Review of Alternative Pine Species for Low-Rainfall Zones of Australia

SUSTAINABILITY & RESOURCES

PROJECT NUMBER: PN07.4027 MAY 2008 Review of Alternative Pine Species for Low-Rainfall Zones of Australia

This report can also be viewed on the FWPA website www.fwpa.com.au FWPA Level 4, 10-16 Queen Street, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia T +61 (0)3 9614 7544 F +61 (0)3 9614 6822 E [email protected] W www.fwpa.com.au

Review of Alternative Pine Species for Low-Rainfall Zones of Australia

Prepared for

Forest & Wood Products Australia

M. J. Dieters

Publication: Review of Alternative Pine Species for Low- Rainfall Zones of Australia

Project No: PN07.4027

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ISBN: 978-1-920883-51-5

Researcher: M. J. Dieters The University of Queensland School of Land, Crop and Food Sciences Brisbane, Qld. 4072 Australia

Final report received by FWPA in February, 2009

Forest & Wood Products Australia Limited Level 4, 10-16 Queen St, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000 T +61 3 9614 7544 F +61 3 9614 6822 E [email protected] W www.fwpa.com.au

Summary A review was conducted of pine species with potential for application in plantation forestry on ‘low-rainfall’ sites in New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia, under this FWPA-funded project. Here ‘low-rainfall’ sites are defined as sites that experience rainfall lower than the traditional sites for growing commercial pine plantations with Pinus radiata in southern and western Australia, and P. caribaea and P. elliottii hybrids in Queensland.

It is now very difficult to import either seed or vegetative material of any Pinus species into Australia due to the risk of pine pitch canker. Therefore, pine germplasm existing within Australia will need to provide the genetic diversity to support the long-term viability of the softwood plantation industry. Similarly, expansion of pine plantations into marginal, low-rainfall environments will need to utilise genetic diversity (both within and between species) extant within Australia. In addition to P. brutia, P. halepensis and P. pinaster, the review of pine species planted in trials, arboreta and other tests identified a number of species of potential interest for deployment either as pure species or hybrids on marginal sites throughout Australia, including: P. ayachuite, P. canariensis, P. eldarica, P. greggii, P. leiophylla, P. maximinoi, P. pinea and P. taeda. Currently, these species are regarded as only of peripheral interest for plantation forestry, which currently is primarily restricted to traditional, higher-rainfall sites (see above). As a result, there is a risk that genetic material of these and other pine species currently in Australia will be lost or eroded in the short to medium term.

A gene conservation strategy is recommended. This strategy would involve, for each of the key species identified: review of all known plantings of these species throughout Australia; selection of approximately 200 phenotypically superior trees (selected primarily on stem and crown form); and, grafting of the selected trees into clonal archives on at least two sites. This strategy is similar to that which has already been applied in P. brutia under the ALRTIG program. Compared to gene conservation based on seedlings, under the recommended strategy a relatively small number of trees per species are maintained in archives. Although establishment costs may be relatively high (perhaps $10-15 per grafted tree) the amount of land involved is relatively small, and selected genotypes are preserved. These grafted trees can be used for a number of other purposes in the future, including: production of seed, parents in crossing and hybridisation programs, and association genetics studies. This approach could also be applied the major Australian pine species (e.g. P. radiata and P. caribaea), as well as to other pine species of potential interest (e.g. P. oocarpa and P. tecunumanii which are known to have high levels of resistance to pine pitch canker in some populations). P. oocarpa and P. tecunumanii are currently only of marginal interest for plantation forestry in Queensland, but superior individuals that have been selected and tested should be preserved in the national interest. Should pine pitch canker enter Australia, species such as this may provide the only significant source of resistance to this disease.

2 Introduction Significant expansion in the Australian softwood plantation estate is required to meet the projected future requirements for timber and paper products in Australia, and to allow enhanced efficiency/scale of processing industries based on this resource. However, both the cost and availability of land limits the expansion of plantations within the environments which have traditionally been regarded as suitable for commercial plantations of Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) in southern/western Australia (mean annual rainfall typically greater than 800 mm) and slash (P. elliottii) and/or Caribbean (P. caribaea var. hondurensis) pines in Queensland (mean annual rainfall typically greater than 1200 mm). For example, it is has been projected that between 20,000 and 90,000 ha of new pine plantation in southern NSW in areas west of the Hume Highway will be required to supplement the Tumut plantation resource. Also, representatives of the processing industry in Queensland have called for an expansion of the pine plantation resource, suggesting at least 20,000 hectares be established in areas such as lower-rainfall and colder areas north-west of Maryborough and in the Brisbane Valley around Kingaroy. Similar trends are likely in Western Australia to satisfy increasing demands from growing urban populations, and to permit greater regional development in areas such as Esperance. Ideally, expansion of the existing softwood plantation resources should aim to supply wood with timber of similar quality and processing requirements to that produced from the much larger areas of pine plantations on conventional sites.

Trials of some alternative species have been conducted in the past on marginal sites, in or near these regions of interest. Hybridization of slash/Caribbean, Monterey and maritime (P. pinaster) pines with more drought- and/or cold-tolerant species may provide a solution to the dual problems of increasing tolerance to abiotic stresses, while maintaining consistency of timber quality. Nevertheless, it is expected that there will be considerable genetic variation within Monterey and Caribbean pines that can be exploited in marginal environments, and at the extreme rainfall limits for commercially viable pine plantations species such as P. brutia, P. eldarica, and P. halepensis or hybrids with these species may be required in southern and western Australia, and of some Mexican-Central American pines in south-east Queensland.

The principal objectives of this study were to: i) collate information on the performance of alternative pine species and hybrid combinations in the lower-rainfall zone; ii) produce web-accessible data on the availability and nature of germplasm from alternative pine species in Australia; and, iii) summarize all available information on species and hybrid combinations with the highest potential in these lower-rainfall environments of Australia.

Approach Used This study was led by the University of Queensland (UQ), but represents the outcome of collaboration between UQ and the New South Wales, Queensland, South

3 Australian and Western Australian agencies responsible for forest plantation establishment and/or research: that is, Forests NSW (FNSW), Forestry Plantations Queensland (FPQ) and Horticulture and Forestry Science (H&FS) in Queensland, Primary Industries and Resources South Australia (PIRSA) and ForestrySA in South Australia, and Forest Products Corporation (FPC) in Western Australia. Each organisation contributed information on the pine species that had been grown and/or evaluated in each State, and that were potentially adapted to growing on lower-rainfall sites of Australia. Data (either raw data or summary data) were also contributed on trials from sites regarded as being marginal for commercial pine plantations in each of these regions.

Germplasm – Species of Potential Interest The first objective of this project was to review the range of pine species (and hybrids) that had been evaluated by the partner agencies, and which had some potential for use in the lower-rainfall zones of Australia. Species would need to have some level of known or inferred tolerance of drought and/or cold. A full-list of Pinus species of potential interest for the lower-rainfall zones of Australia, and which have been grown in Australia, is reproduced in Appendix 1.

The major Pinus species used in commercial plantations in Australia is P. radiata, and is highly susceptible to pine pitch canker (Hodge and Dvorak, 2000). Pitch canker is endemic to the south-eastern USA, and was first detected in California in 1986 (Gordon, 2006) where it has caused significant mortality to native stands of P. radiata. P. elliottii and P. caribaea are also susceptible to pitch canker; however, the level of mortality is not as severe and low-elevation sources of P. oocarpa and P. tecunumanii show nearly complete resistance as seedlings (Hodge and Dvorak, 2000). The disease has now been reported in South Africa (Coutinho et al. 2007), and its continued spread world-wide is likely. Cook and Matheson (2008) estimate that delaying the entry and spread of pitch canker in Australia by as little as two or three years is worth nearly $13 million to the Australian forest industries. As a consequence of the extreme risk posed by pitch canker to the Australian forest industries, importation of seed and other material from any pine species is now subject to stringent quarantine controls. Consequently, the genetic material of pine species currently in Australia is unlikely to be expanded by further importations from overseas. Therefore, conservation of genetic material currently in Australia is likely to be important to support the long-term viability of plantation forestry using pine species in Australia.

New South Wales In NSW major areas of softwood (pine) plantations have been established on higher elevation sites of the southwest slopes of NSW with annual rainfall exceeding 800 mm. The potential for further expansion of plantations in this area is limited. Therefore the primary focus of this project is the lower elevation sites to the west, i.e. from Wagga Wagga south. Annual rainfall on these sites is typically less than 600 mm with rainfall distributed relatively evenly throughout the year (refer Figures 1 and 2).

4 A detailed review of arboreta, trials and other plantings established by Forests NSW was conducted by Hans Porada, personally visiting and inspecting many of the arboreta and other trial plantings. A listing of the trials of most interest is on the Project’s website (http://dryzonepines.lafs.uq.edu.au/newsouthwales_trials.html), and in Appendix 2. Species of primary interest for further evaluation on marginal sites and conservation include: • P. brutia • P. canariensis • P. greggii • P. halepensis • P. pinaster • P. radiata from Guadalupe and Cedros sources, including inter-provenance hybrids • P. radiata × P. attenuata hybrids.

Wagga Wagga (073127) - NSW

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Figure 1: Annual rainfall recorded at Wagga Wagga (1961-2008) – Data obtained from Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) website – station 073127. Median rainfall during this period indicated by the horizontal line.

5 Wagga Wagga (073127) - NSW

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Figure 2: Mean monthly rainfall recorded at Wagga Wagga – BOM website, station 073127.

Queensland In Queensland, commercial plantations of pines (largely dominated by P. elliottii, P. caribaea and their hybrid) are primarily restricted to relatively high-rainfall sites (usually >1200mm/yr), located near the coast in a belt running from Beerburrum (to the north of Brisbane) through to Maryborough. Plantations in this region make up approximately three quarters of the total of all softwood plantations in Queensland; however, there are also significant areas of hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) plantations located on higher fertility, lower rainfall sites further inland. The primary foci of this project in Queensland were: i) sites located to the north-west of Maryborough which historically have experienced rainfall averaging 800-1000mm, and ii) sites currently planted with hoop pine which experience average rainfall between 600 and 1000mm/yr. However, rainfall is typically sporadic (significant portions of the annual rainfall may come in a single event), largely restricted to the summer months, evaporation rates are high, and total rainfall tends to be highly variable from year to year (Refer to Figures 3 and 4).

A detailed review of arboreta, experimental and operational plantings of alterative pines species Queensland was conduced by Kate Murray (FPQ), Paul Toon (FPQ), Ian Last (FPQ) and Garth Nikles (H&FS). The available genetic resources of Pinus species are largely P. caribaea (varieties bahamensis, caribaea, and hondurensis), P. elliottii, P. tecunumanii (high and low elevation sources) and P. oocarpa. Species with less extensive genetic resources include: • P. greggii • P. maximinoi • P. radiata (primarily mainland sources, some selected for Diplodia resistance) • P. taeda (primarily Atlantic coastal plain).

Selection and breeding has focused on higher-rainfall sites located in proximity to the coast but some plantings and arboreta have been located on drier, inland sites. A range of other species is recorded as having been planted in Queensland; but some of these

6 species may no longer exist in the field due to losses from fire and/or logging. Species of potential interest to this project include: • P. ayachuite • P. canariensis • P. halepensis • P. brutia • P. leiophylla • P. pinaster.

Gin Gin Post Office (039040) - SEQ

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Figure 3: Annual rainfall recorded at Gin Gin (1961-2008) – Data obtained from Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) website – station 039040. Median rainfall during this period indicated by the horizontal line.

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Figure 4: Mean monthly rainfall recorded at Gin Gin – BOM website, station 030040.

Western Australia Trevor Butcher (FPC) provided the following review of the use of alternative pine species in Western Australia for low-rainfall sites (400-600 mm per year, winter rainfall – refer Figures 5-8).

In the early 20th century, many pine species were tested in Western Australia but the trials were all in high rainfall areas of the south-west. There were extensive tree species trials in the wheat-belt planted in the mid 20th century testing various eucalypts but only a few pine species were included in these trials. The first arboreta series was planted over the period from 1922 to 1932 in major towns in the high rainfall, southwest forest area. These arboreta included both eucalypts and conifers. Most of these still exist though there is little data on performance of the species included. Also, in this early explorative period, trial plantings of pine species other than P. radiata and P. pinaster were made in State plantations.

Wheat-belt arboreta were planted from 1948 to 1964 on some 53 sites from Geraldton in the north, to Kalgoorlie in the east, and to Esperance in the south. Eucalypts were mainly trialled although some sites tested drought hardy pines: P. canariensis, P. pinaster, P. brutia, P. halepensis or P. pinea. Many of the wheatbelt arboreta were not successful because of their small size, problems with establishment and lack of maintenance due to their isolation and distance from Forest Department settlements. FPC Midwest Region staff included trial plots of drought tolerant P. brutia and P. eldarica along with P. pinaster at some share-farms. One of these, near Wongan Hills, has been identified as a key trial for this project. Tree breeding trials established with the Natural Heritage Trust project 983194, (Improvement of Drought Tolerance of Commercial Tree Crop Species) will provide most of the data for species performance and suitability for low-rainfall WA. These trials include P. pinaster, P. brutia or P. radiata on farms from Moora to Esperance. The Conifer Arboreta have been a valuable source of data and germplasm. Selections within different provenances of P. brutia, P. radiata, P. pinaster, P. nigra, P. canariensis, P. roxburghii, P. halepensis, P. eldarica and P. greggii have been grafted and established in clonal archives. Hybrids between P. pinaster and P. brutia have been made and planted in a trial located east of York in 2005. FPC has long-established breeding programs and clonal seed orchards for P. pinaster, P. radiata and P. brutia. The Maritime Pine project (1996) which was focused on planting a commercially viable pine on low-rainfall farmland sites changed the focus of the P. pinaster program to selecting for drought tolerance; seed orchards have now been established for this improved trait. Although our first family trial of P. brutia was planted in 1964 and clonal seed orchard planted in 1965, the program recommenced in 1998 and new orchards were planted in 2001. Hybrid crossing with P. pinaster started in 2002. Western Australia has had a long and successful breeding program for P. radiata. Emphasis for the past three to five years has been the development of inter- provenance hybrids for improved drought tolerance to adapt P. radiata to drier sites. Germplasm of principal interest to this project includes: • P. radiata selected for drought tolerance, including hybrids, in the Cambria, Cedros and Guadalupe populations • P. pinaster (improved material, also represented in tests in NSW) • P. halepensis (improved material)

8 • P. brutia (improved material) and hybrids with P. pinaster • P. canariensis (selections made and grafted into clonal archives) • P. eldarica (selections made and grafted into clonal archives) Based on information from all original Plantation and Arboreta registers and files that were scanned and digitised in 2006/07, a total of 50 pine species are recorded as having been tested in Western Australia. This is mainly historical with limited information on species growth and performance. Additional species of potential interest include: • P. ayacahuite • P. greggii • P. leiophylla • P. pinea • P. taeda.

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Figure 5: Annual rainfall recorded at Wandering (1961-2003) – Data obtained from Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) website – station 010648. Median rainfall during this period indicated by the horizontal line.

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Figure 6: Mean monthly rainfall recorded at Wandering – BOM website, station 010648.

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Figure 7: Annual rainfall recorded at Wongan Hills (1961-2009) – Data obtained from Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) website – station 008137. Median rainfall during this period indicated by the horizontal line.

10 Wongan Hills (008137) - WA

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Figure 8: Mean monthly rainfall recorded at Wongan Hills – BOM website, station 008137.

Australian Low Rainfall Tree Improvement Group Partner agencies in the FPWA project (reported here) from NSW, SA and WA are among the key partners in the Australian Low Rainfall Tree Improvement Group (ALRTIG), and as such it should be noted that some of the work reported here from WA and NSW was conducted in partnership with ALRTIG (refer Appendix 2). In relation to pine species, ALRTIG’s focus has been on P. pinaster and P. brutia, and the development of a breed of P. radiata targeted to low-rainfall sites (Harwood et al. 2007). In the case of P. pinaster work focused on the establishment of improved sources developed in WA, and in the case of P. brutia a breeding strategy was developed (Spencer and Boardman, 2002), two seed stands were established, plus- trees were selected from across all known stands of the species in Australia, and clonal seed orchards were established in the ACT, SA and WA (Harwood et al. 2007). Work with P. radiata has mainly focused on the southern provenances of this species (i.e. the two island sources Guadalupe and Cedros, and mainland source from Cambria) – work with this species is outlined by Harwood et al. (2007) and Matheson et al. (2007). Performance of Pines on Lower-Rainfall Sites A review of trial plantings established in New South Wales, Queensland and Western Australia identified a number of trials of potential interest to this project, and which will also provide information and germplasm to support future expansion of pine plantations into lower rainfall areas of Australia (Appendix 2). Some of these trials were remeasured, and summarised as part of this project. In addition PIRSA provided data from two trials established by ForestrySA in South Australia. Summary reports for individual trials are available from the project website (http://dryzonepines.lafs.uq.edu.au/) and are also reproduced here in Appendix 3. Note that the rainfall patterns recorded for the trial sites in South Australia are intermediate between the NSW and WA sites (refer Figures 9 and 10); 400-600 mm per year, distributed throughout the year, but with peak rainfall during winter.

11 Wirrabarra (019053) - SA

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Figure 9: Annual rainfall recorded at Wirrabarra (1961-2009) – Data obtained from Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) website – station 019053. Median rainfall during this period indicated by the horizontal line.

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Figure 10: Mean monthly rainfall recorded at Wirrabarra – BOM website, station 019053.

Of the four State-based organisations that contributed information to this project, it is clear that Western Australia is the most advanced in development of genetic material of pine species adapted to plantation establishment in the lower-rainfall zones. This is reflected in the establishment of P. pinaster and P. brutia breeding programs, targeted to the development of germplasm adapted to low-rainfall sites of southern and western Australia (Butcher 2007). Further, FPC has also taken steps to assemble and conserve diverse germplasm of many pine species of potential interest for deployment in the low-rainfall zone of WA: P. canariensis, P. halepensis, and P. eldarica in addition to the larger programs for P. radiata, P. pinaster, and P. brutia. Efforts in other States, though significant, have to date been less intensive.

12 Summary data of P. radiata provenances and inter-provenance hybrids established in WA, SA and NSW (refer Appendix 3), on sites regarded as marginal for radiata pine (550 – 600mm/yr) indicate the potential for commercial plantations of these species on similar sites. However, experience in NSW (refer report by Dodds and Henson – Appendix 3) reinforces the importance of good management and weed control – survival at the Wagga Wagga site was considerably lower than in the companion trial planted at Culcairn. This difference in survival (and growth) is believed to be the result of severe competition from grass that was not controlled during the early years of this trial. Results further point to the potential of Cambria, Guadalupe and Cedros populations as sources of greater adaptability to water-stressed environments, particularly as inter-provenance hybrids. Nevertheless, on more extreme sites (i.e. < 550mm/yr), P. radiata has limited potential as a pure species – showing low survival compared to P. pinaster, P. brutia, P. eldarica or P. pinea in a number of trials in Western Australia. In terms of growth potential, P. pinaster was superior in all trials reported from Western Australia. However, considering when considering all traits, Trevor Butcher (Appendix 3) regards P. brutia as being the most suitable species for planting on low-rainfall, high-evaporation sites of WA, especially with improved germplasm that has been selected for growth, form and adaptation, when combined with improved nursery and early establishment silviculture.

The potential of other species should not be overlooked. For example, provenance trial data from SA (refer Appendix 3) demonstrates that significant variation exists between populations of P. brutia and P. halepensis for both survival and growth potential, indicating scope for improved adaptation and productivity through genetic selection within these species on low-rainfall sites. Tognetti et al. (1997) report significant variation amongst natural populations of P. halepensis for traits related to tolerance of water stress in seedlings, with provenances tested from the more xeric environments showing greater adaptability to these conditions. P. eldarica (Iran source) performed quite poorly in SA trials. However, Butcher notes that this species has some potential on low-rainfall sites in WA using the better Afghanistan source (refer reports in Appendix 3). Further, a number of other species remain relatively untested in these environments of southern/western Australia: P. canarensis, P. pinea, P. greggii, and P. leiophylla. Full investigation of the genetic diversity already represented in Australia is potentially very important – for example: provenance tests of P. canarensis and P. greggii that have been established in NSW and Queensland respectively.

In south-east Queensland, the species of interest are different to those under consideration in southern NSW, SA and WA. Here, the major Pinus taxon used for plantation establishment is not P. radiata, but a hybrid between P. elliottii and P. caribaea var. hondurensis (hybrid pine). Further, the criteria for ‘low-rainfall’ are also different. In the other states, the major plantation species (P. radiata) can be grown reasonably successfully down to around 650mm/yr; however in Queensland hybrid pine is generally restricted to sites experiencing over 1200mm/yr. Therefore, in the context of south-east Queensland, low-rainfall refers to sites that receive an average of 600-1000mm/yr. Rainfall also occurs predominantly in summer (compare Figures 2, 4, 6 8 and 10) and is highly sporadic with a large proportion of annual rainfall in a few, intense rainfall events. Appendix 3 includes summaries of a number of trials that have been established on marginal sites (for pines) in south-east Queensland. Results from these can be summarised as:

13 • P. caribaea var. hondurensis has more drought tolerance than hybrid pine, but has also demonstrated greater susceptibility to frost when young. • Hybrid pine (P. elliottii × P. caribaea var. hondurensis) when established on sites with low-frost risk, has performed quite well in a number of inland trials. However, frost and drought pose significant restrictions to deployment of this hybrid. • Other varieties of P. caribaea (var. bahamensis and var. caribaea) do not appear to offer significant advantages over var. hondurensis. The bahamensis variety has shown greater susceptibility to severe drought, even though more frost tolerant. There is no strong differentiation between vars. hondurensis and caribaea in terms of drought tolerance, although var. caribaea may be slightly more cold tolerant (Garth Nikles pers. comm.) than var. bahamensis. • Species such as P. tecunumanii seem to have little potential as pure species on inland sites where frost is a problem during establishment; however, hybrids produced by crossing this species and another closely related species (P. oocarpa) with P. caribaea var. hondurensis show some promise in young trials planted to the north-west of Maryborough. • Two relatively ‘new’ species in this region – P. greggii and P. maximinoi – have demonstrated potential in two trials. A major difference in the growth potential of the southern and northern provenances of P. greggii (refer Appendix 3) was observed, with the northern material performing substantially better. P. maximinoi also demonstrated very good growth potential, but was much more susceptible to early mortality (believed to have been largely caused by frost, rather than drought). No selection has been conducted within these species in Queensland; however, improvements in growth and form could be expected from genetic selection.

Conclusions/Recommendations

A number of pine species have been identified with potential for deployment on marginal sites across Australia. When viewed nationwide, there are significant genetic resources present of many species, including provenance trials of some of the nominated species. Due to very tight restrictions on the importation of pine seed and plant material into Australia, it is unlikely that it will be possible to expand the genetic bases (in Australia) of any of these species. Further, genetic resources of individual species are currently widely distributed throughout Austraia, and often growing in locations remote from established research infrastructure and personnel, and so at high risk of future loss or degradation.

In order to support expansion of softwood plantations into new environments (i.e. non-traditional, low-rainfall and, in some cases, colder sites) or to meet challenges of increasingly uncertain future (e.g. climate change and/or disease incursions) it is necessary to both preserve and utilise the genetic resources of at least the most promising Pinus species that currently exist within Australia. This will help to ensure the long-term viability of the softwood industries in Australia. However to be used, these genetic resources must not only be preserved, but also maintained in a form that is useable.

14 A conservation strategy for the key species identified must: i) maintain a broad sample of the genetic diversity of each species, ii) collect genetic material from across Australia, iii) ensure the long-term preservation of genetic material, and iv) store genetic diversity in a form that is readily usable. To meet these criteria it is recommended that consideration be given to the development of a follow-on project that will: • Evaluate all known stands, trials, arboreta, genetic archives, etc. of key Pinus species (other than the current major plantations species which are already adequately preserved within breeding programs). • Select phenotypically superior individuals – selecting primarily on form traits that are known to have moderate, individual heritabilities such as stem straightness, nodality, branch angle, etc. • Clonally propagate 200 individuals per species (i.e. by grafting). • Establish clones of the selected individuals on at least two sites, to provide insurance against loss from catastrophic events such as fire or cyclone. • Publish information about sites and species, so that information is readily available in the future, and genetic material is accessible for all species. A national gene conservation program for pine species, such as this, could also be extended to include species of current major importance such as P. radiata and P. caribaea, and species with known resistance to major pine diseases (e.g. low elevation sources of both P. oocarpa and P. tecunumanii are known to be highly resistant to pine pitch canker). This approach will ensure the preservation of diverse germplasm from key pine species, in a form that can be used as a future seed source, maintain selected material that can be readily used as parents for population improvement or hybridisation, and which can also be used in association genetics studies. Acknowledgments

Information and data used in this report has been provided by: State Forests NSW, Forestry Plantations Queensland, Horticulture and Forestry Science (DPI&F, Queensland), Primary Industries and Resources South Australia, ForestrySA and Forest Products Commission (Western Australia). With the involvement of the following people: Hans Porada, Michael Henson and Kevin Dodds (NSW); Leisa Hindmarsh, Michelle McAndrew, Kate Murray, Marks Nester, Rodger Peters, Paul Toon, Garth Nikles and Ian Last (Qld.); Susan Shaw, Simon Chinnock and Clinton Sim (SA); Anjanette Chandler, Michael Cully, Beverly Boyer and Trevor Butcher (WA); Sandra Micallef, Jitka Kochanek, Abner Yalu, and Mark Dieters (University of Queensland); and Chris Lafferty and Jugo Illic (FWPA).

References Butcher, T. (2007). Achievements in forest genetic improvement in Australia and New Zealand 7: Maritime and Brutian pine tree improvement programs in Western Australia. Australian Forestry 70(3): 141-151. Cook, D.C. and Matheson, A.C. (2008). An estimate of the potential economic impact of pine pitch canker in Australia. Australian Forestry 71(2): 107-112. Coutinho, T.A., Steenkamp, E.T., Mongwaketsi K., et al. (2007). First outbreak of

15 pitch canker in a South African pine plantation. Australasian Plant Pathology 36(3): 256-261. Gordon, T.R. (2006). Pitch canker disease of pines. Phytopathology 96(6): 657-659. Harwood, C.E., Bush, D.J., Butcher, T. et al. (2007). Achievements in Forest Tree Genetic Improvement in Australia and New Zealand 4: Tree Improvement for Low-rainfall Farm Forestry. Australian Forestry 70(1): 23-27. Hodge, G.R. and Dvorak, W.S. (2000). Differential responses of Central American and Mexican pine species and Pinus radiata to infection by the pitch canker fungus. New Forests 19(3): 241-258. Matheson, A.C., Spencer, D.J., Bush, D.J. and Porada, H. (2007). Australian Low Rainfall Tree Improvement Group: A Strategy to Develop a Low Rainfall Breed of Pinus radiata. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Canberra. 22 pp. Tognetti, R., Michelozzi, M., and Giovannelli, A. (1997) Geographical variation in water relations, hydraulic architecture and terpene composition of Aleppo pine seedlings from Italian provenances. Tree Physiology: 17(4): 241-250. Spencer, D. and Boardman, R. (2002). Genetic improvement strategy for Pinus brutia in southern Australia. In: Australian Low Rainfall Tree Improvement Group Compendium of Softwood Breeding Strategies. RIRDC Publication No. 02/028, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Canberra, pp. 26–44.

16 Appendix 1: Complete listing of pine species/taxa tested by collaborators Note: These species are recorded as having been grown and/or tested by the partner organisations, but stands may not still exist – i.e. they may have been lost due to fire, clear-falling or other causes. Species/hybrid NSW Qld. SA WA Pinus attenuata Pinus attenuata ×Pinus radiata Pinus ayacahuite Pinus banksiana Pinus brutia Pinus bungeana Pinus canariensis Pinus caribaea Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis Pinus caribaea var. caribaea Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis Pinus caribaea – intervariety hybrids Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis ×P. oocarpa Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis ×P. tecunumanii Pinus clausa Pinus contorta Pinus cooperi Pinus coulteri Pinus densiflora Pinus durangensis Pinus echinata Pinus eldarica Pinus elliottii var. densa Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Pinus elliottii var. elliottii ×P. caribaea var. hondurensis Pinus engelmanni Pinus excelsa Pinus flexilis Pinus glabra Pinus geradiana Pinus greggii Pinus halepensis Pinus hartwegii Pinus insularis Pinus jeffreyi Pinus kesiya Pinus koraiensis Pinus lambertiana Pinus laricio Pinus leiophylla Pinus luchuensis Pinus lutea

17 Species/hybrid NSW Qld. SA WA Pinus massoniana Pinus maximinoi Pinus michoacana Pinus montezumae Pinus monticola Pinus mugo Pinus muricata Pinus nigra Pinus occidentalis Pinus oocarpa Pinus palustris Pinus patula Pinus pinaster Pinus pinea Pinus ponderosa Pinus pseudostrobus Pinus pungens Pinus radiata - Monterey Pinus radiata - Cedros Pinus radiata - Guadalupe Pinus radiata - Cambria Pinus radiata - Interprovenance hybrids Pinus resinosa Pinus rigida Pinus roxburghii Pinus serotina Pinus strobus Pinus sylvestris Pinus tabulaeformis Pinus taeda Pinus taiwanensis Pinus tecunumanii Pinus teocote Pinus thunbergii Pinus torreyana Pinus viginiana Pinus wallichiana

18 Appendix 2: Trial plantings with Pinus species in the lower-rainfall zones of Australia.

Trials Located in New South Wales

Location Expt Ref. Species Details Planted Description P. radiata (improved Guadalupe Gf27), ALRTIG Trials – compares P. pinaster (WA) and seedlings (non- cuttings x seedlings of pinaster GSZ9901A WA) Junee 1999 and radiata P. radiata (improved Guadalupe Gf27), ALRTIG Trials – compares P. pinaster (WA) and seedlings (non- Wagga cuttings x seedlings of pinaster GSZ9901B WA) Wagga 1999 and radiata P. radiata (improved Guadalupe Gf27), ALRTIG Trials – compares P. pinaster (WA) and seedlings (non- cuttings x seedlings of pinaster GSZ9901C WA) Bombala 1999 and radiata

Wagga ALRTIG pinaster family trial on GSG001 P. pinaster (ex WA) Wagga 2000 2 sites around Wagga Wagga P. radiata (mainland, Guadalupe, Cambria), P. radiata x cedros, P. FNSW and ProseedNZ species radiata x hybrids, P. radiata x trials with brutia, Canariensis, attenuata, Cedros x Guadalupe, Cedros attenuata, pinaster, GF26 radiata, x P. attenuata, P. brutia, P. pinaster, P. Wagga Gaulalupe radiata, Cambria GSG0102 canariensis Wagga 2001 radiata on two dryland sites P. radiata (mainland, Guadalupe, Cambria), P. radiata x cedros, P. FNSW and ProseedNZ species radiata x hybrids, P. radiata x trials with brutia, Canariensis, attenuata, Cedros x Guadalupe, Cedros attenuata, pinaster, GF26 radiata, x P. attenuata, P. brutia, P. pinaster, P. Gaulalupe radiata, Cambria GSG0102 canariensis Culcairn 2001 radiata on two dryland sites ALRTIG progeny trial at Forbs in Back Yamma State Forest (Failured – herbicide damage, SSW0203 P. brutia Forbes 2002 survival <10%) Wagga ALRTIG Radiata interprovenance GSG0102 P. radiata (interprovenance hybrids) Wagga 2004 hybrids Wagga Arboreta at Charles Sturt P. brutia, P. canariensis, P. halepensis Wagga 1969 University P. brutia, P. canariensis, P. halepensis Jerrilderie 1967 CSIRO/FNSW Trial 100 tree plots P. greggii, P. hartweggii, R2.4.3 P. taiwanensis Oberon 167 Vulcan Arboreta 1930 & 3 plots at research site in Back P. canariensis sp. trial Forbes 1953 Yamma SF P. brutia sp. trial Forbes 1953 Plot at Back Yamma SF R3.3.27.1 P. canariensis sp. trial, Moira SF Mathoura 1932 FNSW R3.3.26.2 P. halepensis sp. trial, Moira SF Mathoura 1932 FNSW

19 Trials located in Queensland

Expt. No. /Series SF Logging Area Cpt Planted Description Exp102DBY 150 19 1967 Species and provenance trial Exp140MBR 1294 HARWOOD 7 1973 Site preparation Exp141MBR 1294 HARWOOD 000A 1973 Site preparation - lat. Podzolic Exp143MBR 1294 HARWOOD 000C 1973 Site preparation - heavy silt Exp159DBY 4 7 1973 Prov.trial P.eldarica, P.brutia Exp182WCK 263 PASSCHENDAELE 7 1928 Arboretum Exp1892.A YMN 289 HARLAND 4 1960 Seed from Guadalupe P. radiata Exp1892.B YMN 909 TIGELL 7 1960 Seed from Guadalupe P. radiata Exp199MBR 1294 WALLIEBUM 0 1985 Standard fertilizer trial Exp2040YMN 257 ASHBY 31 1962 Mexican pines ex Rhodesia Exp212MBR 1294 HARWOOD 7 1986 Standard fertilizer trial Exp216MBR 1294 RICHMOND 1 1978 Refertilisation of Caribbean pine Exp2236YMN 909 PECHEY 10 1955 Mexican pines ex NSW Exp223MBR 1294 HARWOOD 2 1986 Wide spacing trial Exp2308YMN 909 PECHEY 13 1960 Arboretum G x E interaction for F1 hybrid clones Exp2384YMN 909 SHARMAN 203A 1995 ( stage 2, series II) Spp/prov trial (PCH, PCB, PCC, PEE, PED, P. kesiya, POOC var. Exp36BDB 563 OMEGA 1971 ochoterenai (=tec?) Spp/prov trial (PCH, PCB, PCC, PEE, PED, P. kesiya, POOC var. Exp37BDB 563 OMEGA 1971 ochoterenai (=tec?) Spp/prov trial (PCH, PCB, PCC, PEE, PED, P. kesiya, POOC var. Exp38BDB 840 ALPHA 21 1971 ochoterenai (=tec?) Spp/prov trial (PCH, PCB, PCC, PEE, PED, P. kesiya, POOC var. Exp39BDB 840 EPSILON 1971 ochoterenai (=tec?) Eucalyptus species/provenance trial, Exp4TCA 1992 includes Pinus species as controls 11 PCH provs, 2 PCB provs, 1 Qld Exp501.2DTBS 563 OMEGA 1A 1973 PCH Exp506/1GEN 563 Omega 1905 7 PCC provs + 1 ex RSA + 1 Qld Hwd taxa trial (29 spp/prov/clone) ITC Noveltie Tree incl. PCH & F2 hybrid on yellow Exp506CHWD Farm, Miriamvale 2001 podzolic & black earth Hwd taxa trial (23 taxa) include PCH Awonga Dam, & F2 hybrid on solonised solonetz Exp517AHWD Barmundoo 2001 soils Study of hybrids at Wongi (PCB, Exp565TBS 1294 RICHMOND 2 1976 PCH, PEE, PEE x PCH, PEE x PCB) PCH provenance trial - Wongi site (incl 1 PEE x PCH, 2 PCB, 2 Qld Exp569.2ATBS 1294 BRUCE 3A 1982 Pch, 2 Ptec) Exp61MGN 673 BEITZEL 1968 Trial planting Exp690.2BTBS 1294 DUCKINWILLA 5 1989 PCH x PTEC/POOC progeny trial Exp691.2BTBS 1294 DUCKINWILLA 5 1989 Unreplicated family selection blocks Exp700.2BTBS 1294 DUCKINWILLA 18 1991 Progeny trial (PCH x POOC) Exp713.2ATBS 1294 DUCKINWILLA 18 1991 Clones within family trial

20 Expt. No. /Series SF Logging Area Cpt Planted Description Exp713.2BTBS 1294 DUCKINWILLA 18 1991 Clones within family trial. PCH x PTEC clones within family Exp713.2CTBS 1294 DUCKINWILLA 18 1991 trial PEE x PCH F1 versus P. tecunumaii Exp729.2CTBS 909 SHARMAN 204 1994 and P. taeda PCH x PCC hybrid family evaluation Exp731.2DTBS 840 BETA 201 1998 trial Exp743.2CTBS 840 BETA 201 1998 PCC open pollinated progeny trial Exp758.2ATBS 909 SHARMAN 209 1998 Pinus radiata batch trial Exp763.2DTBS 840 BETA 201 1998 Taxa comparison trial Evaluation of hoop and exotic pines Exp766.2ATBS 135 ARAUCARIA 209B 1999 on high-fertility sites Evaluation of hoop and exotic pines Exp766.2BTBS 135 ARAUCARIA 211 1999 on high-fertility sites Evaluation of hoop and exotic pines Exp766.2ETBS 283 BENARKIN 216 1999 on high-fertility sites Pinus radiata, P. maximinoi, and Pinus greggii progeny tests (F2 Exp768.2ATBS 909 SHARMAN 212 1999 hybrid control) Testing various exotic pines on Exp802.ATBS Gamlins via Bucca 2005 marginal sites ~ west of Bundaberg Coolalbin via Gin Testing various exotic pines on Exp802.BTBS Gin 2005 marginal sites ~ west of Bundaberg Electra via Testing various exotic pines on Exp802.CTBS Wallaville 2005 marginal sites ~ west of Bundaberg Exp87DBY 328 3 1955 Arboretum species trial Exp88DBY 4 7 1962 Arboretum experimental plot Exp89DBY 150 19 1965 Trial plantation

21 Trials Located in Western Australia Location of Pine species trials in Western Australia. Code Name Town Planting Status year A1 Bussells Collie 1968 A2 Asplin Nannup 1968 N A3 Meribup Manjimup 1969 A4 Helms Esperance 1965 A5 Wellbucket Mundaring 1964 A6 Big Brook Pemberton 1929 A7 Pemberton Town Pemberton 1929 A8 Nannup Town Nannup 1922 A9 Donnybrook Town Donnybrook 1923 A10 Collie Town Collie 1922 A11 Mungalup Collie 1959 ? A12 Manjimup Town Manjimup 1925 A13 Inglehope Dwellingup 1965 A14 Teesdale Dwellingup 1965 A15 Bristol Boyanup 1975 ? A16 Williams Rd Collie 1970 ? A17 Bowelling Collie 1962 N

P1 Wanneroo P2 Mundaring P3 Harvey P4 Gleneagle P5 Collie P6 Nannup P7 Busselton

W6 Narrogin FD 1955 W7 Mingenew FD 1949 W18 Eneabba 1980 W20 Badgingarra Agric 1959 W21 Miling 1960 W24 Dowerin Shire 1960 W31 Ballidu Shire 1960 W53 Cunderdin Agric School 1960 W54 Boxwood Hills 1964 W57 Wellstead 1964 W Greenough 1962

S1 Gaby Quoi Quoi Wongan Hills 1999 S2 Allanooka Mingenew 1986 S3 Eneabba AGWA and Mines 1998 S4 Wintons Gin Gin 1997 S5 Dennis Meckering 1998

B1 O'Callahan Marchagee 2000 B2 Waddells Moora 2000 B3 Ngullma Mia Wandering 1997 B4 Quinlivan Esperance 2001 B5 Glasfurd Dandaragan 2001 B6 Halls Brookton 2002

Status N = No longer exists ? = uncertain

22 Pine species tested in Western Australia × site. SPECIES A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 LOCATION Buss Aspl Meri Helm Well BigB Pemb Nann Donn Coll Mung Manj brutia 69 p 69 p 69 74 66 70 32 canariensis 69 68 69 73 29 70 22 23 22 59 25 eldarica 69 70 70 78 68 69 69 pinaster 70 f 70 f 70 f 61 64 36 69 32 22 59 25 pinea 69 70 69 75 radiata - camb 72 72 radiata - cedr 72 radiata - guad 71 72 radiata - mont 72 70 70 73 64 69 22 23 22 25 roxburghii 70 70 70 30 27 25 attenuata 60 34 carabaea 67 p 67 70 30 22 32 25 elliottii 67 67 69 74 69 26 59 greggii 69 69 69 69 halepensis 68 68 69 77 32 jeffreyii 71 71 71 29 71 25 laricio 29 70 27 29 60 25 muricata 69 69 69 29 69 26 25 25 nigra 69 p 69 p 69 70 70 60 oocarpa 68 68 69 78 68 69 patula 70 70 70 29 70 27 29 59 25 ponderosa 68 p 70 p 69 29 70 28 60 taeda 68 p 68 p 69 66 30 70 27 29 59 25 torreyana 70 70 70 25 ayacahuite 68 clausa 71 71 71 70 contorta 70 70 70 70 coulteri 69 70 69 27 60 39 densiflora 70 30 32 30 echinata 29 27 27 25 elliottii densa 67 67 glabra 72 72 insularis 68 70 kesiya 70 70 70 70 70 lambertiana 29 25 leiophylla 69 68 70 luchuensis 68 32 29 25 massoniana 29 25 michoacana 68 68 montezumae 69 68 69 68 palustris 67 67 29 23 24 25 pseudostrobus 70 70 70 pungens 72 72 72 rigida 72 72 72 serotina 68 69 69 69 strobus 29 sylvestris 29 tabulaeformis 36 thunbergii 68 68 69 virginiana 72 72 72

P = provenance f = family

23 Table 2a (continued): Pine species tested in Western Australia x site. SPECIES A13 A14 A15 A16 A17 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 LOCATION Ingl Tees Bris Will Bowe Wann Mund Harv Glen Coll Nann Buss brutia 75 26 65 f 69 57 canariensis 28 65 75 70 26 22 57 69 56 72 eldarica 28 69 pinaster 28 69 70 ** f 67 f ** f ** 83 f 69 ** f pinea 26 69 radiata - camb 57 85 f radiata - cedr 85 f radiata - guad 85 f radiata - mont 28 69 70 74 f ** f ** f ** ** f ** f ** f roxburghii 66 attenuata 30 attenuradiata 57 81 carabaea 65 65 68 56 56 elliottii 65 65 69 70 68 67 69 74 greggii 55 halepensis 65 58 f 86 jeffreyii 26 28 laricio 28 26 28 muricata 28 26 30 66 p 69 nigra 65 65 80 oocarpa 66 65 56 patula 65 65 29 59 ponderosa 66 26 28 taeda 65 65 69 70 29 56 80 p torreyana ayacahuite clausa 30 contorta coulteri 26 69 densiflora echinata 58 elliottii densa 66 glabra insularis 65 65 56 kesiya lambertiana 28 leiophylla luchuensis 29 massoniana 29 michoacana montezumae palustris 26 30 pseudostrobus pungens rigida serotina 56 80 p strobus sylvestris tabulaeformis thunbergii 56 virginiana

P = provenance f = family

24 Pine species tested in Western Australia × site. SPECIES W6 W7 W18 W20 W21 W24 W31 W53 W54 W57 W LOCATION Narr Ming Enea Badg Mili Dowe Ball Cund Boxw Well Gree brutia 59 60 64 canariensis 64 60 59 64 60 60 64 eldarica pinaster 62 64 60 59 60 64 64 pinea 62 60 59 64 60 60 64 radiata - mont halepensis 62 60 59 64 60 64 64

Pine species tested in Western Australia × site. SPECIES S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 LOCATION Gabb Allan Enea Wint Meck brutia 99 86 98 97 98 canariensis 86 eldarica 99 98 pinaster 99 86 98 97 98 pinea 99 86 radiata - mont 99 86 halepensis 86

Tree Breeding trials in Western Australia. SPECIES B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 S1 LOCATION March Moora Wand Esper Danda Brook Gabby brutia 02 00 97 01 01 02 99 canariensis eldarica 00 00 99 pinaster 00 00 97 01 01 99 99 pinea 99 radiata - camb 98 radiata - mont 00 97 01 99 greggii 01

25 Appendix 3: Summaries of trial plantings in lower- rainfall zones of Australia.

1. Dryland species and P. radiata provenance trials (CSG0101 & GSG0102) (Kevin Dodds and Michael Henson) 2. Summary – Western Australian trials of Pinus species on low-rainfall sites. (Trevor Butcher) 3. Summary – ForestrySA: Alternative pine species trials. (Compiled by Jitka Kochanek, Mark Dieters and Susan Shaw) 4. “Walliebum” taxa × fertilizer trial: Experiment 199 MBR – growth and survival to 23 years of age. (Mark Dieters and Ian Last) 5. Pine taxa trial west of Bundaberg, south-east Queenland: Expt 802 TBS summary to age 3 years. (Mark Dieters and Ian Last) 6. Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis, var. bahamensis and var. caribaea provenance trial, south-east Queensland: Exp 501/2D TBS. (Leisa Hindmarsh, Paul Toon and Ian Last) 7. Evaluation of pure and hybrid pine taxa on a poorly-drained, high-mounded site at Wongi, north-west of Maryborough, south-east Queensland. Summary of Experiment 565 TBS to age 29 years. (Ian Last and Mark Dieters) 8. Caribbean pine provenance trial north-west of Maryborough, south-east Queensland. Experiment 569/2A TBS, summary to 26 years. (Leisa Hindmarsh, Marks Nester and Mark Dieters) 9. Evaluation of hoop pine and exotic pine on high-fertility sites in the Brisbane and Mary River Valleys, south-east Queensland. (Ian Last and Mark Dieters) 10. Comparative performance of P. radiata and other exotic pines on a high elevation site near Toowoomba, south-east Queensland. Experiment 768/2a TBS – Interim Summary to age 9 years. (Ian Last and Mark Dieters) 11. Comparative performance of exotic pine taxa on a high elevation site near Toowoomba, south-east Queensland. Experiment 729/2c TBS – Interim Summary to age 14.7 years. (Ian Last and Mark Dieters)

26 Dryland Species and Pinus Radiata Provenance Trials (GSG0101 & GSG0102)

7th Year Report

Kevin Dodds & Michael Henson Forests NSW, Land Management & Technical Services, Tumut May 2008

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Introduction

The softwood plantation industries of the South West Slopes of NSW are based predominantly on Pinus radiata. This species performs best on moderate to high elevation sites with an annual rainfall greater than 800mm. Land in the traditional growing areas of the South West Slopes with these characteristics is becoming scarce. This has led to increasing interest in alternative species, provenances and sites outside of the traditional P.radiata regions.

The geography of the South West Slopes dictates that any significant expansion of the softwood plantation industry is likely to occur on lower elevation dry land sites to the West.

This report summarizes the results for early survival, growth and form in two trials located near Wagga Wagga and Culcairn.

Location and Site Details

The first trial set is located on the DLWC Research Station at San Isadore, just West of Wagga Wagga, NSW. Average annual rainfall for this site is 550mm. Elevation is 220m.

The second trial set is on the joint venture private property “Old Carabobola”, located between Holbrook and Culcairn, NSW, where the average annual rainfall is 650mm. Elevation at this site is 280m.

Figure 1. Location of trial sites

Both sites are un-irrigated, first rotation and ex-pasture.

Soils at both sites are described as sandy clay loams over clay.

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Treatments and Trial Designs

Two Trials were established at each of the sites in Winter 2001. The first trial GSG0101A (Wagga Wagga) and GSG0101B (Culcairn) is a Species & Provenance Trial. The trial design is seven treatments (listed in Table 1.) planted in 49 tree blocks (i.e. 7 rows x 7 trees) with each treatment block replicated 4 times across the trial, giving a total of 196 trees per treatment.

Table 1. Seven Pinus provenances/hybrids/species tested in main trial GSG010A&B Treatment No. Genotype Type 1 P.radiata (mainland) Control seed lot 2 P.radiata (Cambria) Provenance 3 P.radiata (mainland x Guadalupe) Provenance Cross 4 P.attenuata x P.radiata (mainland) Hybrid 5 P.canariensis Species 6 P.pinaster Species 7 P.brutia Species

The second trial GSG0102A (Wagga Wagga) and GSG0102B (Culcairn) is a P.radiata provenance, provenance cross and hybrids trial which is much a smaller trial including five treatments as listed in Table 2. The design of these smaller trials is 3 replicates with 5 treatments planted as 7 tree row plots giving a total of 21 trees per treatment.

Table 2. Five provenances/hybrids tested in smaller trial GSG0102A&B Treatment No. Genotype Type 1 P.radiata (mainland) Control seed lot 2 P.radiata (Cedros x Guadalupe) Provenance Cross 3 P.radiata (Guadalupe) Provenance 4 P.attenuata x P.radiata (Cedros) Hybrid 5 P.attenuata x P.radiata (Guadalupe) Hybrid

Stocking

Trees were established at 3m (Row) x 2.6m (Tree) spacing resulting in a stocking of 1333 stems\hectare.

Measurements

Both trials and sites were measured\assessed for the same set of traits at approximately the same age. Table three indicates the traits measured by age.

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Table 3. Traits assessed in both trials at both sites Age in Traits Measured\Assessed Months 12 Height (m) & Survival 36 Height (m) & Survival 80 Height (m), Survival, DBHOB (cm), Straightness (1-6), Acceptability (1 or 0)

All tree heights were measured using height poles with the exception of the Culcairn 80 month measurement where a Vertex Hypsometer was used due to the greater growth at this site.

Diameter at breast height over bark (DBHOB) was measured using a standard diameter tape.

Straightness was assessed on a scale of 1 to 6 where 1 was least straight and 6 the straightest. Acceptability was recorded as acceptable (1) or not acceptable (0) and is intended to give an indication of the likelihood of the stem developing into a suitable saw log.

Results

The results tables and graphs are given in Appendix 1 for Trial GSG0101A&B and Appendix 2 for Trial GSG0102A&B.

Discussion

Survival & Growth

The Culcairn site clearly out performed the Wagga site for Survival and Growth in both trials. Some of this difference may be attributed to the slightly higher average annual rainfall of the Culcairn site. However, it is thought that the major factor influencing these results was a severe and uncontrolled infestation of Phalaris grass at the Wagga Wagga site.

Poor survival in the P.radiata provenance trial at Wagga Wagga, casts doubt over the value of the data collected for this trial at this site. In the case of the control Treatment 1 (P.radiata (mainland)), only one individual was surviving at age 80 months. Survival in the sister trial at Culcairn has been much better with all provenances maintaining 85% survival or greater. No significant difference for DBH was observed between the P.radiata provenances at Culcairn. At age 80 months there was some significance for height with the guadalupe and the cedros x guadalupe performing best.

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Initial survival at age 12 months in the larger Species\Provenance trials was lowest at the Wagga Wagga site and there was a further drop in survival to age 36 months. Significantly, from age 36 months to age 80 months there was no increased mortality at Wagga Wagga suggesting that the surviving trees were now able to withstand the competitive effects of the Phalaris infestation.

Due to the influence of the Phalaris infestation it will be impossible to properly quantify the relative performance of the two sites for survival and growth. However, treatment rankings for DBH and Height (particularly for the larger Species\Provenance trials) give some indication of the likely performance of the treatments across the two sites. Table 4. gives treatment rankings for the Species\Provenance Trials GSG0101A and GSG0101B.

Table 4. Treatment Rankings for DBHOB and Height at age 80 Months in Species \Provenance Trials GSG0101A (Wagga Wagga) & GSG0101B (Culcairn) Rank for DBHOB Rank for Height Wagga Wagga Culcairn Wagga Wagga Culcairn P.radiata (mainland) 2 1 2 1 P.radiata (Cambria) 3 2 3 3 P.radiata (mainland x Guadalupe) 1 3 1 2 P.attenuata x P.radiata (mainland) 5 5 5 7 P.canariensis 6 6 7 5 P.pinaster 4 4 4 4 P.brutia 7 7 6 6

The Pinus radiata treatments ranked in the top 3 positions for both DBH and height at both sites and the ranking for DBH of the other Species was consistent between sites. This gives us some confidence in the expected relative performance of the species across sites within the study area. Note : the rankings for the smaller P.radiata Provenance trial were less consistent between sites for growth and as mentioned above, the results form these trials have been confounded by the poor survival at the Wagga Wagga site.

Form

Whilst performing best overall for growth, the Pinus radiata treatments were less impressive for stem straightness.

The Pinus attenuata x Pinus radiata (Mainland) hybrid and the Pinus pinaster treatments were significantly better performers for straightness in the Species\Provenance trial at both sites. The Pinus attenuata x Pinus radiata (Cedros) hybrid was also the best performer for straightness in both of the smaller provenance trials.

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Conclusions

To age 80 months (6.5years), the Pinus radiata treatments in trials at Wagga Wagga and Culcairn have clearly outperformed a number of alternative Pinus species for diameter and height growth. Of the alternative species tested, Pinus pinaster performed best for growth.

The hybrid P.attenuata x P.radiata(mainland) and species P.pinaster exhibited the best form (Straightness) performing better that the faster growing P.radiata treatments. Another hybrid of P.attenuata x P.radiata (Cedros) also showed good form compared to other P.radiata provenances.

The good form of the two P.attenuata x P.radiata hybrids (Cedros and Mainland) may be worthy of further investigation in the future.

Poor survival, subsequent tree deaths to age 3 years and a reduction in growth associated with an infestation of Phalaris grass at the Wagga Wagga trial site have demonstrated the increased importance of good early weed management on the marginal dry sites.

Whilst these early results demonstrate a strong performance for growth in P.radiata compared with the other species, future measurements will be necessary to determine the longer term effects as the trees begin to compete more closely for moisture. Anecdotal evidence from observations of small scale commercial plantings of P.radiata in the dry land areas West of the Hume Highway would suggest that this species is likely to suffer significantly from the effects of inter tree competition beyond age 8 years.

Future measurements will shed more light on the expected longer term performance of the alternative species, provenances and hybrids.

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Appendix 1. Results Tables and Graphics for Larger Species\ Provenance\Hybrid Trials

Table 1a. Treatment Means for trial GSG0101A – Wagga Wagga

Height (m) Duncan Height (m) Duncan Height (m) Duncan DBHOB Duncan Straightness Duncan Stem Duncan 12 Months 36 Months 80 Months (cm) 80 80 Months Acceptability Months 80 Months P.radiata (mainland) 0.71 1 2.90 1 6.10 1 9.15 1 3.11 2 0.41 2,3 P.radiata (Cambria) 0.69 1 2.35 4.96 8.33 1 2.97 2 0.31 3 P.radiata (mainland x Guadalupe) 0.72 1 3.00 1 6.39 1 9.17 1 3.30 2 0.41 2,3 P.attenuata x P.radiata (mainland) 0.31 3 1.48 2,3 3.02 2 5.87 2 3.84 1 0.62 1,2 P.canariensis 0.42 2 1.14 3 2.66 2 4.03 3 2.87 2 0.29 3 P.pinaster 0.46 2 1.60 2 4.09 6.03 2 3.99 1 0.70 1 P.brutia 0.29 3 1.12 3 2.98 2 3.23 3 2.98 2 0.34 3 Significance P=<.001 P=<.001 P=<.001 P=<.001 P=<.001 P=.002

Table 1b. Treatment Means for Trial GSG0101B - Culcairn

Height (m) Duncan Height (m) Duncan Height (m) Duncan DBHOB Duncan Straightness Duncan Stem Duncan 12 Months 36 Months 80 Months (cm) 80 80 Months Acceptability Months 80 Months P.radiata (mainland) 1.11 1 5.03 7.74 1 13.16 1 2.94 2,3 0.34 1,2 P.radiata (Cambria) 1.00 2 4.31 6.99 13.16 1 2.78 3 0.26 2 P.radiata (mainland x Guadalupe) 1.07 1,2 4.76 7.75 1 12.55 1 2.91 2,3 0.29 1,2 P.attenuata x P.radiata (mainland) 0.49 3 2.57 4.23 8.43 2 3.83 0.62 P.canariensis 0.53 3 2.34 1 4.70 2 8.28 2 3.17 1,2 0.32 1,2 P.pinaster 0.77 3.75 6.26 11.10 3.46 1 0.38 1,2 P.brutia 0.38 2.31 1 4.66 2 6.21 3.21 1,2 0.41 1 Significance P=<.001 P=<.001 P=<.001 P=<.001 P=<.001 P=<.001

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Appendix 1…..continued.

Percentage Survival by age, Mean Diameter, Mean Height and Percentage Acceptable Stems for Trials GSG0101A Wagga Wagga & GSG0101B Culcairn.

Percentage Survival by Age

Percentage Survival at age 12, 36 and 80 months Percentage Survival at age 12, 36 and 80 months Trial GSG0101A - Wagga Wagga Trial GSG0101B - Culcairn

100.0 100.0 90.0 90.0 80.0 80.0

Dia70m.0 eter 70.0 l l a

a 60.0 60.0 v v i i v v r r 50.0 50.0 u u S S

% 40.0 % 40.0 30.0 30.0 20.0 20.0

10.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 P.radiata P.radiata P.radiata P.attenuata x P.canariensis P.pinaster P.brutia P.radiata P.radiata P.radiata P.attenuata x P.canariensis P.pinaster P.brutia (mainland) (Cambria) (mainland x P.radiata (mainland) (Cambria) (mainland x P.radiata Guadalupe) (mainland) 12 Months 36 Months 80 Months Guadalupe) (mainland) 12 Months 36 Months 80 Months

Mean Diameter

Mean Diameter at Breast Height 80 Months Diameter at Breast Height 80 Months Trial GSG0101A - Wagga Wagga Trial GSG0101B - Culcairn

14.00 14.00

12.00 12.00

10.00 10.00 ) ) m m c c 8.00 8.00 ( (

B B O O H H 6.00 6.00 B B D D 4.00 4.00

2.00 2.00

0.00 0.00 P.radiata P.radiata P.radiata P.attenuata x P.canariensis P.pinaster P.brutia P.radiata P.radiata P.radiata P.attenuata x P.canariensis P.pinaster P.brutia (mainland) (Cambria) (mainland x P.radiata (mainland) (Cambria) (mainland x P.radiata Guadalupe) (mainland) Guadalupe) (mainland)

Mean Height

Mean Height by age Mean Height by age Trial GSG0101A - Wagga Wagga Trial GSG0101B - Culcairn

8.00 8.00 Height 12 Months Height 12 Months 7.00 Height 36 Months 7.00 Height 36 Months Height 80 Months 6.00 Height 80 Months 6.00

5.00 5.00 ) ) m m ( (

t t h

h 4.00 4.00 g g i i e e H H 3.00 3.00

2.00 2.00

1.00 1.00

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

Appendix 1…..continued.

Mean Straightness

Mean Straightness at 80 Months Mean Straightness at 80 Months Trial GSG0101A - Wagga Wagga Trial GSG0101B - Culcairn

4.50 4.50

4.00 4.00 ) ) 6 6 -

3.50 -

1 3.50 1

e e r

3.00 r

o 3.00 o c c S S

( 2.50 (

2.50

s s s 2.00 s e 2.00 e n n t t h 1.50 h 1.50 g g i i a a

r 1.00 r t 1.00 t S S 0.50 0.50

Acceptability

Percentage Acceptable Stems at age 80 Months in Percentage Acceptable Stems at age 80 Months in Trial GSG0101A - Wagga Wagga Trial GSG0101B - Culcairn

100.0 100.0

90.0 90.0

80.0 80.0

70.0 70.0 y y t t

i 60.0 i 60.0 l l i i b b a a t t

p 50.0 p 50.0 e e c c c c A A 40.0 40.0 % %

30.0 30.0

20.0 20.0

10.0 10.0

0.0 0.0 P.radiata P.radiata P.radiata P.attenuata x P.canariensis P.pinaster P.brutia P.radiata P.radiata P.radiata P.attenuata x P.canariensis P.pinaster P.brutia (mainland) (Cambria) (mainland x P.radiata (mainland) (Cambria) (mainland x P.radiata Guadalupe) (mainland) Guadalupe) (mainland)

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Appendix 2. Results Tables & Graphics for smaller Provenance \ Hybrids Trials

Table 2a. Treatment Means for trial GSG0102A – Wagga Wagga

Height (m) Duncan Height (m) Duncan Height (m) Duncan DBHOB Duncan Straightness Duncan Stem Duncan 12 Months 36 Months 80 Months (cm) 80 80 Months Acceptability Months 80 Months P.radiata (mainland) 0.53 2 1.79 2 4.09 1 7.87 1 3.99 1,2 0.99 2 P.radiata (Cedros x Guadalupe) 0.46 1,2 1.34 1 3.22 1 4.05 1 2.53 1 0.17 1 P.radiata (Guadalupe) 0.56 2 1.70 1,2 3.97 1 5.55 1 2.41 1 0.19 1 P.attenuata x P.radiata (Cedros) 0.40 1 1.56 1,2 3.04 1 5.50 1 4.83 2 1.00 2 P.attenuata x P.radiata (Guadalupe) 0..54 2 1.75 1,2 4.40 1 6.97 1 3.88 1,2 0.70 2 Significance P=.022 ns ns Ns P=.029 P=.002

Table 2b. Treatment Means for Trial GSG0102B - Culcairn

Height (m) Duncan Height (m) Duncan Height (m) Duncan DBHOB Duncan Straightness Duncan Stem Duncan 12 Months 36 Months 80 Months (cm) 80 80 Months Acceptability Months 80 Months P.radiata (mainland) 0.75 1 3.35 1 5.71 1 10.23 1 2.40 1 0.07 1 P.radiata (Cedros x Guadalupe) 0.77 1 3.63 1,2 6.61 2 10.48 1 3.07 1 0.29 1,2 P.radiata (Guadalupe) 0.86 1 3.99 2 6.93 2 11.07 1 2.48 1 0.14 1 P.attenuata x P.radiata (Cedros) 0.68 1 3.55 1,2 5.95 1 10.91 1 4.52 2 0.81 3 P.attenuata x P.radiata (Guadalupe) 0.67 1 3.55 1,2 5.95 1 10.52 1 3.64 1,2 0.59 2,3 Significance ns ns P=.007 ns P=.015 P=.006

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Appendix 2…..continued Percentage Survival by age, Mean Diameter & Mean Height, for Trials GSG0102A Wagga Wagga & GSG0102B Culcairn.

Percentage Survival by Age

Percentage Survival by Age Percentage Survival by Age 12 Months Trial GSG0102A - Wagga Wagga Trial GSG0102B - Culcairn 36 Months 80 Months 100% 12 Months 100% 90% 36 Months 90% 80% 80 Months 80% l l a a

v 70% v 70% i i v v r r

u 60% u 60% S S

e 50% e

g 50% g a a t t n 40% n 40% e e c c r r e 30% e 30% P P 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% 0% P.radiata P.radiata P.radiata P.attenuata x P.attenuata x P.radiata P.radiata P.radiata P.attenuata x P.attenuata x (mainland) (Cedros x (Guadalupe) P.radiata P.radiata (mainland) (Cedros x (Guadalupe) P.radiata P.radiata Guadalupe) (Cedros) (Guadalupe) Guadalupe) (Cedros) (Guadalupe)

Mean Diameter

Mean Diameter at Breast Height age 80 Months Mean Diameter at Breast Height age 80 Months Trial GSG0102A - Wagga Wagga Trial GSG0102B - Culcairn

12.00 12.00

10.00 10.00

) 8.00 ) 8.00 m m c c ( (

B 6.00 B 6.00 O O H H B B

D 4.00 D 4.00

2.00 2.00

0.00 0.00 P.radiata P.radiata P.radiata P.attenuata x P.attenuata x P.radiata P.radiata P.radiata P.attenuata x P.attenuata x (mainland) (Cedros x (Guadalupe) P.radiata P.radiata (mainland) (Cedros x (Guadalupe) P.radiata P.radiata Guadalupe) (Cedros) (Guadalupe) Guadalupe) (Cedros) (Guadalupe)

Mean Height

Mean Height at age 12, 36 and 80 Months Mean Height at age 12, 36 and 80 Months Trial GSG0102A - Wagga Wagga Trial GSG0102B - Culcairn

12 Months 36 Months 80 Months 12 Months 36 Months 80 Months

8.00 8.00 7.00 7.00 6.00 6.00 ) 5.00 ) 5.00 m m ( (

t t

h 4.00 h 4.00 g g i i

e 3.00 e 3.00 H H 2.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 P.radiata P.radiata P.radiata P.attenuata x P.attenuata x P.radiata P.radiata P.radiata P.attenuata x P.attenuata x (mainland) (Cedros x (Guadalupe) P.radiata P.radiata (mainland) (Cedros x (Guadalupe) P.radiata P.radiata Guadalupe) (Cedros) (Guadalupe) Guadalupe) (Cedros) (Guadalupe)

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Appendix 2…..continued.

Mean Straightness

Mean Straightness at age 80 Months Mean Straightness at age 80 Months Trial GSG0102A - Wagga Wagga Trial GSG0102B - Culcairn

5.00 5.00 4.50 4.50 ) ) 6 6 - - 4.00 4.00 1 1 ( (

e e 3.50 3.50 r r o o c c 3.00 3.00 S S

s s 2.50 2.50 s s e e n n 2.00 2.00 t t h h g g 1.50

1.50 i i a a r r t t 1.00 1.00 S S 0.50 0.50 0.00 0.00 P.radiata P.radiata P.radiata P.attenuata x P.attenuata x P.radiata P.radiata P.radiata P.attenuata x P.attenuata x (mainland) (Cedros x (Guadalupe) P.radiata P.radiata (mainland) (Cedros x (Guadalupe) P.radiata P.radiata Guadalupe) (Cedros) (Guadalupe) Guadalupe) (Cedros) (Guadalupe)

Percentage Acceptable Stems

Percentage Acceptable Stems at age 80 Months Percentage Acceptable Stems at age 80 Months Trial GSG0102A - Wagga Wagga Trial GSG0102B - Culcairn

100 100 90 90 80 80 ) 70 )

% 70 ( %

(

e 60

e 60 g g a t 50 a t

a 50 n n e e 40

c 40 c r r e e 30

P 30 P 20 20 10 10 0 0 P.radiata P.radiata P.radiata P.attenuata x P.attenuata x P.radiata P.radiata P.radiata P.attenuata x P.attenuata x (mainland) (Cedros x (Guadalupe) P.radiata P.radiata (mainland) (Cedros x (Guadalupe) P.radiata P.radiata Guadalupe) (Cedros) (Guadalupe) Guadalupe) (Cedros) (Guadalupe)

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Summary – Western Australian Trials of Pinus species on Low Rainfall Sites

Background: In the early years of forestry in Western Australia, planting of various conifer species was limited to the higher rainfall areas in the southwest of the state. Arboreta were established through the wheat-belt region of WA from 1948 to 1964, but drought hardy pines such as P. canariensis, P. pinaster, P. brutia, P. halepensis and P. pinea were only tested on some of the sites.

In 1996, the State Salinity Strategy (Western Australia Department of Agriculture and Department of Conservation and Land Management (1996)) identified the need to plant deep-rooted perennial species in the medium and low rainfall zones to lower the rising groundwater tables. Western Australia has an enormous dry-land salinity problem, with reports of 1.8 million hectares of agricultural land already affected and about six million hectares at risk due to broad scale clearing of woodland for agriculture since European settlement.

Pinus pinaster (Maritime Pine) was considered to be a suitable species – this species is able to grow in the 400-600 mm rainfall zone and to provide a commercial return to landowners while also delivering environmental benefits. The Maritime Pine Project began with planting in 1996, with the intention of planting 60,000 ha of with P. pinaster were over the next 10 years, in order to demonstrate the capacity of the species as an alternative land use. The area actually planted during the period 1996 to 2006 was 19,573 ha.

Natural Heritage Trust (NHT) funding was used in 1998 to carry out a new range of selections for dry-land deployment and create new families for establishment in this challenging environment. NHT project 983194 (Improvement of Drought Tolerance of Commercial Tree Crop Species) sought to improve the profitability of potential tree crops in the medium-rainfall zone of WA. The project involved the pine species identified as the most important to southern Australian conditions—P. pinaster, P. radiata and P. brutia—with the objective of increasing drought tolerance in the best varieties. Essentially, this project was to designed get superior trees from the established breeding programs in the ground, on these new sites.

Commission estate plantations in the medium-high rainfall areas of the southwest of WA are the major timber resource for industry. Industry expansion is limited by area of the existing pine estate. Plantation expansion in this region is limited by increasing land prices and from competition for land from agriculture, bluegum plantations, etc.. We have been successful in increasing wood production through improved silviculture and tree breeding. Part of our breeding program is to extend the range of P. radiata into lower rainfall areas

First stage of this FWPA Dry-Zone Pine project (PN07.4027) was to provide a list of all Pinus species trialled in Western Australia. Key species were identified and trials at Marchagee, Wongan Hills, Dandaragan and Wandering were listed for assessment. Summaries from these trials are appended. Another aim was to identify genetic

1 resources of the next rank species that are under threat. The best genetic sources of Pinus eldarica, P. halepensis, P. canariensis, P. roxburghii, P. nigra, P. muricata, P. oocarpa, P. greggii and P. taeda have been captured and planted in clonal archives in Western Australia.

Site/Location Details: Trials to be reported on fall into two groups. First are low-rainfall, high evaporation, sandy soils of the mid-west, that was the major area proposed for revegetation under the State Salinity Strategy. Second was the trial at Wandering on medium-rainfall, high evaporation, gravely loam soils where provenances of P. radiata were trialled along with P. pinaster and P. brutia.

Summary data are presented from four trials planted since 2000, and remeasured/assessed as part of the FWPA project PN07.4027. These trials are as follows: • Wandering – planted in 1997, assessed in March 2008 at 11 years of age o latitude – 32°32' o longitude – 116°36' o rainfall – 618mm/annum (Met. Station – 010648) o soils – lateritic loam, ex-pasture o spacing – 3 × 2.2m o P. radiata – improved and unimproved sources from WA, and seed from elite trees in provenance trails of Californian sources o P. pinaster – improved and unimproved sources from WA o P. brutia – improved and unimproved sources from WA • Wongan Hills – planted in 1999, assessed in May 2008 at 9 years of age o latitude – 30°59' o longitude – 116°50' o rainfall – 390mm/annum (Met. Station – 008137) o soils – yellow sand, ex-pasture o spacing – 3 × 2m o P. radiata, P. pinaster, P. brutia, P. eldarica, and P. pinea • Marchagee – planted in 2000, assessed in May 2008 at 8 years of age o latitude – 30°01' o longitude – 116°05' o rainfall – 418mm/annum (Met. Station – 008132) o soils - yellow sand, ex-pasture o spacing 3 × 2.2m o P. radiata, P. pinaster, P. brutia (l = similar sites to other species, and h = from site with high gaining potential), and P. eldarica. • Dandaragan – planted in 2001, assessed in March 2001 at 7 years of age o latitude – 30°43' o longitude – 115°42' o rainfall – 545mm (Met station – 009037) o soils – yellow sand, ex-pasture o spacing – 3 × 2.5m o P. radiata, P. pinaster, P. brutia, and P. greggii

2 Measurements/Data Available: These four experiments were measured and assessed in early 2008. All surviving trees were measured for diameter and height, and standing volumes calculated. Each tree was also assessed for the following traits: • Degree of dominance – 0 = missing tree, 1 = dead, 2 = runt, 3 = sub-dominant, 4 = co-dominant, 5 = dominant • Stem straightness, branch thickness, and branch angle – using 6 point scale in each case, with 1 = poor and 6 = best • Nodality – 5 point scale, 1 = uni-nodal, 5 = multi-nodal • Malformation – 0 = no malformation, 5 = minor (single ramicorn, no forks, no kink, no damage), 4 = slight (minor fork (high), ramicorns; slight kink), 3 = moderate (numerous ramicorns, fork and/or basket, major kink), 2 = major (major fork; major basket); and 1 = severe (multiple forks). • Health – 5 = above average health, 4 = vigorous healthy crown (default, common for trial), 3 = unhealthy, sparse crown, 2 = recent dead, still has brown needles, and 1 = old dead tree. • Branch cluster – number of branch whorls between 1 and 6m on the bole.

From these assessments the following derived variables were calculated and are presented in the results below: • S = Stem straightness, % acceptable, class 4+5+6 • T = Branch Thickness, % acceptable, class 4+5+6 • A = Branch Angle, % acceptable, class 4+5+6 • N = Nodality, % acceptable, class 3+4+5 • M = Malformation, % acceptable, class 4+5+6 • H = Health, % healthy of surviving trees

• S+ = Stem straightness, % final crop, class 5+6 • T+ = Branch Thickness, % final crop, class 5+6 • A+ = Branch Angle, % final crop, class 5+6 • N+ = Nodality, % multi-nodal trees

Results and Discussion: Low-rainfall, high evaporation, sandy soil sites of the mid-west showed that P. radiata and to a lesser extent P. pinaster, have been pushed too far and are not suitable in this environment.

At Marchagee, the most northerly site, P. radiata collapsed prior to canopy closure (Tables 1 and 2, Figure 1) and there is increasing scattered tree death in the P. pinaster. This and other trial data is being used to develop a more drought tolerant P. pinaster. Survival was same as at establishment for P. brutia and P. eldarica; seedlings were very small (5cm) at planting but most survived (being buried) showing the resilience of these species. Early growth was very slow, to three years, and then similar to P. pinaster after this. Pinus brutia and P. eldarica trees are healthy and vigorous (Tables 1 and 2).

3 Table 1: Marchagee site – Mean survival and growth data at eight years of age. No. Trees Survival Diameter Volume Basal Area Species Planted (%) (cm) (m3 ha-1) (m2 ha-1) Pinus brutia (l) 69 70 3.8 2.8 1.3 Pinus brutia (h) 50 98 4.8 7.0 3.0 Pinus eldarica 67 72 4.1 3.1 1.5 Pinus pinaster 64 75 9.4 24.0 8.4 Pinus radiata 208 11 8.7 2.4 1.0

Table 2: Marchagee site – Percentage of acceptable stems Species S T A N H S+ T+ A+ N+ Pinus brutia (l) 60 67 75 100 100 23 19 17 50 Pinus brutia (h) 59 76 49 82 100 20 22 4 27 Pinus eldarica 73 71 50 100 100 35 25 4 100 Pinus pinaster 50 56 0 0 90 13 19 0 0 Pinus radiata 57 65 96 52 26 17 30 61 26 S = straightness, T = branch thickness, A = branch angle, N = nodality, H = health (refer to text for further details)

25 Pinus pinaster ) -1 20 ha 3 15

Volume (m Volume Pinus brutia (h) 5 Pinus eldarica Pinus radiata Pinus brutia (l) 0 40 50 60 70 80 Straightness (S, % 4, 5 or 6)

Figure 1: Marchagee site – mean volume per hectare and stem straightness at eight years of age.

Wongan Hills site is the most easterly in the northern area. At age 9 years, and near canopy closure, survival was 76% in P. radiata with no mortality in the P. pinaster, P. brutia, P. eldarica and P. pinea plots (Table 3). Basal areas ranged from 4 to 10 m2 ha-1, growth of P. radiata and P. pinaster were clearly superior to the other three species, with P. pinea exhibiting the slowest growth and poorest form (Tables 3 and 4, Figure 2). Form of both P. radiata and P. pinaster were poorer than either P. brutia or P. eldarica.

The P. eldarica used in this and the Wongan Hills trial illustrates the importance of seed or provenance source. Early plantings of P. eldarica sourced from Iran collapsed following drought in arboreta that had been planted high-medium rainfall zone, when trees were about 9 year-old. The Afghanistan provenance was the source used in this

4 trial; it has excellent form and branching for the species and is very healthy in the low-rainfall environment (Table 4). Range wide collections of P. eldarica and P. brutia made by David Spencer in 2000 with RIRDC funding but seed still held in quarantine is very important to dry-land afforestation. They could not be released in 2007 in time for nursery sowing but every attempt will be made for AQIS release in 2008.

Table 3: Wongan Hills site – Mean survival and growth data at nine years of age. No. Trees Survival Diameter Height Volume Basal Area Species Planted (%) (cm) (m) (m3 ha-1) (m2 ha-1) Pinus pinaster 100 100 8.7 5.3 19.3 10.3 Pinus brutia 100 100 5.6 4.3 6.8 4.4 Pinus eldarica 100 100 5.3 3.8 5.1 3.9 Pinus radiata 100 76 9.3 5.8 17.7 9.0 Pinus pinea 100 100 5.7 3.4 5.5 4.5

Table 4: Wongan Hills site – Percentage of acceptable stems. Species S T A N M S+ T+ A+ N+ M+ Pinus pinaster 22 57 56 51 45 3 13 11 9 19 Pinus brutia 47 66 63 96 87 17 32 19 55 66 Pinus eldarica 62 80 58 100 78 17 24 15 100 40 Pinus radiata 37 33 83 79 66 1 7 26 51 28 Pinus pinea 10 32 24 0 5 0 3 0 0 2 S = straightness, T = branch thickness, A = branch angle, N = nodality, M = malformation (refer to text for further details)

20 ) Pinus pinaster -1 Pinus radiata ha

3 15

10 Pinus brutia Pinus eldarica Volume (m Volume 5 Pinus pinea

0 0 10203040506070 Straightness (S, % 4, 5 or 6)

Figure 2: Wongan Hills site – mean volume per hectare and stem straightness at nine years of age.

Dandaragan trials are important as they contain families from the P. pinaster and P. brutia breeding programs as well as single seed sources of P. radiata and P. greggii. The P. greggii trees died an early age (Table 5). Provenance origin is unknown but thought to be southern. CAMCORE is believed to be crossing P. greggii (northern provenance) with P. radiata to enhance drought tolerance of the latter. At

5 Dandaragan, P. radiata trees at age 7 are now dying (Table 5, Figure 3). There was little mortality in the P. pinaster or P. brutia to seven years of age (Table 5). Table 5: Dandaragan site – Mean survival and height to 7 years of age. No. Survival Survival Height Survival Height Trees Year 1 Year 6 Year 6 Year 7 Year 7 Species Planted (%) (%) (m) (%) (m) Pinus pinaster 2912 99 99 7.7 Pinus brutia 1120 95 95 2.9 91 3.7 Pinus radiata 60 100 73 6.7 73 6.9 Pinus greggii 180 94 68 4.2 21 4.3

8 Pinus pinaster Pinus radiata 6

Pinus greggii 4 Pinus brutia

Height7 yrs at (m) 2

0 0 102030405060708090100 Survival at 7 yrs (%)

Figure 3: Dandaragan site – height and survival to seven years after planting.

At Wandering, earlier plantings of P. radiata in the area survived through to harvest though most trees had sunscald. In our 11-year-old trees, sunscald was minimal and trees were healthy crowned on this ex-agricultural site (Tables 6 an 7, Figure 3). This is an interesting trial as it includes improved seed orchard and improved selections of Cambria, Guadalupe Island, Cedros Island and Monterey provenances. Best tree selections were made in provenance trials in plantations, so the pollen source was most likely to have been Monterey origin. Therefore, many of the P. radiata trees from these sources are likely to be inter-provenance hybrids. The similar performance with the HAPSO (Hedged Artificially Pollinated Seed Orchard) source is promising (Tables 6 and 7, Figure 3). Part of the P. radiata program is breeding for dry-land by selection within the improved Monterey breeding population and by inter-provenance crossing. There was little mortality in the P. radiata, P. pinaster, or P. brutia (Table 6).

Pinus brutia is the tree best suited to planting on low-rainfall, high-evaporation sites in WA. Breeding trials have shown considerable variation in growth, and selections of superior individual trees have been made, and the selected trees are now established in new clonal seed orchards. Improved nursery practice and better establishment of the improved P. brutia will make this a viable planting option. Pinus eldarica is also promising using Afghanistan source.

6 Table 6: Wandering site – Mean survival and growth data at 11 years of age. No. Trees Survival Diameter Height Volume Species Source Planted (%) (cm) (m) (m3 ha-1) P. radiata HAPSO 440 96 17.9 186 38 Monterey 40 98 18.3 198 40 Cambria 80 98 18.4 201 41 Guadalupe 100 96 17.8 183 38 Cedros 20 100 15.4 139 30 Unimproved 20 95 15.9 134 29 P. pinaster improved 760 95 15.4 106 28 unimproved 80 91 13.6 77 21 P. brutia improved 30 100 12.1 68 19

Table 7: Wandering site – Percentage of acceptable stems Species Source S T A N S+ T+ A+ N+ P. radiata HAPSO 48 52 42 63 18 16 5 22 Monterey 28 51 54 56 5 13 5 15 Cambria 54 31 26 50 15 3 0 10 Guadalupe 52 23 47 40 20 4 7 13 Cedros 80 40 10 70 55 10 0 10 Unimproved 37 53 47 53 0 11 0 16 P. pinaster improved 42 48 6 13 unimproved 25 29 4 5 P. brutia improved 97 67 47 100 63 30 3 87 S = straightness, T = branch thickness, A = branch angle, N = nodality, H = health (refer to text for further details)

250 P. radiata 200 P. pinaster )

-1 P. brutia ha

3 150

100 Volume (m Volume 50

d d O pe ed e u v ve terey l o o da HAPS Cedros mprov Mon Cambria I Improved Gua Unimpr Unimpr

Figure 3: Wandering site – volume production of P. radiata, P. pinaster and P. brutia sources at 11 years of age.

Pinus brutia performance in WA (extract from RWG 2007 presentation): Trees of the Cyprus provenance generally have good form, branching, apical dominance, vigour and drought tolerance. This was well demonstrated in the Yanchep ‘100 acre’ plot

7 planted in 1952 on shallow yellow sands with outcropping limestone. The unthinned stand had negligible mortality, and growth was reasonably comparable to that of adjacent P. pinaster. The ability to survive at high stocking on shallow soils, and with rainfall as low as 500 mm yr-1 and high evaporation, indicates substantial drought tolerance.

Progeny trials of P. brutia were planted at Yanchep in 1964 and 1969. As for most P. brutia, management of the trials was neglected because of the very slow early growth of trees—they were left unpruned while adjacent P. pinaster and P. radiata trees were pruned and later thinned. These progeny trials assumed importance with planting in the state moving to medium–low-rainfall areas and the need for greater drought tolerance. Trees in the trials were measured in 1999 for diameter, height, stem form and branching form, and the best cored for wood density. Survival had varied, but apparently this was due to establishment losses as there was no evidence of recent deaths. The average MAI for volume in the trial was 6 m3 ha-1 while the best families reached 11 m3 ha-1, and basic density was 523 kg/m3. In the adjacent heavily thinned P. radiata stand, diameters were comparable but trees were shorter and had stems split from sunscald. Improved P. pinaster in a nearby provenance trial had an MAI for volume of 12 m3 ha-1 but was suffering from deaths due to drought.

Trevor Butcher 21/07/08

8 Summary – ForestrySA: Alternative Pine Species Trials

Background: Data were provided on two trials established by ForestrySA with pine species/taxa with potential on low rainfall sites in southern Australia. These trials are: EM53 – Californian Provenance Trial of Pinus radiata (FD05/1110); and EM62/63 – Provenance trial of Pinus brutia, Pinus halepensis and Pinus eldarica. The P. radiata provenance trial was established to primarily for gene conservation purposes, but it subsequently has been recognised that the island sources of P. radiata potentially have greater drought tolerance than the mainland provenances which are believed to be sources of much of the bulk the current breeding populations. The second trial aimed to compare the performance of local (South Australian) seed sources with sources from the natural stands.

Site/Location Details: EM53 – Californian Provenance Trial: This experiment was planted in 1979/80, on four sites: • Myora Forest Research Cpts. 1-8/1979 at ‘Buttons’; • Wirrabara Forest Reserve, 1980 Experimental Area (planted June 1980); • Second Valley Forest Reserve; and, • Mount Gambier Forest Reserve Cpt. 1/1980 at ‘Coppings’.

EM62/63 – Provenance Trial: These two experiments were co-located and planted in August 1972 on three sites: • The Wanilla trial plots were located on Southern Eyre Peninsula Lat.34°36’S, Long. 135°39’E. Soils were principally shallow terrarossas with pockets of tertiary laterite. The site was 18km from the sea. Altitude was 120m above sea level. (Most likely destroyed by fire.) • The Bundaleer trial plots were located in the mid-north of South Australia Lat. 33°15’S, Long. 138°34’E. Soils were classified as Yangya Silty Loam. The locality was Mt Robertson Paddock (Cpts. 158b and 158c). Altitude was 500m above sea level. • Trial plots were also established at Caroline Forest Reserve, Pond Flat in the lower southeast of South Australia Lat.37°58’S, Long.140°53’E. Soils were terrarossa. The site was 10km from the sea. Altitude was 34m above sea level. (This site was destroyed in the 1979 Caroline Fire.)

Measurements/Data Available: EM53 – California Provenance Trial: Data were provided to the University of Queensland by Susan Shaw of Primary Industries and Resources South Australia (PIRSA) for inclusion in FWPA project PN07.4027 from the Wirrabara trial site. This data included measurements of: diameter at breast height collected in 1989 (9yrs), 1996 (16yrs), 2001 (21yrs), 2003 (23yrs) and 2005 (25yrs); total height in 1996; and assessments of branch quality, malformation, branch cluster frequency, branch size,

1 branch angle, forking, and ramicorn branches in 1989 and/or 1996. Diameter and height data collected in 1996 were used to estimate a volume index for each surviving tree (i.e. conical volume), and assessments of forking and ramicorn branches were converted to presence/absence (1/0) scale. Survival (1/0) was estimated based on the number of trees measured in each plot.

EM62/63 – Provenance Trial: Data were provided to the University of Queensland by Susan Shaw of Primary Industries and Resources South Australia (PIRSA) for inclusion in FWPA project PN07.4027 from the trial plots established at Bundaleer. Data came from measurements of diameter and height collected in 1975 (3yrs) and 1997 (15yrs). Data from 1997 measurement was used to calculate a volume index for each tree (i.e. conical volume), and survival was estimated from the number of trees measured per plot.

Results and Discussion: Differences amongst provenances were highly significant (p < 0.01) for all traits reported in both experiments, except for tree height at 15 years of age amongst the P. halepensis provenances tested in EM62/63. Results of mean performance of the provenances included in these two experiments (EM53 and EM62/63) are summarised in the subsequent tables (Tables 1 – Table 8) and figures (Figure 1 – Figure 11).

Pinus radiata Provenance Trial (EM53) Firstly, results from EM53 indicate that the local routine seed source has the most rapid growth (Figure 1); however, the source from Cedros Is. also displayed diameter growth through to 25 years of age (Table 1), having the largest mean diameter of the Californian sources tested. But if we examine survival, the Cedros source had the lowest survival (Figure 2, Table 2) at 80% while the routine source had survival of over 93%. The lower stocking of the Cedros source may have contributed to its better diameter growth through to 25 years.

Further, in terms of most of the quality parameters measured (stem straightness, malformation index, branching, forks and ramicorn branches), the Cedros source was inferior to the other island source (Guadalupe) and the routine control. This would suggest that the Guadeloupe source may be more useful than Cedros as a new source of genetic material, with potentially higher drought tolerance.

Mediterranean Pine Provenance Trial (EM62/63) Overall survival in all this trial was quite low, and some provenances had no surviving trees by the time this experiment was measured at 15 years of age in 1997. The two sources is the best survival were both from Pinus brutia (sources from Iraq – 55%, and South Australia – 50%; refer Table 8). All other sources had less than 40% of the trees surviving at 15 years of age. The Iraq and SA sources of P. brutia also had the lowest mean diameter of all the provenances from this species that were tested (Table 5, Figure 10). Generally P. halepensis was taller than P. brutia, and of the P. halepensis sources tested local SA material, Israel and Morocco had the fastest growth (Tables 5, 6 and 7), and of these three Israel and Morocco had the highest survivals. The one source of P. eldarica (Iran) include in this experiment had quite poor survival. The good performance of the locally selected material from South

2 Australia indicates that it is likely to be possible to improve adaptation and growth rates in these species, under water-limiting conditions in southern Australia.

Figure 1: Mean diameter of P. radiata provenances from California, compared to local ‘routine’ seed source from South Australia. (EM53)

Figure 2: Mean survival of P. radiata provenances from California, compared to local ‘routine’ seed source from South Australia at nine years of age. (EM53)

Figure 3: Mean branch quality of P. radiata provenances from California, compared to local ‘routine’ seed source from South Australia. (EM53)

Figure 4: Mean malformation index of P. radiata provenances from California, compared to local ‘routine’ seed source from South Australia. (EM53)

Figure 5: Mean stem straightness score of P. radiata provenances from California, compared to local ‘routine’ seed source from South Australia. (EM53)

Figure 6: Mean branch angle of P. radiata provenances from California, compared to local ‘routine’ seed source from South Australia. (EM53)

Figure 7: Mean branch size of P. radiata provenances from California, compared to local ‘routine’ seed source from South Australia. (EM53)

Figure 8: Mean proportion of forking of P. radiata provenances from California, compared to local ‘routine’ seed source from South Australia. (EM53)

Figure 9: Mean proportion of ramicorn branches of P. radiata provenances from California, compared to local ‘routine’ seed source from South Australia. (EM53)

Table 1: Mean diameter in EM53 – Californian Provenance Trial of P. radiata. Provenance Diameter (cm) ± Diameter (cm) ± Diameter (cm) ± Diameter (cm) ± Diameter (cm) ± Standard Error Standard Error Standard Error Standard Error Standard Error 1989 – 9yrs (cm) 1996 – 16yrs (cm) 2001 – 21yrs (cm) 2003- 23yrs (cm) 2005 – 25yrs (cm) Anu Nuevo 13.23 ± 0.26 a 22.54 ± 0.37 ab 25.84 ± 0.50 ab 26.60 ± 0.55 ab 29.91 ± 0.63 ab Cambria 14.38 ± 0.14 b 22.82 ± 0.24 a 26.26 ± 0.34 a 27.01 ± 0.36 ab 29.37 ± 0.39 ab Cedros 13.50 ± 0.18 a 22.55 ± 0.23 ab 26.48 ± 0.31 ac 28.00 ± 0.36 ac 30.80 ± 0.37 ac Guadalupe 13.04 ± 0.16 a 21.47 ± 0.22 b 24.56 ± 0.29 b 25.70 ± 0.33 b 27.96 ± 0.37 b Monterey 15.12 ± 0.15 c 24.45 ± 0.24 c 27.89 ± 0.29 c 28.69 ± 0.32 c 30.57 ± 0.38 ac Routine 15.19 ± 0.14 c 25.09 ± 0.21 c 29.23 ± 0.27 d 30.35 ± 0.29 d 32.52± 0.32 d † Different letters indicate significant difference between means at p = 0.05 level. Tukey’s multiple comparison test.

Table 2: Mean survival at 9 yrs (1989) in EM53 – Californian Provenance Trial of P. radiata. Provenance Survival (proportion) ± SE Anu Nuevo 0.82 ± 0.03 ab Cambria 0.89 ± 0.01 ac Cedros 0.80 ± 0.02 b Guadalupe 0.87 ± 0.02 abc Monterey 0.91 ± 0.01 c Routine 0.93 ± 0.01 c † Different letters indicate significant difference between means at p = 0.05 level. Tukey’s multiple comparison test.

Table 3: Mean stem straightness (1 – 6, 6 = good), branch cluster frequency (1 – 9, 9 = high), branch angle (1 – 6), and branch size (1 – 6) in EM53 – Californian Provenance Trial of P. radiata. Stem Straightness Branch Cluster Branch Angle Branch Size Provenance ± SE Freq. ± SE ± SE ± SE 1989 AnuNuevo 3.6 ± 0.08 ac 7.1 ± 0.11 a 3.4 ± 0.07 a 2.8 ± 0.06 a Cambria 3.5 ± 0.05 ac 6.8 ± 0.07 ab 3.4 ± 0.05 a 3.3 ± 0.05 bc Cedros 3.2 ± 0.06 b 6.6 ± 0.09 b 3.0 ± 0.05 b 3.2 ± 0.06 bd Guadalupe 3.6 ± 0.06 ac 6.7 ± 0.08 ab 3.3 ± 0.05 a 3.5 ± 0.05 ce Monterey 3.4 ± 0.05 ab 6.8 ± 0.08 ab 3.2 ± 0.04 ab 3.0 ± 0.04 ad Routine 3.7 ± 0.05 c 7.8 ± 0.06 c 3.8 ± 0.04 c 3.5 ± 0.04 e 1996 AnuNuevo 3.4 ± 0.12 a 2.1 ± 0.11 a 4.1 ± 0.11 ac 3.8 ± 0.11 a Cambria 3.8 ± 0.08 a 2.2 ± 0.07 a 3.9 ± 0.08 a 3.8 ± 0.08 a Cedros 3.6 ± 0.08 a 2.1 ± 0.08 a 3.3 ± 0.10 b 2.9 ± 0.10 b Guadalupe 4.2 ± 0.08 b 2.2 ± 0.07 a 3.8 ± 0.08 a 3.1 ± 0.09 b Monterey 3.7 ± 0.07 a 2.3 ± 0.07 a 3.8 ± 0.07 a 3.7 ± 0.08 a Routine 4.1 ± 0.06 b 2.6 ± 0.05 b 4.3 ± 0.06 c 3.9 ± 0.08 a † Different letters indicate significant difference between means at p = 0.05 level. Tukey’s multiple comparison test.

9 Table 4: Branch quality (1 – 6), malformation score (1 – 9, 9 = most normal), proportion of forked trees, and proportion of trees with at least one ramicorn branch in EM53 – Californian Provenance Trial of P. radiata. Branch Quality (1989) Malformation Ramicorn Branches Score (1996) Forking (Prop) (Prop.) Provenance Mean ± SE Mean ± SE Mean ± SE 1989 AnuNuevo 3.5 ± 0.07 ac 0.09 ± 0.02 a 0.37 ± 0.04 ab Cambria 3.5 ± 0.04 a 0.09 ± 0.01 a 0.37 ± 0.02 ab Cedros 3.0 ± 0.05 b 0.24 ± 0.03 b 0.46 ± 0.03 a Guadalupe 3.4 ± 0.05 a 0.07 ± 0.01 a 0.36 ± 0.02 ab Monterey 3.3 ± 0.04 a 0.10 ± 0.01 a 0.40 ± 0.02 ab Routine 3.7 ± 0.05 c 0.09 ± 0.01 a 0.31 ± 0.02 b 1996 AnuNuevo 8.5 ± 0.18 a 0.06 ± 0.02 a 0.11 ± 0.03 a Cambria 7.9 ± 0.17 a 0.12 ± 0.02 a 0.14 ± 0.03 a Cedros 6.8 ± 0.27 b 0.28 ± 0.04 b 0.26 ± 0.04 b Guadalupe 8.0 ± 0.17 a 0.10 ± 0.02 a 0.12 ± 0.02 a Monterey 8.3 ± 0.12 a 0.06 ± 0.02 a 0.11 ± 0.02 a Routine 8.2 ± 0.13 a 0.07 ± 0.02 a 0.14 ± 0.02 a † Different letters indicate significant difference between means at p = 0.05 level. Tukey’s multiple comparison test.

Table 5: Mean diameter at 15 years (1997) in EM62/63 – Provenance trial of Mediterranean Pine species Species Provenance Diameter (cm) ± SE Cyprus 24.16 ± 0.62 a† Greece (Rhodes Island) 23.32 ± 1.14 ab Greece (Thassos Island) Iraq 19.30 ± 0.75 b Lebanon 25.49 ± 1.38 ab South Australia 19.78 ± 0.62 b Turkey 24.73 ± 0.86 a USSR 25.88 ± 3.45 ab South Australia 2.62 ± 0.17 ac Pinus brutia Tunisia 2.03 ± 0.13 ab Algeria 22.50 ± 0.68 ac Greece (Thassos Island) Israel 25.20 ± 1.08 ac Italy 22.88 ± 0.77 ac Jordan 23.15 ± 1.16 ac Malta 16.33 ± 0.75 b Morocco 26.80 ± 0.83 c Spain 22.25 ± 0.88 ac South Australia 27.35 ± 1.92 c Pinus halepensis Tunisia 20.60 ± 0.60 ab Pinus eldarica Iran 20.37 ± 0.67 † Tukey’s multiple comparison test.

10 Table 6: Mean conical volume at 15 years (1997) in EM62/63 – Provenance trial of Mediterranean Pine species Species Provenance Volume (dm3) ± SE Cyprus 374.5 ± 43.1 Greece (Rhodes Island) 412.0 ± 127.0 Greece (Thassos Island) Iraq 275.1 ± 93.6 Lebanon 232.0 ± 35.2 South Australia 328.3 ± 29.4 Turkey 375.7 ± 42.8 Pinus brutia USSR 170.6 ± 0 Algeria 389.6 ± 52.6 Greece (Thassos Island) Israel 396.2 ± 13.1 Italy 333.7 ± 15.8 Jordan 466.4 ± 43.9 Malta 141.1± 21.6 Morocco 434.4 ± 44.6 Spain 341.0 ± 102.0 South Australia 507.0 ± 47.9 Pinus halepensis Tunisia 313.1 ± 56.0 Pinus eldarica Iran 191.4 ± 22.1

Table 7: Mean height at 15 years (1997) in EM62/63 – Provenance trial of Mediterranean Pine species. Species Provenance Height (m) ± SE Cyprus 16.26 ± 0.60 Greece (Rhodes Island) 15.05 ± 0.99 Greece (Thassos Island) Iraq 13.58 ± 0.78 Lebanon 13.75 ± 0.25 South Australia 15.16 ± 0.42 Turkey 14.64 ± 0.34 Pinus brutia USSR 11.70 ± 0 Algeria 15.27 ± 0.67 Greece (Thassos Island) Israel 17.43 ± 0.64 Italy 15.60 ± 0.17 Jordan 16.80 ± 1.12 Malta 12.85 ± 0.85 Morocco 15.80 ± 0.70 Spain 15.63 ± 1.20 South Australia 16.90 ± 0.40 Pinus halpensis Tunisia 15.19 ± 0.53 Pinus eldarica Iran 11.84 ± 0.29

11 Table 8: Means survival (proportion) at 3 (1975) and 15 (1997) years in EM62/63 – Provenance trial of Mediterranean Pine species.

Species Year Provenance Survival ± SE 1975 Cyprus 0.55 ± 0.03 a† Greece (Rhodes Island) 0.28 ± 0.03 b Greece (Thassos Island) 0.28 ± 0.03 b Iraq 0.59 ± 0.05 a Lebanon 0.28 ± 0.04 b South Australia 0.67 ± 0.03 a Turkey 0.38 ± 0.02 b Pinus USSR 0.24 ± 0.07 b brutia 1997 Cyprus 0.32 ± 0.03 a Greece (Rhodes Island) 0.13 ± 0.02 b Greece (Thassos Island) 0.00 ± 0.00 c Iraq 0.55 ± 0.05 d Lebanon 0.09 ± 0.03 bc South Australia 0.50 ± 0.04 d Turkey 0.13 ± 0.02 b USSR 0.22 ± 0.07 ab 1975 Algeria 0.51 ± 0.03 ac Greece (Thassos Island) 0.23 ± 0.04 b Israel 0.61 ± 0.06 c Italy 0.40 ± 0.03 abc Jordan 0.40 ± 0.03 abc Malta 0.60 ± 0.06 c Morocco 0.57 ± 0.06 ac Spain 0.37 ± 0.04 ab South Australia 0.51 ± 0.06 acd Pinus Tunisia 0.33 ± 0.02 bd halpensis 1997 Algeria 0.34 ± 0.03 a Greece (Thassos Island) 0.00 ± 0.00 b Israel 0.39 ± 0.06 a Italy 0.23 ± 0.03 ac Jordan 0.15 ± 0.03 bc Malta 0.31 ± 0.05 ac Morocco 0.35 ± 0.06 a Spain 0.23 ± 0.03 ac South Australia 0.20 ± 0.05 abc Tunisia 0.19 ± 0.02 c Pinus 1975 Iran 0.37 ± 0.03 eldarica 1997 Iran 0.11 ± 0.02 † Tukey’s multiple comparison test.

Figure 10: Mean diameter of Mediterranean pine species at 15 years of age (EM62/63). Tukey’s multiple comparison test, within species.

Figure 11: Mean height of Mediterranean pine provenances and species at 15 years of age (EM62/63).

Figure 10: Mean conical volume of Mediterranean pine provenances and species at 15 years of age (EM62/63).

Figure 11: Mean proportion of surviving trees of Mediterranean pine provenances and species at 15 years of age (EM62/63). Tukey’s multiple comparison test, within species.

14 Appendix 3: Summaries of trial plantings in Queensland

“Walliebum” taxa x fertilizer trial: Experiment 199 MBR – growth and survival to 23 years of age

Background: The Wongi pine plantation, established during the 1980s and covering approximately 10,200 hectares, are centred 18 kilometres north-west of Maryborough in southeast Queensland. These plantations comprise mainly Caribbean pine (P. caribaea var. hondurensis, PCH), with approximately six percent planted to the hybrid between slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii, PEE) and PCH (PEE × PCH) on the poorer drained sites. Both taxa are planted extensively on the near-coastal regions of southeast and central Queensland. Walliebum, an area of approximately 2,000 hectares of coastal lowlands vegetation to the east of the Wongi plantations, was investigated in the mid 1980s for its potential to grow exotic pine. The area supports poor quality (shorter in height) native vegetation compared to the forest that preceded the Wongi pine plantations. A small fertiliser × taxa trial (Experiment 199 MBR) was established in 1985 to investigate the potential of the Walliebum area to grow pine.

Site/Location Details: Exp. 199 MBR was planted in November 1985 on a site located approximately 10 kilometres north-north-west of Maryborough (Lat. 25°26’20.28”S, Long. 152°40’21.43”E). Mean and median annual rainfall for Maryborough (1961 – 1990) is 1136mm and 1,092mm respectively. The 5th percentile and 95th percentile for the same period are 808mm and 1649mm respectively. Most rainfall (65%) occurs during the November to March while only 17% falls during June to September inclusive.

The trial was planted across two contrasting soil types (site 1 = yellow lateritic podozolic; site 2 = bleached sand; Figure 1), and included a total of six species/taxon by fertiliser treatments (Table 1).

Table 1: List of treatments established in Exp 199 MBR

Treatment Taxon/Species Fertiliser Treatment

PCH(1) Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis P0 = Nil fertiliser PCH(2) Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis P60 = 60 kg/ha phosphorus as Superking (19.2% P) PCH(3) Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis P120 = 120 kg/ha phosphorus as Superking (19.2% P) PCH(4) Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis P60, N200 = Treatment 2 plus 200 kg/ha Nitrogen as nitram. PCH(5) Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis P60, N200, K50, T = Treatment 4 plus 50 kg/ha potassium as muriate of potash (KCl), 5 kg/ha copper as copper sulphate, 5 kg/ha zinc and zinc sulphate PEE × PCH(6) Pinus elliottii var. elliottii × P60, N200, K50, T = Treatment 5 Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis applied to the four F1 hybrid plots.

Figure 1: Location details Exp 199 MBR – Image from Google Earth

Measurements/Data Available: The trial has been measured through to 23 years of age. Data used for this report were collected from all surviving trees at 5, 7.2, 8.8, 10.9, 15.6 and 23.1 years. Conical volume was calculated from diameter and height data collected at 23 years of age. Individual tree volumes were summed, divided by plot areas and the measurement age to estimate the mean annual increment (m3 ha-1 yr-1). Survival was estimated from data collected at 23 years of age, and records of trees thinned following previous measurements. For the purpose of estimating survival, a thinned tree was regarded as a missing value, and so did not contribute to the calculation of survival.

Results and Discussion: No significant differences were observed in the treatment responses between the two sites for diameter recorded between 5 and 23 years after planting, mean annual increment (MAI) or survival at 23 years of age. The nil fertilizer treatment (PCH (1) – refer to Table 1) was significantly poorer than all other treatments for diameter and volume, but differences amongst the other five treatments were small for growth traits (Table 2, Figures 2 and 3).

Diameter growth of the hybrid pine treatment (PEE × PCH (6) – refer to Table 1) is likely to be inflated due to lower survival of this treatment (Table 2). Also there were probably some Pinus elliottii (PEE) trees mixed with the hybrid trees as a result of pollen contamination. These putative PEE trees were much slower growing, and so were excluded from analysis of the hybrid performance. Nevertheless, hybrid trees

2 surviving to 23 years of age consequently had substantially more space than equivalent PCH trees.

Results indicate that when grown under similar fertiliser regimes, the growth response of hybrid pine was similar to that of PCH (Table 2 – MAI of 14.2 compared to 15.4). There were no significant differences in survival between the hybrid pine and PCH on this site (Table 2). However, the hybrid pine plots contained up to 50% of trees which were regarded to be pure slash pine, due to pollination contamination. This would have given the hybrid trees relatively more space, compared to a stand that was fully stocked with hybrid trees. Therefore, the growth of the PEE × PCH hybrid may be slightly inflated.

15 PCH( 1) PCH( 2) 10 PCH( 3) PCH( 4) PCH( 5) 5 PEEx PCH( 6) Diameter at Breast Height (cm) Height Breast at Diameter 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Age (years)

Figure 2: Diameter growth response in Exp 199 MBR between 5 and 23 years after planting

20 )

-1 15 yr -1

ha 10 3

5 MAI (m

0 PCH(1) PCH(2) PCH(3) PCH(4) PCH(5) PEExPCH(6)

Figure 3: Mean annual increment in Exp 199 MBR 23 years after planting.

Table 2: Mean response of the six species/taxon x fertilizer treatments in Exp 199 MBR to 23 years after planting. MAI Survival Diameter at Breast Height (cm) (m3/ha/yr) (%) Tmt. 5.0yrs 7.2yrs 8.8yrs 10.9yrs 15.6yrs 23.0yrs 23.0yrs 23.0yrs 1 8.0 11.3 13.2 15.3 18.7 18.7 10.4 98.4 2 12.8 15.8 17.6 19.7 22.9 22.9 14.6 97.4 3 13.3 16.3 18.1 20.3 23.6 23.6 14.8 97.9 4 15.3 18.1 19.6 21.5 24.3 24.3 14.5 98.4 5 15.9 18.8 20.4 22.2 25.2 25.2 15.4 97.4 6 15.8 18.7 20.4 22.3 25.4 25.3 14.3 99.2

Notes: MAI = Mean annual increment estimated using conical volume index.

4 Pine Taxa Trials west of Bundaberg, south-east Queensland: Expt 802 TBS summary to age 3 years

Background: Land prices and other competitive demands for suitable land to establish exotic pine plantations, from both private and state organisations, led to the investigation into the suitability of regions not previously planted with pines. The new regions bring challenges with them including different soil types, and a lower and perhaps more variable rainfall pattern.

In recent years, hardwood plantations (mainly for pulpwood) have been established in the area west of Bundaberg to Gin Gin and north to Miriam Vale. This area has not previously been evaluated by Forestry Plantations Queensland (FPQ) for pine plantations, although there are two small, yet young, private plantations of exotic pine in this region. Experiment series 802 TBS aims to evaluate different pine taxa for their suitability in this region (Table 1).

Table 1: Species and taxa in Exp. 802 TBS for evaluation on sites west of Bundaberg.

Treatment Propagation Number Abbreviation Type Description 1 PCH Seedling Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis – Kennedy CSO Bulk 2 PCH_Fam Seedling Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis – full-sib Families 3 PTDA Seedling Pinus taeda – Bulk 4 EH_s Seedling Pinus elliottii × Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis F2 hybrid Clarke seed orchard 5 EH_c Clone Series III hybrid clones 6 H(EH)_s Seedling F1 hybrid × Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis – full- sib and half-sib families 7 H(EH)_c Clone F1 hybrid × Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis – Series III Clones 8 HC Seedling Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis × Pinus caribaea var. caribaea – full-sib families 9 PTEC Seedling Pinus tecunumanii – half-sib families 10 POOC Seedling Pinus oocarpa – half-sib families 11 HT Seedling Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis × Pinus tecunumanii – full-sib families 12 HO Seedling Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis × Pinus oocarpa – full-sib families 13 H(HT) Seedling Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis × Pinus tecunumanii F1 × Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis – full-sib families 14 HB Seedling Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis × Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis – full-sib families

1 The taxa were selected on the basis of their perceived tolerance to drier conditions, availability of genetic material, and the known performance of the taxa in other regions of southeast Queensland. Fourteen taxa were included (pure species, hybrids and backcrosses), propagated as seedlings from controlled-pollinated families, open- pollinated families and bulk collections from seed orchards and – for two treatments- as cuttings of tested clones (Table 1).

Site/Location Details: There are three field locations, all to the west of Bundaberg as indicated in Figure 1. Further site details are shown in Table 2.

Figure 1: Site locations used for field trials in Exp. 802 TBS.

Each site is a randomized complete block design. There are seven blocks at each site. All fourteen taxa were planted within each block, and each taxa is made up of seedlings or clones from six families, except for treatment numbers 1, 3, and 4 (Table 1) which are bulk seedlot collections. Each replicate of each taxa was planted as a six- tree line plot comprised of single tree plots of each family (except as noted previously, for three of the fourteen taxa tested).

2 Table 2: Site and location details of three tests in Exp. 802 TBS. Site 802A Site 802B Site 802C Latitude 24o47’52.4”S 24o55’14.9”S 25o03’39.8”S Longitude 152o07’41.4”E 151o50’42.1”E 152o02’39.9”E Elevation (m) 40 110 50 Nearest rainfall Bingera Sugar Mill Monduran Gin Gin data (1961-1990) 20m ASL 70m ASL 70m ASL Mean annual 1023 mm 923 mm 1033 mm rainfall 10th percentile 640 mm 666 mm 766 mm 90th percentile 1413 mm 1292 mm 1317 mm Aspect Northwest East Southeast Slope (°) 5 2 1 Position Lower mid-slope Upper slope Mid-slope Soil type Grey Kurosol Grey Sodosol Grey-brown Sodosol Planted April 2005 May 2005 April 2005 Spacing (r × t m) 5 × 2.4 3.5 × 2.6 3.5 × 2.6 Stocking (sph) 833 1100 1100

Mean annual rainfall recorded at the nearest weather station to each test site (Table 2), indicates a mean annual rainfall from 1961 to 1990 of 923 to 1033 mm per annum. However, there is significant variability from year to year (Figure 2), with one in ten years receiving less than 800mm (Table 2). Further, since the trials were planted in 2005, rainfall was below the median (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Annual rainfall recorded at the Gin Gin post office (039040) since 1900.

Measurements/Data Available: Data provided by FPQ were tree height at one and 3 years after planting, diameter at breast height at 3 years after planting (sites A and B only), and code indicating if tree was alive or dead at each measure. Data were used to calculate a conical volume index of each surviving tree, and survival of each taxon.

3 Results and Discussion: Analysis of variance indicated highly significant (p < 0.01) differences between the taxa tested on all three sites for height, diameter and volume, and for survival at the third site (802C). Differences in survival were not significantly different between taxa at either of the first two sites (i.e. 802A or 802B). At this early stage in the development of these trials, there is relatively little differentiation between the species/taxa tested in terms of growth (Tables 3, 4, and 5). However, Pinus taeda (PTDA) consistently demonstrated the poorest early growth across all three sites, and very poor survival in 802C at only 31% after three years (Table 5, Figure 3). The taxa with the highest early growth on these sites appear to be hybrids involving Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis: either inter-variety hybrids with var. bahamensis, or inter-specific hybrids (including backcrosses) with P. tecunumnanii and P. elliottii (Tables 3, 4, and 5, Figure 4). Interestingly, on the 802C site where there has been significant mortality (believed to be largely a result of drought, but possibly contributed to by site preparation and planting technique), the excellent survival (93%) of hybrids between P. caribaea var. hondurensis and both P. tecunumanii (HT) and P. oocarpa (HO) exceed those of all three of the pure species (Figure 3, Table 5). Based on survival figures at this site, P. caribaea var. hondurensis (PCH or PCH_Fam) appears to be the most drought tolerant of the pure species tested (Table 5). However, it is interesting that the hybrid taxa appear to have greater adaptability to these drier sites than the pure species – possibly reflecting favourable combinations of adaptive traits from the parental species.

Table 3: Species/Taxa means (± standard errors) in Exp 802A TBS Height 1yr Diameter Height 3yrs Volume Index Survival Species/Taxon (m) 3yrs (cm) (m) 3yrs (dm3) 3yrs (%) EH_c 1.4 ± 0.05 8.3 ± 0.23 5.5 ± 0.12 10.2 ± 0.65 100 ± 1.9 EH_s 1.4 ± 0.05 8.4 ± 0.23 5.0 ± 0.12 9.9 ± 0.65 100 ± 1.9 H(EH)_c 1.4 ± 0.05 8.6 ± 0.23 5.5 ± 0.12 11.4 ± 0.65 100 ± 1.9 H(EH)_s 1.4 ± 0.05 8.4 ± 0.23 5.2 ± 0.13 10.2 ± 0.67 100 ± 1.9 H(HT) 1.5 ± 0.05 8.4 ± 0.23 5.6 ± 0.12 11.3 ± 0.65 100 ± 1.9 HB 1.6 ± 0.05 8.9 ± 0.24 5.6 ± 0.13 12.3 ± 0.67 95 ± 1.9 HC 1.2 ± 0.05 7.9 ± 0.23 5.1 ± 0.12 9.0 ± 0.66 98 ± 1.9 HO 1.3 ± 0.05 7.7 ± 0.23 5.2 ± 0.13 8.9 ± 0.68 98 ± 1.9 HT 1.5 ± 0.05 7.9 ± 0.23 5.6 ± 0.13 10.1 ± 0.67 100 ± 1.9 PCH 1.4 ± 0.05 8.2 ± 0.23 5.2 ± 0.12 9.7 ± 0.65 100 ± 1.9 PCH_Fam 1.3 ± 0.05 7.9 ± 0.25 5.0 ± 0.13 8.7 ± 0.71 100 ± 2.1 POOC 1.8 ± 0.05 7.0 ± 0.24 5.3 ± 0.13 7.1 ± 0.71 93 ± 1.9 PTDA 1.2 ± 0.05 6.0 ± 0.23 4.4 ± 0.12 4.5 ± 0.65 100 ± 1.9 PTEC 1.6 ± 0.05 6.5 ± 0.24 5.0 ± 0.13 6.6 ± 0.67 95 ± 1.9

4 Table 4: Species/Taxa means (± standard errors) in Exp 802B TBS Volume Height 1yr Diameter 3yrs Height 3yrs Index 3yrs Survival Species/Taxon (m) (cm) (m) (dm3) 3yrs (%) EH_c 0.96 ± 0.03 6.3 ± 0.19 4.0 ± 0.09 4.5 ± 0.25 98 ± 2.0 EH_s 0.93 ± 0.03 6.0 ± 0.18 3.9 ± 0.09 4.0 ± 0.25 100 ± 2.0 H(EH)_c 0.91 ± 0.03 5.9 ± 0.19 4.0 ± 0.09 3.9 ± 0.25 98 ± 2.0 H(EH)_s 0.90 ± 0.03 6.0 ± 0.19 3.8 ± 0.09 4.0 ± 0.25 98 ± 2.0 H(HT) 0.93 ± 0.03 5.4 ± 0.18 3.7 ± 0.09 3.1 ± 0.25 100 ± 2.0 HB 1.00 ± 0.03 6.2 ± 0.19 4.1 ± 0.09 4.3 ± 0.25 98 ± 2.0 HC 0.77 ± 0.03 5.1 ± 0.18 3.6 ± 0.09 2.7 ± 0.25 100 ± 2.0 HO 0.84 ± 0.03 5.2 ± 0.18 3.6 ± 0.09 2.8 ± 0.25 100 ± 2.0 HT 0.93 ± 0.03 5.8 ± 0.19 4.1 ± 0.09 4.0 ± 0.25 98 ± 2.0 PCH 0.87 ± 0.03 5.1 ± 0.19 3.5 ± 0.09 2.6 ± 0.25 98 ± 2.0 PCH_Fam 0.84 ± 0.04 5.2 ± 0.20 3.5 ± 0.10 2.7 ± 0.27 100 ± 2.2 POOC 0.89 ± 0.03 4.8 ± 0.19 3.8 ± 0.09 2.7 ± 0.25 98 ± 2.0 PTDA 0.80 ± 0.03 4.2 ± 0.19 3.6 ± 0.09 1.9 ± 0.25 98 ± 2.0 PTEC 0.95 ± 0.03 5.2 ± 0.19 4.0 ± 0.09 3.1 ± 0.26 95 ± 2.0

Table 5: Species/Taxa means (± standard errors) in Exp 802C TBS Height 3yrs Survival Species/Taxon Height 1yr (m) (m) 3yrs (%) EH_c 0.76 ± 0.03 2.2 ± 0.07 83 ± 6.4 EH_s 0.74 ± 0.03 2.3 ± 0.07 78 ± 6.4 H(EH)_c 0.60 ± 0.03 2.1 ± 0.07 74 ± 5.8 H(EH)_s 0.69 ± 0.03 2.0 ± 0.08 72 ± 6.5 H(HT) 0.80 ± 0.03 2.1 ± 0.07 81 ± 6.4 HB 0.81 ± 0.03 2.4 ± 0.08 67 ± 6.4 HC 0.59 ± 0.03 2.1 ± 0.07 79 ± 6.4 HO 0.65 ± 0.03 2.0 ± 0.07 93 ± 6.4 HT 0.76 ± 0.04 2.3 ± 0.08 93 ± 7.7 PCH 0.73 ± 0.03 2.0 ± 0.06 85 ± 5.6 PCH_Fam 0.66 ± 0.03 1.9 ± 0.09 69 ± 7.2 POOC 0.74 ± 0.03 2.2 ± 0.08 68 ± 6.4 PTDA 0.63 ± 0.03 1.8 ± 0.12 31 ± 6.4 PTEC 0.83 ± 0.03 2.2 ± 0.09 49 ± 6.4

5 100

208A Survival at 3yrs (%) 3yrs at Survival 208B 40 208C

20 HT HB HC HO PCH EH_c EH_s PTDA H(HT) PTEC POOC H(EH)_c H(EH)_s PCH_Fam Taxon

Figure 3: Exp 802 TBS—Survival at three years of age on three sites west of Bundaberg.

7 802A 6 802B 802C 5

Height at 3 yrs (m) 3 yrs at Height 2

0 HB HT HC HO PCH EH_c EH_s PTDA PTEC H(HT) POOC H(EH)_c H(EH)_s PCH_Fam Taxon

Figure 4: Exp 802 TBS—Mean height at 3 years of age across three sites west of Bundaberg.

6 Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis, var. bahamensis and var. caribaea provenance trial, southeast Queensland: Exp 501/2D TBS

Background Pinus caribaea Morelet comprises three geographic varieties or subspecies – var. bahamensis (PCB), var. caribaea (Pcc) and var. hondurensis (PCH). Variety hondurensis incorporates substantial variation between provenances and individuals within a provenance; however for the other two varieties, variation is primarily among individuals. As well, var. caribaea and var. hondurensis especially, have substantial complementary characteristics important for commercial plantation forestry. Furthermore var. hondurensis, the fastest growing of the three varieties, has been successfully hybridised with the other two P. caribaea varieties as well as P. elliottii, P. tecunumanii, and P. oocarpa.

The aims of experiment (Exp) 501/2D TBS are to identify promising new provenances, investigate provenance by environment interaction and provide interim or partial sources of plus trees of promising provenances (Table 1).

Table 1: Species and taxa in Experiment 501/2D TBS at Sites 1 and 2. Species Provenance Site Provenance Details PCB B84-Abaco 1 & 2 Abaco Island, Bahamas PCB B99-Andros 1 & 2 Andros Island, Bahamas PCC Batey 1 PCC Buren 1 PCC Byfield 1 PCC Cabanas 1 PCC Cuba 1 PCC Flores 1 PCC Manuel 1 PCC Palacios 1 PCC Vinales 1 PCH K19-Karawala 1 & 2 Coastal Nicaragua provenance PCH K20-Alamicamba 1 & 2 Coastal Nicaragua provenance PCH K22-RioCoco 1 & 2 Coastal Nicaragua provenance PCH K23-BrusLagoon 1 & 2 Coastal Honduras provenance PCH K24-Guanaja 1 & 2 Island Honduras provenance. PCH K29-Poptun 1 & 2 Inland Guatemala provenance PCH K57-Culmi 1 & 2 Inland Honduras provenance PCH K60-Potosi 1 & 2 Upland Honduras provenance PCH K61-SantaClara 1 & 2 Upland Nicaragua provenance PCH K64-Santos 1 & 2 Coastal Belize provenance PCH K66-Melinda 1 & 2 Coastal Belize provenance Queensland improved Mountain Pine Ridge, Belize provenance PCH R125P-Qld(Ex127B) 1 & 2 from a clonal seed stand at Byfield.

Site/Location Details The experiment was established at two field sites in southeast Queensland. Site 1 is in Compartment (Cpt) 1A Omega Logging Area (LA), Elliott River forestry plantation near Bundaberg and Site 2 is at Cpt 25b Magnolia LA Tuan forestry plantation near Maryborough (Figure 1). Descriptive details of each site are shown in Table 2.

The experimental design at each site is randomised complete blocks located systematically by variety and replicated four times. PCC was not planted at Site 2. PCC and PCH had 7 row x 7 tree plots and PCB had 10 row x 10 tree plots at each site they were planted.

Figure 1: Site locations for Exp 501/2D TBS

Table 2: Site and location details of the two sites of Exp 501/2D TBS. Site 1 – Cpt 1A Omega LA Site 2 – Cpt 25b Magnolia LA Nearest Rainfall Data Bingera Sugar Mill Tuan Creek Forest Station (years 1900 – 2007) Mean annual rainfall 1013 1251 (mm) 10th percentile 609 801 90th percentile 1406 1777 Aspect South West Slope Gentle Gentle Soil Type Grey loamy sand Deep sandy podzolic gley with dense ironstone gravel at depth Planted 03/1973 03/1973 Spacing - row x tree 2.74 x 2.44 2.74 x 2.44 (m) Stocking – stem per 1495 1495 hectare (sph)

Figure 2a: Annual rainfall recorded at Bingera Sugar Mill (039286) since 1900.

Figure 2b: Annual rainfall recorded at Tuan Creek Forest Station (040207) since 1949.

Mean annual rainfall recorded at the nearest weather stations to Site 1 and 2 (Table 2), indicates a mean annual rainfall from 1900 – 2007 of 1013 and 1251 mm per annum respectively. However there is significant variability from year to year (Figures 2a & b), with one in ten years receiving 609 mm at Site 1 and 801 mm at Site 2 (Table 2).

Measurements/Data Available Data collected by Forestry Plantations Queensland (FPQ) included tree height, diameter at breast height (1.3 m above ground), survival and stem straightness. Height, diameter at breast height and a count of dead and alive trees were measured at 3, 5, 8, and 23 years at both sites with an extra measure at 14 years for Site 1 only. Straightness was only measured at Site 1 at age14. The length of straight stem was measured in the bottom 6 metres of the tree and a second measure was recorded for straight stem in the top section of the tree (>6m). Tree quality was measured only at Site 2 at age 8. Tree quality was measured on a scale from 1 to 4 (1 = useless, 2 = pulp only, 3 = part sawlog, part pulp and 4 = sawlog).

Data was used to calculate individual tree volume and survival of each taxon. Analysis of data is presented as least square means.

Results and Discussion Analysis of variance indicated highly significant (p<0.01) differences between species and provenances within species. PCB shows significantly low survival on Site 1, but not on Site 2. Volume across all taxa at 23 yrs is significantly lower on Site 1 than Site 2 (Table 3).

A comparison of the mean volume record at each site to 23 years (Figure 3), shows that volume was significantly higher for all provenances and species on Site 2. Similarly if we examine the survival recorded on the two sites at 23 years (Figure 4), we see that percentage survival at Site 2 was greater than Site 1 for PCB, but higher at Site 1 for PCH. Survival was particularly low for the Potosi provenance at Site 2 with only a 54% survival at age 23 years (Table 3). PCB survival at Site 1 at age 14 years was 99% but had dropped to 75% by age 23.

Tree quality for the PCB provenances was better than the PCH at Site 2 age 8 years (Figure 5). Of the PCH provenances, QLD (Exp127B) had the highest tree quality score, with Potosi scoring the lowest. On average, PCB and PCC had a much higher score for stem straightness than the PCH at age 14. Byfield PCC at Site 1 had the highest score for stem straightness throughout the whole tree. R125P-Qld (Ex127B) had the highest score for stem straightness of all the PCH provenances (Figure 6). The outstanding stem straightness and tree quality scores for the two entries of QLD origin reflects the intensity and importance of stem form applied when selecting plus trees for the tree improvement program in Queensland.

Table 3: Species means (± standard errors) for Sites 1 and 2 for individual tree volume and survival, Exp 501/2D TBS. (First three lines of the table are species means, all other are provenance means. Numbers highlighted in red represent the lowest volume or survival for each taxa at each site. Similarly, the black highlighted numbers represent the highest volume or survival values). Site1 Site 2 Site 1 Site 2 Volume 23yrs Volume 23yrs % Survival % Survival 23 Species Provenance (m3/tree) (m3/tree) 23yrs yrs

PCB 0.34 ± 0.01 0.43 ± 0.02 75 ± 2.74 92 ± 3.27 PCC 0.35 ± 0.01 - - 96 ± 1.30 - - PCH 0.39 ± 0.01 0.53 ± 0.01 96 ± 1.12 89 ± 1.34

PCB B84-Abaco 0.33 ± 0.02 0.42 ± 0.02 76 ± 3.87 91 ± 4.63 PCB B99-Andros 0.34 ± 0.02 0.44 ± 0.02 74 ± 3.87 93 ± 4.63 PCC Batey 0.39 ± 0.02 - - 100 ± 3.87 - - PCC Buren 0.36 ± 0.02 - - 94 ± 3.87 - - PCC Byfield 0.33 ± 0.02 - - 88 ± 3.87 - - PCC Cabanas 0.34 ± 0.02 - - 100 ± 3.87 - - PCC Cuba 0.37 ± 0.02 - - 94 ± 3.87 - - PCC Flores 0.37 ± 0.02 - - 98 ± 3.87 - - PCC Manuel 0.36 ± 0.02 - - 97 ± 4.49 - - PCC Palacios 0.32 ± 0.02 - - 92 ± 3.87 - - PCC Vinales 0.35 ± 0.02 - - 96 ± 3.47 - - PCH K19-Karawala 0.38 ± 0.02 0.48 ± 0.02 98 ± 3.87 94 ± 4.63 PCH K20-Alamicamba 0.39 ± 0.02 0.49 ± 0.02 100 ± 3.87 96 ± 4.63 PCH K22-RioCoco 0.37 ± 0.02 0.50 ± 0.02 100 ± 3.87 98 ± 4.63 PCH K23-BrusLagoon 0.39 ± 0.02 0.51 ± 0.02 98 ± 3.87 94 ± 4.63 PCH K24-Guanaja 0.45 ± 0.02 0.52 ± 0.02 96 ± 3.87 76 ± 4.63 PCH K29-Poptun 0.38 ± 0.02 0.53 ± 0.02 96 ± 3.87 96 ± 4.63 PCH K57-Culmi 0.35 ± 0.02 0.53 ± 0.02 89 ± 3.87 85 ± 4.63 PCH K60-Potosi 0.40 ± 0.02 0.53 ± 0.02 83 ± 3.87 54 ± 4.63 PCH K61-SantaClara 0.37 ± 0.02 0.54 ± 0.02 94 ± 3.87 77 ± 4.63 PCH K64-Santos 0.37 ± 0.02 0.57 ± 0.02 98 ± 3.87 96 ± 4.63 PCH K66-Melinda 0.44 ± 0.02 0.58 ± 0.02 100 ± 3.87 96 ± 4.63 R125P- 0.44 ± 0.02 0.58 ± 0.02 96 ± 3.87 98 ± 4.63 PCH Qld(Ex127B)

0.7 Site 1 Site 2 0.6

0.5 /tree) 3

0.4

0.3

0.2 Volume at 23yrs(m Volume at

0.1

0.0 PCB PCC PCH PCC-Cuba PCC-Batey PCC-Buren PCC-Flores PCC-Byfield PCC-Manuel PCC-Vinales PCC-Palacios PCC-Cabanas PCH-K57-Culmi PCH-K60-Potosi PCB-B84-Abaco PCH-K64-Santos PCB-B99-Andros PCH-K29-Poptun PCH-K66-Melinda PCH-K24-Guanaja PCH-K22-RioCoco PCH-K19-Karawala PCH-K61-SantaClara PCH-K23-BrusLagoon PCH-K20-Alamicamba PCH-R125P-Qld(Ex127B)

Figure 3: Mean volume (standard error indicated by bars) per tree at age 23 years of age on the two sites.

Site 1 100 Site 2

40 Survival at Survival 23yrs (%)

0 PCB PCC PCH PCC-Cuba PCC-Batey PCC-Buren PCC-Flores PCC-Byfield PCC-Manuel PCC-Vinales PCC-Palacios PCC-Cabanas PCH-K57-Culmi PCB-B84-Abaco PCH-K60-Potosi PCB-B99-Andros PCH-K64-Santos PCH-K29-Poptun PCH-K66-Melinda PCH-K24-Guanaja PCH-K22-RioCoco PCH-K19-Karawala PCH-K61-SantaClara PCH-K23-BrusLagoon PCH-K20-Alamicamba PCH-R125P-Qld(Ex127B)

Figure 4: Mean survival (standard error indicated by bars) per tree at age 23 years of age on the two sites.

0.7 3

0.6 2

0.5 /tree) 3 2 0.4

0.3 1

0.2 4 best) - (1 Quality Tree Volume at 23yrs (m

1 0.1

0.0 0 PCB PCH K57-Culmi K60-Potosi B84-Abaco K64-Santos K29-Poptun B99-Andros K66-Melinda K24-Guanaja K22-RioCoco K19-Karawala K61-SantaClara K23-BrusLagoon K20-Alamicamba R125P-Qld(Ex127B) Figure 5: Mean (standard errors indicated by error bars) tree volume at 23 years of age and tree quality at 8 years of age at Site 2. (Note: Pink = PCB, Purple = PCH, Light Yellow = QLD PCH, Diamonds indicate mean tree quality).

Byfield PCC

Batey PCC Vinales R125P-Qld(Ex127B) Cabanas Manuel Cuba B99-Andros Buren PCB Palacios B84-Abaco 4 Flores

K19-Karawala K66-Melinda

PCH K61-SantaClara K24-Guanaja K20-Alamicamba K23-BrusLagoon K64-Santos K22-RioCoco K57-Culmi

Straightness - (<6m) bottom K29-Poptun 3 K60-Potosi

2 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 Straightness - top (>6m)

Figure 6: Exp 501/2D TBS – Stem straightness assessment of standing trees for Site 1 only at age14 years. (The x-axis is the length of straight stem in the top of the tree (>6m) and the y-axis is the length of straight stem in the bottom 6m of the tree.) Evaluation of pure and hybrid pine taxa on a poorly-drained, high-mounded site at Wongi, north-west of Maryborough, southeast Queensland. Summary of Experiment 565 TBS to age 29 years

Background Establishment of the Wongi pine plantations on State Forest land 10 to 40 kilometres north-west of Maryborough commenced in the late 1970’s. The current estate exceeds 10,200 hectares of which 95 % is Honduran Caribbean Pine (Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis, PCH) and the remainder planted with a hybrid between (P. elliottii var. elliottii, PEE) and PCH (i.e.PEE x PCH). The hybrid pine is planted on the poorer drained sites. Experiment 565 TBS, planted in 1979, was designed to evaluate a range of pure and hybrid pine taxa on a poorly-drained site at Wongi. This site was considered typical of much of the Wongi estate planned for plantation establishment in the 1980’s. This report summarises growth and survival results to age 29.2 years. Site, treatments and experimental design Site and treatment details are listed in Table 1 and 2 respectively. The trial design is a randomised complete block comprising four replications of five taxa treatments (20 plots). Gross plot size is 30m x 30m (10 rows x 10 trees). Nett (measure) plots are 8 rows x 8 trees. Table 1: Site and management details for Experiment 565 TBS, Wongi State Forest Attribute Details Location Compartment 2 Richmond, State Forest 1294 (Wongi), 18 km NW of Maryborough Rainfall 1,135mm (Maryborough, mean annual rainfall, 1961 –1990) Original vegetation Grassy open forest. Eucalyptus intermedia, E. umbra and Angophora costata to 15m (common) with Melaleuca viridiflora to 10m (scattered). Few Banksia oblongifolia, Xanthorrhoea spp. and native grasses in understorey. Soil/slope Grey/gleyed podzolic comprising light yellow, fine loamy sand with small gravel to 1cm (0- 25cm) over medium to heavy clay (25 – 90 cm). Slope 0 to 1 degree (Southerly aspect) Site preparation Overall plough (Shearer Majestic – SM; 2 passes) followed by high mounding Planting 28 March 1979, good soil moisture. Espacement 3m x 3m (1,111 stems per hectare (sph)) Fertiliser Superphosphate (9.1% P) 540 g/tree in circle (~ 54kg P/ha) Unmerchantable thinning Thinned to 750 sph by axe after 1982 measure age 3.3 years First prescribed burn 12/7/87, age 8.3 years, mild burn reducing 80-90% of fuel Merchantable thinning Trial inadvertently thinned as part of surrounding compartment in 2001, including 5th row out-rows and removals within bays

1 Table 2: Taxa treatments in Experiment 565 TBS, Wongi State Forest Code Taxa Treatment Details

PEE Slash pine (P. elliottii var. elliottii) Batch N244’0’ (1977 collection, SF 108 Seed Orchard, Beerburrum

PCB Bahaman Pine (P. caribaea var. bahamensis) Batch R285 ‘SP’ (1977 collection from Cpt 9 Waterpark, SF 865 Byfield, seedling seed stand selects

EB PEE x PCB F1 hybrid Bulk of 6 families

E(EH) PEE x (PEE x PCH) F1 hybrid backcross to PEE Bulk of 5 families PCH Honduran Caribbean Pine (Pinus caribaea Batch T282’0’ Lot 2 (1977 collection, var. hondurensis) Kennedy Seed Orchard, Section 2, Cardwell)

Results and Discussion Data were available for measurements and assessment conducted ages 1.5, 3.3, 19.3 and 29.2 years after planting. Survival and thinning history Survival, at age 19.3 years, of original trees planted, excluding those pre-commercially thinned at age 3, was surprisingly good, averaging 97.5 % for all taxa except PEE (86.4 % ± 1.52). The fate of trees, by taxon, that were alive at the 1998 (age 19.3 yrs) compared to their status in 2008 (at 29.2 yrs) is presented in Figure 1. A commercial thinning operation in 2001 removed between 36% for EB to 51% for PCH averaging 43% of stems across all treatments, making later age volume comparisons problematic. Between 1998 and 2008,PCB had the highest mortality of 14% compared to the other taxa which averaged only 2% (Figure 1). The high mortality of the PCB was presumed to be caused by the drought conditions. Considering the poorer survival of PEE to age 19.3 yrs and the decline in survival of PCB from 1998 to 2008, it is surprising to see that EB hybrid had the highest percentage alive in 2008.

70%

60%

50% died 40% alive thinned in 2001 30%

20%

10%

0% PEE PCB EB E(EH) PCH

Figure 1: Status of trees between 1998 (age 19.3 yrs) and 2008 (age 29.2yrs) in Experiment 565 TBS, Wongi. The percentage of trees that died naturally, were thinned in 2001 or which were still alive in 2008 expressed as a percentage of trees alive in 1998.

Growth The indicative mean annual increment (MAI) to age 19.3 years, based on individual conical tree volume x stocking divided by age is presented in Figure 2. MAI to age 19.3 years versus straightness at age 29.4 years is presented in Figure 3. The performance of PCH on this mounded site (11.8 m3/ha/yr) was significantly better than all other taxa and was more than twice as 3 productive as PEE (5.7 m /ha/yr), which has traditionally been planted on poorly drained sites in southeast Queensland. Based on the deteriorating survival of PCB between 1998 and 2008, it is unlikely that PCB, the second-ranked taxa for volume increment at age 19.3 years, has retained this ranking at age 29.2 years. An unbiased comparison for growth rate at age 29.2 year was problematic due to the commercial thinning that removed differing numbers of trees in each taxon, as mentioned above.

14 ) 12

2 mean annual increment annual mean (m3/ha/yr 0 PEE PCB EB E(EH) PCH

Figure 2: Mean annual increment of the five taxa tested in Experiment 565 TBS, Wongi up to age 19.3 years after planting.

4.5 4.0 EB 3.5 E(EH) PCH 3.0 PEE 2.5 PCB 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 29.4 year straightness (1 poor, = best) 6 = 0.0 02468101214 Mean Annual Increment (m3/ha/yr) to age 19.3 years

Figure 3: Mean annual increment (m3/ha/yr) to age 19.3 years versus stem straightness (1 = poor, 6 = best) at age 29.4 years in Experiment 565 TBS at Wongi. Standard error bars show for both traits.

3 Caribbean pine provenance trial north-west of Maryborough, south-east Queensland. Experiment 569/2a TBS summary to 26 years

Background Provenance seedlots obtained from the Commonwealth Forestry Institute, Oxford including 16 of Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis (PCH), two of P. caribaea var. bahamensis (PCB) and two of P. tecunumannii (PTEC) were combined with two local PCH controls and a slash pine (P. elliottii var. elliottii) x PCH hybrid (PEE x PCH) and tested on two sites in south-east Queensland (Wongi and Woodford) as part of experiment 569 TBS. Trial objectives included:

• To investigate differences between provenances of PCH in productivity and adaptation to Queensland conditions as a follow up to a previous trial (501 TBS1);

• To evaluate and compare the performance of PCH, PTEC and PCB in south-east Queensland; • To re-examine and investigate more comprehensively provenance – environmental interactions in south-east Queensland, particularly for PCH; and

• To compare the performance of “natural stand” provenances of PCH, PTEC and PCB with Queensland routine plantation and orchard bulks of PCH. This summary reports results to age 26 years at the drier Wongi site, experiment 569/2a TBS. Site, treatments and experimental design Site and treatment details are in Appendices A and B respectively. The trial design is a randomised complete block comprising five replications of 22 taxa treatments plus three replications of 1 treatment (i.e. 22 x 5 + 1 x 3 = 113 plots). Plot size is 18m x 24m (6 rows x 8 trees = 48 trees) with no isolation between plots. Measurements and results Data collected by Forestry Plantations Queensland (FPQ) includes tree height, diameter at breast height and stem class at ages 1.5, 8.8, 13.5, 22.2 and 26.2 years. Additional data are also available for various tree form traits (9.1 years), wind-firmness (10.9 years), bark thickness (13.5 years) and stem straightness score (22.2 years). A sub-set of the data is summarised in this report. Unfortunately, unmerchantable thinning at age 11 resulted in a wide range of residual stockings across provenances as evidenced by the age 13 year measure data (Figure 1).

800

700

600

500

400 300

200

100 gross plot stems per hectare per stems plot gross 0 e i z l ize s a o s tia l d ma jes i dia imo tun os e ield ne o r p Beli linda ucu B f etic wal renz as o ualpa , e dr Y , y n ra nt im -Tr squ ron - B e Lo GuanajaL ac o e M An G Ka n M Conco J EC C, H- H- PCH-Culm n MPR) PCH-Yojoa 6 H- Sa C C PCH as H- PCH-Po( C P P PCH- PCB- PT 574 H- ge x P PCH-Pa PCH-Az PC d PCB-High Rock R22 PCH-AlamicambaC P PCH-L PCH-Sa Ri Ridge (MPR) nedy Seed Orchar e e n n in PCH- PCH-E Pi n tai 55 0 KePEE x 3 Moun H- PCH-T C P PTEC -Mountain P

Figure 1: Age 13 year stocking post thinning for experiment 569/2a TBS (Wongi)

1 Expt 501/2d TBS also summarised as part of Forest and Wood Products Australia project PN07.4027 Standing volume at age 26.2 years Due to the wide stocking range and the lack of isolation within (6 row x 8 tree) gross plots, standing volume estimates per treatment at age 26.2 years were calculated based on a notional inner 4 rows x 6 trees nett plot. These mean values were adjusted upwards or downwards to the average stocking across all nett plots (500 sph) based on a covariance analysis resulting in values as per Figure 2.

225 5% LSD = 24.39

200

175

150

Standing volume (m3perha) volume Standing 125

100 e e l z s i z li k a s o s a a d n a d a i u s o ic a ia a i r l j a l e c z e t lm e b it u d e l c o o m j o m d lp a t i a e r B s n e j i u n r u in f a u o o n o a m h p l n B d , R a e r n C o a q c y a w , Y n ) t r Y o u r o e - h T e r - m c c s B u a ) n o - - i n c i o P M r -A R g L G e H a O - - , R C i a H H J L o m G a P C - z M H C - P E B H P n C 4 C C a d H K M - - n P H - A l s e C H - M T C ( a P 7 P - C 6 B H 5 a C A a e P 2 C H ( P P S H H - P e C C - x S P L S 2 P C e g - C C H - P P H y R P g d E H P P C H - d i C - d i H C P C e H R P R C P P n C e n e P P in e in P x K P E 0 in in E ta 5 a P 5 t n 3 n u T u o - o M H M - - C C P H E C T P P

Figure 2: Age 26.2 year standing volume for experiment 569/2a TBS (Wongi) adjusted to 500 stems per hectare

The following points are of interest:

Standing volume of the “unimproved” Mountain Pine Ridge (MPR) provenance of PCH (shaded white) is the highest of all provenances tested, including a similarly “unimproved” MPR seed source that was initially used in Queensland. The “improved” MPR seedlot from Kennedy seed orchard, Cardwell is also lower in volume, however early selections were primarily focused on straightness.

The “unimproved” Mountain Pine Ridge (MPR) provenance of PCH is significantly higher than the hybrid pine PEE x PCH seedlot. This may be because the slash pine (PEE) component of the hybrid is contributing to reduced volume on this seasonally dry site, although the genetic composition of this seedlot would need further investigation to substantiate this claim.

The two PTEC and two PCB provenances are the four lowest ranked of all provenances for standing volume, suggesting that the decision to plant PCH at Wongi was a good one. Stem Straightness The high correlation between stem straightness at ages 9 and 22 years (Figure 3) indicates that early age assessments are quite reliable for this trait. The four points in the top right hand corner of Figure 3 emphasise the strong emphasis on straightness in FPQ’s tree improvement program (PEE x PCH and PCH Kennedy seed orchard) and the naturally high straightness of PCB, which is more closely related to PEE than to PCH. The straightness of unimproved MPR provenance PCH (also labelled) is slightly below the average of all treatments at both ages.

6.0 PEE x PCH 5.5 PCH Kennedy

5.0 PCB A ndr os

PCB Highr oc k 4.5 R2 = 0.9184 4.0 MPR

22 year stem straightness 3.5

3.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 9 year stem straightness

Figure 3: Age 9 year versus age 22 year stem straightness at Experiment 569/2a TBS (Wongi) (1= poor straightness, 6 = excellent)

Figure 4 shows age 22-year straightness versus age 22-year standing volume, adjusted to 500 stems per hectare across all treatments. The overall superiority of the improved PCH seedlot from Kennedy clonal seed orchard, Cardwell is apparent.

180 PCH - MPR PCH Poptun 170 PCH Kar aw ala PCH Kennedy PCH By f ield PCH Guanaja 160 150 140 PEE x PCH 130 PCB Andros 120 PCB Highrock 110

Age 22 standing volume (m3/ha) PTEC-Yucul 100 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 Age 22 straightness

Figure 4: 22-year stem straightness (1=worst, 6 = excellent) versus 22-year standing volume adjusted to 500 stems per hectare across all treatments. Appendix A Site and management details in Experiment 569/2a TBS, Wongi State Forest Attribute Details Location Compartment 3A Bruce, State Forest 1294 (Wongi), 20 km NNW of Maryborough Rainfall 1,135mm (Maryborough, mean annual rainfall, 1961 – 1990) Original vegetation Grassy layered open forest to 22m. Eucalyptus intermedia, E. umbra, E, trachyphloia (abundant) and Angophora costata (frequent), E. exserta and Lophostemon suaveolens with understory of Melaleuca viridiflora, Casuarina littoralis, Banksia integrifolia, Grevillea banksii with Xanthorrhoea spp. and native grasses. Soil/slope Shallow clay-textured lateritic podzolic comprising silty loam – silty clay loam (0- 30cm) over silty clay. Ironstone concretions (25 – 30 cm) Slope 0 to 1 degree (Easterly aspect) Site preparation Overall plough (Shearer Majestic – SM) followed by high mounding – SM two passes. Planting 30-31 March 1982. Spacing. 3m x 3m (1,111 stems per hectare, sph). 15mm rain within 4 days of planting Fertiliser Individual Tree Application of “Special Mix” fertiliser (150 g/tree) on 10/8/82. Special Mix contains 8.4% N, 9.8% total P, 10.6% S, 8.2% Ca, 0.2% B as borax, 0.7% Cu and 0.7% Zn. Re-fertilised with Superking, 19.2% P on 13/9/83 (228 kg/ha) to bring total P to 60kg P/ha (i.e. routine) Pruning May 1990, total ground prune Unmerchantable December 1993, thinned to 500 sph by 2,4D amine 500 g/L thinning injection into tomahawk cuts at waist height. Unequal stocking retained per plot (unfortunately!) First prescribed burn 22/7/92, mild burn reducing 100% of fuel, nil scorch

Appendix B Taxa and provenance details for each treatment in Experiment 569/2a TBS, Wongi Treatment Taxon Provenance

1 PCH Karawala, coastal Nicaragua

2 PCH Alamicamba, coastal Nicaragua

3 PCH San Lorenzo, Nicaragua

4 PCH Pantasma, inland Nicaragua

5 PCH Guanaja Island, Honduras

6 PCH Limones, Honduras

7 PCH Culmi, Honduras

8 PCH Azacualpa, Honduras

9 PCH Trojes, Honduras

10 PCH La Mosquitia, Honduras

11 PCH Concordia, Honduras

12 PCH San Jeronimo, Honduras

13 PCH Poptun, inland Guatemala

14 PCH Mountain Pine Ridge (MPR), inland Belize

15 PCH Melinda, coastal Belize

16 PCH Yojoa, Honduras

17 PCB Andros, Bahamas

18 PCB High Rock, Bahamas 2 19 PTEC Yucul, Nicaragua 3 20 PTEC Mountain Pine Ridge (MPR), inland Belize

21 PCH R226 ‘C’, Byfield (originally from MPR, Belize)

22 PCH T355 ‘0’ Kennedy Seed Orchard (originally from MPR, Belize)

23 PEE x Ex 574 Genetics (PEE from North Florida and PCH from MPR, PCH Belize)

2 Previously thought to be P. oocarpa 3 Previously thought to be P. oocarpa

Experiment 766 TBS

Interim Report to age 7 years

Evaluation of hoop pine and exotic pine on high-fertility sites in the Brisbane and Mary

River valleys, south-east Queensland

Routine hoop pine (left) and exotic pines (right) in Ex 766/2b Araucaria LA, Imbil. Photo June 2003

Evaluation of hoop pine and exotic pine on high-fertility sites in the Brisbane and Mary River valleys, south-east Queensland. Experiment 766 TBS summary to age 7

Introduction Experiment 766 TBS was established to compare the performance of improved hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) against several exotic pine taxa, including improved varieties from the Forestry Plantations Queensland (FPQ) tree breeding program and unimproved seedlots from some pine species, that are relatively untested in Queensland This summary reports interim results to around age seven years on sites at Imbil (766/2a and 2b) and Yarraman (766/2c and 2d)1. Sites, experimental design and genetic material Table 1 summarises the four experiment sites. Appendix A summarises genetic material treatments at the taxon level, for each trial. Table 1: Description of four sites in Experiment 766 TBS at Imbil and Yarraman

Trial 766/2a 766/2b 766/2c 766/2d Location Imbil Yarraman Cpt 209B Araucaria 211 Araucaria 209 Tower State Forest 135 289 Slope to 15° to 18 ° to 5° Altitude (m) 180 600 Rainfall (mm) 1188 825 Aspect SE E, NE, SW, W, SE E, NE Light brown clay loam over yellow clay. Soil description Red lateritic Krasnozem Abundant angular gravel in subsoil. Design RCB RCB RCB RCB Replications 5 5 5 5 Tree/Plot 12 72 12 72 Treatments 15 taxa 6 taxa 15 taxa 6 Taxa First rotation hoop pine clearfelled 1998. First rotation hoop pine clearfelled 1998. Site history Slash retained, 2-row machine lane Slash retained with single row machine lane clearing clearing

Planted 23/4/1999 29/4/1999 19/2/1999 18/2/1999

Espacement (m) 5.0 x 2.7 (741 sph) 5.0 x 2.7 (741 sph) 6.0 x 2.3 (725 sph) 6.0 x 2.3 (725 sph)

At sites 2a (Imbil) and 2c (Yarraman) 15 taxa are tested in 2-row x 6-tree (12-tree) plots with no isolations as 5 replications in a randomised complete blocks design. At sites 2b (Imbil) and 2d (Yarraman) 6 taxa are tested in 6-row x 12-tree (72-tree) plots with no isolations as 5 replications in a randomised complete blocks design. Variable height ground pruning to around 50 percent of tree height occurred at both Yarraman sites in May 2007. Only the hoop pine treatments have been pruned at both of the trials planted at Imbil.

Measures, assessments and data analysis Trials were measured for the traits indicated at the following ages: • 0.1 to 0.3 years; total height (m) and stem class, • 1.0 to 1.2 years; total height (m) and stem class, • 2.6 to 2.8 years; total height (m) and stem class, and

1 Additional trial sites located at Benarkin (2e), Jimna (2f) and Elginvale (2g) were extensively damaged by deer and are not reported here.

• 6.7 to 7.1 years; total height (m), diameter at breast height over bark (cm), branch diameter (mm) and inter whorl distance (cm) at breast height, stem class, straightness (1 poorest to 6 best). Trees were also assessed for the presence or absence of double leaders, ramicorns and basket whorls. Least squares means for various traits are summarised graphically in this report, with details for some traits provided in Appendix B. Results and Discussion Survival Age 7 survivals between taxa in the 12-tree plots was more erratic at Imbil compared to Yarraman, although both sites averaged 83 percent (Figure 1a). For the 72-tree plots with fewer taxa, average survival was much more even, averaging 88 percent across both sites (Figure 1b). Survival figures in the large plots is based on more than five times the number of trees, and so these averages are expected to be more reliable. Interestingly, the exotic pines show a higher survival on the drier (refer Figure 5) and colder Yarraman site (in the large plots – Figure 1b) – drought and frost damage were expected to be factors limiting early establishment of exotic pines on sites further inland. Observed differences in survival between these two locations may, however, reflect other factors such as deer damage or differences in soil type.

100% s 90%

80%

Imbil 2a 70% Yarraman 2c

60%

50% Age 7 year survival in 12-tree plot 40%

C _S HC one G_N G PCB PCC TE Best op_LI E E PMAX P Cl Ho op_Cut. _F1Cut o GR GR H H_ F2_ Hoop_FSPH P P E E PCH_KCSOPCH_Clone

Figure 1a: Age 7 year survival in 12-tree plots across two sites

100% s

90%

80% Imbil 2b 70% Yarraman 2d

60%

50% Age 7 year survival in 72-tree plot 40%

P O C S CB S P p_F PTE Hoop_LI o Ho CH_KC EH_F1Cut P

Figure 1b: Age 7 year survival in 72-tree plots across two sites 3

Height Trends in early age height growth among taxa planted in the 72-tree plots show a much wider range at the Imbil site (Figure 2a) compared to the Yarraman site (Figure 2b) where height growth of the two hoop pine treatments is only just below the improved PCH from Kennedy clonal seed orchard. At the Imbil site, the best exotic pine (P. tecunumanii, PTEC) has approximately double the height of the two hoop pine seedlots (Figure 2a); while at the Yarraman site the hoop pine seedlots are taller than at Imbil (Appendix B), but the exotic pines are much shorter than at Imbil (compare Figure 2a and 2b). This difference in height response at the two sites possibly reflects greater adaptation of hoop pine periodic moisture stress than the exotic pines.

14 12 Hoop_LI 10 Hoop_FSP 8 PCB 6 PCH_KCSO Height (m) PTEC 4 EH_F1Cut 2 0 02468 Age (years)

Figure 2a: Height growth at Imbil (Site 2b: 72-tree plots)

10 Hoop_LI 8 Hoop_FSP PCB 6 PCH_KCSO Height (m) Height 4 PTEC EH_F1Cut 2

0 02468 Age (years)

Figure 2b: Height growth at Yarraman (Site 2d: 72-tree plots)

Volume Stem volume (dm3) at age 6.7 years is plotted with survival for each treatment in Figures 3a (Imbil) and 3b (Yarraman). The wide range in survival between treatments at the Imbil site confounds comparisons of individual tree volumes however the following trends are apparent:

4 • Stem volume of the three hoop pine treatments is well below all of the exotic pine treatments, except for the P. greggii (northern provenance) treatment, which is equally low, and dramatically different to P. greggii (southern provenance).

• The top two ranked taxa for stem volume at Imbil (PMAX and PTEC) are near the median of all treatments at Yarraman.

• Conversely, the PCH family seedlots are ranked second highest at Yarraman but are below the average of the better exotic pine treatments at Imbil.

• The PEE x PCH F1 hybrid pine family cuttings have performed well at both sites.

140 100 90 120 80 100 70 80 60 50 60 40 40 30 percent survival (dots)

stem volume (dm3) volume stem 20 20 10 0 0

C ne est HC B TE p_CP p_LI _FSP PCC PCB lo PMAX o p H_CP KCSO P oo o C F2_ _ H Ho o P H_C GREG_SH_F1Cut H PGREG_N E P E PCH

Figure 3a: Age 6.7 year stem volume (dm3) versus survival (percent) at Imbil site 2a

100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 stem volume (dm3 stem volume 10 10 percent survival (dots) 0 0

X O B ut sp CC HC est _cp MA PC p_f P CS P PTEC 1C hoop_li K hoop hoo F2_B PCH_CPH_F PGREG_N PGREG_S E PCH_

Figure 3b: Age 6.7 year stem volume (dm3) versus survival (percent) at Yarraman site 2c

Figure 4 compares individual tree volume (dm3) at around age 6.7 years for taxa represented in the 72-tree plots. For the four exotic pine taxa, volume growth at Imbil exceeds that at Yarraman. For the two hoop pine treatments, this trend is reversed. Average annual rainfall for nearby Imbil and Yarraman townships since the trials were planted averaged 1,127mm at Imbil compared to only 663mm at Yarraman during this period (Figure 5). This is reflected in the reduced exotic pine growth rates at Yarraman, but not as differences in survival between the sites (Figures 1a&b and 4).

5 160 140 ) 120 100 Imbil 80 Yarraman 60 40 stem volume (dm3 volume stem 20 0

B O t C S P _FSP KC PTEC Hoop_LI oop H_ H C EH_F1Cu P

Figure 4. Age 6.7 year stem volume (dm3) per taxon based on 72-tree plots at each site

Annual Rainfall

2000

1500

Yarraman 1000 Imbil

Rainfall (mm) Rainfall 500

0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Year

Figure 5: Mean annual rainfall at Imbil and Yarraman (1999 to 2005)

Straightness and stem defects Figure 6 shows age 6.7 year stem volume versus straightness (1 = poor, 6 = excellent) for the six taxa represented in 72-tree plots at the Imbil and Yarraman (YMN) sites. In terms of overall growth and stem straightness across both sites, the hybrid pine clonal cuttings exhibit the best performance to date. The performance of PCH at both sites is also encouraging, whereas the high volume yet very poor straightness of PTEC is undesirable. The early age volume performance of PCB is reasonable however, based on its reducing relative height advantage over time (Figure 2b), its overall ranking is predicted to decline over time.

4.3 4.1 Hoop_FSP 3.9 YMN_EH_F1Cut 3.7 EH_F1Cut

3.5 YMN_PCH_KCSO YMN_PCB Hoop_LI 3.3 YMN_Hoop_LI Y MN_Hoop_FSP Y MN_PTEC PCH_KCSO PCB 3.1 2.9 Stem straightness (1 - 6) (1 Stem straightness PTEC 2.7 2.5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Stem volume (dm3/tree)

Figure 6: Age 6.7 year stem volume versus straightness (1 = poor, 6 = excellent) for taxa planted on two sites in 72-tree plots at Yarraman (YMN) and Imbil.

Appendix A. Treatments in Experiment 766 TBS at Imbil (2a and 2b) and Yarraman (2c and 2d) sites

Tmt Species or Taxa Code Families Imbil Yarraman No. Site 2a Site 2b Site 2c Site 2d

(12-tree) (72-tree) (12-tree) (72-tree) 6 half-sib family seedlots from long inter-node population 1 hoop pine HP-LIP (LIP) hoop pine clones ex Valley clonal seed orchard (CSO) Yes Yes Yes Yes (Araucaria cunninghamii) Yarraman 2 6 half-sib family seedlots from First Southern Population hoop pine HP-FSP Yes Yes Yes Yes (FSP) clones ex various CSOs 3 HP – family hoop pine Cuttings from 6 full-sib families Yes Yes cuttings P. greggii (Northern Provenance) seedlot ex CAMCORE 4 P. greggii PGREG (N) Yes Yes

P. greggii (Southern Provenance) seedlot ex CAMCORE 5 P. greggii PGREG (S) Yes Yes

P. maximinoi seedlot ex Zimbabwe Forestry Commission. 6 P. maximinoi PMAX Mixture of good provenances Yes Yes

7 P. caribaea var. bahamensis PCB Seedlot ex Byfield Clone Bank Yes Yes Yes Yes 8 P. caribaea var. caribaea PCC 6 open-pollinated families Yes Yes

9 P. caribaea var. hondurensis PCH PCH ex Kennedy CSO, Cardwell Yes Yes Yes Yes

10 PCH clones PCH clones 2 clones from each of 3 PCH full-sib families Yes Yes 6 full-sib family seedlots 11 PCH x PCC PCH x PCC Yes Yes

P. tecunumanii 12 P. tecunumanii PTEC Yes Yes Yes Yes Yucul provenance, ex Ellerbeck Clone Bank, Cardwell 13 PEE x PCH F PEE x PCH 1 Cuttings from 6 full-sib F1 hybrid families Yes Yes Yes Yes (family cuttings) families 14 PEE x PCH PEE x PCH (clones) 6 Series II hybrid pine clones Yes Yes Series II clones PEE x PCH F 15 Pee x Pch F seedlings 2 Open-pollinated seedlot ex Clarke CSO, Byfield yes yes 2 seedlings

Appendix B

Least squares means (± standard errors) for various traits in experiment 766 TBS at 6 – 7 years after planting.

Double Leaders Height (m) Diameter (cm) Volume (dm3) Straightness (1-6) (%) Survival (%) Site Tmt taxa ht6 db6 vol6 st dl surv6 2a 1 Hoop_LI 8.4 ± 0.22 11.0 ± 0.41 28.4 ± 4.78 4.0 ± 0.16 0% ± 4.4% 90% ± 4.6% 2a 2 Hoop_FSP 7.9 ± 0.21 10.5 ± 0.40 26.9 ± 4.65 4.0 ± 0.16 2% ± 4.3% 95% ± 4.6% 2a 3 Hoop_Cut. 6.5 ± 0.27 8.8 ± 0.51 16.5 ± 5.96 4.5 ± 0.20 0% ± 5.5% 58% ± 4.6% 2a 4 PGREG_N 6.9 ± 0.22 11.4 ± 0.42 29.4 ± 4.87 1.8 ± 0.16 48% ± 4.5% 87% ± 4.6% 2a 5 PGREG_S 11.3 ± 0.22 18.6 ± 0.40 108.4 ± 4.70 2.0 ± 0.16 12% ± 4.3% 93% ± 4.6% 2a 6 PMAX 12.3 ± 0.22 19.0 ± 0.41 125.5 ± 4.79 2.2 ± 0.16 4% ± 4.4% 90% ± 4.6% 2a 7 PCB 9.7 ± 0.21 17.4 ± 0.40 82.8 ± 4.62 3.5 ± 0.15 33% ± 4.3% 97% ± 4.6% 2a 8 PCC 10.4 ± 0.23 17.3 ± 0.43 85.3 ± 5.02 3.4 ± 0.17 12% ± 4.6% 82% ± 4.6% 2a 9 PCH_KCSO 10.8 ± 0.26 19.2 ± 0.48 106.6 ± 5.58 4.0 ± 0.19 12% ± 5.1% 67% ± 4.6% 2a 10 PCH_Clone 11.4 ± 0.30 17.7 ± 0.56 104.9 ± 6.55 4.3 ± 0.22 3% ± 6.0% 48% ± 4.6% 2a 11 HC 10.6 ± 0.22 18.8 ± 0.41 102.4 ± 4.78 3.4 ± 0.16 18% ± 4.4% 90% ± 4.6% 2a 12 PTEC 11.8 ± 0.24 19.6 ± 0.46 124.4 ± 5.31 2.7 ± 0.18 14% ± 4.9% 73% ± 4.6% 2a 13 EH_F1Cut 10.9 ± 0.21 19.4 ± 0.39 111.7 ± 4.54 4.0 ± 0.15 22% ± 4.2% 100% ± 4.6% 2a 14 EH_Clone 11.2 ± 0.25 18.3 ± 0.47 104.1 ± 5.44 4.4 ± 0.18 1% ± 5.1% 70% ± 4.6% 2a 15 F2_Best 10.1 ± 0.22 18.6 ± 0.41 94.5 ± 4.78 3.1 ± 0.16 15% ± 4.4% 90% ± 4.6%

Double Leaders Height (m) Diameter (cm) Volume (dm3) Straightness (1-6) (%) Survival (%) Site Tmt taxa ht6 db6 vol6 st dl surv6 2b 1 Hoop_LI 6.9 ± 0.10 9.4 ± 0.18 19.7 ± 1.98 3.4 ± 0.07 2% ± 1.9% 0.9 ± 1.8% 2b 2 Hoop_FSP 7.7 ± 0.09 10.5 ± 0.17 25.4 ± 1.94 4.0 ± 0.07 1% ± 1.9% 0.9 ± 1.8% 2b 7 PCB 10.5 ± 0.10 17.6 ± 0.18 90.6 ± 1.99 3.2 ± 0.07 23% ± 2.0% 88% ± 1.8% 2b 9 PCH_KCSO 10.6 ± 0.10 18.7 ± 0.18 106.0 ± 2.00 3.3 ± 0.07 26% ± 2.0% 87% ± 1.8% 2b 12 PTEC 12.4 ± 0.10 19.9 ± 0.18 134.8 ± 2.04 2.8 ± 0.07 29% ± 2.0% 84% ± 1.8% 2b 13 EH_F1Cut 10.7 ± 0.10 18.6 ± 0.19 104.2 ± 2.15 3.7 ± 0.07 15% ± 2.1% 76% ± 1.8%

9 Appendix B (cont.)

Least squares means (± standard errors) for various traits in experiment 766 TBS at 6 – 7 years after planting.

Double Leaders Height (m) Diameter (cm) Volume (dm3) Straightness (1-6) (%) Survival (%) Site Tmt taxa ht6 db6 vol6 st dl surv6 2c 1 Hoop_LI 7.8 ± 0.18 11.2 ± 0.46 27.5 ± 3.84 3.3 ± 0.15 4% ± 5.0% 77% ± 4.9% 2c 2 Hoop_FSP 7.9 ± 0.18 12.0 ± 0.47 31.9 ± 3.88 3.5 ± 0.15 1% ± 5.1% 75% ± 4.9% 2c 3 Hoop_Cut. 7.3 ± 0.17 11.2 ± 0.44 26.2 ± 3.68 3.7 ± 0.14 -1% ± 4.8% 83% ± 4.9% 2c 4 PGREG_N 6.8 ± 0.17 12.5 ± 0.45 29.1 ± 3.71 2.8 ± 0.14 35% ± 4.8% 82% ± 4.9% 2c 5 PGREG_S 9.7 ± 0.16 17.4 ± 0.43 80.0 ± 3.54 2.4 ± 0.14 16% ± 4.6% 90% ± 4.9% 2c 6 PMAX 8.9 ± 0.17 15.7 ± 0.46 63.7 ± 3.80 2.3 ± 0.15 8% ± 4.9% 78% ± 4.9% 2c 7 PCB 8.6 ± 0.17 18.1 ± 0.44 77.0 ± 3.64 3.3 ± 0.14 22% ± 4.7% 85% ± 4.9% 2c 8 PCC 8.3 ± 0.16 15.7 ± 0.44 57.3 ± 3.60 3.2 ± 0.14 23% ± 4.7% 87% ± 4.9% 2c 9 PCH_KCSO 8.1 ± 0.17 16.4 ± 0.45 61.9 ± 3.75 3.5 ± 0.15 27% ± 4.9% 80% ± 4.9% 2c 10 PCH_Clone 9.6 ± 0.17 18.0 ± 0.45 86.7 ± 3.72 4.2 ± 0.14 8% ± 4.8% 82% ± 4.9% 2c 11 HC 7.9 ± 0.17 16.6 ± 0.46 66.3 ± 3.79 3.3 ± 0.15 15% ± 4.9% 78% ± 4.9% 2c 12 PTEC 8.9 ± 0.17 16.2 ± 0.45 65.5 ± 3.72 2.9 ± 0.14 25% ± 4.8% 82% ± 4.9% 2c 13 EH_F1Cut 9.1 ± 0.16 18.7 ± 0.42 88.3 ± 3.51 3.7 ± 0.14 13% ± 4.6% 92% ± 4.9% 2c 14 EH_Clone 8.8 ± 0.16 17.2 ± 0.44 72.7 ± 3.61 3.4 ± 0.14 6% ± 4.7% 87% ± 4.9% 2c 15 F2_Best 8.5 ± 0.16 17.4 ± 0.43 71.2 ± 3.57 3.5 ± 0.14 14% ± 4.7% 88% ± 4.9%

Double Leaders Height (m) Diameter (cm) Volume (dm3) Straightness (1-6) (%) Survival (%) Site Tmt taxa ht6 db6 vol6 st dl surv6 2d 1 Hoop_LI 8.0 ± 0.07 11.7 ± 0.16 30.2 ± 1.43 3.3 ± 0.06 1% ± 1.9% 86% ± 1.7% 2d 2 Hoop_FSP 8.2 ± 0.07 12.5 ± 0.16 35.4 ± 1.43 3.3 ± 0.06 1% ± 1.9% 85% ± 1.7% 2d 7 PCB 8.8 ± 0.07 17.3 ± 0.16 73.6 ± 1.37 3.5 ± 0.06 27% ± 1.8% 93% ± 1.7% 2d 9 PCH_KCSO 8.7 ± 0.07 16.9 ± 0.16 69.1 ± 1.39 3.5 ± 0.06 19% ± 1.8% 91% ± 1.7% 2d 12 PTEC 9.9 ± 0.07 16.3 ± 0.16 72.9 ± 1.41 3.3 ± 0.06 24% ± 1.9% 88% ± 1.7% 2d 13 EH_F1Cut 9.3 ± 0.07 17.6 ± 0.16 80.9 ± 1.38 3.8 ± 0.06 12% ± 1.8% 92% ± 1.7%

Comparative performance of radiata and other exotic pines on a high elevation site near Toowoomba, south-east Queensland. Experiment 768/2a TBS interim summary to age 9 years Background The major exotic pine plantings in south-east Queensland (SEQ) are on the coastal lowlands where slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii, PEE), Honduran Caribbean pine (P. caribaea var. hondurensis, PCH) and hybrids between these species (PEE x PCH) dominate. Forestry Plantations Queensland (FPQ) also manages some minor exotic pine estates in inland SEQ where these taxa are less suitable due primarily to frost and drought risk. Radiata pine (P. radiata, PRAD), patula pine (P. patula) and loblolly pine (P. taeda) have traditionally been planted on these sites. Seeds from a range of “elite” full-sib PRAD families plus some standard PRAD check lots were obtained from the Southern Tree Breeding Association (STBA) in 1998. These seedlots together with some other novel exotic pine seedlots were deployed in field trials at Gambubal, south-east of Warwick and at Pechey, north of Toowoomba in 1999. This report summarises performance at the Pechey site (Experiment 768/2a TBS) to 9 years of age. Site, treatments and experimental design Site details are in Appendix A. The trial comprises many different individual entries however for the purpose of this summary entries are grouped into ten different taxa treatments (Table 1). Table 1: Taxa-level treatments in Exp 768/2a TBS, Pechey Code Taxa-level treatment Description STBA_Fam P. radiata STBA elite families 21 full-sib families with “elite” breeding values STBA_Dot P. radiata STBA Dothistroma Commercial STBA 1997 Dothistroma resistant “resistant” - improved STBA_HG P. radiata STBA high growth Commercial STBA 1997 high growth breeding values QLD_Stan P. radiata ex Qld, Stannum DPI Seedlot 5531, Stannum Extensive ESSO Seedling Seed Orchard (ESSO) bulk, collected 1996 QLD_Dip P. radiata ex Qld, Diplodea DPI Seedlot 2135, Diplodea resistant bulk, “resistant” collected 1991

PGREG_N P. greggii, northern Ex CAMCORE, 15 open-pollinated families provenances from Nuevo Leon and Coahuila provenances plus one bulk northern provenance seedlot

PGREG_S P. greggii, southern 13 open-pollinated families from Hidalgo and provenances Veracruz provenances plus one bulk southern provenance seedlot

EH_F2 P. elliottii var. elliottii x P. PEE x PCH F2 Best ex Clarke CSO, 1998 caribaea var. hondurensis (PEE x PCH) F2 hybrid PTEC P. tecunumanii Ex. Ellerbeck clone bank, Cardwell, Yucul provenance, August 1991 collection

PMAX P. maximinoi Ex Zimbabwe provenance trial (PV100A)

Each field plot (unit) is 6 rows x 10 trees (60 tree plot) consisting of 2 to 4 trees per entry in each unit, apart from PTEC and PMAX which are represented as 60 tree plots of the respective bulk seedlots. Based on the plot size of 60 trees, the field design at Pechey is divided into 4 groups of entry numbers (Table 2). Note that the total number of trees per taxa treatment – the level reported in this summary – varies from 48 trees (QLD_Dip) to 1,008 trees (STBA_Fam).

Expt 768/2a TBS 1

Table 2: Grouping of entry numbers, number of replications and number of trees per taxa treatment in Exp 768/2a TBS, Pechey Group 1: (entries fully randomised within units) Taxa-level Entry No’s Trees/unit = No. reps (total no. treatment total trees per taxa treatment in brackets) STBA_Fam 1 to 21 2 = 42 24 (1,008) STBA_Dot 22 2 x 2= 4 24 (96) STBA_HG 23 2 x 2= 4 24 (96) QLD_Stan 25 2 x 2= 4 24 (96) QLD_Dip 24. 1 x 2= 2 24 (48) EH_F2 58 2 x 2= 4 24 (96) = 60 Group 2: (entries fully randomised within units)

PGREG_N 26 to 41 16 x 2 = 32 12 (384)

PGREG_S 42, 45 to 57 14 x 2 = 28 12 (336) = 60 Group 3:

PTEC 59 60 6 (360) Group 4:

PMAX 60 60 6 (360)

Measurements, results and discussion Data collected includes tree height (1.3, 4.3 and 9.0 years), stem class and diameter at breast height (4.3 and 9.0 years). In addition, double leader, ramicorn, branching and stem straightness data was collected at 4.3 years. A sub-set of the data is presented in this report including a summary of least squares means and standard errors (Appendix B). Survival The trial was planted on 13 May 1999 under ideal conditions. However, the sudden arrival on 12 and 13 June 1999 of freezing temperatures followed by strong, cold westerly winds on 14 June resulted in considerable damage and some losses to PTEC and PMAX, especially on the lower slopes. Percent survival at 1.3, 4.3 and 9.0 years (Figure 1) highlights this initial drop in survival by PTEC and PMAX to 70 and 86 percent respectively. By age 9.0 these figures had dropped to 55 and 63 percent respectively whereas all other taxa treatments remained above 90 percent except for the PEE x PCH F2 hybrid (88 percent). Stem volume and straightness Figure 2 shows stem volume (dm3) at age 9.0 years versus stem straightness (1 = poorest, 6 = best) at age 4.3 years. Assuming a normal distribution, the error bars extend two standard errors either side of the treatment mean, representing approximate 95 percent confidence intervals for the respective treatment means. In simple terms, where the error bars for two treatments overlap, differences between these treatments are unlikely to be significantly different at the 5 percent level. In terms of overall growth and straightness, the PEE x PCH F2 hybrid treatment has performed the best, although its stem volume advantage is unlikely to be significantly above most other treatments except for PGREG_N and perhaps STBA_Fam, although the sample sizes for these treatments are around 4 and 10 times larger than the PEE x PCH F2 hybrid treatment respectively. Differences in stem volume and straightness among the various PRAD treatments are unlikely to be significant. The stem volume of PTEC and to a lesser extent PMAX is likely to be inflated due to the low survival of these treatments (Figure 1) compared to the others so these figures should be treated with some caution.

Expt 768/2a TBS 2

Discussion Pinus radiata was initially the preferred species replanted on second rotation sites at Pechey. On the basis of early age results from trials such as this one, and in recognition of the high pruning costs associated with PRAD, a small PEE x PCH F2 hybrid replanting program commenced at Pechey; however, this has since ceased due to concerns regarding the potential of death from frost damage. The species that is currently planted at Pechey (P. taeda) was unfortunately not included in this trial. On the basis of this trial it appears that PEE x PCH F2 hybrids deserve further consideration for planting on sites with the lowest risk of frost damage.

100

60 Yr1 Yr4 50 yr9

40 Survival (%) + standard error

0 EH_F2 PGREG_N PGREG_S PMAX PTEC QLD_Dip QLD_Stan STBA_Dot STBA_Fam STBA_HG

Figure 1: Survival trends to age 9.0 years for taxa-level treatments in Experiment 768/2a TBS

40 PTEC EH_F2 ) 3 35 PGREG_S QLD_Dip STBA_Dot PMAX STBA_Fam STBA_HG 30 QLD_Stan

25 PGREG_N Stem Volume at yrs (dm Stem 9.0 Volume

15 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 Stem Straightness at 4.3 yrs (1 = poorest, 6 = best)

Figure 2: Stem straightness (1=poorest, 6=best) at 4.3 years versus stem volume (dm3) at 9.0 years for taxa-level treatments in Experiment 768/2a TBS at Pechey. Error bars represent standard error x 2 above and below the mean.

Expt 768/2a TBS 3

Appendix A Experiment 768/2a TBS site description and establishment details Attribute Details Cpt 212 (formerly 18) Sharman Logging Area, State Forests 909 Location Pechey, just south of Crows Nest which is 38 km north of Toowoomba AMG Ref 9343.3 083 776 Aspect/slope North, slope to 3 degrees Altitude 730m asl Rainfall 926mm (68 year average 1927 to 1995)

Open schlerophyll forest with tallowwood (Eucalyptus microcorys), Original vegetation stringybark, blackbutt (E. pilularis) and bloodwood. Dominants 25 – 30m. Cleared and planted with P. patula in 1948.

Cleared during 1998, windrowed and burnt in Oct’98. Planting line cultivated using a TP3 plough, just prior to planting. Pre-plant aerial Site preparation sprayed with “Brushoff”, glyphosate and additive “Pulse” and BS 1000 on 23/2/99. Soil type “Snuffy” red lateritic krasnozem Planted 13/5/99 at 5m x 2.1m (952 stems per hectare). Stock raised at Planting Beerburrum Nursery in QNT containers (230cc) at 227 seedlings/m2 All trees fertilised with Hi-P Super (20.7% P) at 509 g/tree = 483 kg/ha Fertilising (i.e. 100 kg P/ha) on 2/7/99

Expt 768/2a TBS 4

Appendix B Least squares means and standard errors for each taxa-level treatment in Experiment 768/2a TBS at Pechey

Growth and survival to age 9.0 years Taxa Height (m) Diameter (cm) Volume (dm3) Survival (%) EH_F2 7.7 ± 0.16 12.9 ± 0.30 37.0 ± 1.88 87.5 ± 3.05 PGREG_N 6.6 ± 0.09 11.0 ± 0.16 23.3 ± 1.02 93.7 ± 1.72 PGREG_S 7.4 ± 0.09 12.3 ± 0.17 34.1 ± 1.07 96.7 ± 1.81 PMAX 7.8 ± 0.11 11.9 ± 0.21 32.6 ± 1.35 62.6 ± 1.93 PTEC 8.0 ± 0.12 13.0 ± 0.22 38.4 ± 1.42 55.3 ± 1.93 QLD_Dip 7.9 ± 0.22 12.1 ± 0.40 33.0 ± 2.54 100.0 ± 4.32 QLD_Stan 7.9 ± 0.15 11.4 ± 0.28 30.7 ± 1.80 91.7 ± 3.05 STBA_Dot 8.1 ± 0.15 12.0 ± 0.28 33.0 ± 1.79 93.8 ± 3.05 STBA_Fam 7.9 ± 0.05 11.6 ± 0.09 31.9 ± 0.55 91.8 ± 0.94 STBA_HG 8.0 ± 0.15 11.6 ± 0.28 31.2 ± 1.79 92.7 ± 3.05

Stem quality assessments at age 3.4 years Double Leaders Taxa Straightness (1-6) (%) Ramicorns (%) EH_F2 3.7 ± 0.08 3.4 ± 1.34 5.6 ± 2.43 PGREG_N 3.5 ± 0.05 4.2 ± 0.73 6.5 ± 1.32 PGREG_S 2.8 ± 0.05 3.2 ± 0.76 6.8 ± 1.39 PMAX 3.2 ± 0.06 0.0 ± 0.96 1.2 ± 1.74 PTEC 3.4 ± 0.06 0.0 ± 1.01 3.4 ± 1.83 QLD_Dip 3.5 ± 0.11 0.0 ± 1.82 4.2 ± 3.29 QLD_Stan 3.7 ± 0.08 2.1 ± 1.29 6.3 ± 2.34 STBA_Dot 3.5 ± 0.08 1.0 ± 1.28 8.3 ± 2.33 STBA_Fam 3.6 ± 0.02 0.7 ± 0.40 4.8 ± 0.72 STBA_HG 3.6 ± 0.08 2.1 ± 1.28 7.3 ± 2.33

Expt 768/2a TBS 5 Comparative performance of exotic pine taxa on a high elevation site near Toowoomba, south-east Queensland. Experiment 729/2c TBS interim summary to age 14.7 years Background The major exotic pine plantings in south-east Queensland (SEQ) are on the coastal lowlands where slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii, PEE), Honduran Caribbean pine (P. caribaea var. hondurensis, PCH) and hybrids between these species (PEE x PCH) dominate. Forestry Plantations Queensland (FPQ) also manages some minor exotic pine estates in inland SEQ where these taxa are generally considered to be less suitable due primarily to frost and drought risk. Radiata pine (P. radiata, PRAD), patula pine (P. patula) and loblolly pine (P. taeda, PTAE) have traditionally been planted on these sites. Experiment 729/2c TBS was planted in 1994 at Pechey, north of Toowoomba, to evaluate the performance of several PEE × PCH polycross families and P. tecunumanii (PTEC) full-sib families with a PTAE seedlot bulk. PRAD trees in the adjoining two-row isolation were also measured for comparison purposes. This report summarises performance to age 14.7 years. Site and treatments

Site details are in Appendix A. The trial comprises individual family-level entries for PEE x PCH and PTEC and bulk seedlots for PTAE and PRAD (Table 1). Table 1: Taxa-level treatments in Exp 729/2c TBS, Pechey Code Taxa-level treatment Description

PEE x PCH Pinus elliottii var. elliottii, PEE X 12 polycross families (entries) involving 10 PEE parents with PCH polymix A P. caribaea var. hondurensis, PCH (PEE × PCH) F1 hybrid and 2 PEE parents with PCH polymix B PTEC P. tecunumanii (PTEC) 9 full-sib families (entries)

PTAE Loblolly pine (P. taeda) Seed lot number 1312

PRAD P. radiata Seed lot number 1298 (isolations only)

Experimental design and layout The experiment comprises four replications of three taxa. Each field plot is 6-rows x 10-trees (60-trees plot). The taxa have the following plot contents:

- PEE x PCH has 12 families with 5 trees per family per plot.

- PTEC has 9 families represented as follows:- • entries 111, 112, 114, 117, 121, 122 have 8 trees per entry per plot. • entry 116 has 6 trees per entry per plot. • entries 113, 115 have 3 trees per entry per plot.

- PTAE has 60 trees per plot.

A 2 row isolation of PRAD surrounds all plots except a single row on the western side of plots 10 to 12.

Measurements, results and discussion Data collected includes tree height and stem class (0.04, 0.2, 0.5, 1.7, 4.7, 7.0 and 14.7 years) and diameter at breast height over bark (4.7, 7.0 and 14.7 years). No straightness or other stem form traits have been assessed yet. A sub-set of the data is presented in this report including a summary of least squares means and standard errors (Appendix B).

Expt 729/2c TBS Page 1 of 7 Survival In recent years, annual rainfall at Pechey has been below the long-term average, with a general downward trend since 1994 when this trial was established (Figure 1).

The PEE x PCH and PTEC were planted on 21 February 1994 and PTAE on 14 April 1994, both under ideal conditions. PTEC suffered early drought losses, and perhaps further losses due to frost in the first four months following planting resulting in survival dropping to only 68 percent by age 1.7 years. The other taxa show excellent survival (above 90 percent) at age 14.7 years (mid-rotation age) with PTAE the best (95 percent), although this is unlikely to be significantly higher than the other two taxa (Figure 2).

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

Mean rainfall annual (mm) 200

7 8 9 0 94 95 96 9 9 9 0 07 0 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2

long-term Av Yearly Linear (Yearly)

Figure 1: Yearly rainfall at Pechey (1994 to 2007) and trendline versus long-term average

100

) 80 PEE X PCH PRAD 70 PTAE

survival (% 60 PTEC

40 0 5 10 15 Age (years)

Figure 2: Survival trends to age 14.7 years for taxa treatments in Experiment 729/2c TBS

Expt 729/2c TBS Page 2 of 7 Stem volume Initially, there was little difference between taxa for average stem volume; however by mid- rotation (14.7 years of age), the PEE × PCH was increasing its overall advantage (Figure 3). By this time the stem volume of the PEE × PCH was significantly larger than the other taxa- level averages at age 14.7 years, although there was significant variation between individual families of both PEE × PCH and PTEC (Figure 4).

200 180

) 160 140 PEE X PCH 120 PRAD 100 PTAE 80 60 PTEC

Stem volume (dm3 volume Stem 40 20 0 4914 Age (years)

Figure 3: Age versus stem volume (dm3) to age 14.7 years for taxa-level treatments in Experiment 729/2c TBS at Pechey.

100 95 ) PTAE 90 PRAD PEE X PCH 85 80 75 70 PTEC 65

Age 14.7 year survival (% 60 55 50 90 110 130 150 170 190 Age 14.7 year stem volume (dm3)

Figure 4: Stem volume (dm3) versus survival at age 14.7 years for in Experiment 729/2c TBS at Pechey. Error bars for taxa level average represent two standard deviations from the mean. Smaller symbols of same pattern are individual family averages.

Figures 3 and 4 tend to over-emphasise the volume performance of PTEC since they are on an individual stem volume basis and PTEC survival was poor, allowing individual stems relatively more growing space compared to other taxa. A combined index which takes account of both individual tree size and survival provides a more realistic comparison of overall performance between the various treatments. Figure 5 ranks individual treatments at

Expt 729/2c TBS Page 3 of 7 3 age 14.7 years based on stem volume (dm ) multiplied by percent survival. On this basis, PEE x PCH ranks first, PRAD and PTAE are very similar and PTEC is well behind the other taxa.

) 200 180 160 140 120

100 80 60 40 20

Age 14.7 yr volume (dm3) x survival (% survival x (dm3) volume yr 14.7 Age 0

v v D E m m m m m m m m m m m m A A m m m m m m m m m A A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f H R T C P c c c c c c c c c H H H H H H H H H H H H C P E e e e e e e e e e E E E E E E E E E E E E P T t t t t t t t t t

P P P P P P P P P P X

E E P Individual family or taxa

Figure 5: Age 14.7 year stem volume (dm3) x survival (%) index for each Pee x Pch (left) and Ptec (right) family and for taxa means (centre)

Discussion Pinus radiata was initially the preferred species replanted on second rotation sites at Pechey. Unfortunately, PRAD was not formally included in this trial; however adjacent trees in the two- row isolation were measured as a proxy1. On the basis of early age results from trials such as 2 this , and in recognition of the high pruning costs associated with PRAD, a small program commenced at Pechey in 2001 planting the PEE × PCH F2 hybrid instead of PRAD; however, 3 this ceased in 2004 when the hybrid was replaced with PTAE due to ongoing concerns regarding frost risk. On the basis of this trial and others, it appears that the PEE x PCH hybrid deserves further consideration for planting on the lowest frost risk sites at Pechey since: survival may be quite acceptable, volume production is out-performing other taxa to mid- rotation age, stem straightness and branching characteristics are generally superior and, since PEE x PCH is the most widely planted taxon in south-east Queensland, marketing and processing can be better integrated.

1 PRAD isolation rows were measured since age 4.7 years, permitting only tentative comparisons with the other treatments. 2 See also summary to age 9.0 years for Experiment 768/2a TBS at Pechey 3 227 hectares planted during this period

Expt 729/2c TBS Page 4 of 7 Appendix A Experiment 729/2c TBS site description and establishment details Attribute Details 204 (formerly 4A) Sharman Logging Area, State Forest 909 Pechey, just Location south of Crows Nest which is 38 km north of Toowoomba AMG Ref 9343.3 782 093 Aspect/slope South, slope to 4 degrees Altitude 720m asl Rainfall 926mm (68 year average 1927 to 1995)

Open sclerophyll forest with tallowwood (Eucalyptus microcorys), Original vegetation stringybark, blackbutt (E. pilularis) and bloodwood dominants 25 – 30m. Cleared and planted with P. patula in 1937.

Following logging of first rotation crop, site was stick-raked and planting Site preparation rows disc-ploughed prior to planting. Soil type “Snuffy” red krasnozem

PEE x PCH and P.TEC raised at Toolara nursery in QFD containers.

P.TAE sown in open beds at Toolara, tubed at Kenilworth nursery on Planting stock 27.1.94. P.radiata (isolations) raised in QFD containers at Beerburrum nursery.

PEE x PCH and P.TEC planted on 21/2/94 (14 refills 27/4/94, mainly P.TEC ) Planting P.TAE planted on 14/4/94 Spacing: 5m x 2.1m (952 stems per hectare) Fertilising No records however 100 kg P/ha was standard at Pechey in 1994

Expt 729/2c TBS Page 5 of 7 Appendix B Least squares means and standard errors for taxa-level and individual family entries in Experiment 729/2c TBS at Pechey

Survival 0.5yrs Survival 1.7yrs Survival 4.7yrs Survival 7.0yrs Survival 14.7yrs taxa Entry Female Male (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) PEExPCH Mean PEExPCH 100.0 ± 1.2 96.3 ± 1.9 94.2 ± 1.9 93.4 ± 1.9 91.2 ± 2.1 PRAD Mean P. radiata (SL1298) 98.7 ± 1.7 98.7 ± 1.8 91.7 ± 2.0 PTEA Mean P. taeda (SL13120 98.8 ± 1.2 97.1 ± 1.9 95.0 ± 1.8 95.0 ± 1.9 95.0 ± 2.1 PTEC Mean P. tecunumanii 90.5 ± 1.3 68.5 ± 2.1 65.5 ± 2.0 65.5 ± 2.0 64.5 ± 2.3

PEExPCH 2 1ee1-144 pA 100.0 ± 4.1 100.0 ± 6.7 100.0 ± 6.4 100.0 ± 6.5 100.0 ± 7.3 PEExPCH 4 1ee1-161 pA 100.0 ± 4.1 95.0 ± 6.7 95.0 ± 6.4 95.0 ± 6.5 95.0 ± 7.3 PEExPCH 7 1ee2-069 pA 100.0 ± 4.1 95.0 ± 6.7 85.0 ± 6.4 80.0 ± 6.5 75.0 ± 7.3 PEExPCH 8 1ee2-085 pA 100.0 ± 4.1 100.0 ± 6.7 95.0 ± 6.4 95.0 ± 6.5 95.0 ± 7.3 PEExPCH 12 1ee1-015 pA 99.8 ± 4.3 99.5 ± 7.1 99.6 ± 6.7 99.6 ± 6.8 94.1 ± 7.7 PEExPCH 14 2ee1-102 pA 100.4 ± 4.1 100.8 ± 6.7 90.5 ± 6.4 90.6 ± 6.5 90.5 ± 7.3 PEExPCH 17 2ee1-149 pA 100.0 ± 4.1 90.0 ± 6.7 90.0 ± 6.4 90.0 ± 6.5 90.0 ± 7.3 PEExPCH 23 1ee2-056 pA 100.0 ± 4.1 95.0 ± 6.7 95.0 ± 6.4 95.0 ± 6.5 95.0 ± 7.3 PEExPCH 25 1ee3-027 pA 100.0 ± 4.1 100.0 ± 6.7 100.0 ± 6.4 95.0 ± 6.5 90.0 ± 7.3 PEExPCH 26 1ee1-074 pA 100.0 ± 4.1 100.0 ± 6.7 100.0 ± 6.4 100.0 ± 6.5 95.0 ± 7.3 PEExPCH 44 1ee1-015 pB 100.0 ± 4.1 90.0 ± 6.7 90.0 ± 6.4 90.0 ± 6.5 90.0 ± 7.3 PEExPCH 49 2ee1-149 pB 100.0 ± 4.1 90.0 ± 6.7 90.0 ± 6.4 90.0 ± 6.5 85.0 ± 7.3 PTEC 111 1te2-003 1te7-003 90.6 ± 3.2 65.6 ± 5.3 62.5 ± 5.1 62.5 ± 5.1 62.5 ± 5.8 PTEC 112 1te2-004 1te6-001 99.9 ± 3.2 66.5 ± 5.2 66.6 ± 5.0 66.6 ± 5.0 66.6 ± 5.7 PTEC 113 1te2-006 1te2-012 91.7 ± 5.3 83.3 ± 8.6 83.3 ± 8.3 83.3 ± 8.3 83.3 ± 9.4 PTEC 114 1te2-007 1te7-003 93.6 ± 3.3 80.8 ± 5.4 71.0 ± 5.1 71.0 ± 5.2 67.8 ± 5.9 PTEC 115 1te2-008 1te2-012 100.0 ± 5.3 83.3 ± 8.6 83.3 ± 8.3 83.3 ± 8.3 83.3 ± 9.4 PTEC 116 1te2-011 1te9-001 91.7 ± 3.7 58.3 ± 6.1 54.2 ± 5.8 54.2 ± 5.9 54.2 ± 6.7 PTEC 117 1te6-001 1te6-013 84.4 ± 3.2 59.4 ± 5.3 56.3 ± 5.1 56.3 ± 5.1 53.1 ± 5.8 PTEC 121 1te7-013 1te9-002 81.3 ± 3.2 65.6 ± 5.3 65.6 ± 5.1 65.6 ± 5.1 62.5 ± 5.8 PTEC 122 1te7-015 1te2-007 81.3 ± 3.2 53.1 ± 5.3 46.9 ± 5.1 46.9 ± 5.1 46.9 ± 5.8

Expt 729/2c TBS Page 6 of 7 Least squares means and standard errors for taxa-level and individual family entries in Experiment 729/2c TBS at Pechey

Volume 4.7yrs Volume 7.0yrs Volume 14.7yrs taxa Entry Female Male (dm3) (dm3) (dm3) PEExPCH Mean PEExPCH 7.5 ± 0.3 41.3 ± 1.1 172.1 ± 3.9 PRAD Mean P. radiata (SL1298) 6.7 ± 0.2 38.4 ± 1.0 141.5 ± 3.6 PTEA Mean P. taeda (SL13120 5.8 ± 0.3 37.0 ± 1.1 135.4 ± 3.8 PTEC Mean P. tecunumanii 5.1 ± 0.3 32.9 ± 1.4 150.0 ± 4.9 PEExPCH 2 1ee1-144 pA 7.5 ± 0.9 40.3 ± 3.6 165.7 ± 12.7 PEExPCH 4 1ee1-161 pA 6.1 ± 0.9 35.8 ± 3.7 138.3 ± 13.1 PEExPCH 7 1ee2-069 pA 5.6 ± 1.0 33.4 ± 3.9 165.6 ± 14.7 PEExPCH 8 1ee2-085 pA 5.8 ± 0.9 37.5 ± 3.7 176.2 ± 13.1 PEExPCH 12 1ee1-015 pA 8.9 ± 1.0 41.2 ± 3.8 170.1 ± 13.8 PEExPCH 14 2ee1-102 pA 8.2 ± 0.9 43.4 ± 3.8 188.7 ± 13.4 PEExPCH 17 2ee1-149 pA 7.6 ± 0.9 40.7 ± 3.8 163.0 ± 13.4 PEExPCH 23 1ee2-056 pA 7.9 ± 0.9 47.1 ± 3.7 182.5 ± 13.1 PEExPCH 25 1ee3-027 pA 8.6 ± 0.9 47.3 ± 3.6 194.1 ± 13.4 PEExPCH 26 1ee1-074 pA 7.3 ± 0.9 41.3 ± 3.6 177.9 ± 13.1 PEExPCH 44 1ee1-015 pB 9.9 ± 0.9 51.7 ± 3.8 192.9 ± 13.4 PEExPCH 49 2ee1-149 pB 6.3 ± 0.9 35.7 ± 3.8 150.6 ± 13.8 PTEC 111 1te2-003 1te7-003 5.8 ± 0.9 39.4 ± 3.6 187.7 ± 12.7 PTEC 112 1te2-004 1te6-001 5.6 ± 0.9 35.3 ± 3.4 165.5 ± 12.1 PTEC 113 1te2-006 1te2-012 5.4 ± 1.3 36.0 ± 5.0 178.9 ± 18.0 PTEC 114 1te2-007 1te7-003 4.4 ± 0.9 30.5 ± 3.4 123.4 ± 12.4 PTEC 115 1te2-008 1te2-012 5.3 ± 1.3 32.8 ± 5.0 184.2 ± 18.0 PTEC 116 1te2-011 1te9-001 4.7 ± 1.1 30.0 ± 4.4 96.7 ± 15.8 PTEC 117 1te6-001 1te6-013 4.2 ± 1.0 23.4 ± 3.8 115.5 ± 13.8 PTEC 121 1te7-013 1te9-002 6.2 ± 0.9 32.8 ± 3.5 148.4 ± 12.8 PTEC 122 1te7-015 1te2-007 4.6 ± 1.0 35.6 ± 4.1 149.6 ± 14.7

Expt 729/2c TBS Page 7 of 7