Socialism, Capitalism and Alternatives ii FRINGE Series Editors Alena Ledeneva and Peter Zusi, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, UCL The FRINGE series explores the roles that complexity, ambivalence and immeas- urability play in social and cultural phenomena. A cross-disciplinary initiative bringing together researchers from the humanities, social sciences and area stud- ies, the series examines how seemingly opposed notions such as centrality and marginality, clarity and ambiguity, can shift and converge when embedded in everyday practices. Alena Ledeneva is Professor of Politics and Society at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies of UCL. Peter Zusi is Associate Professor of Czech and Comparative Literature at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies of UCL. Socialism, Capitalism and Alternatives Area Studies and Global Theories Edited by Peter J. S. Duncan and Elisabeth Schimpfössl First published in 2019 by UCL Press University College London Gower Street London WC1E 6BT Available to download free: www . uclpress . co . uk Text © Contributors, 2019 Images © Contributors, 2019 The authors have asserted their rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to be identified as the authors of this work. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from The British Library. This book is published under a Creative Commons 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the work; to adapt the work and to make commercial use of the work providing attribution is made to the authors (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Attribution should include the following information: Duncan, P.J.S. and Schimpfössl, E. (eds.). 2019. Socialism, Capitalism and Alterna- tives: Area Studies and Global Theories. London: UCL Press. DOI: https:// doi . org / 10 . 14324 / 111 . 9781787353824 Further details about Creative Commons licenses are available at http:// creativecommons . org / licenses/ Any third-party material in this book is published under the book’s Creative Com- mons license unless indicated otherwise in the credit line to the material. If you would like to reuse any third-party material not covered by the book’s Creative Commons license, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. ISBN: 978-1-78735-384-8 (Hbk.) ISBN: 978-1-78735-383-1 (Pbk.) ISBN: 978-1-78735-382-4 (PDF) ISBN: 978-1-78735-385-5 (epub) ISBN: 978-1-78735-386-2 (mobi) DOI: https:// doi . org / 10 . 14324 / 111 . 9781787353824 Contents List of figures vii List of tables ix List of contributors xi Preface xv Acknowledgements xvii Introduction 1 Peter J. S. Duncan and Elisabeth Schimpfössl PART I Capitalism in action 1 Semi-dependent capitalism: Russia 15 Ruslan Dzarasov 2 Diversifying the super-rich: Forbes-listed Russians from a Muslim background 33 Catherine Suart 3 The culture of elite philanthropy: Russia and the United Kingdom compared 49 Timothy Monteath and Elisabeth Schimpfössl 4 Between the public and the private: Socialism, capitalism and street socialisation in Georgia 66 Costanza Curro PART II China today and as a future alternative 5 Making it in China: The determinants of economic success in a socialist market system 89 Ion Marandici v 6 The revival of Marxism in China: Could it herald a Communist Reformation? 108 Heiko Khoo 7 China’s emerging liberal partnership order and Russian and US responses: Evidence from the Belt and Road Initiative in Eurasia 131 Peter Braga and Stephen G. F. Hall PART III Alternatives in the West 8 Neo-liberalism, Keynesianism and the current crisis 161 Geoffrey Hosking 9 Political alternatives on the Western Left: Podemos, Syriza, Sanders and Corbyn 181 Peter J. S. Duncan Conclusion 213 Peter J. S. Duncan and Elisabeth Schimpfössl Index 221 vi ContEntS List of figures 1.1 Relationship between international rankings according to the HDI and per capita GNI of the USSR (1987) and the former Soviet republics (2015). Rankings are placed in descending order (i.e., the best ranking is in the lowest left position). Source: Human Development Report 1990, 119; Human Development Report 2016: Human Development for Everyone, 198–201. 20 5.1 The number of billionaires in China, 1999–2018. Source: Graphs by author based on data from Rupert Hoogewerf, Hurun Report, Hong Kong/Shanghai, 2018. www . hurun . net / en / ArticleShow . aspx ? nid​= ​14678 (accessed 13 May 2018); Forbes Magazine, China’s Rich List, 2003–2017, www . forbes . com / china - billionaires/ (accessed 13 May 2018). 93 5.2 The average marginal effects for age and education and the predictive margins for party affiliation across age groups. Source: Author’s interviews. 98 5.3 Beliefs in intergenerational mobility and change in economic situation. Source: Author’s interviews. 99 vii List of tables 2.1 List of Russia’s business elite with Muslim identities (2016). Source: Author’s own research files. 34 2.2 Political posts held by members of the Muslim business elite. Source: Author’s own research files. 38 5.1 Frequencies of the independent and dependent variables. Source: Author’s interviews. 102 5.2 Determinants of income levels: Ordered probit regression results. Source: Author’s interviews. 104 ix List of contributors Peter Braga is a PhD candidate at the UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies. Peter’s publications have been featured in the Journal of Belarusian Studies. His book, China’s New Silk Road, Central Asia, and the Gateway to Europe, co-authored with Dr Kaneshko Sangar, will be published in 2020 by Routledge (Taylor & Francis Group). Peter researches authoritarian persistence, China–East Europe relations, and emerging powers. Costanza Curro’s research interests include moral economies, mascu- linity, mobility and the transformation of space in post-socialist cities. She has a PhD in social anthropology from the UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies. Her thesis, titled ‘From Tradition to Civility: Georgian Hospitality after the Rose Revolution’, explores hospitality prac- tices as potential sources of civil values amid social, political and eco- nomic disintegration brought into place by the post–Rose Revolution political project of radical modernisation. She has published articles in the Journal of Consumer Culture, the International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy and Caucasus Survey, and contributions to edited vol- umes on informal practices, gender and post-socialism, and post-socialist urban mobilities. Peter J. S. Duncan is Associate Professor of Russian Politics and Society at the UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies. In 2009–10 he was a Leverhulme Research Fellow. Among his publications are The Soviet Union and India (1989); Soviet-British Relations since the 1970s (co- edited, 1990); The Road to Post-Communism: Independent Political Move- ments in the Soviet Union 1985–1991 (co-author, 1992); Towards a New Community: Culture and Politics in Post-Totalitarian Europe (co-edited, 1993); xi Convergence and Divergence: Russia and Eastern Europe into the Twenty- First Century (edited, 2007); and Russian Messianism: Third Rome, Revo- lution, Communism and After (paperback, 2014). Ruslan Dzarasov is professor and head of the Department of Political Economy at the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, and is a senior research fellow at the Central Institute of Economics and Math- ematics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow. He is an economist and expert on Russian capitalism, post-Keynesianism and Marxism. Dzar- asov is the author of The Conundrum of Russian Capitalism: The Post- Soviet Economy in the World System (2013). He has published articles in the Cambridge Journal of Economics and Debate: Journal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe, and about 30 other scholarly works in Eng- lish and Russian. Stephen G. F. Hall is a doctoral student in political science at the UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies. His research interests focus on authoritarianism, learning and the post-Soviet space. His doctoral research concentrates on the authoritarian learning of regimes in Bela- rus, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine. His publications include (all 2017) ‘Learning from Past Experience: Yanukovych’s Implementation of Authori- tarianism after 2004’, in the Journal of Eurasian Studies; ‘Preventing a Colour Revolution: The Belarusian Example as an Illustration for the Kremlin?’ and (co-authored) ‘Authoritarian Learning: A Conceptual Over- view’, both in East European Politics. Geoffrey Hosking is Emeritus Professor of Russian History at the UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies. Among his publications are A History of the Soviet Union (3rd ed., 1992); Rulers and Victims: The Rus- sians in the Soviet Union (2006); Russia and the Russians (2nd ed., 2012); Trust: A History (2014). He is currently studying the ways in which gener- alised social trust is generated and/or undermined in different countries. Heiko Khoo runs the weekly Karl Marx walking tour in London but he is best known for 32 years of soapbox oratory at Speakers’ Corner, Hyde Park. His academic focus is on the Marxist critique of Stalinism. His recently completed PhD thesis provides a Marxist critique of Janos Kor- nai’s theory of China. He makes the weekly Speakers’ Corner radio show for Resonance 104.4 FM in London and has written an op-ed column for China . org . cn since 2009. Ion Marandici is a lecturer with the Department of Political Science at Rutgers University. At Rutgers, he teaches courses in comparative politics, xii LiSt of C ontributorS international relations, and quantitative research methods. Since earning a doctorate in political science, his areas of research and writing have included the political economy of reforms and state capture in Eastern Europe, Russia, and China; economic and ethnic voting; unrecognised states; and perceptions of China in the United States. His doctoral disser- tation examined the wealthy elites and state autonomy in post- communist states.