DOCSLIB.ORG

The Peritoneum

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Peritoneum The peritoneum CONTENT OUTLINE Introduction Layers of peritoneum Nerve supply to the peritoneum Functions of the peritoneum Peritoneal reflections Subdivisions of the peritoneal cavity Epiploic foramen of Winslow Peritoneal folds Classification of abdominal structures Clinical applications Introduction • Peritoneum is the serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdomino-pelvic cavity • It covers most of the intra-abdominal (or coelomic) organs, and is composed of a layer of mesothelium supported by a thin layer of connective tissue. • Supports the abdominal organs and serves as a conduit for their blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves. Layers • Two layers of peritoneum and a potential space between them are referenced: • The outer layer, the parietal peritoneum, is attached to the abdominal wall and the pelvic walls. • The tunica vaginalis the serous membrane covering the male testis is derived from the vaginal process, an outpouching of the parietal peritoneum. The visceral peritoneum, • The inner layer, is wrapped around the visceral organs, located inside the intraperitoneal space for protection . • It is thinner than the parietal peritoneum. • The potential space between the visceral and parietal layers is the peritoneal cavity Peritoneal fluid • A small amount (about 50 mL) of slippery serous fluid that allows the two layers to slide freely over each other. • Physical characteristics – the normal appearance of a sample of peritoneal fluid is usually straw- colored/pale yellow and clear. • Abnormal appearances may give clues to conditions or diseases present and may include: Yellow with liver disease, milky from obstruction of the lymphatic system, and greenish from bile. Nerve Supply of the Peritoneum • The parietal peritoneum is sensitive to pain, temperature, touch, and pressure. • The parietal peritoneum lining the anterior abdominal wall is supplied by the lower six thoracic and first lumbar nerves that is, the same nerves that innervate the overlying muscles and skin. Contd • The central part of the diaphragmatic peritoneum is supplied by the phrenic nerves; • peripherally, the diaphragmatic peritoneum is supplied by the lower six thoracic nerves. • The parietal peritoneum in the pelvis is mainly supplied by the obturator nerve, a branch of the lumbar plexus. Nerve supply to visceral peritoneum • The visceral peritoneum is sensitive only to stretch and tearing and is not sensitive to touch, pressure, or temperature. • It is supplied by autonomic afferent nerves that supply the viscera or are traveling in the mesenteries. • Overdistention of a viscus leads to the sensation of pain. The mesenteries of the small and large intestines are sensitive to mechanical stretching. Functions of the Peritoneum • Movement of particulate matter in the cavity • The peritoneal coverings of the intestine tend to stick together in the presence of infection. The greater omentum, which is kept constantly on the move by the peristalsis of the neighboring intestinal tract, may adhere to other peritoneal surfaces around a focus of infection. In this manner, many of the intraperitoneal infections are sealed off and remain localized (see clinical notes). Contd • The peritoneal folds play an important part in suspending the various organs within the peritoneal cavity and serve as a means of conveying the blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves to these organs. • Large amounts of fat are stored in the peritoneal ligaments and mesenteries, and especially large amounts can be found in the greater omentum. Peritoneal reflections • See diagrams • Transverse sections show reflections from organs to the sides of the walls • Sagittal section shows reflections on the anterior and posterior walls Subdivisions of the peritoneal cavity • There are two main regions of the peritoneal cavity: • The greater sac (or general cavity of the abdomen), represented in red in the diagrams above. • The lesser sac (or omental bursa), represented in blue. • The two are connected by the epiploic foramen (also known as the omental foramen or foramen of Winslow): Contd • Supracolic and infracolic regions • Boundary : the transverse mesocolon Boundaries of epiploic foramen • Anteriorly: Free border of the lesser omentum, the bile duct, the hepatic artery, and the portal vein • Posteriorly: Inferior vena cava • Superiorly: Caudate process of the caudate lobe of the liver • Inferiorly: First part of the duodenum Peritoneal folds • Are omenta, mesenteries and ligaments • They connect organs to each other or to the abdominal wall. • The mesentery is the part of the peritoneum through which most abdominal organs are attached to the abdominal wall and supplied with blood and lymph vessels and nerves. Greater and lesser omentum • The lesser omentum (or gastrohepatic) is attached to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the liver. • The greater omentum (or gastrocolic) hangs from the greater curve of the stomach and loops down in front of the intestines before curving back upwards to attach to the transverse colon. • In effect the greater omentum is draped in front of the intestines like an apron and may serve as an insulating or protective layer- “Policeman of the abdomen”. Greater omentum The omenta Sources Structure From To Contains Greater right and left Dorsal Greater curvature of Transverse gastroepiploic mesentery omentum stomach (and colon vessels and fat spleen) Short gastric Gastrosplenic artery, Left Stomach Spleen ligament gastroepiploic artery Gastrophrenic Left inferior Stomach Diaphragm ligament phrenic artery Right Gastrocolic Transverse Stomach gastroepiploic ligament colon artery – Splenorenal Splenic artery, Spleen Kidney ligament Tail of pancreas The right free Contd margin-hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct,lymph Lesser nodes and the Ventral curvature of the Lesser omentum Liver lymph mesentery stomach (and vessels,hepatic duodenum) plexus of nerve,all enclosed in perivascular fibrous sheath. Hepatogastric Right and left Stomach Liver ligament gastric artery Hepatic artery proper, hepatic Hepatoduodenal Duodenum Liver portal vein, bile ligament duct, autonomic nerves Mesenteries Sources Structure From To Contains Superior mesenteric artery, accompanying Small intestine veins, autonomic Posterior Dorsal mesentery Mesentery proper (jejunum and nerve plexuses, abdominal wall ileum) lymphatics, 100– 200 lymph nodes and connective tissue with fat Transverse Posterior Transverse colon Middle colic mesocolon abdominal wall Sigmoid arteries Sigmoid Sigmoid colon Pelvic wall and superior mesocolon rectal artery Mesentery of Appendicular Mesoappendix Appendix ileum artery Other ligaments and folds Sources Structure From To Contains Round Thoracic ligament of Ventral Falciform diaphragm, Liver liver, mesentery ligament anterior paraumbilical abdominal wall veins Round Left umbilical ligament of Liver Umbilicus vein liver Ventral Coronary Thoracic Liver mesentery ligament diaphragm Ligamentum Ductus venosus Liver Liver venosum Phrenicocolic Left colic Thoracic ligament flexure diaphragm Contd Left triangular Ventral ligament, right Liver mesentery triangular ligament Umbilical folds Urinary bladder Ileocecal fold Ileum Cecum Mesovarium, Broad ligament Uterus Pelvic wall mesosalpinx, of the uterus mesometrium Ovarian Uterus Inguinal canal ligament Suspensory ligament of the Ovary Pelvic wall Ovarian artery ovary Pouches Sexes possessing Name Location structure Between rectum and Rectovesical pouch Male only urinary bladder Between rectum and Rectouterine pouch Female only uterus Between urinary Vesicouterine pouch Female only bladder and uterus Pararectal fossa Surrounding rectum Male and female Surrounding urinary Paravesical fossa Male and female bladder Peritoneal Recesses, Spaces, and Gutters Duodenal Recesses: • these are close to the duodenojejunal junction • small pocketlike pouches of peritoneum • Named the – superior duodenal – inferior duodenal – paraduodenal, and – retroduodenal recesses. Cecal Recesses • These are close to the cecum • three peritoneal recesses called the superior ileocecal, the inferior ileocecal, and the retrocecal recesses The intersigmoid recess • is situated at the apex of the inverted, V- shaped root of the sigmoid mesocolon • its mouth opens downward. Subphrenic Spaces • The right and left anterior subphrenic spaces lie between the diaphragm and the liver, on each side of the falciform ligament • The right posterior subphrenic space lies between the right lobe of the liver, the right kidney, and the right colic flexure • The right extraperitoneal space lies between the layers of the coronary ligament and is therefore situated between the liver and the diaphragm Paracolic Gutters • The paracolic gutters lie on the lateral and medial sides of the ascending and descending colons • The subphrenic spaces and the paracolic gutters are clinically important because they may be sites for the collection and movement of infected peritoneal fluid (see clinical notes) Classification of abdominal structures • The structures in the abdomen are classified as: – intraperitoneal, – retroperitoneal or infraperitoneal depending on whether they are covered with visceral peritoneum and whether they are attached by mesenteries (mensentery, mesocolon). Infraperitoneal / Intraperitoneal Retroperitoneal Subperitoneal Stomach, First part of the duodenum [5 cm], The rest of the jejunum, ileum, duodenum, ascending cecum, appendix, colon, descending Rectum (lower 1/3) transverse colon, colon, rectum (middle sigmoid colon, 1/3) rectum (upper 1/3)
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Subperitoneal Space and Peritoneal Cavity: Basic Concepts Harpreet K
    ª The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with Abdom Imaging (2015) 40:2710–2722 Abdominal open access at Springerlink.com DOI: 10.1007/s00261-015-0429-5 Published online: 26 May 2015 Imaging The subperitoneal space and peritoneal cavity: basic concepts Harpreet K. Pannu,1 Michael Oliphant2 1Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA 2Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA Abstract The peritoneum is analogous to the pleura which has a visceral layer covering lung and a parietal layer lining the The subperitoneal space and peritoneal cavity are two thoracic cavity. Similar to the pleural cavity, the peri- mutually exclusive spaces that are separated by the toneal cavity is visualized on imaging if it is abnormally peritoneum. Each is a single continuous space with in- distended by fluid, gas, or masses. terconnected regions. Disease can spread either within the subperitoneal space or within the peritoneal cavity to Location of the abdominal and pelvic organs distant sites in the abdomen and pelvis via these inter- connecting pathways. Disease can also cross the peri- There are two spaces in the abdomen and pelvis, the toneum to spread from the subperitoneal space to the peritoneal cavity (a potential space) and the subperi- peritoneal cavity or vice versa. toneal space, and these are separated by the peritoneum (Fig. 1). Regardless of the complexity of development in Key words: Subperitoneal space—Peritoneal the embryo, the subperitoneal space and the peritoneal cavity—Anatomy cavity remain separated from each other, and each re- mains a single continuous space (Figs.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Anatomy As Related to Tumor Formation Book Four
    SEER Program Self Instructional Manual for Cancer Registrars Human Anatomy as Related to Tumor Formation Book Four Second Edition U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service National Institutesof Health SEER PROGRAM SELF-INSTRUCTIONAL MANUAL FOR CANCER REGISTRARS Book 4 - Human Anatomy as Related to Tumor Formation Second Edition Prepared by: SEER Program Cancer Statistics Branch National Cancer Institute Editor in Chief: Evelyn M. Shambaugh, M.A., CTR Cancer Statistics Branch National Cancer Institute Assisted by Self-Instructional Manual Committee: Dr. Robert F. Ryan, Emeritus Professor of Surgery Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans, Louisiana Mildred A. Weiss Los Angeles, California Mary A. Kruse Bethesda, Maryland Jean Cicero, ART, CTR Health Data Systems Professional Services Riverdale, Maryland Pat Kenny Medical Illustrator for Division of Research Services National Institutes of Health CONTENTS BOOK 4: HUMAN ANATOMY AS RELATED TO TUMOR FORMATION Page Section A--Objectives and Content of Book 4 ............................... 1 Section B--Terms Used to Indicate Body Location and Position .................. 5 Section C--The Integumentary System ..................................... 19 Section D--The Lymphatic System ....................................... 51 Section E--The Cardiovascular System ..................................... 97 Section F--The Respiratory System ....................................... 129 Section G--The Digestive System ......................................... 163 Section
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomy of the Dog the Present Volume of Anatomy of the Dog Is Based on the 8Th Edition of the Highly Successful German Text-Atlas of Canine Anatomy
    Klaus-Dieter Budras · Patrick H. McCarthy · Wolfgang Fricke · Renate Richter Anatomy of the Dog The present volume of Anatomy of the Dog is based on the 8th edition of the highly successful German text-atlas of canine anatomy. Anatomy of the Dog – Fully illustrated with color line diagrams, including unique three-dimensional cross-sectional anatomy, together with radiographs and ultrasound scans – Includes topographic and surface anatomy – Tabular appendices of relational and functional anatomy “A region with which I was very familiar from a surgical standpoint thus became more comprehensible. […] Showing the clinical rele- vance of anatomy in such a way is a powerful tool for stimulating students’ interest. […] In addition to putting anatomical structures into clinical perspective, the text provides a brief but effective guide to dissection.” vet vet The Veterinary Record “The present book-atlas offers the students clear illustrative mate- rial and at the same time an abbreviated textbook for anatomical study and for clinical coordinated study of applied anatomy. Therefore, it provides students with an excellent working know- ledge and understanding of the anatomy of the dog. Beyond this the illustrated text will help in reviewing and in the preparation for examinations. For the practising veterinarians, the book-atlas remains a current quick source of reference for anatomical infor- mation on the dog at the preclinical, diagnostic, clinical and surgical levels.” Acta Veterinaria Hungarica with Aaron Horowitz and Rolf Berg Budras (ed.) Budras ISBN 978-3-89993-018-4 9 783899 9301 84 Fifth, revised edition Klaus-Dieter Budras · Patrick H. McCarthy · Wolfgang Fricke · Renate Richter Anatomy of the Dog The present volume of Anatomy of the Dog is based on the 8th edition of the highly successful German text-atlas of canine anatomy.
    [Show full text]
  • Ligaments －Two-Layered Folds of Peritoneum That Attached the Lesser Mobile Solid Viscera to the Abdominal Wall
    Ingegneria delle tecnologie per la salute Fondamenti di anatomia e istologia aa. 2019-20 Lesson 7. Digestive system and peritoneum Peritoneum, abdominal vessel and spleen PERITONEUM: General features = a thin serous membrane that line walls of abdominal and pelvic cavities and cover organs within these cavities •Parietal peritoneum －lines walls of abdominal and pelvic cavities •Visceral peritoneum －covers organs •Peritoneal cavity － potential space between parietal and visceral layer of peritoneum, in male, is a closed sac, but in female, there is a communication with exterior through uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina Function • Secretes a lubricating serous fluid that continuously moistens associated organs • Absorb • Support viscera Peritoneum Histology The peritoneum is a serosal membrane that consists of a single layer of mesothelial cells and is supported by a basement membrane. The layer is attached to the body wall and viscera by a glycosaminoglycan matrix that contains collagen fibers, vessels, nerves, macrophages, and fat cells. relationship between viscera and peritoneum • Intraperitoneal viscera －viscera completely surrounded by peritoneum, example, stomach, superior part of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, vermiform appendix, transverse and sigmoid colons, spleen and ovary • Interperitoneal viscera －most part of viscera surrounded by peritoneum, example, liver, gallbladder, ascending and descending colon, upper part of rectum, urinary bladder and uterus • Retroperitoneal viscera －some organs lie on the posterior abdominal
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Pelvic Anatomy
    SECTION ONE • Fundamentals 1 Clinical pelvic anatomy Introduction 1 Anatomical points for obstetric analgesia 3 Obstetric anatomy 1 Gynaecological anatomy 5 The pelvic organs during pregnancy 1 Anatomy of the lower urinary tract 13 the necks of the femora tends to compress the pelvis Introduction from the sides, reducing the transverse diameters of this part of the pelvis (Fig. 1.1). At an intermediate level, opposite A thorough understanding of pelvic anatomy is essential for the third segment of the sacrum, the canal retains a circular clinical practice. Not only does it facilitate an understanding cross-section. With this picture in mind, the ‘average’ of the process of labour, it also allows an appreciation of diameters of the pelvis at brim, cavity, and outlet levels can the mechanisms of sexual function and reproduction, and be readily understood (Table 1.1). establishes a background to the understanding of gynae- The distortions from a circular cross-section, however, cological pathology. Congenital abnormalities are discussed are very modest. If, in circumstances of malnutrition or in Chapter 3. metabolic bone disease, the consolidation of bone is impaired, more gross distortion of the pelvic shape is liable to occur, and labour is likely to involve mechanical difficulty. Obstetric anatomy This is termed cephalopelvic disproportion. The changing cross-sectional shape of the true pelvis at different levels The bony pelvis – transverse oval at the brim and anteroposterior oval at the outlet – usually determines a fundamental feature of The girdle of bones formed by the sacrum and the two labour, i.e. that the ovoid fetal head enters the brim with its innominate bones has several important functions (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Laparoscopic Management of a Pelvic Retroperitoneal Leiomyoma—Case Report
    Gynecol Surg (2011) 8:247–251 DOI 10.1007/s10397-009-0533-z COMMUNICATION Laparoscopic management of a pelvic retroperitoneal leiomyoma—case report William Kondo & Revaz Botchorishvili & Fanny Desvignes & Gérard Mage Received: 1 August 2009 /Accepted: 15 October 2009 /Published online: 7 November 2009 # Springer-Verlag 2009 Abstract Leiomyomas are benign tumors frequently found approach for pelvic retroperitoneal leiomyoma is feasible. in the fourth and fifth decades of life. Although the uterus is It is important to keep in mind the possibility of this entity the most common site of origin of leiomyomas, they can as a differential diagnosis of retroperitoneal masses in develop at any site where there is smooth muscle cell. women. Extrauterine leiomyomas are not common and usually their diagnostic are more challenging. In this paper, we report Keywords Retroperitoneal leiomyomatosis . Leiomyoma . one case of pelvic retroperitoneal leiomyoma associated to Retroperitoneal mass . Laparoscopy vulvar/perineal leiomyomas. A 47-year-old female patient presented with a 6-month history of deep dyspareunia, abdominal pain, dysuria, and pain during defecation. She Introduction had a previous history of two open myomectomies, a supracervical hysterectomy associated to the exeresis of a Leiomyomas are benign tumors, which are mainly com- vulvar leiomyoma, and a left salpingo-oophorectomy. On posed of smooth muscle and some fibrous connective tissue vaginal examination, there was a tender and firm mass at elements [1]. They represent the most common gynecologic the vaginal vault and along the posterior vaginal wall. and uterine neoplasms [2], and 20% to 30% of women There was another tumor at the left vulvar/perineal region older than 35 years have uterine leiomyomas that are measuring around 6 cm.
    [Show full text]
  • FOGSI Focus Endometriosis 2018
    NOT FOR RESALE Join us on f facebook.com/JaypeeMedicalPublishers FOGSI FOCUS Endometriosis FOGSI FOCUS Endometriosis Editor-in-Chief Jaideep Malhotra MBBS MD FRCOG FRCPI FICS (Obs & Gyne) (FICMCH FIAJAGO FMAS FICOG MASRM FICMU FIUMB) Professor Dubrovnik International University Dubrovnik, Croatia Managing Director ART-Rainbow IVF Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India President FOGSI–2018 Co-editors Neharika Malhotra Bora MBBS MD (Obs & Gyne, Gold Medalist), FMAS, Fellowship in USG & Reproductive Medicine ICOG, DRM (Germany) Infertility Consultant Director, Rainbow IVF Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India Richa Saxena MBBS MD ( Obs & Gyne) PG Diploma in Clinical Research Obstetrician and Gynaecologist New Delhi, India The Health Sciences Publisher New Delhi | London | Panama Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd Headquarters Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd 4838/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj New Delhi 110 002, India Phone: +91-11-43574357 Fax: +91-11-43574314 Email: [email protected] Overseas Offi ces J.P. Medical Ltd Jaypee-Highlights Medical Publishers Inc 83 Victoria Street, London City of Knowledge, Bld. 237, Clayton SW1H 0HW (UK) Panama City, Panama Phone: +44 20 3170 8910 Phone: +1 507-301-0496 Fax: +44 (0)20 3008 6180 Fax: +1 507-301-0499 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd 17/1-B Babar Road, Block-B, Shaymali Bhotahity, Kathmandu Mohammadpur, Dhaka-1207 Nepal Bangladesh Phone: +977-9741283608 Mobile: +08801912003485 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Website: www.jaypeebrothers.com Website: www.jaypeedigital.com © 2018, Federation of Obstetric and Gynaecological Societies of India (FOGSI) 2018 The views and opinions expressed in this book are solely those of the original contributor(s)/author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of editor(s) of the book.
    [Show full text]
  • ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY and PERITONEUM Dr
    ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY AND PERITONEUM Dr. Milton M. Sholley SUGGESTED READING: Essential Clinical Anatomy 3 rd ed. (ECA): pp. 118 and 135­141 Grant's Atlas Figures listed at the end of this syllabus. OBJECTIVES:Today's lectures are designed to explain the orientation of the abdominopelvic viscera, the peritoneal cavity, and the mesenteries. LECTURE OUTLINE ­ PART 1 I. The abdominopelvic cavity contains the organs of the digestive system, except for the oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, and thoracic portion of the esophagus. It also contains major systemic blood vessels (aorta and inferior vena cava), parts of the urinary system, and parts of the reproductive system. A. The space within the abdominopelvic cavity is divided into two contiguous portions: 1. Abdominal portion ­ that portion between the thoracic diaphragm and the pelvic brim a. The lower part of the abdominal portion is also known as the false pelvis, which is the part of the pelvis between the two iliac wings and above the pelvic brim. Sagittal section drawing Frontal section drawing 2. Pelvic portion ­ that portion between the pelvic brim and the pelvic diaphragm a. The pelvic portion of the abdominopelvic cavity is also known as the true pelvis. B. Walls of the abdominopelvic cavity include: 1. The thoracic diaphragm (or just “diaphragm”) ­ located superiorly and posterosuperiorly (recall the dome­shape of the diaphragm) 2. The lower ribs ­ located anterolaterally and posterolaterally 3. The posterior abdominal wall ­ located posteriorly below the ribs and above the false pelvis and formed by the lumbar vertebrae along the posterior midline and by the quadratus lumborum and psoas major muscles on either side 4.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER 6 Perineum and True Pelvis
    193 CHAPTER 6 Perineum and True Pelvis THE PELVIC REGION OF THE BODY Posterior Trunk of Internal Iliac--Its Iliolumbar, Lateral Sacral, and Superior Gluteal Branches WALLS OF THE PELVIC CAVITY Anterior Trunk of Internal Iliac--Its Umbilical, Posterior, Anterolateral, and Anterior Walls Obturator, Inferior Gluteal, Internal Pudendal, Inferior Wall--the Pelvic Diaphragm Middle Rectal, and Sex-Dependent Branches Levator Ani Sex-dependent Branches of Anterior Trunk -- Coccygeus (Ischiococcygeus) Inferior Vesical Artery in Males and Uterine Puborectalis (Considered by Some Persons to be a Artery in Females Third Part of Levator Ani) Anastomotic Connections of the Internal Iliac Another Hole in the Pelvic Diaphragm--the Greater Artery Sciatic Foramen VEINS OF THE PELVIC CAVITY PERINEUM Urogenital Triangle VENTRAL RAMI WITHIN THE PELVIC Contents of the Urogenital Triangle CAVITY Perineal Membrane Obturator Nerve Perineal Muscles Superior to the Perineal Sacral Plexus Membrane--Sphincter urethrae (Both Sexes), Other Branches of Sacral Ventral Rami Deep Transverse Perineus (Males), Sphincter Nerves to the Pelvic Diaphragm Urethrovaginalis (Females), Compressor Pudendal Nerve (for Muscles of Perineum and Most Urethrae (Females) of Its Skin) Genital Structures Opposed to the Inferior Surface Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves (Parasympathetic of the Perineal Membrane -- Crura of Phallus, Preganglionic From S3 and S4) Bulb of Penis (Males), Bulb of Vestibule Coccygeal Plexus (Females) Muscles Associated with the Crura and PELVIC PORTION OF THE SYMPATHETIC
    [Show full text]
  • CVM 6100 Veterinary Gross Anatomy
    2010 CVM 6100 Veterinary Gross Anatomy General Anatomy & Carnivore Anatomy Lecture Notes by Thomas F. Fletcher, DVM, PhD and Christina E. Clarkson, DVM, PhD 1 CONTENTS Connective Tissue Structures ........................................3 Osteology .........................................................................5 Arthrology .......................................................................7 Myology .........................................................................10 Biomechanics and Locomotion....................................12 Serous Membranes and Cavities .................................15 Formation of Serous Cavities ......................................17 Nervous System.............................................................19 Autonomic Nervous System .........................................23 Abdominal Viscera .......................................................27 Pelvis, Perineum and Micturition ...............................32 Female Genitalia ...........................................................35 Male Genitalia...............................................................37 Head Features (Lectures 1 and 2) ...............................40 Cranial Nerves ..............................................................44 Connective Tissue Structures Histologic types of connective tissue (c.t.): 1] Loose areolar c.t. — low fiber density, contains spaces that can be filled with fat or fluid (edema) [found: throughout body, under skin as superficial fascia and in many places as deep fascia]
    [Show full text]
  • Incomplete Ileocecal Bypass for Ileal Pathology in Horses: 21 Cases (2012–2019)
    animals Case Report Incomplete Ileocecal Bypass for Ileal Pathology in Horses: 21 Cases (2012–2019) Gessica Giusto, Anna Cerullo , Federico Labate and Marco Gandini * Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2-5, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; [email protected] (G.G.); [email protected] (A.C.); [email protected] (F.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Simple Summary: The ileal pathologies represent a problem often found during colic. At exploratory laparotomy, in cases where there is involvement of the ileum and there is a suspicion of an ileocecal valve disfunction, the surgeon may be faced with the choice of whether to resect the intestinal tract involved, do nothing, or perform an ileocecal bypass without resection of the ileum. This latter tech- nique may represent a valid alternative to extensive manipulation, and it may reduce the recurrence of ileal occlusion and post-operative complication. This study aims to describe clinical findings, surgical techniques, and post-operative progress of horses who have undergone an incomplete ileocecal bypass in case of strangulating or non-strangulating ileum pathologies. Incomplete ileocecal bypass may represent an effective and safe surgical technique in these cases and in all cases of ileal pathologies treated without resection to avoid recurrence and reduce complications. Abstract: Background: Incomplete ileocecal bypass can be performed in cases in which an ileal disfunction is suspected but resection of the diseased ileum is not necessary. Objectives: To describe the clinical findings, the surgical technique, and the outcome of 21 cases of colic with ileal pathologies that underwent an incomplete ileocecal bypass.
    [Show full text]
  • Titel NAV + Total*
    NOMINA ANATOMICA VETERINARIA FIFTH EDITION (revised version) Prepared by the International Committee on Veterinary Gross Anatomical Nomenclature (I.C.V.G.A.N.) and authorized by the General Assembly of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (W.A.V.A.) Knoxville, TN (U.S.A.) 2003 Published by the Editorial Committee Hannover (Germany), Columbia, MO (U.S.A.), Ghent (Belgium), Sapporo (Japan) 2012 NOMINA ANATOMICA VETERINARIA (2012) CONTENTS CONTENTS Preface .................................................................................................................................. iii Procedure to Change Terms ................................................................................................. vi Introduction ......................................................................................................................... vii History ............................................................................................................................. vii Principles of the N.A.V. ................................................................................................... xi Hints for the User of the N.A.V....................................................................................... xii Brief Latin Grammar for Anatomists ............................................................................. xiii Termini situm et directionem partium corporis indicantes .................................................... 1 Termini ad membra spectantes .............................................................................................
    [Show full text]