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Department of Botany Islamia College Peshawar 2016 Floristic Diversity and Evaluation of Plant Resources of Tall Dardyal, Tehsil Kabal, District Swat, Pakistan

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Department of Botany Islamia College Peshawar 2016 Floristic Diversity and Evaluation of Plant Resources of Tall Dardyal, Tehsil Kabal, District Swat, Pakistan FLORISTIC DIVERSITY AND EVALUATION OF PLANT RESOURCES OF TALL DARDYAL, TEHSIL KABAL, DISTRICT SWAT, PAKISTAN WISAL MUHAMMAD KHAN Ph.D (Scholar) DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY ISLAMIA COLLEGE PESHAWAR 2016 FLORISTIC DIVERSITY AND EVALUATION OF PLANT RESOURCES OF TALL DARDYAL, TEHSIL KABAL, DISTRICT SWAT, PAKISTAN Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BOTANY By WISAL MUHAMMAD KHAN DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY ISLAMIA COLLEGE PESHAWAR 2016 DEDICATION I Dedicate this Achievement to My Loving and Respectable Parents, With the Wish and Hopes that Their Prayers Will Always Enable me to Achieve the Peaks of Success. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All commendations and praises for ALLAH (J.S.H), Who equipped the mankind with wisdom and made him able to disclose the secrets of universe. All the reverence and esteems for The Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (SAW), who directed the humanity to the true path of life. Words are lacking to offer cordial thanks to the professional, technical and brotherly support of my intellectual supervisor Prof. Dr. Syed Zahir Shah, whose endless affection, valid counseling, personal interest and supervision inspite of his numerous engagements and responsibilities made me to complete this manuscript. I am happy to offer special gratitude to my Co-supervisor Dr. Muhammad Saleem Khan, Associate Professor, Department of Botany, Isialmia College Peshawar, for his guidance, support and encouragement. I feel pleasure to offer special thanks to Dr. Siraj-ud-din, Chairman, Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, for his sincere help, proof reading, positive crticicism, guidance and encouragement. I appreciate the sincere help extended by Dr. Naveed Akhtar, Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Isialmia College Peshawar, in vegetation analysis. I am extremely grateful to Prof. Mehbob-ur-Rehman, Associate Professor, at Afzal Khan Lala Govt. Degree College, Matta, Swat, for his valuable help in plants identification. I am also thankful to the staff of Central Resource Laboratories (CRL), University of Peshawar, for elemental analysis of plant samples and Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, for soil analysis and Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR), Peshawar, for proximate analysis. I wish to express heartiest thanks to all of my respectable teachers, friends and students for their good wishes and moral support. I also offer special thanks to all staff members, Department of Botany, Islamia College Peshawar, for their help and good wishes. I find no words to express my gratitude and profound admiration to my affectionate parents, brothers and sisters for their prayers, spiritual and intellectual inspiration and encouraging attitude that led me to my destination. Heartiest thanks to my wife for her tolerating behaviour, encouragement and moral support till the achievement of my goal. Last but not the least, I pay special thanks to Mr. Syed Sajid (alias Doctor), for composing this manuscript in rush hours and painstakingly. Wisal Muhammad Khan i CONTENTS Acknowledgements ............................................................................................. i Contents ............................................................................................................. ii List of Tables ................................................................................................... vii List of Figures .................................................................................................. xii Abstract ........................................................................................................... xvi CHAPTER-1 ..................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................ 1 1.1 Location of study area ............................................................................ 1 1.2 Population .............................................................................................. 1 1.3 Climate ................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Land Cover............................................................................................. 2 1.5 Ethnicity and Tribes ............................................................................... 6 1.6 Education, health and profession ........................................................... 6 1.7 Hydrology and farming system .............................................................. 6 1.8 Crops, Vegetables and fruits .................................................................. 6 1.9 Livestock and fodder.............................................................................. 7 1.10 Dwelling and dress ................................................................................. 7 1.11 Customs and traditions ........................................................................... 7 1.12 Flora ....................................................................................................... 7 1.13 Fauna ...................................................................................................... 8 1.14 Floristic diversity .................................................................................. 8 1.15 Vegetation Structure ............................................................................ 13 1.16 Ethnobotany and Ethnomedicines........................................................ 18 1.17 Phytochemical evaluation .................................................................... 24 1.18 Herbage palatability and animal preference ........................................ 29 1.19 Aims and Objectives ............................................................................ 34 ii CHAPTER-2 ................................................................................................... 35 MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................................. 35 2.1 Floristic diversity ................................................................................. 35 2.2 Biological Spectra ................................................................................ 35 2.2.1 Therophytes (Th): ................................................................. 35 2.2.2 Cryptophytes (Cr) or Geophytes (G): ................................... 35 2.2.3 Hemicryptophytes (H): ......................................................... 35 2.2.4 Chamaephytes (Ch):.............................................................. 35 2.2.5 Phanerophytes (Ph): .............................................................. 36 2.3 Leaf size spectra ................................................................................... 36 2.4 Plant phenological stages ..................................................................... 36 2.5 Phytosociology / Vegetation analysis .................................................. 37 2.6 Edaphology .......................................................................................... 37 2.6.1 Soil Texture ........................................................................... 37 2.6.2 Soil pH .................................................................................. 38 2.6.3 Electrical Conductivity (EC)................................................. 38 2.6.4 Organic matter ...................................................................... 38 2.6.5 Lime contents ........................................................................ 38 2.6.6 AB-DTPA extractable phosphorus ....................................... 38 2.6.7 Total nitrogen ........................................................................ 38 2.6.8 Calcium and Magnesium ...................................................... 39 2.6.9 Extractable Potassium ........................................................... 39 2.6.10 Micronutrient status in soil samples ..................................... 39 2.7 Herbage palatability and animal preference ........................................ 39 2.8 Evaluation of chemical constituents of some selected plants .............. 40 2.8.1 Herbs: .................................................................................... 40 2.8.2 Shrubs: .................................................................................. 41 iii 2.8.3 Trees:..................................................................................... 41 2.9 Phytochemical screening ..................................................................... 41 2.9.1 Test for alkaloids................................................................... 41 2.9.2 Test for tannins ..................................................................... 42 2.9.3 Test for anthraquinones......................................................... 42 2.9.4 Test for glycosides ................................................................ 42 2.9.5 Test for reducing sugars ........................................................ 42 2.9.6 Test for saponins ................................................................... 42 2.9.7 Test for flavonoids ................................................................ 43 2.9.8 Test for steroids..................................................................... 43 2.9.9 Test for terpenoids ................................................................ 43 2.9.10
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