Évolution De Molécules Organiques En Conditions Martiennes Simulées

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Évolution De Molécules Organiques En Conditions Martiennes Simulées Thèse de doctorat de l’Université Paris Est (UPE) Ecole doctorale Sciences, Ingénierie et Environnement (SIE) Évolution de molécules organiques en conditions martiennes simulées Expériences en laboratoire et en orbite basse terrestre sur la Station Spatiale Internationale Présentée par : Laura ROUQUETTE Sciences de l’Univers et Environnement Spécialité Astronomie, Astrophysique Sous la direction de : Pr. Hervé Cottin et Dr. Fabien Stalport Soutenue le 19 novembre 2018 Composition du jury : Sylvain BERNARD Chargé de Recherche Rapporteur Grégoire DANGER Maître de Conférences Rapporteur Antonella BARUCCI Astronome Examinatrice Frances WESTALL Directrice de Recherche Présidente Hervé COTTIN Professeur Directeur de thèse Fabien STALPORT Maître de Conférences Co-directeur de thèse 2 3 4 Remerciements En classe de 5ème, comme tous mes camarades, j’ai eu droit au classique rendez-vous d’orientation avec une conseillère. Elle m’a demandé ce que je voulais faire plus tard. Je lui ai répondu « astrophysicienne » et comme beaucoup d’adultes avant elle, et encore d’autres après elle, elle s’est un peu moquée de mon ambition. Elle m’a néanmoins expliqué que je devais passer mon brevet des collèges, faire un bac S, une licence, un master, puis un doctorat. La route a été longue depuis ce rendez-vous d’orientation de 5ème au collège Jolimont de Toulouse, et la liste des personnes à remercier pour ce grade de « docteur », obtenu quatorze ans plus tard, l’est également. Je vais donc essayer de n’oublier personne, mais probablement en vain. Tout d’abord, merci à mes parents d’avoir été là, du début à la fin. De m’avoir appris que beaucoup de choses étaient possibles avec du travail, de ne pas avoir fait taire mes ambitions, de m’avoir valorisée tout au long de ma vie. De toujours m’avoir laissée m’exprimer et parler en mon nom. Aucune famille n’est parfaite mais ce que vous m’avez donné est précieux. Vous m’avez apporté une base solide sur laquelle me reposer dans les plus grands moments de doutes. Parce qu’on les oublie bien souvent, et qu’ils sont si importants, si déterminants pour les enfants, merci aux profs m’ont fait aimer l’école, le lycée, la fac, les sciences. Ceux qui n’étaient pas trop blasés et toujours prêts à aider chaque enfant ou adolescent. Mme Bouteloup du CM1, Mr Piques mon prof de maths du collège, et Mme Benazeth, ma prof d’SVT de terminale. J’ai souvent pensé à eux depuis et les ai pris comme modèles quand j’ai eu la chance d’enseigner à mon tour. Pour revenir aux acteurs du présent : Hervé, Fabien, je n’aurais jamais pu faire ce doctorat sans vous ! Merci de m’avoir donné ma chance il y a plus de trois ans maintenant et de m’avoir soutenue depuis. Fabien, merci d’avoir toujours été présent, le chemin n’a pas été linéaire mais j’en ai appris d’autant plus. J’ai souvent douté, mais je n’ai aucun regret et vous m’avez tous les deux permis de beaucoup évoluer. Le travail c’est important, mais les personnes avec qui on travaille le sont au moins autant. Merci à Murielle, qui m’a accueillie lors de mes premiers pas dans le laboratoire et qui a quitté le LISA presque en même temps que moi. Tu as toujours fait preuve de bienveillance et de gentillesse depuis le premier jour de mon stage de master 1 jusqu’à ma soutenance de thèse, et même après. Et puis je tiens à remercier toutes les personnes du DT sans qui j’aurais passé des nuits blanches à essayer de comprendre d’où vient telle fuite, comment réparer tel instrument, m’en sortir avec tel problème informatique… mais surtout, qui m’ont aidé à développer au mieux MOMIE et les procédures associées à mon travail. Merci donc à Edouard, Pascal, Katia Grira, Richard, Adriana et Mathieu pour vos conseils et vos idées. Merci aux membres du GPCOS, Marie-Claire, Antoine, Nico, Olivia, Yves, François et Robert pour votre accueil et les séances de mots croisés, je peux maintenant briller en société en trouvant des mots de grilles force 4 (enfin… parfois !). Merci également pour votre bonne humeur. Merci à François qui, depuis mon premier jour en thèse, m’a demandé où j’en étais de l’écriture du manuscrit et à qui j’ai enfin pu répondre « je l’ai fini » en octobre 2018. Et puis il y a les post-doctorants, doctorants et stagiaires du labo, que j’ai vu passer, être diplômés, avec qui j’ai pu créer des liens (c’est dans la galère qu’on se soude le plus, non ?) ; Jérôme, Anaïs, Tristan, Robin, Naïla, Clément, avec qui on a partagé des piques-niques, des goûters improvisés, et beaucoup de fous rires. Heureusement que ces moments ont existé ; les parties de jungle speed, les paris sportifs, les références Star Wars… Merci à vous tous ! Et puis merci à la best des best des collègues, Katia, pour les partages de thés, l’aide mutuelle sur nos travaux (bien qu’ils soient relativement éloignés), les sessions commérages (peut-on parler de sessions à ce stade-là ?), le soutien sans faille et le partage de bureau sur ces derniers jours dans les murs du LISA. Bon courage pour la suite de ta thèse, je ne serai plus là mais Whatssap si ! 5 Enfin, merci à celui qui me supporte au quotidien (Dieu sait que c’est difficile) et surtout qui m’a supportée pendant la rédaction du manuscrit. Mel, je pense que si tu as réussi à ne pas perdre patience pendant ces quelques mois de rédaction, tu es blindé pour la suite. Merci d’avoir vérifié mille fois ma mise en page, remis mes figures quand je devais rendre un chapitre mais que toutes les figures se décalaient (on en parle de word ou pas ?), vérifié mes fautes d’orthographe (bon, tu n’en voyais aucune mais l’intention était là), et géré les moments de stress intense où je criais sur tout le monde (pardon) ! Merci mille fois d’être là dans chaque étape, t’es le meilleur. Finalement, merci à tous ceux qui étaient présents le jour J – Le 19 novembre 2018 - qui m’ont écoutée ou envoyé un petit mot de soutien. 6 Sommaire SOMMAIRE ................................................................................................................................................................... 7 TABLE DES FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................................... 13 LISTE ALPHABETIQUE DES ABREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................... 25 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................... 29 CHAPITRE 1 : CONTEXTE : A LA RECHERCHE DE MOLECULES ORGANIQUES SUR LA PLANETE MARS ............................ 31 I. LES MOLECULES ORGANIQUES : DEFINITION ET INTERET SCIENTIFIQUE .................................................................................... 35 II. LES APPORTS DE MOLECULES ORGANIQUES SUR MARS ....................................................................................................... 38 1. Apports exogènes .............................................................................................................................................. 38 a. Apports météoritiques .................................................................................................................................................... 38 b. Apports cométaires ......................................................................................................................................................... 40 c. IDPs et apports micrométéoritiques................................................................................................................................ 42 d. Flux exogène total actuel et passé................................................................................................................................... 42 2. Apports endogènes ............................................................................................................................................ 44 a. Synthèses atmosphériques .............................................................................................................................................. 44 b. Synthèses hydrothermales .............................................................................................................................................. 45 c. Synthèse par impact à haute vitesse ............................................................................................................................... 46 3. Apports par synthèse biologique ....................................................................................................................... 47 a. L’Histoire de la Terre ....................................................................................................................................................... 47 L’Hadéen .............................................................................................................................................................................. 47 L’Archéen (-3,85 Ga à -2,5 Ga) .............................................................................................................................................. 51 b. Mars, planète anciennement habitable .......................................................................................................................... 52 Le Pré-Noachien (-4,6 à -4,1 Ga) ........................................................................................................................................... 53 Le Noachien (-4,1 à -3,7 Ga)
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