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ISSN: 0971-7447 ENVIS BULLETIN ________________________________________________________________________ HIMALAYAN ECOLOGY Volume 18, 2010 G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development (An Autonomous Institute of Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India) Kosi-Katarmal, Almora - 263 643, Uttarakhand, India ENVIS BULLETIN Himalayan Ecology G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development Kosi-Katarmal, Almora - 263 643, Uttarakhand, India Editorial Board P.P. Dhyani G.C.S. Negi B.P. Kothyari P.K. Samal R.G. Singh ____________________________________________________________________ ENVIS Bulletin: Himalayan Ecology 18, 2010 is currently available at http://gbpihedenvis.nic.in/HTML/ENVIS Bulletin Vol. 18.pdf Cover Photo: 1. Vasukitaal- A sacred lake, upper Kedar valley, Rudraprayag, Uttarakhand (Photo: Abhay Bahuguna) 2. Typical cold desert alpine pasture of Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand (Photo: Nabikant Jha) 3. A unique view of village ecosystem, Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand (Photo: Vikram Negi) ISSN: 0971-7447 ENVIS BULLETIN ________________________________________________________________________ HIMALAYAN ECOLOGY Volume 18, 2010 G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development (An Autonomous Institute of Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India) Kosi-Katarmal, Almora - 263 643, Uttarakhand, India About the Bulletin ENVIS Bulletin on Himalayan Ecology is an annual non-priced publication of the ENVIS Centre, which was established at the headquarters of the G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development (GBPIHED) in the financial year 1992-93 with the financial support from the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Government of India, New Delhi. The present volume of the ENVIS Bulletin is 18th in a series of its annual publication and contains papers on toxic effects of copper on food crops, tribal demography of Uttarakhand, cultivation of Passion fruit in Meghalaya and Citrus fruit production constraints in Meghalaya, etc. The news and views offered in the papers in this publication are the views of the concerned authors. Therefore, they do not necessarily reflect the views of the editors, ENVIS Centre and Institute. The content of the bulletin may be quoted or reproduced for non-commercial use provided the source is duly acknowledged. The contributions to the next issue of the bulletin in the form of a research paper, popular article, news item and technical report, etc., related to Himalayan ecology, are always welcome. However, the matter supplied by the individual/organization may be edited for length and clarity. Request for institutional subscription of the bulletin may be sent to the Scientist-in-Charge of the ENVIS Centre. The comments/suggestions for further improvement of the bulletin are welcome. Dr. P.P. Dhyani Executive Editor - ENVIS Bulletin, G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora – 263 643, Uttarakhand, India Tel: 05962-241153 (O)/241156 (R)/09412092189 (M) Fax: 05962-241153/241150 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Contents Research Papers TRIBAL DEMOGRAPHY OF UTTARAKHAND 6 B.R. Pant COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF COPPER AND 15 CYPERMETHRIN USING SEEDS OF SPINACIA OLERACEA L. PLANTS R.K. Sharma, S. Devi and P.P. Dhyani CITRUS PRODUCTION CONSTRAINTS IN MEGHALAYA : ISSUES AND 18 STRATEGIES A.K. Srivastava, I.P. Singh and A.K. Das PROSPECTS OF PASSION FRUIT CULTIVATION IN NORTH EASTERN STATES 28 A. Singh, R.K. Patel, B.C. Deka, A. Nath and A.K. Jha NATURAL RESOURCES AND DEFORESTATION IN GANGTOK AREA, SIKKIM 31 A.K. Sharma and V. Joshi Selected Abstracts 33 News & Views 49 Lkekpkj voyksdu 57 LFkkuh; ioZrh; dqDdqV & ,d 'kks/k leh{kk 72 f'ko dqekj] cyohj flag ,oa f'koukFk ;kno TRIBAL DEMOGRAPHY OF UTTARAKHAND B.R. Pant Department of Geography, M.B. Govt. P.G. College, Haldwani, Uttarakhand, India INTRODUCTION The tribal community and their habitats constitute very significant parts of our country. About half of the total tribal population of the world lives in India. They comprise about 18% of country’s land and 8.2% cent of its population. In Uttarakhand State, as per 2001 census, 256129 tribal people constituted about 3% to the total population of the state (Anonymous, 1991; 2001). Uttarakhand state contributes about 0.83 % to the total population and 0.3% to the tribal population of India. In Uttarakhand, there are five major tribal communities, namely Bhotia, Jaunsari, Raji, Tharu and Buksa. In the Indian context, a tribe is defined as a group with traditional territory, specific name, common language, strong kin relations, association with clan structure, tribal authority and rigid inclination to religion and belief. Functional independence, homogeneity, primitive means of exploiting resources, economic backwardness, rich culture and tradition and least desire to change are some of the other characteristics dominant among the tribes (Majumdar and Madan, 1970; Pati, 1991). The aborigines in Indian language are known as “Adibasi” Adi and basi standing for “original” and “inhabitants”, respectively. Constitutionally these human groups are known as Scheduled Tribes (S.T.), “Anusuchit Jati”, “Vanjati”, “Vanbasi”, “Pahari” and “Adimjati”, etc. The habitation of a particular tribe is confined to a particular tribal location in the Uttarakhand, such as Tharu and Buksa are confined to Tarai- Bhabar region, while Bhotia (Shauka, Tolcha, Marcha and Jad) are confined to the higher altitudes of Dharchula, Munsyari (Pithoragarh Distt.), Kapkot (Bageshwar Distt.), Joshimath (Chamoli Distt.), Bhatwari and Dunda blocks (Uttarakashi Distt.), and Raji is confined to Kanalichhina and Champawat blocks. Likewise, Jaunsari resides in Chakrata and Kalsi blocks of Dehradun district (Fig. 1). Despite their habitation in different zones, there prevail few common features in the economic and social life of all the tribal communities with minor variations necessitated to maintain a harmonious coordination between the resource availability and needs of the society. Agriculture forms the basic livelihood of Tharu, Buksa and Jaunsari tribes (Pant, 2006). Trade is the main source of livelihood of the Bhotia tribe. Raji (Vanrawat), whose population is small (1300 persons in Uttarakhand) are mainly dependent on animal husbandry and daily wages in various developmental activities. The qualitative symbiotic relationship of the tribal people with forest is the strenuous outcome of their experiences of different survival strategies (Furer-Haimendorf, 1909; Bose, 1990). The tribal ecosystem is perpetuated through culture totally in balance with the production system and social heritage. In this process of adaptation, the tribal communities have resorted to eco-cultural adjustments for a harmonious articulation between technologies of the communities and the institutions (Pande, 1998). Distribution The tribal population of Uttarakhand is concentrated in the remote/forest areas of Tarai and Bhabar and higher reaches of Pithoragarh, Chamoli, Uttarkashi districts, and Jaunsar-Bhabar area of Dehradun district. Among all 13 districts of the state, Udham Singh Nagar with a tribal population of 43.03% is at the top, followed by Dehradun (38.78%), Pithoragarh (7.53%) and Chamoli (4.09%). In fact these four districts of Uttarakhand contribute about 94% of total tribal population. The districts with lowest tribal population in the state are Rudraprayag, Tehri, Champawat, Almora, Pauri, Bageshwar, Uttarkashi, Hardwar and Nainital having respectively, 0.07, 0.27, 0.29, 0.34, 0.62, 0.76, 1.05 percent population. But their largest proportion to total population among all the districts is found in U.S. Nagar (8.9%), followed by Dehradun (7.7%), Pithoragarh (4.2%) and Chamoli (2.8%). Proportion of the tribal population to the total population of the remaining districts is found less than 1% (Fig. 2; Table 1). Table 1 : Distribution of Total and Scheduled Tribes Population in Uttarakhand (Census, 2001). S. No. Districts Area Total Population Scheduled Tribes Population Numbers % of H.H Numbers % of % of H.H State Size State District Size Population Population Population 1 Uttarkashi Total 2,95,013 3.47 5.3 2,685 1.05 0.9 4.4 Rural 272,095 4.31 5.4 2,449 1.02 0.9 4.4 Urban 22,918 1.05 4.5 236 1.48 1.0 4.3 2 Chamoli Total 370,359 4.36 4.9 10,484 4.09 2.8 3.9 Rural 3,19,656 5.07 5.0 7,730 3.22 2.4 3.8 Urban 50,703 2.33 4.3 2,754 17.30 5.4 4.1 3 Rudraprayag Total 227,439 2.68 4.8 186 0.07 0.1 3.8 Rural 224707 3.56 4.8 157 0.07 0.1 3.7 Urban 2732 0.13 4.0 29 0.18 1.1 4.1 4 Tehri Total 604747 7.12 5.1 691 0.27 0.1 5.1 Rural 544901 8.63 5.2 273 0.11 0.1 3.6 Urban 59846 2.75 4.6 418 2.63 0.7 7.1 5 Dehradun Total 1282143 15.1 5.3 99329 38.78 7.7 7.2 Rural 603401 9.56 5.7 94910 39.51 15.7 7.5 Urban 678742 31.15 5.0 4419 27.76 0.7 4.3 6 Pauri Total 697.078 8.21 4.6 1594 0.62 0.2 4.3 Rural 607203 9.62 4.6 1348 0.56 0.2 4.6 Urban 89875 4.12 4.9 246 1.54 0.3 3.3 7 Pithoragarh Total 462289 5.45 4.7 19279 7.53 4.2 4.0 Rural 402456 6.38 4.7 14934 6.22 3.7 3.9 Urban 59833 2.75 4.4 4345 27.29 7.3 4.1 8 Bageshwar Total 249462 2.94 4.8 1943 0.76 0.8 4.0 Rural 241659 3.83 4.8 1619 0.67 0.7 3.9 Urban 7803 0.36 4.6 324 2.04 4.2 4.5 9 Almora Total 630567 7.43 4.8 878 0.34 0.1 3.8 Rural 576062 9.13 4.8 488 0.20 0.1 3.8 Urban 54505 2.5 4.8 390 2.45 0.7 3.9 10 Champawat Total 224542 2.64 5.1 740 0.29 0.3 4.4 Rural 190764 3.02 5.2 573 0.24 0.3 4.7 Urban 33778 1.55 4.9 167 1.05 0.5 3.7 11 Nainital Total 762909 8.99 5.4 4961 1.94 0.7 4.6 Rural 493859 7.84 5.4 3962 1.65 0.8 4.9 Urban 269050 12.36 5.3 999 6.28 0.4 3.8 12 U.
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