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Marcel Minnaert, Astrofysicus 1893-1970
Marcel Minnaert, astrofysicus 1893-1970 De rok van het universum Leo Molenaar bron Leo Molenaar, Marcel Minnaert, astrofysicus 1893-1970. De rok van het universum. Balans, Amsterdam / Van Halewyck, Leuven 2003 Zie voor verantwoording: http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/mole016marc01_01/colofon.htm © 2007 dbnl / Leo Molenaar 4 In deze tijd heeft wat men altijd noemde Schoonheid, schoonheid haar gezicht verbrand Zij troost niet meer de mensen Zij troost de larven de reptielen de ratten Maar de mens verschrikt zij En treft hem met het besef Een broodkruimel te zijn op de rok van het universum (Uit Lucebert, ik tracht op poëtische wijze, Verzamelde gedichten, Amsterdam 2002, pag. 52) Leo Molenaar, Marcel Minnaert, astrofysicus 1893-1970 7 Proloog Marcel Minnaert (1893-1970): Erflater van de Groot-Nederlandse beschaving Er zijn heel wat mensen voor wie de naam van Minnaert nog een dierbare klank heeft. Dat geldt in ieder geval voor leraren in de natuurwetenschap die houden van waarnemingen in de vrije natuur. Mijn eerste kennismaking met hem had dan ook plaats via de Minnaert: zo heten de drie delen van De Natuurkunde van 't Vrije Veld die ik omstreeks 1970 heb aangeschaft. De eerste druk van dit boek verscheen eind jaren dertig. In de jaren negentig kwamen van het eerste deel van Minnaerts trilogie, Licht en kleur in het landschap, nieuw geïllustreerde uitgaven in het Engels en Duits op de markt naast de herdruk van de Minnaert in het Nederlands. Het is dan ook een uniek boek. Minnaert had vijfentwintig jaar lang natuurverschijnselen geobserveerd, daar aantekeningen van gemaakt en onderzoek gedaan naar de fysische verklaringen. -
Wetenschap Van Gene Zijde Geschiedenis Van De Nederlandse Parapsychologie in De Twintigste Eeuw
WETENSCHAP VAN GENE ZIJDE GESCHIEDENIS VAN DE NEDERLANDSE PARAPSYCHOLOGIE IN DE TWINTIGSTE EEUW SCIENCE FROM BEYOND HISTORY OF DUTCH PARAPSYCHOLOGY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY (WITH A SUMMARY IN ENGLISH) PROEFSCHRIFT TER VERKRIJGING VAN DE GRAAD VAN DOCTOR AAN DE UNIVERSITEIT UTRECHT OP GEZAG VAN DE RECTOR MAGNIFICUS, PROF.DR. G.J. VAN DER ZWAAN, INGEVOLGE HET BESLUIT VAN HET COLLEGE VOOR PROMOTIES IN HET OPENBAAR TE VERDEDIGEN OP DONDERDAG 18 FEBRUARI 2016 DES MIDDAGS TE 4.15 UUR DOOR INGRID ELS KLOOSTERMAN GEBOREN OP 21 OKTOBER 1983 TE FRANEKER PROMOTOREN: PROF. DR. W. KOOPS PROF. DR. J. VIJSELAAR COPROMOTOR: DR. J. BOS INHOUD OVERZICHT INTERVIEWS EN ARCHIEVEN 8 1 INTRODUCTIE 11 2 DE NATUUR GOOCHELT NIET: POGINGEN TOT PSYCHISCH ONDERZOEK 1888-1914 EEN MISLUKTE SEANCE 41 POGINGEN TOT PSYCHISCH ONDERZOEK 45 FREDERIK VAN EEDEN ALS OVERTUIGD SPIRITIST 48 HENRI DE FREMERY ALS KRITISCH SPIRITIST 63 CONCLUSIES 80 3 VERBORGEN KRACHTEN: VERENIGINGEN VOOR PSYCHISCH ONDERZOEK 1915-1925 TELEPATHIE VAN TONEEL NAAR LABORATORIUM 83 VERENIGINGEN VOOR PSYCHISCH ONDERZOEK 86 EEN VERENIGING VOOR TOEGEPAST MAGNETISME 89 DE STUDIEVEREENIGING VOOR PSYCHICAL RESEARCH 101 CONCLUSIES 122 4 DE BOVENNATUUR IN DE PRAKTIJK: ACADEMISCHE VERBINTENISSEN 1928-1940 DE STRIJD OM DE PARAPSYCHOLOGIE 125 ACADEMISCHE VERBINTENISSEN 128 DE EERSTE PRIVAATDOCENTEN 131 WETENSCHAPPELIJK TIJDSCHRIFT EN LABORATORIUM 143 CONCLUSIES 161 5 EEN BIJZONDERE PERSOONLIJKHEID: ACADEMISCHE INBEDDING IN UTRECHT 1940-1959 EEN INTERNATIONALE CONFERENTIE 163 ACADEMISCHE INBEDDING IN UTRECHT 167 -
Nieuwsbrief Universiteitsgeschiedenis
NIEUWSBRIEF UNIVERSITEITSGESCHIEDENIS LETTRE D'INFORMATION SUR L'HISTOIRE DES UNIVERSITÉS Werkgroep Universiteitsgeschiedenis Studium• generale Contactgroep Universiteitsgeschiedenis Groupe de contact pour l'histoire des universités Halfjaarlijks bulletin Deux fois par an Sde jaargang 199911 Se année Colofon Redactie: Marc Wingens en Marc Nelissen (eindredactie) Franck Smit, Brigitte Van Tiggelen Tekstverwerking: Els Scheers Kopij richten aan de redactieadressen in Nederland of België. Werkgroep Universiteitsgeschiedenis Redactieadres: Marc Wingens, Vrije Universiteit, afd. VEB, De Boelelaan 1107, 1081 HV Amsterdam, tel: + 31(0)20.444.56.43, fax: + 31(0)20.444.56.55, e-mail: [email protected] Secretariaat Werkgroep: Franck R.H. Smit, Universiteitsmu seum Groningen, Zwanestraat 33, NL-9712 CK Groningen, tel: +31(0)50.363.55.63, fax: + 31 (0)50.363.49.96, e-mail: [email protected] Het lidmaatschap geeft recht op de Nieuwsbrief, korting op publicaties van de Werkgroep en voor rechten bij de overige activiteiten van de Werkgroep. Contributie binnenland: fl.40 (€ 18,15); studenten fl.20 (€ 9,07) . Betalingen van Nederlandse leden dienen te geschieden op gironummer 6845444 ten name van de Stichting Batavia Academica. Betalingen vanuit het buitenland mogen geen kosten voor de Werkgroep met zich meebrengen. Nederlandse leden die ook wensen te worden uitgenodigd voor de vergaderingen van het Belgische Studium generale, dienen dit kenbaar te maken aan het Belgische secretariaat. Studium generale Contactgroep Universiteitsgeschiedenis Groupe de contact pour l'histoire des universités Redactieadreslsecretariaat Contactgroep - Rédactionlsecrétariat du Groupe: Marc Nelissen, Universiteitsarchief K.U.Leuven, Mgr. Ladeuzeplein 21, B-3000 Leuven, tel: +32(0)16.32.46.32, fax: +32(0)16.32.46.91, e-mail: [email protected] Het lidmaatschap geeft recht op de Nieuwsbrief en uitnodigingen voor de vergaderingen. -
How Fluids Unmix. Discoveries by the School of Van Der Waals and Kamerlingh Onnes, , ---
4671 Sengers Voorwerkb 23-09-2002 09:17 Pagina I How fluids unmix 4671 Sengers Voorwerkb 23-09-2002 09:17 Pagina II History of Science and Scholarship in the Netherlands, volume The series History of Science and Scholarship in the Netherlands presents studies on a variety of subjects in the history of science, scholarship and academic insti- tutions in the Netherlands. Titles in this series . Rienk Vermij, The Calvinist Copernicans. The reception of the new astronomy in the Dutch Republic, -. , --- . Gerhard Wiesenfeldt, Leerer Raum in Minervas Haus. Experimentelle Natur- lehre an der Universität Leiden, -. , --- . Rina Knoeff, Herman Boerhaave (-). Calvinist chemist and physician. , --- . Johanna Levelt Sengers, How fluids unmix. Discoveries by the School of Van der Waals and Kamerlingh Onnes, , --- Editorial Board K. van Berkel, University of Groningen W.Th.M. Frijhoff, Free University of Amsterdam A. van Helden, Utrecht University W.E. Krul, University of Groningen A. de Swaan, Amsterdam School of Sociological Research R.P.W. Visser, Utrecht University 4671 Sengers Voorwerkb 23-09-2002 09:17 Pagina III How fluids unmix Discoveries by the School of Van derWaals and Kamerlingh Onnes Johanna Levelt Sengers , Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam 4671 Sengers Voorwerkb 23-09-2002 09:17 Pagina IV © Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo- copying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Edita , P.O. BOX , Amsterdam, the Netherlands [email protected], www.knaw.nl/edita --- The paper in this publication meets the requirements of « -norm () for permanence This study was undertaken with the support of the Koninklijke Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen (‘Royal Holland Society of Sciences and Humanities’) as part of its 250th anniver- sary celebrations in 2002. -
The Concept of Velocity in the History of Brownian Motion from Physics to Mathematics and Vice Versa
The concept of velocity in the history of Brownian motion From physics to mathematics and vice versa Arthur Genthon1,* 1Gulliver, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France *[email protected] Brownian motion is a complex object shared by different communities: first ob- served by the botanist Robert Brown in 1827, then theorised by physicists in the 1900s, and eventually modelled by mathematicians from the 1920s. Consequently, it is now ambiguously referring to the natural phenomenon but also to the theo- ries accounting for it. There is no published work telling its entire history from its discovery until today, but rather partial histories either from 1827 to Perrin's exper- iments in the late 1900s, from a physicist's point of view; or from the 1920s from a mathematician's point of view. In this article, we tackle a period straddling the two `half-histories' just mentioned, in order to highlight its continuity, to question the relationship between physics and mathematics, and to remove the ambiguities mentioned above. We study the works of Einstein, Smoluchowski, Langevin, Wiener, Ornstein and Uhlenbeck from 1905 to 1934 as well as experimental results, through the concept of Brownian velocity. We show how Brownian motion became a research topic for the mathematician Wiener in the 1920s, why his model was an idealization of physical reality, what Ornstein and Uhlenbeck added to Einstein's results and how Wiener, Ornstein and Uhlenbeck developed in parallel contradictory theories concerning Brownian velocity. 1. Introduction Brownian motion is in the first place a natural phenomenon, observed by the Scottish botanist Robert Brown in 1827. -
Spectroscopy in Utrecht: a Brief History
Space Sci Rev DOI 10.1007/s11214-010-9727-y Spectroscopy in Utrecht: A Brief History Frank Verbunt · Johan Bleeker Received: 30 September 2010 / Accepted: 4 November 2010 © The Author(s) 2010. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract In the first half of the 20th century, Leonard Ornstein turned the Physics Labora- tory of Utrecht University into a center for testing the nascent quantum mechanics through accurate measurements of line intensities in flame spectra. The microphotometer of instru- ment builder Willem Moll was the key to this success. Marcel Minneart used this instrument to study stellar spectra at the Utrecht Astronomical Institute, and in particular for the Photo- metric Atlas of the Solar Spectrum. When the opportunity came in the 1960s to build instru- ments for research from space, it was natural that Kees de Jager opted for spectroscopy, in X-ray observations of the Sun. The expertise developed in this program allowed the Space Research Organisation of the Netherlands to be a principal player in the development of X-ray spectrographs on the Einstein, EXOSAT, Chandra and XMM-Newton satellites. Keywords History of physics · History of astronomy · Instrumentation: spectrographs 1 Introduction At the start of a meeting on high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy in Utrecht, it is perhaps not inappropriate to have a brief look at the history of spectroscopy in Utrecht. The first part of this paper is about optical spectroscopy in the Utrecht physics department from the end of the 19th century to the period in the 1930s when the work by Ornstein and his group had a pronounced impact on the development of quantum mechanics. -
Paul Ehrenfest As a Mediator
The Global and the Local: The History of Science and the Cultural Integration of Europe. nd Proceedings of the 2 ICESHS (Cracow, Poland, September 6–9, 2006) / Ed. by M. Kokowski. Marijn J. Hollestelle * Paul Ehrenfest as a mediator (1) Introduction In 1912, the 32 year old Austrian born theoretical physicist Paul Ehrenfest succeeded the famous Hendrik Antoon Lorentz as professor of theoretical physics in Leiden, the Netherlands. Immediately he introduced — parallel to his approach in research — an approach in teaching, which can be sum- marized best as: ‗physics by means of communication.‘ Although very original in his own research, he didn‘t operate at the top of his field. But in his teaching, his contacts with colleagues and even in his own research, he incessantly played the role of a mediator of knowledge. And in this way, he was an important physicist, despite his lack of own creative work. In this paper, I want to give some examples of his mediation.1 (2) Experimental test of relativity Starting in Leiden in 1912, Ehrenfests inaugural lecture reflects his topic of interest of that time: relativity, in this case the special theory. Ehrenfest had already acquainted himself with Einstein, the two had become good friends, and several letters concerning relativity were exchanged. Ehrenfest had even drawn attention to an essential problem in relativity, which we now call the ‗Ehrenfest Paradox‘.2 He thus was well informed about relativity, and in his talk he spoke about the difference between the theory of Einstein/Lorentz and the alternative emission theory of Ritz.3 The Swiss Walter Ritz had unfortunately died in 1909, but Ehrenfest didn‘t talk about Ritz‘ theory to honour his dearly departed friend. -
Twentieth Century Physics
Twentieth Century Physics M. A. Reynolds Embry-Riddle University ii Copyright °c 2009 by M. A. Reynolds Cover photographs and text photographs from nobelprize.org iii For Sarah iv v Acknowledgments I am not a modern physicist by trade, but a plasma physicist, so this book has borrowed heavily from many sources. Its originality consists in packaging a course for sophomore physics majors in a manner di®erent than has been done before. I have used what I believe is the best from the standard modern physics texts, but I have also used unique treatments that I have found in unpublished notes, and journals like the American Journal of Physics. When I have borrowed explanations that are unique, I have cited those sources; however, standard treatments of standard concepts I consider to be in the public domain. I learned modern physics from Matt Sands at U.C. Santa Cruz in 1984 where we used the ¯rst edition of Krane's Modern Physics textbook, which I really liked, especially the historical discussions. Now that I have taught the same class from that text, I still like it, but I feel that it su®ers from the same problems that most modern textbooks su®er from, a too-heavy reliance on the historical approach. I learned quantum mechanics from George Gaspari at U.C. Santa Cruz in 1986-87 and from Ernest Abers at U.C.L.A. in 1987-88. Abers has recently produced a wonderful graduate-level textbook based on his lecture notes,1 and I have used some of that material that is accessible to undergraduates.