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OUTLINE 28.1 Comparison of the Female and Male Reproductive Systems 843 28 28.1a Perineum 843 28.2 Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System 844 28.2a Ovaries 845 28.2b Uterine Tubes 852 28.2c Uterus 852 Reproductive 28.2d Vagina 855 28.2e External Genitalia 857 28.2f Mammary Glands 857 28.3 Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System 861 System 28.3a Scrotum 861 28.3b Spermatic Cord 863 28.3c Testes 863 28.3d Ducts in the Male Reproductive System 866 28.3e Accessory Glands 867 28.3f Semen 868 28.3g Penis 869 28.4 Aging and the Reproductive Systems 871 28.5 Development of the Reproductive Systems 872 28.5a Genetic Versus Phenotypic Sex 872 28.5b Formation of Indifferent Gonads and Genital Ducts 872 28.5c Internal Genitalia Development 874 28.5d External Genitalia Development 874 MODULE 14: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM mck78097_ch28_842-878.indd 842 2/14/11 4:43 PM Chapter Twenty-Eight Reproductive System 843 he female and male reproductive systems provide the means Table 28.1 Reproductive System Homologues T for the sexual maturation of each individual and produce the special cells necessary to propagate the next generation. In this Female Organ Male Organ Common Function chapter, we first discuss the general similarities between the two Ovaries Testes Produce gametes and reproductive systems and then focus on the specific structures and sex hormones functions of each system. Clitoris Glans of penis Contain autonomic nervous system axons that stimulate feelings of arousal and sexual 28.1 Comparison of the Female climax Labia majora Scrotum Protect and cover some and Male Reproductive Systems reproductive structures Learning Objectives: Vestibular glands Bulbourethral glands Secrete mucin for lubrication 1. Describe the similarities between the female and male reproductive systems. 2. Outline the events of puberty in females and males. 3. List the components of the perineum in females and males. Besides their obvious differences, the female and male reproductive organs become fully functional. Also, the gam- reproductive systems share several general characteristics. etes begin to mature, and the gonads start to secrete their sex For example, some mature reproductive system structures are hormones. Puberty is initiated when the hypothalamus sig- derived from common developmental structures (primordia) nificantly increases GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) and serve a common function in adults. Such structures are secretion (see chapter 20 ). GnRH acts on specific cells in the called homologues (hō m ́ō -log; homo = same or alike, logos = anterior pituitary and stimulates them to release FSH (follicle- relation) (table 28.1). The structures listed in this table are stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone). (Prior described in detail later in this chapter. to puberty, FSH and LH are virtually nonexistent in boys and Both reproductive systems have primary sex organs girls.) As levels of FSH and LH increase, the gonads produce called gonads (gō nad; ́ gone = seed)—ovaries in females and significant levels of sex hormones and start the processes of testes in males. The gonads produce sex cells called gametes gamete maturation and sexual maturation. (gam ē ́ t; husband or wife), which unite to form a new individ- ual. Female gametes are called oocytes , whereas male gam- etes are called sperm. In addition, the gonads produce large amounts of sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone in the Study Tip! female and androgens in the male), which affect maturation, A simplified flowchart of the endocrine pathway in puberty is as development, and changes in the activity of the reproductive follows: system organs. GnRH (from hypothalamus) FSH and LH (from anterior pituitary) Both reproductive systems have accessory reproductive Sex hormone release and gamete maturation (in the gonads). organs, including ducts to carry gametes away from the gonads toward the site of fertilization (in females) or simply to the out- side of the body (in males). Fertilization occurs when female and male gametes fuse. The sexual union between a female Both reproductive systems produce gametes. However, the and a male is known as copulation (kop-ū -lā sh ́ ŭn; copulatio = female reproductive tract typically releases a single gamete (sec- a joining), coitus (kō i -t ́ ŭs; to come together), or sexual inter- ondary oocyte ) monthly, while the male reproductive tract pro- course. If fertilization occurs, then the support, protection, and duces large numbers (100 million) of gametes (sperm) daily. These nourishment of the developing human occurs within the female male gametes are stored within the male reproductive tract for a reproductive tract. short time, and if they are not expelled from the body within that Both the female and male reproductive systems are period, they are resorbed. primarily nonfunctional and “dormant” until a time in ado- lescence known as puberty. At puberty (pū ́ber-tē ; puber = 28.1a Perineum grown up), external sex characteristics become more promi- In both females and males, the perineum (per ́i-nē ́ŭm) is a nent, such as breast enlargement in females, penis and scro- diamond-shaped area between the thighs that is circumscribed ante- tum enlargement in males, and pubic hair in both sexes. The riorly by the pubic symphysis, laterally by the ischial tuberosities, mck78097_ch28_842-878.indd 843 2/14/11 4:43 PM 844 Chapter Twenty-Eight Reproductive System Pubic symphysis Pubic symphysis Urogenital triangle Ischiocavernosus muscle Bulbospongiosus muscle Superficial transverse perineal muscle Ischial tuberosity Anus Anus Anal triangle External anal sphincter Coccyx Female Male Figure 28.1 Perineum. In both females and males, the perineum is the diamond-shaped area between the thighs extending from the pubis anteriorly to the coccyx posteriorly, and bordered laterally by the ischial tuberosities. An imaginary horizontal line extending from the ischial tuberosities subdivides the perineum into a urogenital triangle anteriorly and an anal triangle posteriorly. and posteriorly by the coccyx (figure 28.1). Two distinct tri- angle bases are formed by an imaginary horizontal line extending 28.2 Anatomy of the Female between the ischial tuberosities of the ossa coxae. Both triangles house specific structures in the floor of the trunk: Reproductive System ■ The anterior triangle, called the urogenital triangle, Learning Objectives: contains the clitoris and the urethral and vaginal 1. Describe the gross and microscopic anatomy of the ovaries. orifices in females and the base of the penis and the 2. Explain follicle development, the ovarian cycle, and the scrotum in males. Within the urogenital triangle are process of ovulation. the muscles that surround the external genitalia, called 3. Detail the anatomy of the uterine tubes and their function. the ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus, and superficial 4. Identify the regions of the uterus, and outline the uterine cycle. transverse perineal muscles. 5. Describe the anatomy of the vagina and the external ■ The posterior triangle, called the anal triangle, is the genitalia. location of the anus in both sexes. Surrounding the anus is 6. Detail the gross and microscopic anatomy of the mammary the external anal sphincter. glands. Review table 11.12 and figure 11.15 as well when learning A sagittal section through the female pelvis illustrates the these structures. internal reproductive structures and their relationships to the urinary bladder and rectum (figure 28.2). As the peritoneum folds around the various pelvic organs, it produces two major dead-end recesses, or WHATW DID YOU LEARN? pouches. The anterior vesicouterine (ves ́i-kō -ū ter-in; ́ vesica = bladder, = ●1 What is puberty? utero uterus) pouch forms the space between the uterus and the urinary bladder, and the posterior rectouterine (rek-tō -ū ter-in) ́ pouch ●2 Compare the structures in the female and male urogenital forms the space between the uterus and the rectum. triangles. mck78097_ch28_842-878.indd 844 2/14/11 4:43 PM Chapter Twenty-Eight Reproductive System 845 Ureter Uterine tube Ovary Fimbriae of uterine tube Uterus Rectouterine pouch Vesicouterine pouch Urinary bladder Cervix of uterus Pubic symphysis Rectum Urethra Vagina Clitoris External urethral orifice Vaginal orifice Anus Labium minus Labium majus Figure 28.2 Sagittal Section of the Female Pelvic Region. A sagittal section of the female pelvis illustrates the position of the uterus with respect to the rectum and urinary bladder. The primary sex organs of the female are the ovaries. The slightly larger than an almond—about 2 to 3 cm (centimeters) long, accessory sex organs include the uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, 2 cm wide, and 1 to 1.5 cm thick. Their size usually varies during clitoris, and mammary glands. each menstrual cycle as well as during pregnancy. The ovaries are anchored within the pelvic cavity by specific 28.2a Ovaries cords and sheets of connective tissue. A double fold of perito- The ovaries are paired, oval organs located within the pelvic cav- neum, called the mesovarium (mez ́ō -vā r ́ ē -ŭm; mesos = middle, ity lateral to the uterus (figure 28.3). In an adult, the ovaries are ovarium = ovary), attaches to each ovary at its hilum, which is the mck78097_ch28_842-878.indd 845 2/14/11 4:43 PM 846 Chapter Twenty-Eight Reproductive System Ovarian artery Ovarian vein Mesosalpinx Suspensory (part of broad ligament) ligament Ovarian ligament Infundibulum Uterine tube Fimbriae Ovary Uterus Broad ligament Uterine artery Uterine vein Ureter (a) Posterior view Cervix Uterosacral ligament Vagina Uterine tube External os Tunica albuginea Cortex Medulla Mesosalpinx Fimbriae Ovaries Uterine Mesovarium tube Hilum Uterus Broad (b) Lateral sectional view ligament Round ligament Urinary bladder Figure 28.3 Internal Organs of the Female Reproductive System. ( a) A posterior view shows the internal organs of the female reproductive system, which include the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina. (b) A lateral sectional view of the ovary shows the mesovarium in relation to Mons pubis the mesosalpinx of the broad ligament.
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