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Environment: Status and Strategies

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Environment: Status and Strategies PRA AR D T ES T H U Chapter 14 Environment: Status and Strategies 14.1 Introduction • To enhance the individual and community well- being within and between generations, often The principles of ecologically sustainable referred to as ‘intergenerational equity’. development (ESD) are increasingly being accepted locally, nationally and internationally. Legislative • To conserve and protect biological diversity and initiatives, strategies, action plans, policies and essential ecological processes and life-support programmes that incorporate ESD principles have been systems. initiated at all institutional levels from the United The chapter considers major environmental themes Nations, national governments, business organisations, viz., Air, Water, Biological and Noise and their current corporations, and network of community groups. ESD status using available data to highlight responses or terminology has become interchangeable with the more actions under way to address them. commonly used term ‘sustainable development’ or ‘sustainability’. The wider acceptance of ESD principles Accordingly the chapter is organised as follows: has shifted the goals for management of environment Section 14.2 discusses the air environment in terms of towards long-term sustenance. At the same time, the the sources of air pollution, status and assessment of inherent risks of irreparably depleting or degrading the air quality, areas of critical air quality and the impacts natural resources over the short to medium term are on human healh. Section 14.3 deals with the water increasingly being recognised. environment in terms of the sources of water pollution, status and assessment of water quality, both surface Population growth places additional pressure on the and groundwater quality in the different regions. natural environment through the consumption of Section 14.4 discusses the biological environment of natural resources and the generation of wastes and Uttar Pradesh. Noise pollution is discussed in Section other inputs capable of degrading the quality of soil, 14.5. The last section 14.6 brings out the summary and water and air. This causes loss of native flora and fauna recommendations. and, as more recently noted, influences global climate change. The study region of Uttar Pradesh is divided into two parts on the basis of the resource base and eco- The natural resource base on which all human system dynamics: activities rely is often described as renewable or non- renewable. Limits may be more apparent in terms of • The upper Indo-Gangetic plain and the central non-renewable resource consumption, but there is Indo-Gangetic plain. increasing recognition of the limits or thresholds for • The Bundelkhand region. renewable resources as. Six districts have been selected considering the The main objectives of this chapter are to delineate above classification viz. Varanasi, Jhansi, Agra, framework for environmentally sustainable development Lucknow, Kanpur and Ghaziabad. The other factors of Uttar Pradesh so as: responsible for short-listing these districts are eco- • To ensure a path of economic well-being that resources, geology, geographical location, political and safeguards the welfare of future generations, often industrial zones and also the availability of data for referred to as ‘intergenerational equity’. environmental parameters. These six districts of Uttar 414 UTTAR PRADESH DEVELOPMENT REPORT—VOL. 2 Pradesh are representative of the general environmental 14.2.3 Emission Inventory status of the state. Secondary data on source emission (point, area and The Indo-Gangetic Plain represents Varanasi, Kanpur line), collected from various sources is analysed for the and Ghaziabad. The two districts, Agra and Lucknow identification of critical parameters and hot spots. List have been selected based on environmental of type of industries contributing to air pollution is considerations. Jhansi belongs to Bundelkhand region. shown in Table 14.1 for some districts. The data for environmental parameters was not available except for Jhansi, hence, only one district has been TABLE 14.1 chosen for Bundelkhand region. Type of Industries in Uttar Pradesh 14.2 Air Environment District Type of Industries Air pollution encompasses a diverse array of natural Lucknow Distillery, Brewery, Iron & Steel including and anthropogenic emissions, including gaseous foundries, Rolling & Pickling, Casting, Pesticides, Chemicals, Asbestos, Cement, Electronics, Silicates, constituents, volatile chemicals, aerosols (particulate) Timber and their atmospheric reaction products. Ambient air Varanasi Food Products, Tobacco and Tobacco Products, Silk, acts as an atmospheric sink where all emissions are Textile Products, Wood Products, Leather Products, Rubber, Petrochemical Products, Non metallic released. Many such emissions are in such small & Mineral, Basic metal & Alloy Industries, Metal Products & Parts, Machinery & Machine Tools quantities that they get immediately dissipated and Kanpur Cotton Textiles, Leather Industry, Jute Mills, absorbed but continuous release of these pollutants Woollen Mills, Edible Oil Industries, Chemicals and build up in the air and pose hazard to human health. Chemical Products, Basic Ferrous Industries, Manufacture of Non-Electrical Machinery Assimilative capacity of air environment is the Ghaziabad Heavy & Medium Industries, Small Scale Industries, Handicraft, Rural Industries maximum amount of pollution load that can be Agra Foundry, Glass Industries, Lime Kiln, Silicates, discharged without violating the best designated use of Refractory, Eriquette, Rubber Industries, Leather the air resource in the planning region. The phenomena industries governing the assimilative capacity of air environment Jhansi Thermal Power Plant, Heavy Electricals, Fertilisers, mostly stone based industries, Handicraft include dilution, dispersion, phase transformation and absorption. Source: District Industrial Development Centres, various. 14.2.1 Climate of Uttar Pradesh 14.2.4 Status and Assessment of Air Quality The climate in the state is both hot and cold. The The aerometric secondary data pertaining to Uttar climate is cool or cold from November to early March Pradesh is collected from all possible sources like although the days are pleasant and often warm. After UPPCB, CPCB, etc. the middle of March, it gets to be hot and in May, it The ambient air quality status in the studied region could rise to 45°C or even more. June is both hot and is assessed, based on secondary data collected. The humid until the south-west monsoon breaks in all its parameters selected for AAQM include SPM, SO2 and fury. Thus, the temperature varies from 3°C to 46°C. NOx as these are the major criteria pollutants The humidity varies from 45 per cent-50 per cent. The representing emission from fuel usage in all wind speed varies from 3.7-9.6 km/hr. commercial/industrial and domestic activities. The quality is assessed in cities—Kanpur, Lucknow, Agra, 14.2.2 Sources of Air Pollution Jhansi, Varanasi, and Ghaziabad. The values of SPM, (i) Point Sources: Chemical plants, refineries, SO2 and NOx have been compared with standards of power plants, paper mills, cement plants, etc. CPCB, which is given in Appendix A-14.1. (ii) Area Sources: Dry cleaners, petrol stations, 14.2.4.1 Lucknow electroplaters, etc. The data for ambient quality were collected from (iii) Line Sources: Automobiles, railways, airways, secondary sources and studied. Table 14.2 represents Vehicles, etc. the ambient air quality data of different areas from year (iv) Natural Sources: Dust storms, volcanoes, 1996 to 2001. The parameters selected for AAQM include SPM, SO and NOx as these are the major forest, fires, etc. 2 Chapter 14 • ENVIRONMENT: STATUS AND STRATEGIES 415 TABLE 14.2 Ambient Air Quality Data (Lucknow) Location Category 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 SPM SO2 NOx SPM SO2 NOx SPM SO2 NOx SPM SO2 NOx SPM SO2 NOx SPM SO2 NOx Hazratganj Commercial 530 33 36 547 34 39 470 31 31 370 24 29 321 28 30 322 28 30 Mahanagar Residential 399 29 32 368 28 31 386 28 29 328 25 27 354 29 30 358 28 30 Talkatora Industrial 556 33 35 575 30 33 503 29 33 529 31 34 500 31 33 478 32 34 Source:Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board. 3 Notes: All values in mg/m ; SPM-Suspended Particulate Matter; SO2-Sulphur Dioxide Gas; NOx-Nitrogen’s Oxide Gas. criteria pollutants representing emission from fuel 14.2.4.3 Agra usage in all commercial/industrial and domestic The ambient air quality is extremely poor with activities. reference to SPM in Agra. Prescribed locations are in The SPM levels in the commercial areas (from 1996– sensitive category, for which standard limit of SPM is 3 2001) exceeded 200 μg/m (the CPCB limit for 100 μg/m3 but in these cases values are very much residential/commercial area). But the levels of SO and 3 3 2 higher i.e. vary from 312 μg/m to 969 μg/m shown in NOx are within the prescribed limit (i.e. for SO and 2 Table 14.4. Although the level of SO and NOx are NOx 80 μg/m3) by CPCB. 2 within prescribed limits. In the residential areas, levels of SPM in all the 14.2.4.4 Ghaziabad years exceeded the prescribed limit. However, for SO2 and NOx the values are within prescribed norms. In The industrial area of Ghaziabad has been considered case of industrial areas, the SPM levels are near the for the purpose. At different sites as shown in Table limit by CPCB (i.e. 500μg/m3) and levels of SO and 2 14.5, SPM concentration in Sahibabad in year 1996, NOx are within the prescribed limit. 1997 and 2001 is exceeding the limit is 500 μg/m3. In 14.2.4.2 Kanpur 1998–2000, it is within limit. At Bulandshahr road, the SPM values are exceeding the limit to some extent. The In Kanpur also, values of SPM at all the locations values of SO and NOx are again within limit. are exceeding the prescribed norms. For commercial 2 3 3 areas it varies from 422 μg/m to 597 μg/m , for 14.2.4.5 Varanasi residential areas from 466 μg/m3 to 568 μg/m3 and for industrial areas 504 μg/m3 to 663 μg/m3 (Table 14.3), In Varanasi, the data available are from Jawahar Nagar (residential area).
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