Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft Despite post-Cold War arguments about their demise, ‘Great Powers’ not only continue to thrive, with lesser Powers they form the basis of the constellation of global politics. This topical new Handbook illustrates how and why the new international order has evolved – and is still evolving – since the end of the Cold War, through the application of diplomacy and statecraft. Including cutting-edge contributions from over 40 scholars, the Handbook is structured around seven sections: Context of Diplomacy Great Powers Middle Powers Developing Powers International Organisations and Military Alliances International Economy Issues of Conflict and Cooperation Through analysis of a wide range of case studies, the Handbook assesses the diplomacy and statecraft of individual powers, offering insights into how they function, their individual perception of national interests, and the roles they play in modern statecraft. The contributors also seek to evaluate the organisations and contemporary issues that continue to influence the shaping of the new international order. A comprehensive survey of diplomacy across the world, this work will be essential reading for scholars and professionals alike. B.J.C. McKercher is Professor of International History and past Chair of War Studies at the Royal Military College of Canada. An expert on interwar international relations, his work centres on Britain as the only global Great Power. Since 2007, he has been editor of Diplomacy & Statecraft. Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft Edited by B.J.C. McKercher First published 2012 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2012 B.J.C. McKercher for selection and editorial matter; individual contributions, the contributors The right of B.J.C. McKercher to be identified as editor of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Routledge handbook of diplomacy and statecraft / edited by B.J.C. McKercher. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Diplomacy–Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. International relations–Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. World politics–Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. McKercher, B.J.C., 1950– JZ1305.R684 2011 327.2–dc22 2011003042 ISBN 13: 978-0-415-78110-7 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978-0-203-80780-4 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd, Pondicherry, India Contents List of illustrations ix Contributors x Prologue: the international order and the new century B.J.C. McKercher xv PART I The Context of Diplomacy 1 1 Diplomatic history: a new appraisal 3 Jeremy Black 2 Theorising diplomacy 15 Christer Jönsson PART II The Great Powers 29 3 The United States: the contemporary world’s indispensable nation? 31 James M. Scott 4 The foreign policy of Great Britain 43 Christoph Bluth 5 Unravelling the enigma: Russian foreign policy in the twenty-first century 53 Jeffrey Mankoff 6 China: Great Power rising 64 Robert D’A. Henderson 7 France: exercising power and influence across the ages 76 Paul P. Vallet v Contents 8 German foreign policy mirrored in the achievements and shortcomings of its chancellors 87 Christian Hacke 9 Japan’s diplomacy and culture 96 Alexander Bukh PART III The Middle Powers 107 10 Brazil: making room at the main table 109 Sean W. Burges 11 Indian statecraft struggles to come to terms with India’s rise 120 Harsh V. Pant 12 Contemporary Canadian foreign policy: a middle Power in a Great Power world 131 Stéphane Roussel 13 The Czech Republic: the domestic limits to foreign-policy effectiveness 143 Dan Marek and Michael Baun 14 The foreign policy of Turkey 155 Dimitris Keridis PART IV The Developing Powers 167 15 Cuban revolutionary diplomacy 1959–2009 169 Carlos Alzugaray 16 Peru: a model for Latin American diplomacy and statecraft 181 Ronald Bruce St John 17 Nigeria: the foreign policy of a putative African Power 192 Cyril I. Obi 18 Thailand: the enigma of bamboo diplomacy 204 Pavin Chachavalpongpun vi Contents 19 Indonesia’s foreign policy after the Cold War: political legitimacy, international pressure, and foreign-policy choices 215 Kai He PART V International Organisations and Military Alliances 227 20 A global Great Power in the making?: the European Union in the emerging global order 229 Rikard Bengtsson 21 The Great Powers and the United Nations 240 Stephen Ryan 22 Reconciling different logics of security provision: the case of NATO 252 Alexandra Gheciu 23 New regionalisms and the African Union: reflections on the rise of Africrats, regional economic integration, and inter-regional relations 264 J. Andrew Grant and Thomas Kwasi Tieku 24 The non-aligned movement: collective diplomacy of the global South 274 Jacqueline Anne Braveboy-Wagner PART VI The International Economy 291 25 The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank: the power of money? 293 Morten Bøås 26 The European Union and the economic and financial crisis: reforming internal governance and external representation in turbulent times 303 Daniela Schwarzer 27 The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries and contemporary international politics and economy 314 Houchang Hassan-Yari vii Contents 28 From colonies to collective: ALBA, Latin American integration, and the construction of regional political power 325 Larry Catá Backer 29 The G8 and the move to a globalised international economy 338 Andreas Freytag and Leo Wangler 30 The opposition to the globalised international economy 349 Bruno R. Wüest PART VII Issues of Conflict and Cooperation 363 31 International arms control 365 David Mutimer 32 The strategy gap: contemporary civil–military relations and the use of military power 376 Michael L. Roi 33 The Middle East: strategic and military balance of power 388 Eyal Zisser 34 The balance of power in South Asia 398 Sumit Ganguly 35 North Korea: the foreign policy of a ‘rogue’ state 405 Balbina Y. Hwang 36 Failed states: Zimbabwe 417 Jeremy R. Youde 37 Public versus private power: non-governmental organisations and international security 428 Jonathan Goodhand and Oliver Walton 38 Soft power: overcoming the limits of a concept 441 Kostas Ifantis Bibliography 453 Index 475 viii List of illustrations Figures 26.A1 GDP, constant prices, percent change (2005–11 (estimate)) 312 26.A2 GDP based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP) share of world total 313 27.1 OPEC share of world crude oil reserves (2004) 320 27.2 OPEC shares of world crude oil reserves (2009) 320 27.3 World crude oil reserves (2000–2009), cumulative production versus net additions 321 Tables 20.A1 Ongoing Common Security and Defence Policy missions and operations 238 24.A1 The Founding Principles of the Non-Aligned Movement 285 24.A2 The Principles enshrined in the Declaration on the Purposes and Principles and the Role of the Non-Aligned Movement in the Present International Juncture adopted in the 14th NAM Summit in Havana 285 24.A3 Members of the Non-Aligned Movement (2010) 286 ix Contributors Carlos Alzugaray Treto, Professor at the University of Havana, served in the Cuban Foreign Service from 1961 to 1996. He has received several awards for his writings and teachings on international relations and has been a Visiting Professor at universities in Spain, Canada, the United States, Italy, and Mexico. Larry Catá Backer, the Founding Director, the Coalition for Peace and Ethics, Washington, DC, is the W. Richard and Mary Eshelman Faculty Scholar and Professor of Law and Professor of International Affairs, Pennsylvania State University. Michael Baun is Marguerite Langdale Pizer Professor of International Relations at Valdosta State University, Valdosta, Georgia. One of his recent publications, with Dan Marek, is ‘Czech Foreign Policy and EU Integration: European and Domestic Sources’, Perspectives on European Politics and Society (2010). Rikard Bengtsson is Associate Professor of Political Science and Deputy Director of the Centre for European Studies at Lund University, Sweden. His main research interests include global political order, regionalism and regional security, and European Union external relations. Jeremy Black, MBE, is a British historian and Professor of History at the University of Exeter. He is a Senior Fellow at the Centre for the Study of America and the West at the Foreign Policy Research Institute and is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts. Christoph Bluth, Professor of International Studies at the University of Leeds, has written widely on international security, in particular Soviet/Russian, United States, and NATO nuclear weapons policies, nuclear non-proliferation, Cold War History, and security on the Korean peninsula. His books include Korea (2008) (also translated into Korean and Bulgarian). Morten Bøås, Head of Research at Fafo’s Institute for Applied International Studies, has published extensively on global governance, multilateral development policies, and African politics. His works have appeared in journals like Global Governance, Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, Politique Africaine, and Journal of Modern African Studies. His latest books published in English include Global Development and Institutions. Framing the World? (2004) and International Development, 4 Volumes (2010). Jacqueline Anne Braveboy-Wagner, Professor of Political Science at The City College and The Graduate School and University Center of the City University of New York, is the author/editor of nine books and a large number of articles and reports. She specialises in foreign policy with an area focus on the Caribbean and the global South.