conceivably occur at the site on an opportunistic basis. The site is surrounded on two sides by development, and is unlikely to be important for individuals moving through the landscape.

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New Holland Mouse (Pseudomys novaehollandiae)

According to the DEWHA (200a9) ‘significant impact criteria’ for vulnerable species, an action is likely to have a significant impact on an vulnerable species if there is a real chance or possibility that it will: i) Lead to a long term decrease in the size of an important population

An ‘important population’ of a vulnerable species is defined by DEWHA (2009a) as ‘…a population that is necessary for the species’ long-term survival and recovery. This may include populations identified as such in recovery plans, and/or that are: - Key source populations either for breeding or dispersal - Populations that are necessary for maintaining genetic diversity, and/or - Populations that are near the limit of the species’ range’ Given the relatively sedentary nature of the New Holland Mouse, the local population within the Port Stephens area is considered to constitute an important population for the purpose of this assessment. Although not near the limit of the species’ range, local populations are likely to be important for maintaining genetic diversity as dispersal and genetic mixing with other populations is likely to be limited by habitat fragmentation in the broader region. Local monitoring of this species potentially indicates a declining population despite the retention of suitable habitat throughout the Tomago sand beds. Decreased fire frequency is speculated to be the main reason for a decreasing population in the Tomago Aluminium Smelter buffer lands (Tomago Aluminium 2010). The New Holland Mouse was detected within the footprint of the proposed haul road via a hair tube record, and was trapped in native vegetation north of the proposed haul road. Predicted biomass modelling indicates an area of 2.76 ha of suitable habitat within the study area, of which 0.35 ha is considered high value habitat (15-25g predicted biomass). The design of the haul road was modified to avoid high value habitat, and all construction activities within the area of suitable habitat to be confined to the permanent road easement and a 5 m buffer to the south of the road within the low quality habitat, (with no 5 m construction buffer on the northern side). A total of 0.06 ha of moderately suitable habitat (5-15 g predicted biomass) will be lost through the construction of the haul road. This loss represents approximately 2 % of suitable habitat for the New Holland Mouse identified within the study area. Only a very small area of low quality habitat would be isolated as a result of the proposal, and this area is on the southern edge of the identified habitat within the study area. Mitigation measures are proposed to lessen the impact of this reduction in habitat and to protect existing habitat values of retained vegetation on site and to assist in minimising any long term decrease in the local population include:

 An ecological burn to protect flora species diversity and heathiness of the vegetation understorey.

 Weed control.

 House Mouse control to remove potential competition for food and shelter resources. An intensive trapping program is also proposed prior to the commencement of construction to remove any individuals from the construction zone and release them into adjoining suitable habitat, thereby reducing the risk of injury or mortality during construction works. Exclusion fencing would be erected to prevent displaced individuals from re-entering the construction zone during construction activities. Consideration may also be given to measures to make the adjacent habitat more attractive to discourage re-entry into the construction corridor (eg supplementary feeding). Given the points above, the proposal is not likely to lead to a long-term decrease in the size of the important population.

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New Holland Mouse (Pseudomys novaehollandiae) ii) Reduce the area of occupancy of the species

The proposal would result in the loss of 0.06 ha of suitable habitat for the New Holland Mouse. This loss represents approximately 2 % of suitable habitat identified within the study area. None of the high value habitat identified within the site is to be directly impacted by the proposal. Habitat to be impacted is of lower quality and is near the southern extent of the available habitat, adjacent to cleared areas, further reducing its importance for the population. Proposed mitigation is designed to enhance the habitat values of this species throughout lands north of the haul road, thereby increasing the likely occupancy of this species locally. iii) Fragment an existing important population into two or more populations

There would be a loss of vegetation through the site via the construction of the proposed haul road. This vegetation loss is likely to contribute to the partial fragmentation of habitat although the extent of this habitat severance is limited to a 14 m gap, of which 5 m will be revegetated following construction with Lomandra to provide groundcover and a potential food resource. The haul road has been designed to avoid the majority of New Holland Mouse habitat. The main area of suitable foraging, shelter and breeding habitat for this species is restricted to lands north of the proposed haul road. Land to the south is less suitable for breeding purposes, but is considered to include foraging habitat. The haul road has been moved to avoid the area of higher quality habitat on the site, and has been positioned in the southern extent of the habitat area. Only a very small area of lower quality habitat would be isolated, and this is located near the edge of the existing cleared area. This positioning of the haul road reduces the impact of habitat fragmentation. In addition, the New Holland Mouse may still cross the road on occasion, meaning that the habitat to the south of the haul road would not be permanently isolated. Habitat area reduction/ partial fragmentation by the haul road is therefore not expected to fragment the New Holland Mouse into two or more populations. iv) Adversely affect habitat critical to the survival of the species

No critical habitat has been listed for the New Holland Mouse. In NSW, it has been found in a variety of coastal habitats, with its presence strongly correlated with a high density of understorey vegetation, and with a high floristic diversity in regenerating heath (Lock and Wilson 1999). It is an early successional species: populations have demonstrated the capacity to recolonise and increase in size in areas of regenerating native vegetation after wildfire, clearing and sandmining (Fox and Fox, 1978). Habitat at the site is of a generally good quality, with a history of past disturbance (farming and industry), although there has been limited fire in recent years. The haul road has been moved to avoid the better quality habitat foraging, shelter and breeding habitat on site, and has been positioned in the southern extent of the habitat area which is less suitable for breeding purposes. The proposal will result in the loss of 0.06 ha of suitable habitat for the New Holland Mouse. This loss represents approximately 2 % of suitable habitat identified within the study area. Mitigation measures are proposed to improve existing habitat values of retained vegetation in the study area, increase the area of suitable habitat, and to assist in minimising any long term decrease in the local population. On this basis, it is considered that the proposal is unlikely to adversely affect habitat critical to the survival of the New Holland Mouse. v) Disrupt the breeding cycle of an important population

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New Holland Mouse (Pseudomys novaehollandiae)

The New Holland Mouse is a nocturnal gregarious species sheltering within extensive burrow systems generally within stable sand dune systems (Kemper and Wilson, 2008). Breeding occurs between spring (August) to summer (January) and a number of litters can be produced during this time. Food abundance and quality may be important variables in regulating the timing of the breeding season (Kemper 1980). The proposal would result in the loss of approximately 0.06 ha of suitable habitat for the New Holland Mouse. This loss represents approximately 2 % of suitable habitat identified within the site. None of the high value habitat identified within the site is to be directly impacted by the proposal. The main area of suitable foraging, shelter and breeding habitat for this species is restricted to lands north of the proposed haul road. Land to the south is less suitable for breeding purposes. Construction activities for the entire proposal would take place over a period of approximately 10 months. It is unlikely that construction would commence within the current breeding season. Given the above points, it is unlikely that the proposal would disrupt the breeding cycle of the population. vi) Modify, destroy, remove, isolate or decrease the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is likely to decline

The vegetation is characterised by the co-dominant tree species Smooth-barked Apple (Angophora costata) and Red Bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera) on free draining dry sand soils. This vegetation is typically dry sclerophyll heathy woodland to forest and is widespread throughout the Tomago sand beds. Vegetation beneath the open tree canopy is generally characterised by a dense shrub layer and patchy open ground cover stratum. The area of habitat in the site is located on the edge of a much larger expanse of habitat. Habitat throughout the Tomago sand beds is patchy, depending on disturbance history. The New Holland Mouse is known to occur within the study area with suitable habitat located within and adjacent to the haul road corridor. Areas considered of highest habitat quality for the New Holland Mouse (suitable for foraging and breeding) are located north of the haul road (>15-25 g modelled biomass) and are not to be impacted by the proposal. No areas of high quality habitat are considered to occur south of the proposed haul road. Approximately 0.06 ha of suitable habitat for the New Holland Mouse is predicted to be removed by the proposal leaving a residual of 2.70 ha suitable quality habitat. Residual habitat comprises higher quality areas defined as >15-25 g modelled biomass. Enhancement works throughout the residual habitat area, including revegetation, weed management and ecological burns are proposed, with the results of these works considered to maintain or improve New Holland Mouse habitat. Within this context it is considered unlikely that the Proposal would affect this species to such an extent that it would decline. vii) Result in invasive species that are harmful to the vulnerable species becoming established in the vulnerable species’ habitat

The Proposal would result in the loss of approximately 0.06 ha of suitable habitat for the New Holland Mouse on site. This loss represents approximately 2 % of suitable habitat identified within the study area. The creation of new edges and presence of construction vehicles could increase the potential for weed invasion and growth. The site contains one species declared as a noxious weed in Port Stephens LGA (Lantana). Although the habitat areas already contain substantial occurrences of this weed species, appropriate mitigation measures would be implemented to reduce and prevent increases of this species within the site during construction. In addition, the use of an ecological burn recommended to protect vegetation condition in adjoining vegetation. Also noted within the site is the occurrence of the House Mouse, a species known to outcompete the New Holland Mouse when present in high abundance. It is recommended to undertake targeted House Mouse control as part of the habitat enhancement program to minimise the size of the local population and hence its competitiveness against the New Holland Mouse.

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New Holland Mouse (Pseudomys novaehollandiae) viii) Introduce disease that may cause the species to decline

No diseases that may cause the New Holland Mouse to decline are likely to become established in the study area as a result of the proposal. Mitigation measures are proposed to prevent Phytophthora being introduced in the study area as a result of construction works. ix) Interfere with the recovery of the species

The proposal design has been modified to avoid high quality habitat areas and to reduce the impacts of fragmentation on the New Holland Mouse. Only a small area of lower quality habitat (0.06 ha) will be removed, which represents approximately 2 % of suitable habitat identified within the study area. Mitigation works are proposed to limit the potential for injury and mortality during construction. The proposed habitat protection works may increase or improve habitat for the species, thus assisting with its recovery within the Tomago sand beds.

Conclusion of Assessment of Significance:

On the basis of the above considerations, the proposal is not ‘likely’ to have a ‘significant impact’ on the New Holland Mouse.

Grey-headed Flying-fox (Pteropus poliocephalus)

According to the DEWHA (2009a) ‘significant impact criteria’ for vulnerable species, an action is likely to have a significant impact on an vulnerable species if there is a real chance or possibility that it will: i) Lead to a long term decrease in the size of an important population

An ‘important population’ of a vulnerable species is defined by DEWHA (2009a) as ‘…a population that is necessary for the species’ long-term survival and recovery. This may include populations identified as such in recovery plans, and/or that are: - Key source populations either for breeding or dispersal - Populations that are necessary for maintaining genetic diversity, and/or - Populations that are near the limit of the species’ range’ The Grey-headed Flying-fox is a highly mobile species which regularly travels up to 50 km in a night to forage, and has been shown to make migratory movements of almost 1,000 km within a year (Churchill 2008, Webb and Tidemann 1996). The subsequent mixing of populations means that genetically the species can be treated as one population across its entire range in eastern Australia (Webb and Tidemann 1996), and the numbers in any one camp are influenced by food availability and the requirements of mating and raising young (KBCS 2011). This population is therefore considered an important population. A single individual was observed beyond the northern boundary of the site within a dense covering of Monotoca elliptica. This individual was likely to have been roosting temporarily within the study area, but there is no indication or suitable habitat for a permanent roosting or maternity camp within the study area. Tree species on the site that provide suitable foraging resources for Grey-headed Flying-fox include Smooth-barked Apple and Red Bloodwood although these trees are considered to be of limited value to this species given their low density and stunted form (ie close to ground, small canopy). A total of 0.68 ha of potential foraging habitat will be removed for the proposal. No breeding or permanent roosting habitat will be affected. Given the high mobility of this species and the proximity of large areas of similar vegetation within the TAC buffer zone, the removal of this small area of marginal foraging habitat is very unlikely to lead to a long term decrease in the local population size of the Grey-headed Flying-fox.

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Grey-headed Flying-fox (Pteropus poliocephalus) ii) Reduce the area of occupancy of the species

The Grey-headed Flying-fox occurs along the east coast of NSW, as well as in inland areas. No camp sites occur on site. The proposal would not reduce the area of occupancy of the species. iii) Fragment an existing important population into two or more populations

Habitat fragmentation from existing roads and industrial developments is already present. The clearing of a small area of marginal foraging habitat on site would not fragment the local population of the Grey- headed Flying-fox into two or more populations. iv) Adversely affect habitat critical to the survival of the species

The draft national recovery plan (DEWHA, 2009b) states that foraging habitat that meets at least one of the following criteria qualifies as critical habitat:

 Productive during winter and spring, when food bottlenecks have been identified.

 Known to support populations of > 30 000 individuals within an area of 50 kilometre radius (the maximum foraging distance of an adult).

 Productive during the final weeks of gestation, and during the weeks of birth, lactation and conception (September to May).

 Productive during the final stages of fruit proposal and ripening in commercial crops affected by Grey- headed Flying-foxes (months vary between regions).

 Known to support a continuously occupied camp. Vegetation at the site does not support a continuously occupied roost camp, and is not in a region with significant commercial fruit crops. The subject site would not support a population of more than 30,000 individuals, but may contribute to available foraging resources for some individuals of the population. While there would be some productivity of foraging resources during spring, the resources present in the study area are limited in comparison to available foraging resources in nearby areas. The small area of marginal foraging habitat to be removed and the large tracts of other vegetation in the locality mean that the site is unlikely to represent habitat critical to the survival of a local population of the species. v) Disrupt the breeding cycle of an important population

There are no roost camps in the study area. The nearest colony is located to the south at Kooragang Island. No breeding habitat within Kooragang Island would be affected by the proposal. Red Bloodwoods flower in late summer-autumn and Smooth-barked Apple flower in spring-summer and can provide important foraging habitat for the GHFF during food bottlenecks and during the weeks of birth, lactation and conception. However, these canopy species are at low density on site and are stunted in form (low height, small canopy). Whilst Grey-headed Flying-foxes are likely to forage on the site in eucalypts and other myrtaceous species on occasion, the vegetation to be removed would represent only a very small area of marginal foraging habitat for this species. Large areas of similar (and better quality) native vegetation are present throughout the locality, including areas conserved within the TAC buffer zone. Given the mobility of the species and the presence of these alternative habitats, the removal of 0.68 ha of foraging habitat is highly unlikely to cause any disruption in the breeding cycle of local populations. vi) Modify, destroy, remove, isolate or decrease the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is likely to decline

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Grey-headed Flying-fox (Pteropus poliocephalus)

Red Bloodwood, which occurs in the study area, is known to be highly productive (productivity score >0.91), while Smooth-barked Apple has a lower (0.37) productivity score. These trees do not necessarily, however, provide annually reliable resources (Eby and Law 2008). Grey-headed Flying-foxes may also feed on Coastal Banksia within the study area. These canopy species are at low density on site and are stunted in form. Whilst Grey-headed Flying-foxes are likely to forage on the site in eucalypts and other myrtaceous species on occasion, the vegetation to be removed would represent only a very small area of marginal foraging habitat for this species. Given the high mobility of this species and the proximity of large areas of native vegetation in the locality (eg TAC buffer zone), the removal of 0.68 ha of marginal foraging habitat would be very unlikely to have a significant effect on the long-term survival of a local population of the Grey-headed Flying-fox. vii) Result in invasive species that are harmful to the vulnerable species becoming established in the vulnerable species’ habitat

No invasive species that may cause the Grey-headed Flying-fox to decline are likely to become established in the study area as a result of the proposal. viii) Introduce disease that may cause the species to decline

No diseases that may cause the Grey-headed Flying-fox to decline are likely to become established in the study area as a result of the proposal. Mitigation measures are proposed to prevent Phytophthora being introduced into the study area as a result of construction works. ix) Interfere with the recovery of the species

There are no roost camps in the study area. The nearest colony is located to the south at Kooragang Island. No breeding habitat within Kooragang Island would be affected by the proposal. Whilst Grey- headed Flying-foxes are likely to forage on the site in eucalypts and other myrtaceous species on occasion, the vegetation to be removed would represent only a very small area of marginal foraging habitat for this species. As such, the Proposal is unlikely to interfere with the recovery of the species.

Conclusion of Assessment of Significance:

Given the above considerations, the proposal is not ‘likely’ to have a ‘significant impact’ on the Grey- headed Flying-fox.

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Large-eared Pied Bat (Chalinolobus dwyeri)

According to the DEWHA (2009a) ‘significant impact criteria’ for vulnerable species, an action is likely to have a significant impact on an vulnerable species if there is a real chance or possibility that it will: i) Lead to a long term decrease in the size of an important population

An ‘important population’ of a vulnerable species is defined by DEWHA (2009a) as ‘…a population that is necessary for the species’ long-term survival and recovery. This may include populations identified as such in recovery plans, and/or that are: - Key source populations either for breeding or dispersal. - Populations that are necessary for maintaining genetic diversity, and/or - Populations that are near the limit of the species’ range’. The Large-eared Pied Bat occurs from central coastal Queensland to Ulladulla, from the coast to the western slopes of the divide. Within this range, the largest numbers of records are from the Hunter Valley and Sydney Basin regions. Primarily a cave bat, it roosts in caves, rock overhangs, crevices and mines or occasionally Fairy Martin nests and forages over sclerophyll forests and woodlands (Hoye and Shulz 2008, Churchill 2008). Local populations are not near the limit of the species range. There are no suitable roosting habitats for the species at the site, and the removal of a minimal (0.68 ha) area of potential foraging habitat would be unlikely to lead to a long-term decrease in size of local populations. ii) Reduce the area of occupancy of the species

This species occurs from central Queensland to the south coast of NSW, from the coast to the western slopes. The species would not be resident on site as no suitable roost habitat exists. The proposal would not reduce the area of occupancy for the species. iii) Fragment an existing important population into two or more populations

The Large-eared Pied Bat is a highly mobile species. Removal of 0.68 ha of vegetation would not isolate any areas of habitat for this species, and would not provide a barrier to movements throughout the locations. Fragmentation from existing roads and industrial developments is already present. The clearing of a small area of vegetation would not fragment the local population into two or more populations. iv) Adversely affect habitat critical to the survival of the species

There is no listed critical habitat for this species. The habitat to be removed for the proposal does not contain any key or limiting habitat features such as roosting or breeding sites, and would be highly unlikely to be critical to the survival of local populations. v) Disrupt the breeding cycle of an important population

No local breeding or roosting habitat would be affected by the proposal. The proposal would remove a small area of potential foraging habitat for this species. More extensive areas of similar habitat are available within locality, including within the TAC buffer zone. The proposal would not create a barrier to movement for this highly mobile species. Therefore the proposal is highly unlikely to disrupt the breeding cycle of local populations. vi) Modify, destroy, remove, isolate or decrease the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is likely to decline

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Large-eared Pied Bat (Chalinolobus dwyeri)

The proposal will not affect any suitable breeding or roosting habitat for this species. A limited area (0.68 ha) of potential foraging habitat would be removed. Given the high mobility of this species and the proximity of large areas of native vegetation in the locality (eg TAC buffer zone), the removal of 0.68 ha of potential foraging habitat would be very unlikely to have a significant effect on the long-term survival of a local population of the Large-eared Pied Bat. vii) Result in invasive species that are harmful to the vulnerable species becoming established in the vulnerable species’ habitat

No invasive species that may cause the Large-eared Pied Bat to decline are likely to become established in the study area as a result of the proposal. viii) Introduce disease that may cause the species to decline

No diseases that may cause the Large-eared Pied Bat to decline are likely to become established in the study area as a result of the proposal. Mitigation measures are proposed to prevent Phytophthora occurring in the study area as a result of construction works. ix) Interfere with the recovery of the species

No breeding habitat is present on site. The removal of a small area of potential foraging habitat for this species is unlikely to interfere with the recovery of local populations of the species, given the species’ mobility and the proximity of alternative habitats in the locality including within the TAC buffer zone.

Conclusion of Assessment of Significance:

Given the above considerations, the proposal is not ‘likely’ to have a ‘significant impact’ on the Large- eared Pied Bat.

Potential Impacts on Migratory Species The site provides limited habitat for EPBC Act listed terrestrial migratory species including the Rainbow Bee-eater, Satin Flycatcher and Masked Lapwing. No habitat for wetland or marine migratory species occurs within the site nor is there any impacts expected on the habitats for these species. Habitat within the footprint of the Project is not likely to comprise important habitat for migratory species as defined by the DEH (2006) guidelines. Notwithstanding the vegetation of the site would have value for local populations of terrestrial migratory species given its continuity with the vegetation of the Tomago sand beds. Impacts on the habitat of these species is restricted to a 0.68 ha loss of native vegetation within the context of this large intact residual native vegetation. Impacts on migratory species are predicted to be minor and inconsequential. Habitat loss would be a consequence of vegetation removal performed in a manner that would not fragment habitat patches or areas occurring within the study area. Aerial habitat would not be affected and so migratory species are likely to traverse obstacles and gaps in habitat created by permanent project infrastructure. The project does not involve any structures that would pose a significant obstruction or hazard in the context of existing land uses in the locality. The Project is thus unlikely to create a barrier to migration, increase the risk of injury or mortality or otherwise impact on migratory species. Therefore the Proposal is unlikely to impose “a significant effect” on any of the listed migratory fauna species, which could possibly occur in the study area on occasion.

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Potential Impacts on Ramsar Sites The site is within the same catchment as the Hunter River Estuaries Ramsar Wetland, which is located 1 km of the site. The Project would not result in any direct or indirect impacts on the natural environment contained within the Hunter River Estuaries Ramsar Wetland (GHD, 2011). Therefore the Project would not result in ‘a significant effect’ on the Hunter River Estuaries Ramsar Wetland.

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GHD

Level 3 GHD Tower 24 Honeysuckle Drive Newcastle NSW 2300 PO Box 5403 Hunter Region Mail Centre NSW 2310 T: (02) 4979 9999 F: (02) 4979 9988 E: [email protected]

© GHD 2011 This report has been prepared by GHD in response to a specific brief issued by Midal Cables Pty Ltd and the Proposal for services presented by GHD. This report is intended for the sole use of the client. It has been prepared in accordance with the Terms of Engagement for the commission and on the basis of specific instructions and information provided by the client. The contents and conclusion of this report cannot be relied upon by any third party. Please refer to the Environmental Assessment for disclaimers that cover the information provided in this report This report should not be altered, amended or abbreviated, issued in part or issued incomplete in any way without prior checking and approval by GHD.

Document Status

Rev Reviewer Approved for Issue Author No. Name Signature Name Signature Date 0 M. Aitkens J. Tipping P. Pigram 8/2/2012

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