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11A THE LEARNING STRAND: GETTY IMAGES

RELIGIOUS EDUCATION PROGRAMME FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN AOTEAROA

11A THE TRINITY LEARNING STRAND: THEOLOGY Getty Images

RELIGIOUS EDUCATION PROGRAMME

FOR CATHOLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN AOTEAROA NEW ZEALAND

Above: The Most Holy Trinity and Francis of Paola, Nicholas of Bari and Vincent Ferrer (oil on canvas), by Giambattista Buratto, 18th Century Cover: The Trinity, 1577–79 (oil on canvas), Greco, (Domenico Theotocopuli) (1541-1614) / Prado, Madrid, Spain used in this resource

Task

Web based task

Thinking about

Extra activity

Extra fact

• Words marked with * can be found in the glossary. • Additional material for this topic may be accessed on the FaithCentral website www.faithcentral.net.nz

THE LOGO The logo is an attempt to express as an inward and outward journey.

This faith journey takes us into our own hearts, into the heart of the world and into the heart of who is ’s love revealed.

In Christ, God transforms our lives. We can respond to his love for us by reaching out and loving one another.

The circle represents our world. White, the colour of light, represents God. Red is for the suffering of Christ. Red also represents the . Yellow represents the risen Christ.

The direction of the lines is inwards except for the cross, which stretches outwards.

Our lives are embedded in and dependent upon our environment (green and blue) and our cultures (patterns and textures).

Mary, the Mother of Christ, is represented by the blue and white pattern.

The blue also represents the Pacific…

Annette Hanrahan RSCJ CONTENTS PART ONE The Task 1: Think-Pair-Share – what do Catholics believe?...... 4 Icons used in this resource PART TWO The Holy Trinity Task Task 2: Symbols of the Holy Trinity...... 10 Task 3: A Symbol of the Holy Trinity...... 11 Task 4: The Trinity in art ...... 12 Web based task PART THREE God, the Father Almighty, Creator of and earth Thinking about Task 5: Bumper sticker or poster ...... 15 Task 6: Environmental responsibility...... 16 Extra activity Task 7: Environmental issues...... 16 Task 8: News report ...... 17 Task 9: Can I make a difference?...... 17 Extra fact Task 10: Ten Commandments for Protecting the Environment...... 18 PART FOUR • Words marked with * can be found in the glossary. Jesus became human and dwelt among us Task 11: Think-Pair-Share-Compare ...... 20 • Additional material for this topic may be accessed on the Task 12: The gift of life...... 21 FaithCentral website www.faithcentral.net.nz Task 13: Reflecting on human dignity...... 24 Task 14: Live life, give life...... 25 Task 15: Word association...... 26 Task 16: Stereotyping ...... 26 Task 17: Images and stereotypes...... 27 Task 18 Perfectly imperfect...... 27 Task 19: Understanding suffering...... 30 Task 20: Scripture search...... 30 Task 21: Design a liturgy for the of a sick young person ...... 32 PART FIVE The Holy Spirit, the , the giver of life Task 22: Representations of the Holy Spirit in Scripture...... 33 Task 23: Symbols of the Holy Spirit: Card Activity...... 34 Task 24: Song to the Holy Spirit...... 35 Task 25: The Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit...... 38 Task 26: The Gifts of the Holy Spirit in the ...... 38 Task 27: The Fruits of the Holy Spirit...... 39 Task 28: People led by the Holy Spirit...... 41 Task 29: Personal reflection...... 45

SUMMARY ...... 46

GLOSSARY ...... 46

3 PART ONE THE CREED Focus • The Creed is a summary of Catholic .

What do Catholics believe? Foundational Belief This book looks at a foundational belief of the Catholic A Foundational belief is a core , the Trinity. It explores some key beliefs that of the that forms a basis for come from our understanding of the Trinity, such as other beliefs. care of the environment, a Consistent Ethic of Life and action of the Holy Spirit in the world. Major Belief

A person cannot be a Catholic on his or her own; This is a significant understanding Catholic means belonging to a community of that is derived from an aspect of a faith. This community of faith is universal or ‘catholic’. foundational belief. As a community of faith, Catholics share a number of Key Beliefs beliefs that are summarised in the creed* or statement of belief. These are important beliefs derived from the major and foundational beliefs that have implications for human behaviour.

Task1: Think-Pair-Share – what do Catholics believe? 1 Think about the important beliefs of the . 2 In pairs write each belief down on a paper supplied by your teacher. 3 With another pair sort your beliefs into groups. 4 Compile a class list of what the class thinks are the beliefs of the Catholic Church. 5 On a photocopied page, highlight the beliefs from the class list in the . 6 What do you notice about the order of beliefs in the Nicene Creed?

What is a Creed? A creed is a statement of belief. It comes from a word credo, “I believe”.

The simplest statement of what Catholics believe is expressed in the Creed. The Church has a number of . One of the earliest statements of belief is from St Paul,

For I handed on to you as of first importance what I in turn received: that Christ died for our in accordance with the scriptures, and that he was buried, and that he was raised on the third day in accordance with the scriptures, and that he first appeared to Cephas, then to the twelve. 1 Corinthians 15: 3-5

4 Our Creeds date back to the early centuries of the Church when the Church Councils* were defining the The Apostles’ Creed true nature of Jesus Christ as God and man. 1 I believe in almighty, Catholics commonly use two creeds, the Apostles’ creator of heaven and earth. Creed and the Nicene Creed. 2 I believe in Jesus Christ his only , Our Lord. The Creed is traditionally divided into three parts: • Part 1 tells us about God the Father. 3 He was conceived by the Holy Spirit, and born of the Mary. • Part 2 tells us about Jesus Christ. • Part 3 tells us about the Holy Spirit. 4 He suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died and was buried. The Apostles’ Creed 5 He descended to the dead. The Apostles’ Creed* was in use during the first On the third day he rose again. centuries of the Church. It probably grew out of a 6 He ascended into heaven, series of statements used by the early Church for those and is seated at the right hand of the Father. being baptised. People wishing to be baptised were required to learn and recite it. It contains 12 statements 7 He will come to judge the living and the dead. of belief about the three persons of the Trinity and the 8 I believe in the Holy Spirit, Church. 9 the holy catholic Church, The Apostles’ Creed gets is name because it is the communion of saints, considered to be a faithful summary of the apostles’ 10 the of sins, faith rather than because it was written by the 11 the resurrection of the body, apostles. Like the 12 apostles it consists of 12 articles. These are numbered with the text. 12 and life everlasting. Amen. © MAISANT Ludovic/Hemis/Corbis

Cyprus, Agios Neofytos monastery (Ayios Neophytos), cave where Neophytos the Recluse retired in the 12th century, of Christ and his Apostles from this period.

5 The Nicene Creed The Nicene Creed This is the statement of faith that you are probably I believe in one God, most familiar with as it used at Sunday . It is the Father, the Almighty, longer than the Apostles’ Creed because it contains maker of heaven and earth, more statements about Jesus and the Holy Spirit. of all things visible and invisible.

The reason for this is that during the fourth century And in one Lord, Jesus Christ, there were a number of disagreements about the the Only Begotten , nature of Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit. One of these born of the Father before all ages. disagreements is known as the Arian *. God from God, Light from Light, true God from true God, A Church Council was called to clarify the Church’s begotten, not made, consubstantial with the beliefs from which emerged the Nicene Creed. It was Father; formulated at the Council of Nicea in 325AD and through him all things were made. modified by the Council of Constantinople in 381AD. For us and for our salvation he came down from heaven, and by the power of the Holy Spirit was incarnate of the Virgin Mary, and became man. For our sake he was crucified under Pontius Pilate, he suffered death, and was buried, and rose again on the third day in accordance with the Scriptures. He ascended into heaven and is seated at the right hand of the Father. He will come again in to judge the living and the dead and his kingdom will have no end.

And in the Holy Spirit, , the giver of life, who proceeds from the Father and the Son. who with the Father and the Son is adored and glorified, There are a number of other professions of the who has spoken through the prophets. Christian faith that were written following Church Councils, for example: And in one, holy, catholic and apostolic Church. • Lateran Creed (1215AD) I confess one for the forgiveness of sins • Lyons Creed (1274AD) and I look forward to the resurrection of the dead • Trent Creed (1564AD) and the life of the world to come. Other professions of faith have been written by various Amen. people: • () • Thomas Merton, of Unknowing (1956) • Paul VI, Credo of the (1968) Links to sites with copies of these creeds can be found on the FaithCentral website.

6 Catholic beliefs and teaching When we send a text message we usually keep it as short as possible. For example, a person who wants a friend to meet them from a plane may text “landed”. Behind this message is the background arrangement for the friend to meet the person. Implicit in the text is the idea that if the plane has touched down the person will soon be in arrivals.

The Nicene Creed summarises in a condensed form, like a text message, the Church’s understanding of the nature of God. From the Creed, a number of basic statements or beliefs of the Catholic faith emerge, for example about The Trinity, The * and *.

However, being a Catholic is not just about what a person . It is also about how a person lives. A number of the Catholic Church’s key beliefs about how people should live are also derived from the Creed, Tradition and Scripture.

An example of a major belief is the sanctity of life, that life is precious because it is created by God. From this major belief, that life is precious, other key beliefs follow, for example, the consistent ethic of life.

Foundational belief God, the Father Almighty, maker of heaven and earth. expressed in the Creed

Major belief God is the creator of life and that life is precious.

Consistent ethic of life. We are called to Key beliefs That we should not take respect and care for the life through for example, environment. abortion, euthanasia or murder.

7 PART TWO THE HOLY TRINITY Focus • The mystery of the Trinity is central to Christian faith and life. • The Trinity is God: Father Matua, Son Tamaiti and Holy Spirit Wairua Tapu. The Trinity: God – Father, Son, Spirit

Catholics believe in and one God who is Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. This is called the doctrine* of the Trinity. It sums up the Christian understanding of God and is the central mystery of faith.

The mystery of the Most Holy Trinity is the central mystery of Christian faith and life. It is the mystery of God in himself. It is therefore the source of all the other mysteries of faith, the light that enlightens them. It is the most fundamental and essential teaching in the “hierarchy of the truths of faith.” of the Catholic Church, par. 234.

The belief in the ‘oneness’ of God stems from ’s Jewish origins. “Hear O Israel: The Lord is our God, the Lord alone. You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your might.” Deuteronomy 6:4-5.

The reveals to us a portrait of Jesus as divine, “And the Word became and lived among us, and we have seen his glory, the glory as of a father’s only son, full of grace and truth.” :14.

Jesus promised that the Holy Spirit or the Advocate* would be sent to the disciples, “But the Advocate, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in my name, will teach you everything and remind you of all that I have said to you.” John 14:26.

In the New Testament we find the foundations of the central Christian belief in the Trinity. Over the centuries, the Church’s understanding and The Trinity Shield formulation of this revealed* mystery has grown and developed. These foundational beliefs form the first part of the Creed. is not Father Son

Mystery is As with other beliefs, the Trinity is a mystery. We speak of the mystery in is God the sense of a truth that is so complex that we can never fully understand is not it. This means that we can always learn more and more without is exhausting the mystery. is not

Jesus reveals to us the existence of the Trinity by speaking of God the Spirit Father, “The Father and I are one” and of the Holy Spirit, “When the Spirit of truth comes, he will lead you to the complete truth.” John 16:13.

8 Basically, the Trinity is hard to understand; even after many years of study some people still have questions and ideas to explore. As St. Augustine (354-430AD) wrote, “If you have understood it, it is not God.”

Divine activity Every action of God is due to the whole Trinity. God always was and is. We attribute particular divine activities to particular persons in the Trinity. The divine activity attributed to God the Father is the creation of the universe. The divine activity attributed to is our redemption* and salvation*. The divine activity attributed to God the Holy Spirit is our There is a famous story . God the Son was present at the creation of the world. Jesus’ about the great and incarnation* made God present in a new way. God the Holy Spirit was theologian St Augustine of always present. * made the Holy Spirit present to us in a new Hippo, who lived in North way. Africa 354-430 which illustrates this understanding The Creed tells us that: of mystery. According to • God is Father, the first Person of the Trinity who is the almighty, creator the story Augustine was of heaven and earth. strolling along a beach, deep • God is Son, the second Person of the Trinity who became human, in thought as he wrestled suffered, died, was buried and rose again. with the mystery of the Trinity. “How can there be • God is Holy Spirit, the third Person of the Trinity who is the Lord, the only one God and yet three giver of life. distinct divine persons?” The three Persons of the Trinity are one God, existing in union with each he wondered. So deep in other. Each has a particular role in the salvation of God’s people. thought was he that he almost tripped over a little child When speaking about the Trinity it can seem to become like a pouring water from a small mathematical equation. God has one nature and three persons. However, bucket into a hole he had dug it tells us something important about God – that we are saved by God in the sand. “What are you through Jesus Christ by the power of the Holy Spirit. doing?” Augustine asked. “ trying to pour the ocean into this hole,” replied the boy. “You’ll never fit all the ocean Symbols of the Trinity into that little hole!” laughed Symbols help us to touch mystery. Because God is beyond human the great theologian. The boy understanding, people have tried to portray the reality of God through looked up at Augustine and symbols. Symbols form a natural medium for conveying mystery. We are said to him, “And you, Sir, will used to using symbols to convey a deep meaning of complex ideas, for never put the Trinity into your example, the heart as a symbol of love. The symbol of the heart carries little mind.” And with that the multiple meanings that are difficult to put into words. child disappeared. The story is not literally true of course, but in the way stories often have, it expresses clearly for us a great truth. God will always be beyond human understanding.

9 Task 2: Symbols of the Holy Trinity 1 One of the most common symbols of Trinity During your prayer time in this topic is the . We bless ourselves “in endeavour to pray the sign of the cross in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and other languages, for example, Ki te ingoa, of the Holy Spirit.” Ask people in your class o te Matua, o te Tamaiti, o te Wairua Tapu. who can speak other languages to write and/ Amene. You may like to use some of the or say this in another language. names for the persons of the Trinity in prayer.

In nomine Patris, et Sa ngalan ng Ama, Anak, Filii, et Spiritus Sancti. at Diyos Espiritu . Amen. (Latin) Amen. (Filipino)

En el nombre del Padre, I he huafa o e Tamai, mo I te ingoa o te Metua, o no y del Hijo, y del Espíritu e Alo, mo e Haumalie, ma’ te Tamaiti, o no te Vaenua Santo. Amén. (Spanish) oui’oni. Amene. (Tongan) Tapu, Amen. (Cook Island)

因父 I te igoa o te Tamana, 及子 te Ataliki, ma te Agaaga 及聖神之名者 Tapu. Amene (Tokelauan) 阿們 (Chinese)

성부와 성자와 성령의 이름으로, I le suafa o le Tama, ma Ki hi higoa, mo e Tama, 아멘 le Alo, ma le Agaga Pa’ia. mo e Agaga Tapu. Amen. (Korean) Amene. (Samoan) (Niuean)

2 In your exercise book make three headings as shown below and list characteristics or names of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit. Think back over work you have done in previous years. Select one word, or phrase, from each column and explain its particular meaning.

Father Son Holy Spirit

Creator Sanctifier Source of truth One among us Advocate Earth maker Pain bearer Life giver Almighty Emmanuel Paraclete Saviour Consoler Anointed

10 Another common symbol for the Trinity is the triquetra. It is simple in form, yet rich in meaning.

The three equal arcs express the equality of the three divine Persons; their union expresses the unity of divine essence; their continuous form symbolises . The fact that the arcs are interwoven represents the indivisibility of the Holy Trinity. Triquetra The centre of the triquetra is roughly an equilateral triangle, one of the most ancient of the trinitarian symbols. The equality of the three sides and angles expresses the equality of the three divine persons. The sides unite to form one figure, suggesting the one and inseparable divine essence.

St Patrick (c.432AD – c.493AD), in Ireland used the shamrock to describe the Trinity. The shamrock leaf is one leaf that has three leaflets of equal Shramrock parts. Each leaflet represents a person of the Trinity, Father, Son, or Spirit, while the whole leaf represents the oneness of God as Trinity.

Task 3: A Symbol of the Holy Trinity Examine the symbol of the Trinity below and complete the

Equilateral Triangle following tasks: • Identify each Person of the Trinity. • What does the symbol depict about each Person of the Trinity? • How would you explain the symbol to another person? • Make up your own symbol of the Trinity and be prepared to explain it to other members of your class.

Fleur de lis

Interwoven circles

Trefoil

11 The Trinity in Art Icons are forms of developed in the early Church. They are inspired by religious rather than artistic principles. The use of colour, dimensions and presentation all have symbolic meaning. Icons are part of the artist’s faith experience and speak to the heart of those who pray before them. They are intended to be gazed upon rather than thought about.

The presented here was painted by the Russian in 1425AD, as part of his on the mystery of the Trinity. Getty Images

The Holy Trinity, 1420s (tempera on panel), Rublev, Andrei (c.1370-1430) / Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow, Russia

Task 4: The Trinity in art Look at the icon of the Trinity. In prayerful silence focus on the icon: • Identify each Person of the Trinity. • What does the artist show about the nature of each Person? • How does the artist show the relationship between each Person?

12 The The icon shows three angels seated in a circle around a table on which a chalice is at the centre. The angels remind us of Genesis chapter18, which tells of three angels who visited and Sarah, ate with them and predicted the birth of . It was through Abraham and his descendants that God entered into a with the Israelites, which ultimately led to the birth of the Saviour, Jesus Christ, the sacrificial . The angels represent the three persons of the Trinity. Use of colour The artist who prays the icon into existence (they do not paint icons) uses colour deliberately to add meaning and significance to the symbols within. Some of the key colours used in this icon are: • Blue: representing • Green: new life • Brown: of the earth, humanity • Gold: kingship The Chalice In the icon the Lamb of God is represented by the chalice. It is placed centrally so that our eyes are drawn to it. Hands The positions of the angels’ hands are significant: the Son in the centre points to the : his two extended fingers indicate his nature, divine and human. On the left, as you look at the icon, the Father’s hand is raised in blessing. The on the right points to the front of the , a space representing the world for which the Son’s sacrifice is offered. Each angel holds a staff of authority and power. Each figure wears a blue garment indicating their divinity. Relationship of the Figures Note the positions of the heads of the angels. Each turns to the others as if to include them in a union of line and movement. The faces are serene yet sad; joy and sorrow mingle at the contemplation of the Lamb’s redeeming sacrifice. There is room around the table for us too, if we wish to join in contemplating the icon and allowing it to take us into the presence of God, and entering into prayer with the Trinity. Other Symbols There are many other symbols in the icon including: • The tree: the tree of life and also looks forward to the crucifixion. • The building: Jerusalem the Holy City. • The mountain: a place where heaven and earth seem to touch.

13 PART THREE God, the Father Almighty, Creator of Heaven and Earth Focus: • God Te Atua creates and sustains all life. • Within creation all life forms are interconnected and interdependent. • Respect for the pono of creation is central to Church teaching. God: Father God: Almighty The first Person of the Trinity is God the Father. Why is There is nothing anywhere in creation more powerful God called ‘Father’? Jesus used this title for God and or forceful than God is. We sometimes say God is as a way to explain his relationship with God; “No one omnipotent that is ‘all-powerful’, omnipresent that is knows the Son except the Father, and no one knows ‘God is everywhere’ and omniscient that is ‘God is all the Father except the Son and anyone to whom the knowing’. Son chooses to reveal him” (:27). Here Jesus shows that God wishes to be as intimate and God: Creator of everything close to us as a loving parent is to their child. This that is seen and unseen is different from an idea that God is ‘up there’ and Science seeks to explain the physical process of intervenes in our lives from a distance. This loving creation. The ‘why’ of creation is revealed to us by relationship has always been from the beginning. God. God freely created the universe out of nothing. God created people in his own image and desires that they live in loving union with their creator and creation. This is the religious truth presented to us in the two creation accounts found in the first part of the book of Genesis. iStock.com

14 The accounts of creation in Genesis convey a religious truth (you’ll learn more about this in 11C Understanding the Story); it tells us that God made the world not how God made it. The accounts show that God was pleased with what God had created and that goodness and harmony were what God had intended. Check out these verses in Genesis 1:12b,18b, 21b, 25b and 31. What does this tell you about how God views creation? Now read Genesis 1:27 about God and humankind. What does this say about God? What does this say about people?

Task 5: Bumper sticker or poster 1 Create a bumper sticker using Genesis 1:31 God saw everything that he had made, and indeed, it was very good! 2 Or create a poster for your room to go on or by your mirror or wardrobe using Genesis verse 1:27 God created human persons in God’s own image, In the image of God were they created; Male and female God created them. Both these scriptures are important to keep in mind as we work through this unit. They remind us that not only are we important to God but so are all people, all animals and the natural world. These scriptures give us an insight into how God views us. iStock.com © Christine Glade Is God male? All language we use about God is metaphorical and we should not confuse our image of God with our human representations. When we use the terms ‘God the Father’ or ‘God the Son’, we could think that God is male. God is neither male nor female. God is pure spirit. This means that God transcends the limitation of matter.

Scripture uses a number of images for God, for example, rock (Deuteronomy 32:4), Mother ( 49:15), Father (Psalm 2:7; 103:13), potter ( 18:6), washerwoman (Isaiah 4:4), midwife (Psalm 22:9).

Creation God creates all of creation and all people are called by their Creator to care for creation.

The Book of Genesis tells us that everything that God created was good (Genesis 1:10). Genesis also relates that God gave our first parents two commands: • to transmit human life, “be fruitful and multiply” • to bring nature into the service of humanity, “fill the earth and subdue it”.

15 A number of critics trace the source of the present ecological crisis in the Biblical injunction “to subdue” the earth (Genesis 1:28) and judge Christianity to be inherently anti-environment. The dominion that God has given humankind over nature must be read in context. People are to be stewards of creation, subject to God who created, sustains and continually loves it.

We have a specific responsibility to care for the environment in which we live not only to ensure our own survival, but also the well-being of future generations.

Task 6: Environmental responsibility Fr Neil Darragh, in his book At Home in the Earth, challenges New Zealanders to understand and take responsibility to care for the earth, not just for other humans, but for the earth’s sake.

To do this we need to understand these We need to focus on our interdependence, things: our interconnections and our interrelation- We are part of the living earth not separate ships with all of the earth. from it.

• What do you think this quote means? • What would this mean in our home life? • Is the “we” Fr Neil speaks of humans, or • How could this apply to our school life? ? • How does this challenge you personally? • Do animals care for the earth? • What responsibilities does it suggest for • Do animals waste resources? society as a whole?

Task 7: Environmental issues • What are some of the environmental issues we are facing today? Complete the chart in your book by deciding

which headline in the left hand column goes iStock.com © Amber Antozak best with each piece of information on the right. The information for this task is available on the FaithCentral website.

The environment is God’s gift to everyone, and in our use of it we have a responsibility towards the poor, towards future generations and towards humanity as a whole. Benedict XVI, in Truth, par. 48

16 Task 8: News report Choose one of the environmental issues headlines and do further research on it. Present your findings as a newspaper article for the NZ Catholic. You may like to include charts, statistics, a cartoon. Base your article on the fundamental Church teaching: “God created all life.” • What can I do to make a difference? • How can I care for the world?

Task 9: Can I make a difference? The majority of us can care for the world in the small everyday things we do, such as in the choices we make when we shop and in how we dispose of our rubbish. As directed by your teacher, break into groups of four and • Do you need to take complete the table mat exercise. The information and a the car? worksheet for this task is available on the FaithCentral website. • Could you walk or catch • What other small things can you do each day? a bus? • Share with a partner and then the rest of the class.

• Do you make your lunch? • What do you wrap it in? Do you use a plastic bag or a lunch box?

• How much photocopying/printing do you do? • Do you need it all? iStock.com © Roman Milert

17 Commandments for Protecting the Environment

6 Campaign against destruction 1 I am God who has created Heaven to your environment by setting and Earth. Know that you are my up pressure groups within your partner in creation. Therefore, community. Support and co-operate take care of the environment: the with environmental agencies. air and water, earth and trees, 7 Re-cycle and re-use waste items and birds, fish and animals. buy products that can be recycled 2 Know that in giving you life, I and do not damage the environment have given you freedom to use the in their production. natural resources in a sustainable 8 Make issues of life an everyday manner. topic of conversation. 3 Do not steal from the future, for it 9 Set time aside each week to spend is your children’s. with your environment, rather than 4 Teach your children, by your to use it. example, a love of nature. 10 Remember you do not own the 5 Remember that technology, Earth but are its guardian and even in its most advanced forms trustee. cannot recreate life that has been destroyed.

Adapted from Shirley J.S. Pieris, In Harmony with Creation by Lorraine Campbell sm.

Task 10: Ten Commandments for Protecting the Environment Make a poster to illustrate one of the Ten Commandments for Protecting the Environment. Your poster should include: • The commandment being illustrated • A suitable supporting quotation from Scripture / Church teaching / Tradition • Visual content relating to the commandment – remember it needs to have impact

18 A Māori view of the natural world In many ways there is much in common between traditional Māori attitudes to the natural world and that of Christian in that both are creation-centred.

The Māori creation story is compatible with that found in the Book of Genesis. In Genesis, all created persons and things relate back to the one Supreme God, Io or lo-matua-kore. In that creation account the children of Rangi and Papa are the guardian spirits of different aspects of the created world: Tāne – the forests, trees and birds Tangaroa – the sea and fish Tū – human beings Rongo – cultivated plants, such as ku¯mara Haumia – uncultivated plants, such as ferns (source of the staple fernroot).

Tāne Mahuta The spiritual and natural worlds met in these atua (spirits): Tāne was a tree and Tāne was an atua. Tangaroa was a fish and Tangaroa was an atua. Rongo was a kūmara and Rongo was an atua.

Thus Māori see all plants and animals, as well as humans, as having a spiritual dimension connecting them first with their guardian spirit (Tāne, Tangaroa, etc.) and ultimately with Io-God.

All have mauri, a life-force, a life-principle which points back to the Creator God. What Pākehā call ‘inanimate objects’ also have a mauri and each iwi and hapū (tribe and sub­tribe) has mountains and rivers in their region with special spiritual significance. So, a river is a river but also a spiritual being. A mountain is a mountain, but also a spiritual being. The earth, Papatūānuku is the ‘Earth Mother’, source of life and nourishment and related to their whakapapa (genealogy).

These traditional beliefs about the unity of the physical and spiritual worlds and their ultimate origin in the Creator God-lo underlie Māori attitudes of respect for the natural world. Since all parts of creation are tapu, all must be respected, protected and enhanced. Rotational cropping prevents exhaustion of the soil in any one place. The practice of rāhui temporarily removing from use an area of land, river or sea, serves the purpose of protecting scarce resources, avoiding over-exploitation and allowing recovery from the effects of accidents or tragedies.

Reverence for life in all its forms and for all created things is a basic concept of Māori spirituality.

19 PART FOUR Jesus, became human and dwelt among us Focus: • Jesus Hehu is the second person of the Trinity. • Hehu teaches us about God. • Hehu teaches us about what it is to be fully human. • Hehu proclaims the reign of God Te Rangatiratanga. Jesus teaches us about what it is to be For your reflection fully human God loves me totally all the The Nicene Creed teaches that Jesus Christ is truly God and truly human. time, without reservation, Jesus has two natures, divine and human. They are united in the Person without restriction, whether I of the Word made flesh. By assuming our human nature Jesus shows am good or bad or indifferent, what it is to be fully human. Jesus came that we may have life and have it whether I belong to a Church to the full (John 10:10). of any kind or have never heard the Word of God. I cannot win or lose God’s love. Task 11: Think-Pair-Share-Compare I have the freedom to choose. Write down five things you know about Jesus. Pair up and share. Therefore I can also destroy Now compare your statements with those in the Nicene Creed within me, the life of God’s and Apostles’ Creed. love. What does it mean to be human? God offers me unconditional We are all clumps of cells, we start as embryos. Embryos become children love and invites me to respond in the same way children become adults, not by some addition to what to this love and to love my they are but by developing further as the kinds of beings they already are. brothers and sisters in return. That is all. No price. No Belief that all life comes from God and is valued equally by God commits payment. one to an intrinsic understanding of human dignity – this means we Jesus is God’s gift to me. cannot allow different levels of respect. All embryos are biologically the same so it is inconsistent to give greater respect to some than others – Jesus shows and tells me how unless we reduce dignity to preference. much God loves me. Jesus gathers all of us together From the moment of fertilisation an embryo is already the human being it and brings us back to God will always be and will only grow in size and complexity. In other words, through the only way possible: there is no threshold that embryos cross to become human – there is his own dying and rising. rather continuity to human existence. The Holy Spirit is God helping It is important to note that we must not judge things only on a material and sustaining me to be the level. For example, to say that you are sitting on a collection of steel and best person I can become. plastic omits the crucial truth that you are sitting on a chair.

Discussion 1 What strikes you about Jesus’ actions towards others as shown in the ? 2 What would be the effect upon society if people were to act more like Jesus?

20 The Consistent Ethic of Life “places the sacredness The Consistent Ethic of Life of creation and the need to protect and enhance The call to fullness of life, the sharing of the very life all human life, and the life of our planet on which of God, endows every human life with an inestimable we depend, as a basic and central moral point of value and an innate and dignity. reference.”

The Consistent Ethic of Life proposes that all life is At the end of this statement the refer to a valuable. If we believe that life has value from the cloak of integrity. Could your class design and make moment of conception, the same consistent principle, one at the end of this unit that reflects the things you that life is valuable, must be applied to every stage have learnt? of human life. We must support the quality of life of all those who are the most vulnerable in society. A Consistent Ethic of Life would suggest that you cannot G. Brebuer be, for example, pro-life and pro-death-penalty.

A man and a woman conceiving a child are co-operating directly with God the Creator. This is why the most precious thing in the world

is a human being. This cloak was made by students at Marist College in , and is There are other precious things which must also big enough to be worn. be valued, protected and fostered: great works of art; fine houses; beautiful scenery; the animals on which we depend for survival, as well as the blessings we recieve through the natural gifts of earth, fire and water. But completely above the value of all these, in the eyes of God and in the eyes of all, is the value of every human life. To Christians, the source of this value is the fact that every human being is made in the image and likeness of God – not mass-produced like so many thousand photographs mechanically run from a single negative. Each human is a unique masterpiece, yet each is a likeness of God individually and separately hand-drawn by the Creator, and destined, through , to live forever. Task 12: The Gift of Life (New Zealand Bishops’ statement: What’s Wrong With The information and a worksheet for Abortion?) this task is available on the FaithCentral website. A copy of the statement is available at: http://www.catholic.org.nz/statements/statements

21 Human Dignity For centuries thinkers and writers around the world have wrestled with questions such as: ‘What is a human being?’ and ‘What is humanity’s place in the universe?’

The following pages contain a selection of quotations iStock.com © Wackerhausen from various sources including Scripture and Church documents. Read and reflect on the meaning of these quotes. Choose one which appeals to you from each section. Copy each into your workbook along with a sentence that says why you chose it.

General Scripture

The world is full of wonderful things, but none so God said, “Let us make humankind in our own wonderful as a person. image, according to our likeness; and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over What a piece of work is man! How noble in the birds of the air, and over the cattle, and over reason, how infinite in faculty! all the wild animals of the earth, and over every in form, in moving how express and admirable! creeping thing that creeps upon the earth.” in action how like an angel, So God created humankind in his image, in the in apprehension how like a god! image of God he created them, male and female the beauty of the world, he created them. the paragon of various sources including animals! Genesis 1:26-27 Hamlet, Act II Sc.II O Lord, our Sovereign, how majestic is your People are Heaven’s masterpiece. name in all the earth! Francis Quarles You have set your glory above the . When I look at your heavens, the work of your - - - He aha te mea nui o tanei o? Moku e kai atu fingers, the moon and the stars that you have He tangata, he tangata, he tangata! established; You may ask, ‘What is the greatest thing in this What are human beings that you are mindful of world? I will answer, them, mortals that you care for them? ‘It is people, it is people, it is people!’ Yet you have made them a little lower than God, and crowned them with glory and honour. The glory of God is the human person fully alive. You have given them dominion over the works of St (c.125-c.203AD) your hands; you have put all things under their feet. As human beings, our greatness lies not so much in being able to remake the world - that is Psalm 8:1, 3-6 the myth of the atomic age - as in being able to remake ourselves. The word of Lord came to me, saying “Before I formed you in the womb I knew you.” Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948) Jeremiah 1:4-5

22 Scripture continued Papal Statements

Truly I tell you, just as you did it to one of the least Any well-regulated and profitable association of these who are members of my family, you did of people in society demands the acceptance of it to me... Truly I tell you, just as you did not do it one fundamental principle: that each individual to one of the least of these, you did not do it to is truly a person. Each has a nature endowed me. with intelligence and freewill. As such each has rights and duties which together flow as a direct Matthew 25:40-45 consequence from his or her nature. These rights and duties are universal and inviolable, and Jesus replied, “Who is my mother, and who are therefore altogether inalienable. my brothers?” And pointing to his disciples, he When, furthermore, we consider personal said, “Here are my mother and my brothers! For dignity from the standpoint of divine , whoever does the will of my Father in heaven is inevitably our estimate of it is incomparably my brother and sister and mother.” increased. Humankind has been ransomed by the Matthew 12:48-50 blood of Jesus Christ. Grace has made them and daughters and friends of God, and heirs to eternal glory. Church Teaching Peace on Earth, John XXIII Vatican Council II Based on: The Pastoral Constitution on the Church in Respect for human dignity and belief in the equal the Modern World dignity of all the members of the human family demand policies aimed at enabling all peoples According to the almost unanimous opinion of to have access to the means required to improve believers and unbelievers alike, all things on earth their lives, including the technological means and should be related to humankind as their centre skills needed for development. and crown. John Paul II, Address to U.S. President George W. Bush Sacred Scripture teaches that people created ‘to the image of God’, are capable of knowing and loving their Creator, and were appointed by God New Zealand Bishops’ Statement as master of all earthly creatures, that they might In the light of the present crises in the employment subdue them and use them for God’s glory. field in New Zealand, we wish to affirm that each and every person has the inalienable right to Authentic freedom is an exceptional sign of the work. This right to be able to determine one’s own divine image within humankind. future through one’s labour, talents, skills and gifts granted by God, is of paramount importance in An outstanding cause of human dignity lies in the recognition and realisation of the dignity of the humankind’s call to communion with God. human person.

On Unemployment A person is more valuable for what he or she is, than for what he or she has.

Humankind is the source, the centre and the purpose of all socio-economic life.

23 Task 13: Reflecting on human dignity After reading and reflecting on the quotes above, discuss the questions below. 1 What are the consequences of human persons having dignity?

2 Should a country’s be organised around respect for iStock.com © Galina Barkaya people’s dignity and needs? 3 What if this means people making less money or paying higher taxes? 4 How does our society in New Zealand reflect the value of human dignity? 5 How does New Zealand society today not reflect the value of human dignity?

• In your book, add any items you can think of to the lists below. • Select one from each list and say how it reflects and how it challenges human dignity.

Reflecting Human Dignity Challenging Human Dignity

fight pollution unemployment

road rules poverty

food / drug regulations sexism

smoke-free workplaces racism

just wages murder

equal access to education capital punishment

quality health care slavery

the right to a fair trial overcrowded prisons

fair treatment for refugees terrorism

the right to vote rape

nuclear weapons

child abuse

When nature, including the human being, is viewed as the result of mere chance or evolutionary determinism, our sense of responsibility wanes.

Benedict XVI, Charity in Truth, par. 48

24 Live Life, Give Life The following brief quotes are taken from Live Life, Give Life, a letter from the New Zealand Catholic Bishops to young adults of the Church. Task 14: Live life, give life Choose one quote that especially No matter what you’ve The experience you’ve had of how other people have loved you and appeals to you. experienced, or how cruel or unfair the world about you appears, you given of themselves for you must Either write a and all of life remain gifts to be not be allowed to either stagnate poem, karakia honoured and cherished. or turn sour. That experience is or reflection, your guide to truth and, ultimately, or deliver a to your own lasting happiness. Be assertive. Be a participant in short speech life at all levels. The future will be (2 minutes), or what you make of today. Within the Church community your present a role- talents and interests can all find play, or design a expression. Your music and art, Age is not a barrier to belief or for instance, have their own place poster based on commitment or participation. in liturgy. In the various ministries the quote. open to you, you can be visible reminders to the community not Participation is life-giving, for it links you to “living” only of your presence, but of your people. Get in and be a part of what’s going on. faith and of your full membership among the people God has chosen for His own. Let your own uniqueness contribute to the life experience of your peers. And be prepared to learn from them, remaining especially open to the richness Jesus’ participation in life brought that can come from those whose ethnic backgrounds a wonderful array of gifts: healing, differ from your own. restored dignity, peace of mind, forgiveness, joy .... Don’t be surprised if some people don’t Let your life become an unbroken conversation seem ready for you yet. That with Jesus, who wants you to be fully alive. It’s no happened to Jesus, too. You need coincidence that the word often used for eternal life to work, as Jesus did, at growing – “salvation” – is derived from a word meaning to be in self-knowledge and awareness healthy, to be whole, to be full of life! of others by contact with God.

As young people without the Development means more than body building. It is opportunities of decision-makers, person building. It … goes hand in hand with being a you may feel powerless to make participant in life. It has to do with becoming aware any difference. But this is not of the other people in your life, especially those less so. Precisely because of your able to care for themselves, and realising they are youthfulness you have great your sisters and brothers. potential to be peacemakers. Your youthfulness makes you the ideal person to reach the wounded and Development is also about frightened among youth. taking care of the world, of your environment. To see yourself as a caretaker is to see value in everything.

A copy of the statement is available at: http://www.catholic.org.nz/statements/statement

25 The disabled, the elderly and the sick Christians are called to show their support for those true compassion. The terminally ill particularly deserve who are marginalised in society. In some parts of the support, friendship and affection of those around society there is a mentality that gives priority to them. immediate human usefulness and productivity; this may lead to contempt for the elderly, the sick or A fully human civilisation shows respect and aroha for disabled persons. the elderly, the sick and the disabled and encourages them to feel that they are a vital part of society. This Scripture views old age positively, presenting it as is because we are all made in the image and likeness a sign of God’s favour and blessing. The Christian of God and therefore deserve mana and respect as a tradition’s respect for the elderly springs from the human person. commandment of the Decalogue: “Honour your father and mother”. The elderly, because of their experience of life, have much to offer young people. Task 15: Word association

Handicapped and disabled people also need to be The information for this task is available recognised as persons made in the image of God – on the FaithCentral website. they must never feel that they are a burden. The needs of those who are sick call Christians to demonstrate Task 16: Stereotyping Negative stereotyping occurs when people assume that someone has certain undesirable features or qualities simply because they List of Stereotypes belong to a particular group, for example, ‘All red headed people have fiery tempers’, or ‘He is Asian therefore he can not speak • moves slowly English well.’ • does not think/work creatively • Copy and complete the chart below using the attached list of sterotypes or other examples you can think of. • bound to the past/ cannot grow Stereotypes Stereotypes Stereotypes • can’t/won’t learn of the disabled of the elderly of the sick • dislikes change • going backwards – second childhood • living in past/behind the times • diseased • restricted movement • lacks enjoyment of food, well-being, life itself • feeble • uninteresting • irritable, cantankerous, shallow • burden to society, family, self

26 Positive Views The negative attitudes sometimes found in our society Task 17: Images and are not found in all societies. In some societies, age is stereotypes synonymous with wisdom and privilege, for example, The information for this task is available the mana of the kaumatua and kuia. on the FaithCentral website. Many of Jesus’ miracles reflect his concern for the marginal people of his society - women, lepers, Each human person is a unique creation of God crippled, blind, the sick. Jesus looked, and encourages with their special gifts, talents and special needs. No us to look, beyond the visible sickness, disability or age two people are exactly alike but all are loved by God difference, to the life of the person within. and destined for eternal life.

Tess is the eldest of three girls. Her parents, Paul and Julia, welcomed her with love and joy when she was born. They were, however, somewhat shocked to discover that their first born had no hands. Tess’ arms finished just below her elbows. Julia decided that Tess would have to be a tiger! Tess’s parents weren’t put off by this hurdle, this was their first born. “Tess turned me into a mother!” says Julia.

They tried artificial limbs on Tess but to her they didn’t seem natural and Tess just worked things out like any child. She just had to find a different way to do things! The arrival of daughter number two raised questions for Tess. “When are my hands going to grow?” she asked her Mum. Tess accepted the answer “Never” and got on with things. Tess attended Marist Primary, Mt Albert in Auckland and from there moved to St Mary’s College in Ponsonby.

It may surprise you to know that Tess’s best subject is Fine Arts and her grades are in the top 20% of New Zealand. Tess has also learnt dancing and drama, she

cooks and has learnt to drive. Her comment when S. Brebner queried about driving was “I can drive just as good as you can; it’s just that right now I’m learning!” Task 18:

Tess doesn’t waste time feeling sorry for herself, she is Perfectly imperfect! as active as any teenager. She loves texting her mates 1 Who or what do you admire in this story? and loves to play soccer. Tess has been actively involved 2 Name one surprising thing in this story. in Stage Challenge. In July 2008 she went to World 3 What have you learned from Tess’s story? Youth Day in Sydney with her school. Given a choice 4 Have you ever been seriously injured or sick? Tess wouldn’t want hands – she wouldn’t be who she 5 What helped you to recover? is with them!

One word that isn’t used in Tess’s family is ‘disabled’. Tess says that disabled means not able and that’s not who she is. She describes herself as perfectly imperfect!

27 In April of 1988 Alex Snedden was born, a healthy Alex has had a very real impact on his family. They baby boy with one difference. Alex has Down have had to acknowledge that he is vulnerable and syndrome. When Alex’s parents, Bridget and Gary were this often means that they have to change the way told that Alex had Down syndrome they experienced a they do things and view life, as opposed to Alex range of emotions. They were afraid; they had wanted changing. But life with Alex has taught the Snedden something different! However when Alex was about family to be humble, that life is precious and how to 6 weeks old he gave his mother a smile that resulted listen “with your heart and not your ears”. in her falling in love. It was then that she and Gary decided to reshape their dream. Alex has been blessed with a supportive family and a group of friends he calls his Champs. Together they In many ways Alex’s life is ordinary but in many ways recognise that Alex has his own and goals and it’s so different! Alex is the middle of three children; together they are supporting him to make the vision he has an older sister, Amy and a younger brother and goals a reality! Tim. Alex attended St ’s Primary in Remuera, Auckland and went on to College in Glen Innes. He was the 4th generation of Snedden males to attend Sacred Heart! What does Alex like to do? He enjoys sport and currently he lifts weights, learns karate and on Monday nights plays basketball. He enjoys action movies and comedies and socialising with friends. What do you like to do? What would Alex like to do? He’d like to be the Bishop of Auckland! But the next best thing is working in Bishop Pat Dunn’s office which Alex does one day a week. Alex works one day for another company and hopes to soon be working S. Brebner three days a week. Alex catches the train and bus regularly and hopes one day to get his full driver’s What is Down syndrome? licence – he is currently learning to drive. Alex also • Down syndrome is a life-long condition that causes plans to go flatting. Bridget has mixed feelings about delays in learning and development. this but Alex has told her she has to get used to it! Do • It cannot be cured but problems can be eased if you want a ? Do you catch public transport? Do people with Down syndrome have the right help you hope to get your licence? Do you want to go and if other people have a positive accepting flatting one day? attitude. • It occurs because cells contain an extra Alex likes to organise things and to solve problems, he’s chromosome number 21. deeply committed in his faith and people regularly ask • It can occur in any family of any race, culture or him to pray for them. Alex is now proud to be who religion and is never anyone’s fault. he is, but it hasn’t always been easy for him. When he was young he asked “Why do I have Downs? Why am • In New Zealand one baby in about 1000 is born I different?” Sometimes it’s been hard to make friends, with Down syndrome; that is one or more babies sometimes the things Alex wants seem a long way off. with Down syndrome born every week. Do you recognise these emotions? Do you sometimes • People with Down syndrome are individuals and feel different to everyone else? Do you ever have vary in their abilities and achievements. They are friendship problems? contributing members of society.

28 Understanding suffering

A Christian understanding of suffering Getty Images Suffering is an unavoidable aspect of being human. All of us, in one way or another, share in this universal human experience. At times our own suffering and that of others can seem utterly meaningless. Illness, pain and disability seem to cut us off from those around us, leaving us isolated and lonely. They tend to erode faith rather than build it up.

Suffering is part of life Suffering and death came into the world, not as part of God’s original plan for humankind, but as a consequence of human . However, God is not indifferent to human grief and pain – through the suffering and death of Jesus, God suffers with us. Through Jesus, God joins his suffering to the suffering of human beings and so transforms and gives our suffering a Italy, Veneto, Treviso, Padernello new meaning. Through the Holy Spirit we are sustained and comforted in di Paese, church. Christ on times of suffering. the cross, at his feet Madeleine embracing the cross. On the left St. and on the right Jesus close to those who suffer St. Valentine. Jesus was always close to those who suffered – he befriended, defended and cured them. He also said, in reference to the hungry, thirsty, sick, and imprisoned, that whatever one did for these, one did for him (Matthew 25:31-40). Jesus’ healing of the sick and his raising of the dead to new life were signs that the reign of God was becoming a reality here on earth. They made it clear that suffering and death, despite their power, could not prevent or limit God’s mighty works.

Suffering unites us with Jesus Through his agony and death on the cross Jesus showed that suffering and death are no longer strong enough to separate us from each other and from God. By uniting our suffering with that of Jesus, our pain, our sense of isolation and loss becomes part of the saving work of Christ who died because of his great love for humankind.

Jesus’ cry of abandonment on the cross: “My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?” (Matthew 27:46) echoes the cries of countless suffering human beings. Even when Christians experience the extremes of human suffering they know that Jesus is there beside them. Just as God raised up Jesus to eternal life, so we believe that we will live beyond this life and experience the fullness of God’s life and love. The Holy Spirit comforts us with the of God’s love especially during times of suffering.

29 Task 19: Understanding suffering • Name what you consider to be the three worst illnesses of our time. • Why do you think people become ill? • What do most ill people need to help them feel better? • In general, what do you think is the place of the community in dealing with the sick or dying?

Task 20: Scripture search Throughout history, people have acknowledged their need for healing. Jesus responded to that need in many of the healing miracles. • In your book note down two of references below, read the passage, and note briefly beside the reference what kind of healing took place.

Type of healing

Matthew 20:29-34

Mark 7:31-37

Luke 13:10-17

Luke 8:40-56

Luke 4:33-37

The of the The Sacrament of the Anointing of the Sick, like the other , is a sign of God’s presence and power. As a sacrament of healing, it reaches out to those who are sick and draws them into the heart of the Church. This sacrament can take a number of forms. It may be celebrated during Mass or celebrated outside Mass at the person’s home or in hospital.

It is also celebrated for someone who is about to die, which is why it is sometimes known as sacramentum exeuntium – the sacrament of those departing. In this form of the sacrament the person receives their last communion or viaticum ‘food for the journey’.

30 History of the Sacrament of the Anointing of the Sick

Pre-History People pray to God in times of illness.

Old Testament People pray for forgiveness of sin at time of illness.

New Testament Oil and wine are used to heal in the story of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:30-37) and oil in healings by the Twelve (Mark 6:13). James urges the elders of the Church to preach repentance, forgive the sins of those who are sick and anoint them with oil. The relationship between forgiveness of sin and physical health is emphasised (James 5:14-15).

Early Church The bishop blessed oil with a prayer. It was used non- sacramentally by lay people and sacramentally by priests.

300-400 AD Healing of sin was an important aspect of the Sacrament of Anointing. A penitent was reconciled once in a lifetime, hence postponed till deathbed.

815-845 AD The Sacrament was given in a sick person’s home in the presence of number of priests, a choir to sing the antiphon, family and friends. The service, together with the reception of Communion, was repeated for seven days.

End 9th Century A renewal of the priestly ministry meant that the practice of lay anointing, a sacramental, gradually was abandoned and the ‘anointing of the sick and dying’ by priests which is a true and sacrament became the common and accepted practice.

12th Century The sacrament was seen as preparing a person for heaven so it was delayed till last moments of life. Known as Extreme (last, final) Unction (anointing).

16th Century The again recognised it as The Sacrament for the Sick, but stressed it was for the dangerously ill.

20th Century At the the sacrament became known again as the Sacrament of Sick, not only for the near to death, but for those suffering from serious sickness or from the effects of old age.

1972 A new rite which can be celebrated by the whole parish community was introduced. Strengthening of the whole person – physical and spiritual – is emphasised.

31 How the Sacrament of Anointing is Celebrated

Introductory Rite • The priest gives a formal greeting to those present. • The priest sprinkles around the room and on the sick person as a reminder of Baptism. • An opening prayer is followed by a Penitential Rite (or expression of sorrow for sin). When the rite is celebrated outside of Mass, there is no opening prayer.

Liturgy of the Word • Text from Scripture is read by the priest or someone else present. These readings may be either Matthew 11:25-30, Mark 2:1-12 or Luke 7:19- 23, or another if appropriate. Silence follows the reading.

Liturgy of Anointing • A for the sick person is led by the priest. • Next, in silence, the priest lays hands on the head of the sick person. • The priest then blesses the oil, or, if the oil is already blessed, says a prayer of thanksgiving. • The sick person is anointed on the forehead and hands; following the anointing there is a prayer. There are 7 options: two general , one for extreme or terminal illness, one for those of advanced age, one for before surgery, one for a child and one for a young person. • The prayer for a sick young person is as follows: • “God our healer, in this time of sickness you have come to bless (Name) with your grace. Restore him/her to health and strength, make him/ her joyful in spirit, and ready to embrace your will. Grant this through Christ our Lord.” • Next, the Lord’s Prayer is said. • Then, in many cases, the Liturgy of Holy Communion will be celebrated for all present. • The ceremony concludes with the priest’s blessing.

Task 21: Design a liturgy Design a liturgy for the anointing of a sick young person that could be held at school, hospital, in the parish church or at another venue.

32 PART FIVE The Holy Spirit, the Lord the giver of life Focus • The Holy Spirit Te Wairua Tapu is the third person of the Trinity. • The Nicene Creed describes Te Wairua Tapu as “the Lord, the giver of life”. • Te Wairua Tapu “has spoken through the prophets”. Who is the Holy Spirit? The Holy Spirit is the third person of the Trinity. the Church in its mission on earth. As Catholics we are Jesus sent the Holy Spirit to help his disciples as they called to do all that we do in the Spirit of God. The continued God’s work in the world. Catholics believe Holy Spirit enables our relationship with God and with that God is present in the world through the action one another in Christ. of the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit teaches and guides

Task 21: Representations of the Holy Spirit in Scripture In the the Holy Spirit is described in a • In groups of four make an abstract montage number of ways. For example in Genesis 1:1- depicting these four representations of the 2 the word “wind” is used. In 37-1-14 Holy Spirit. Justify your choice of symbol and the term “breathe” is used, in Luke 1:26-35 colour. (the Annunciation) we hear of the Holy Spirit You may like to look at the scriptures listed “coming upon” Mary, in Acts 2:1-4 the Holy below which also show the Holy Spirit in the Spirit comes on the disciples as “tongues of fire”. Bible.

Image of the Holy Spirit

Isaiah 42:1-7

Joel 3:1-5

Matthew 3:13-17

Matthew 28:18-2O

John 3:1-8

John 14:16-17

Acts 2:32-39

1 Corinthians12:4-11

Romans 5:1-5

33 Symbols of Te Wairua Tapu The Church uses symbols and metaphors to speak of the Holy Spirit, for example, water, anointing, fire, cloud and light, the seal, the hand, the finger, and the dove.

Symbol Meaning Scripture Reference

Water Water is used in baptism as a symbol 1 Corinthians 12:13 of the action of the Holy Spirit.

Anointing with oil Oil is a symbol of the power of the 1 John 2:20 Holy Spirit. 2 Corinthians 1:21

Fire Transforming energy of the Holy Spirit. Acts 2:3-4

Cloud and Light Cloud and light are symbols of Luke 9:34-35 the Holy Spirit at Jesus’ baptism, Transfiguration and Ascension.

Laying on of hands Jesus healed by laying on hands. Mark 6:5, 10:16, Acts 5:12, 14:3 People received the Holy Spirit when the Apostle’s laid their hands on them.

Finger of God Suggests the Holy Spirit as the action Luke 11:20 of God.

Dove At Jesus’ baptism the Holy Spirit Genesis 8:8-12; :16 descended as a dove.

Task 23: Symbols of the Holy Spirit – card activity This task is available on the Titles of the Holy Spirit used in the New Testament FaithCentral website Paraclete John 14:16, 26 and 15:26, 16:7 • Get into pairs, your teacher will give you a set of cards. Spirit of Truth John 16:13 • Match the picture symbol of the Holy Spirit with a Spirit of promise Galatians 3:14, Ephesians 1:13 matching description and correct scripture references. Spirit of Romans 8:13, Galatians 4:6 Use your Bible to help you. Spirit of Christ Romans 8:9

Spirit of the Lord 2 Corinthians 3:17

Romans 8:9, 15:19 Spirit of God 1 Corinthians 6:11, 7:40

Spirit of glory 1 Peter 4:14

34 Task 24: Song to the Holy Spirit The following poem, the Song to the Holy Spirit, was written by the New Zealand poet, James K Baxter (1926-1972).

Song to the Holy Spirit Lord, Holy Spirit, You blow like the wind in a thousand paddocks,

iStock.com © Ayers Inside and outside the fences, You blow where you wish to blow. Lord, Holy Spirit, You are the sun who shines on the little plant, You warm him gently, you give him life, You raise him up to become a tree with many leaves. Lord, Holy Spirit, You are the mother eagle with her young, Holding them in peace under your feathers. On the highest mountain you have built your nest, Above the valley, above the storms of the world, Where no hunter ever comes. Lord, Holy Spirit, You are the bright cloud in whom we hide, In whom we know already that the battle has been won. You bring us to our Brother Jesus To rest our heads upon his shoulder. Lord, Holy Spirit, You are the kind fire who does not cease to burn, Consuming us with flames of love and peace, Driving us out like sparks to set the world on fire. Lord, Holy Spirit, In the love of friends you are building a new house, Heaven is with us when you are with us. You are singing your song in the hearts of the poor. Guide us, wound us, heal us. Bring us to the Father.

• What symbols for the Holy Spirit that Baxter has used, do you find familiar? • What symbols for the Holy Spirit that Baxter has used, do you find surprising? • Explain why.

35 The action of the Holy Spirit Sometimes when we seem to have exhausted our natural reserves and ability, we tend to call upon a source of energy beyond us. Jesus did this in the garden of Gethsemane (Matthew 26: 36-46). The Spirit is the source of courage in people, such as a person who rescues someone from a life- threatening situation.

Do you know any other examples of such people?

In times of need and despair people often respond in the only way they know. As the reflection above indicates, sometimes we must humble ourselves and admit that our own resources are not enough – we need iStock.com © Bill Grove help from a source beyond ourselves. However, in doing so, a new sense of awareness develops from such humility.

The Holy Spirit acts in people as an inner power which can enable us to do things which humanly speaking, had seemed beyond us; not just physical deeds, but actions such as apologising to someone or forgiving someone.

Father, all-powerful and ever-living God, we Prayer to the Holy Spirit praise and thank you through Jesus Christ our Come Holy Spirit, fill the hearts of your faithful. Lord for your presence and action in the world. Enkindle in them the fire of your love. In the midst of conflict and division, we know it is you who turn our minds to thoughts of peace. Send out your Spirit, Your Spirit changes our hearts: enemies begin to And they will be created, speak to one another, those who were estranged And you will renew the face the of earth. join hands in friendship, and nations seek the Let us pray: way of peace together. Lord, by the light of the Holy Spirit, Your Spirit is at work when understanding puts an end to strife, when hatred is quenched by You have taught the hearts of the faithful. mercy, and vengeance gives way to forgiveness. In the same Spirit help us to relish what is right, For this we should never cease to thank and And always to rejoice in your consolation. praise you. We ask this through Christ our Lord. Eucharistic Prayer for Masses of Reconciliation II Amen. English translation of the Eucharistic Prayers for Masses of Reconciliation © 1975 ICEL All rights reserved

36 The Spirit At Work In The (Luke 4:14-22). These same gifts were passed on to his Early Church followers by Jesus when he promised them that his Spirit would be with them (John 14:16). Gifts of the Holy Spirit What are these Gifts of the Holy The early Christians faced many difficulties and Spirit for? dangers. They were able to remain steadfast in their faith in Jesus even when they were persecuted Basically they are to help each Christian grow closer to because of the Holy Spirit working in them. In Chapter God. That is, to grow in holiness. In this way the gifts Twelve of his First Letter to the Christians in Corinth, are for the personal benefit of each Christian - to help St Paul gives a list of ‘service gifts’ or ‘charisms’ that each one grow in love, and to serve the community. Christians may receive from the Holy Spirit to help The Gifts in Action them in their mission of building up the Church and Growing closer to God is not easy. Left to our own growing in personal holiness (1 Corinthians 12: 8-10). efforts we are not likely to make much progress. We This is not meant to be a complete list, but examples are not left to ourselves however. God came among of gifts given by the Holy Spirit to particular people for us as a human being to show us what is possible for the benefit of all. one who lives according to God’s will. The Spirit sent by Jesus is with us still, prompting us and helping us to There is a variety of gifts but always the same live our own lives in the best way possible, following Spirit; there are all sorts of service to be done, the example of love shown by Jesus. It is in this but always to the same Lord; working in all sorts attempt to live our lives in accordance with the will of of different ways in different people, it is the God that the gifts of the Spirit are particularly relevant: same God who is working in all of them. The • The Gift of Wisdom gives us an appreciation of God particular way in which the Spirit is given to each and the things of God that we could not come to person is for a good purpose. One may have by ourselves. This in turn helps us to live well our the gift of preaching with wisdom given lives as Christians. him by the Spirit; another may have the gift of • The Gift of Understanding provides insight: the preaching instruction given him by the same ability to see the true meaning of things. Spirit; and another the gift of faith given by the • The Gift of Right Judgement (Counsel) helps us same Spirit; another again the gift of healing, when we are in doubt about what to do. It leads through this one Spirit; one the power of us to see more clearly the right course of action. miracles; another, ; another the gift of recognising spirits; another the gift of • The Gift of Courage (Fortitude) gives us the tongues and another the ability to interpret strength to do the right thing or to resist evil. them. All these are the work of one and the • The Gift of Knowledge helps our Faith in that it same Spirit, who distributes different gifts to guides our minds to the truth revealed by God, in different people just as he chooses. the midst of conflicting claims and false paths. (1 Corinthians 12:4-11) • The Gift of Reverence (Piety) helps us to appreciate why Jesus taught us to call God Abba (daddy). It leads us to a proper attitude of family respect for speaks of the Seven Gifts of the one who is our loving parent. Holy Spirit. This list is drawn from a passage in the • The Gift of Awe and Wonder (Fear of the Lord) Book of the Prophet Isaiah in which he speaks of the gives us the correct perspective on our relationship spiritual qualities of the great leader or Messiah who with God the Almighty, the Creator of the universe. was to come (Isaiah 61: 1-2). At the opening of his We appreciate our insignificance; yet marvel that public ministry, Jesus claimed these gifts when he read God chooses to care for each of us. (See Psalm 8 from the scroll of Isaiah in the synagogue at Nazareth and Psalm 39)

37 Task 25: The Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit The information and a worksheet for this task are available on the FaithCentral website.

Each of the statements refers to a one of the seven gifts of the iStock.com © Simon Alvinge Holy Spirit. Next to each statement indicate which gift is being described.

Task 26: The Gifts of the Holy Spirit in the Acts of the Apostles Look up each of these references and identify the service gift of the Holy Spirit.

Acts of the Apostles Gifts of Te Wairua Tapu

Acts 2:1-18 gift of tongues, gift of preaching with wisdom

Acts 4:7-22

Acts 6:8-15

Acts 7:55-60

Acts 8:26-40

Acts 9:1-20

Acts 11:1-18

Acts 19:1-12

As directed by your teacher, complete one of the following activities: a diary, a journal, a piece of writing, a play script or role-play. 1 Imagine you are the key person involved in your scripture passage. 2 In your activity, record how you might have thought or felt as a result of the experience related there. 3 Include a prayerful reflection on the experience.

Keep in mind that it was the faith of the early Christians that enabled them to receive the gifts of the Holy Spirit.

38 Fruits of the Holy Spirit The fruits of the Holy Spirit are qualities activated in human beings through the workings of Te Wairua Tapu.

The twelve fruits of the Holy Spirit traditionally identified by the Church are: charity, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, generosity, gentleness, faithfulness, modesty, self-control, and chastity, (Galatians 5: 22-23).

Task 27: The Fruits of the Holy Spirit The Gifts of the Holy Spirit are complemented by the Fruits of the Holy Spirit. • Read Galatians 5:16-25. 1 What are some of the things people are likely to do when the Holy Spirit is absent from their lives? e.g. they become jealous. 2 Can you have all the fruits of the Holy Spirit? 3 What fruits do you have? 4 What fruits would you like? 5 How could you obtain these fruits? 6 What is the difference between the Gifts and the Fruits of the Holy Spirit? 7 Chose one of the Fruits of the Spirit and create an acrostic poem. These could be displayed around your school! Be the living expression of God’s kindness.

Mother Teresa of Calcutta iStock.com

39 Charisms Charism comes from a Greek word charismata that means ‘gift of grace’. It was used by St Paul to describe graces of the Holy Spirit given to people for the good of the Church and the world rather than for their personal benefit, see :12. The longest list of charisms is found in 1 Corinthians 12:1-11. Traditionally charisms are grouped into four categories: administration, knowledge, prayer and service.

Charisms of Administration: Gifts for guiding the Church : Ephesians 4:11; Acts 20:28 Religious charism Administrator: Romans 12:8; 1 Timothy 5:17 Minister: 1 Corinthians 16:15; Romans 12:7 The word charism is also used to refer to gifts of the Holy Spirit given to the founder of a religious order Charisms of Knowledge: Gifts for teaching the Christian faith for the benefit of the Church and Prophet: 1 Corinthians 12:28 the world. Some examples are: Evangelist: Acts 21:8; 2 Timothy 4:5 , Catherine Teacher: Romans 12:7 McAuley, Dominic de Guzmán, Exhorter: Romans 12:8 Euphrasie Barbier, , Proclaimer of wisdom: 1 Corinthians 12:8 Ignatius of Loyola, John Baptist Proclaimer of knowledge: 1 Corinthians 12:8 De La Salle, John Claude Colin, Marcellin Champagnat, Mary MacKillop. Links to religious orders Charisms of Prayer: Gifts for communing with God and their charism can be found on Communing with God: 1 Corinthians 14:2 FaithCentral.

Charisms of Service: Gifts for assisting the community Almsgiving: Romans 12:8 : Romans 12:8 Helpfulness: 1 Corinthians 12: 28 Leadership: 1 Corinthians 12:28

St. Marcellin Champagnat SM

40 Te Wairua Tapu “has spoken through the prophets” – people led by the Spirit The Holy Spirit works in the world in a number of ways: • The Holy Spirit sanctifies, guides, and renews the Church; it is the Mana and presence of Te Atua in our world. • The Holy Spirit is present and active in every time and place and in the heart of every person enabling people to search for goodness and truth, and to discover the purpose and meaning of their existence through their faithful response to God. • The Holy Spirit’s presence and activity affect society and history, peoples, cultures and , as well as individuals. • The Spirit broadens human vision and is the source of the noble ideals and undertakings that benefit humanity on its journey through history. Corbis

Task 28: People led by the Holy Spirit In a group of 3 or 4, select one of the outstanding people mentioned below or the additional people on the FaithCentral website and complete the Personal Qualities Grid. • Identify which personal qualities listed on the grid are associated with the person you have selected. • Describe briefly how this person lived these qualities. • Name one incident in this person’s life in which you recognise the Holy Spirit working. • Be ready to report back to the class.

Dorothy Day 1916 Dorothy Day (1897–1980) Journalist After studying at the University of Illinois, Dorothy Early years moved to New York where she too became a Dorothy Day grew up in Chicago in the early years newspaper reporter. By now she was getting involved of the 20th century. Her father and her brother both in demonstrations for workers’ rights which led to her wrote for newspapers. So writing and reading were ‘in being arrested and imprisoned. Although she wrote in her blood’ as she had a great love for books even from support of the workers and worked as a volunteer in a an early age. hospital for the poor, Dorothy felt that she wanted to do more. When she was about fourteen Dorothy paid a visit that was to have an influence on the rest of her life. She Conversion walked around the streets of the West Side of Chicago. For some years she had had little to do with religion This was the slum area of the city and the poverty and or God but now she turned again to prayer. Dorothy misery of its inhabitants made a deep impression on became a Catholic and one night in 1933 she knelt young Dorothy. She had the feeling that in some way in the Shrine of the in God wanted her to devote her life to the service of Washington DC and prayed that God would show her poor working people. some way to use her talents to help the poor.

41 The Catholic Worker Her opinions, especially her anti-war views, were often On her return to New York she found the Catholic very unpopular, even among some members of her thinker, Peter Maurin, waiting for her. He persuaded own Church. Dorothy did not find this opposition and her to start a newspaper for workers. She did, and this her occasional spells in prison easy. Neither was her life paper, ‘The Catholic Worker’, continues to the present. of voluntary poverty an easy choice as she loved the In it Dorothy, Peter Maurin, and others put forward opera, nice food and beautiful things. Her strong faith their ideas on building a better society based on helped her cope with these difficulties. Catholic principles. They also started a Catholic Worker Called to follow Christ Movement and opened Houses of Hospitality across Dorothy Day believed that Christians are called the USA where poor people could come for free meals, to follow Christ in his concern for the poor and clothes and . Dorothy lived in one of downtrodden. She believed that we should try to these houses for the rest of her life. make the message of the Gospel real in our everyday Concern for the poor lives. Each day she devoted at least an hour to prayer And what a busy and eventful life it was. Apart from and reading the Bible and from this drew strength to editing the paper and helping organise the Catholic follow the promptings of the Spirit that dwelt within Worker Movement, Dorothy travelled widely speaking her - and in all of us. about her ideas and taking part in strikes and protests.

Te Whiti-o-Rongomai: Prophet of Parihaka (c.1830–1907)

Early years Arrest Te Whiti was born at Ngamotu, Taranaki in about In 1879, during the government survey of land Te 1830. From an early age he possessed a spiritual Whiti believed was illegally confiscated he engaged awareness that attracted many followers. He was in passive resistance by removing the survey pegs or educated in the Lutheran mission school at Warea, ploughing up roads. Actions such as these alarmed the where he became interested in Christianity and the settlers who demanded action. Negotiations between study of the Bible. Te Whiti and the government broke down resulting in his forceful removal. In the early morning of 5 Parihaka November 1880, John Bryce, the Minister of Native On leaving school he set up a flourmill at Warea. Affairs, led over 1,000 armed police and militiamen to During the war in Taranaki, although sympathetic Parihaka and arrested Te Whiti and a number of his towards the “King” movement, Te Whiti would not followers. Te Whiti was imprisoned without trial, for take up arms. During this period he moved to Parihaka about a year, after which he was allowed to return and established a community that advocated peaceful home. coexistence with the settlers and self-determination for Māori. Te Whiti died at Parihaka on 18 November 1907.

Passive resistance Te Whiti attracted a number of followers and he developed a philosophy based partly on Christianity, traditional Māori religion and on movements such as the Hauhau. He called for self-determination for Māori. A significant aspect of this philosophy was the recognition that armed resistance had failed. Te Whiti advocated passive resistance. Te Whiti being led away from Parihaka 1881

42 The Church as Servant In accepting and proclaiming Te Rongopai in the power of the Spirit, the Church becomes the servant of the whole world. Through the exercise of different ministries and according to the gifts they have been given, men and women serve the Church community and assist its growth. Every person, by using the gifts given to them, participates in the mission of the Church.

Te Wairua Tapu leads the Church to serve its own members and others, locally and throughout the world following the example of the loving service of Jesus.

For some people this call to mission involves working in other countries. The word ‘mission’ comes from Latin meaning ‘to send’. Just as Jesus was sent to share the life of God with us, so Christians through their La Valla School is 8 km south of Phnom Penh, Cambodia. At present it has 95 young pupils with baptism are sent to bring the Gospel to the world in various disabilities aged from 6 to 16. The school which we live and work. aims to improve the life quality of disabled children many of whom are orphans or have been abandoned by their parents because of their disability. For those The Church proclaims the Gospel vision of what it is to unable to attend secondary school the programme be fully human and seeks to build a culture in which offers the opportunity to learn a trade. the human person can flourish. This is one of the reasons why the Church gives so much energy to real and practical works of charity that seek to improve the condition of the poor, marginalised, powerless and voiceless in our world.

Many of the religious orders that established Catholic schools in New Zealand are involved in missionary work overseas. The FaithCentral website has links to projects and New Zealanders working for missionary organisations that you may be interested in supporting.

Mahitahi is the Catholic overseas volunteer agency, which seeks New Zealanders to enter into project partnerships with the communities of Oceania through the sharing of their gifts and skills. Information about these projects which typically last from a few weeks to one year can be found at http://www.mahitahi.org.

43 Micro Projects

Another way Church organisations assist people is through Micro Projects. These are small projects that are aimed at assisting people to improve their well-being.

A new drinking fountain for the Bobokoli School, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.

The school is located in the suburb of Ngaliema, in the western sector of Kinshasa, an area where inhabitants are disadvantaged people. The Bobokoli school compound is quite large: it hosts a kindergarten, two primary schools, a secondary school and after school activities such as catechism, formation courses and social activities addressed to young people. The total number of students currently attending the school is around 3000 (1800 attending the primary school). Consequently, the needs to be addressed to keep the school working are huge.

The Rainbow Programme, Trichy, India, is a support project for about 70 families affected by AIDS in Trichy and adjacent districts. Its aim is to assist the families to provide for the welfare of their children, who may be HIV positive themselves. The project provides food and supplementary medical assistance.

New school building, Kalpitiya, Sri Lanka. Kalpitiya is a small fishing community 160 kilometres north of Colombo, in Sri Lanka. The village is mixed, with a majority of people being Muslim; there are about 1,100 Christian families. The new school building replaced a small shelter of palm leaves and timber. The school reaches rural children who are deprived of the basic facilities of education.

Where to from here? When we see the state of the world it is very easy to suggest that ‘they’ or ‘the Church’ should do something about it. Through our Baptism we are all individually called to use our gifts to relieve suffering Testimony to Christ’s charity, through works and to help our world. of justice, peace and development, is part and We are called to follow Jesus and be like him. If we parcel of evangelization, because Jesus Christ, are growing in the fruits of the Spirit and working with who loves us, is concerned with the whole our gifts, if we acknowledge God the creator of all life, person. what are we doing? Benedict XVI, Charity in Truth, par. 15

44 Links The links on this page will take you to various . You may like to explore the work that these groups undertake in the service of the Church and the world.

Catholic Social Service Organisations

”With care and nurturing we can help those in need realise their potential”

The Society of St Vincent de Paul is an international There are a whole range of locally based (diocesan) Catholic lay organisation inspired by the Gospel of community organisations that exist to help people in Jesus Christ. Vincentians work to promote human need. Follow this link to see them all. dignity and justice through personal contact with http://tinyurl.com/NZCBCService those in need. www.svdp.org.nz

Caritas is the Catholic agency for justice, peace and The Pontifical Mission Societies support the worldwide development. The word ‘Caritas’ can be translated as mission of the Church. ‘love in action’, which means that we work to make a www.missionz.co.nz real difference in the lives of people living with poverty www.catholicworldmission.org or injustice. Gospel values and Catholic social teaching provide the foundation and framework for our work. www.caritas.org.nz Task 29: Personal Reflection 1 What gifts could you share with the community? 2 Where can you make a difference? The Daughters of Our Lady of Compassion, commonly 3 How can God through the Holy Spirit use known as the Sisters of Compassion, is a congregation you? founded in New Zealand in 1892 by Suzanne Aubert. 4 Why should you get involved? The Sisters and co-workers are committed to work 5 Why are these ‘big’ issues your responsibility? together in a spirit of compassion, openness and integrity to meet the needs of the aged, the sick, the oppressed and powerless in our communities. You may like to consider the role of the Holy www.compassion.org.nz Spirit in your life by considering the questions above and completing the activity. A template for this activity is available on the FaithCentral website.

45 SUMMARY

1 The Trinity is a fundamental belief of Christianity. 12 Suffering is part of life. Jesus also suffered but God 2 God the Father is God - one of the persons of the raised him up to life and glory. Holy Trinity. 13 Jesus promised the Holy Spirit to his Church after 3 God is the Creator and sustainer of all life. his resurrection. 4 A healthy environment is necessary for human 14 The Holy Spirit is God - one of the persons of the life to thrive. Reverence for life therefore demands Holy Trinity. reverence for the whole of creation. 15 The Holy Spirit calls people together as Church. 5 Jesus is God – one of the persons of the Holy 16 The Holy Spirit makes holy and renews this Trinity. Church and empowers the members with gifts, 6 It is through the power of the Holy Spirit that the fruits and charisms for the continuation of the Son of God became one of us in Jesus. Servant Church, for growth in holiness and 7 In Jesus we see what we are called to be. service in the world. 8 Fullness of life is found in Jesus. 17 People whose lives are shaped by Gospel values, whose faith in God leads them to particularly 9 Reverence for life demands an acceptance of self loving and courageous behaviour, give witness and others as gifts. to the presence of the Holy Spirit at work in them 10 The teaching of the Faith Community has always and in our world. upheld the dignity of human life. 11 Those who are vulnerable in society deserve special care eg: the sick, the disabled, the elderly and the unborn

GLOSSARY Advocate Another name for the Holy Spirit that means Paraclete or Consoler, one ‘who is called to one’s side”.

Apostles’ Creed A statement of belief used from the early centuries of the Church.

Arian heresy A heresy that denied the divinity of Jesus Christ. Its author was (256-336AD). The was called in 325AD to reaffirm the Church’s belief in the divinity of Jesus and formulated the Nicene Creed.

Atua (ū h-too-uh) The Maˉori word Atua has been used to describe God in the Christian sense since missionary times. Before the coming of Christianity, Maˉori used the word atua to describe many kinds of spiritual beings (in the way we now use the word “spirit”) and also unusual events. Only the priestly and aristocratic classes of Māori society (ariki, rangatira and tohunga) had access to knowledge of the Supreme Being, Io, also known as Io-matua, Io-matua-i-te-kore, Io-te-wananga, etc. It seems that many, but not all, tribes had this belief in Io before missionary times. Māori use several words to refer to God in the Christian sense: Te Atua – God, the Supreme Being Ihowa –

46 Te Ariki – Lord, more correctly used of Jesus Te Matua – the father (literally, parent) Io – a term used for God in some, but not all Māori circles. (Te Atua is acceptable in all circles).

Church/Ecumenical or An official gathering of Church leaders called by the to assist with General Council decision-making in the Church. There have been 21 Councils, the first at Nicaea in 325AD and the most recent Vatican II from 1962-1965.

Consubstantial Of one and the same being or substance. It is used to describe the eternal relationship between the Persons of the Holy Trinity.

Creed A statement of belief. Originally for candidates for baptism. It comes from the Latin credo meaning ‘I believe’.

Doctrine Important beliefs of the Church.

Fruits of the Holy Spirit Charity, Joy, Peace, Patience, Kindness, Goodness, Generosity, St Paul (Galatians 5: 22-23) Gentleness, Faithfulness, Modesty, Self-control, Chastity

Gifts of the Holy Spirit Courage (Fortitude), Knowledge,Reverence (Piety), Wisdom, Traditional (Isaiah 11: 2-3) Understanding, Counsel (Right Judgement), Wonder and Awe (Fear of the Lord)

Gifts of the Holy Spirit Wisdom, Preaching, Faith, Healing, Miracles, Prophecy, Discernment of St Paul Spirits, , Interpretation of Tongues (1 Corinthians 12: 8-10)

Hapū A sub-tribe – a collective of related families all with a common ancestor. (huh-póo) The hapū, rather than the iwi, is the operational unit of Maˉori society

Hehu Karaiti Jesus Christ (héh-hoo kuh-rúh-ee-tee)

Incarnation The word comes from the Latin and means to ‘enflesh’. In it refers to the moment when God became a human being at the conception of Jesus in the womb of his mother Mary. It is a central belief of Christianity concerning the mystery of Jesus Christ as one divine person possessing both a human and a divine nature. The Incarnation is central to our salvation. Through Jesus Christ we come to know the and share in the life of God.

Iwi A tribe, a collective of hapū, all with a common ancestor. Can also mean (íh-wee) a race of people, as in te iwi Māori (the Māori people), te iwi Pā kehā (Pākehā people), etc. Negotiations with government are usually carried out at iwi level.

Mana Spiritual power and authority. Its sources are both divine and human, (múh-nuh) namely, God, one’s ancestors and one’s achievements in life.

Mauri (múh-oo-ree) The life force or principle of all creation.

Nicene Creed The statement of belief developed by the ecumenical councils of 325AD and 381AD.

47 Omnipotent God is ‘all-powerful’. Because God is infinite in being, God is infinite in power.

Omnipresent God is ‘present everywhere’ by nature and by grace.

Omniscient God is ‘all knowing’.

Paraclete A title of the Holy Spirit used by Jesus. It means one ‘who is called to one’s side’

Pentecost The word comes from the Greek meaning ‘the fiftieth day’. It is the name given to the descent of the Holy Spirit on the apostles and Mary 50 days after (Acts 2: 1-4).

Pono Integrity, sincerity, truthfulness. To be faithful to what is tika or right. (páw-naw)

Rāhui (rúh-hoo-ee) A ritual prohibition either placed on a place, or part of a river, part of the foreshore or on certain resources.

Redemption Another word used by the Church for salvation, God’s saving activity through Jesus Christ in delivering humankind from sin and evil.

Revealed mystery This is a reality revealed by God, the full understanding of which is beyond our finite minds. Mystery is not something we cannot know, but something we cannot fully explain.

Salvation Salvation means to be delivered from evil to freedom. The liberation from sin achieved by the death and Christ.

Te Matua This means father or parent. It is the word used for father in the Lord’s (teh múh-too-uh) Prayer in Māori. Matua wahine means mother in the Hail Mary. Matua tāne means father. Note that mātua with a long vowel, is the plural of the word.

Te Rangatiratanga The reign of God. (teh ruh-nguh-tée-ruh-tuh- nguh)

Te Tamaiti a Te Atua The Son of God, the second person of the Holy Trinity (teh tuh-muh-i-tee uh teh ú h-too-uh)

Te Wairua Tapu The Holy Spirit. (teh wúh-ee-roo-uh túh-poo)

Trinity The central belief of Christianity that distinguishes it from other religions. There are three Divine Persons in one God: the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. Faith in the Trinity is not a matter of complicated theology. It is based on a relationship with Jesus Christ who is one with God and whose Spirit is also the Spirit of God.

Whakapapa Genealogy or family tree. (fúh-kuh-puh-puh)

48 TITLES OF THE TOPICS IN YEAR 11

11A 11B 11C

THE TRINITY CONSCIENCE, UNDERSTANDING THE MORALITY, VALUES GOSPEL STORY: DEVELOPMENT OF THE GOSPEL

11D 11E 11F

THE CHURCH’S STORY: AND AND BEYOND CATHOLIC IDENTITY c.1500–1750

11A ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Poem, Song to the Holy Spirit, page 35, used with permission, Cover, title page, page 12, 29 Gettyimages.com The James K. Baxter Trust. Page 14, 15, 16, 17, 22, 24, 35, 36, 38, 39 iStockphoto.com page 19, 42 Public domain Excerpt page 36. Eucharistic Prayer for Masses of Reconciliation II, page 11 Nuala Dunne copyright © 1975 ICEL. All rights reserved. page 21 courtesy of Marist College / G. Brebner Page 37. The Scripture quotations contained herein are from the page 27, 28 courtesy of S. Brebner New Revised Standard Version Bible, copyright © 1989 by the page 40, 43, 44 courtesy of Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the page 5, 41 Corbis Churches of Christ in the U.S.A., and are used by permission. page 43 courtesy of maristsolodarity.net.au All rights reserved. Back cover courtesy of Tess Connell

This book replaces the first editions (1992) ofReverence For NCRS: Kevin Wanden FMS, Director Life and The Spirit at Work in Our World. The revised edition Joan Parker RNDM, Editing (2009) combines the content of the earlier books under a Siân Owen RSJ, Editing new title: The Trinity. Nuala Dunne, Graphics Co-ordinator/Editor: Carolynn Phillips, Susan Brebner Imprimatur: Theological Consultor: Mons Vincent Hunt † Colin D Campbell DD Liturgical Consultor: Rev Anthony Harrison - Bishop of Dunedin Contact For Maori Consultation: Rev Bernard Dennehy Conference Deputy for National Centre of September 2009 Authorised by the New Zealand Catholic Bishops’ Conference. Published by: National Centre for Religious Studies Catholic Centre PO Box 1937 New Zealand Design & Layout: Toolbox Creative Brooksbank House Printed by: Printlink 33-43 Jackson Street Petone Private Bag 39996 Wellington Mail Centre Lower Hutt 5045 New Zealand © 2014 National Centre for Religious Studies. CEP1107