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Anatomy Terms TYPOGRAPHY 1: ANATOMY TERMS APERTURE The aperture is the partially enclosed, somewhat rounded negative space in some characters such as n, C, S, the lower part of e, or the upper part of a double-storey a. APEX The point at the top of a character such as the uppercase A where the left and right strokes meet is the apex. The apex may be a sharp point, blunt, or rounded and is an identifying feature for some typefaces. ARM The arm of a letter is the horizontal stroke on some characters that does not connect to a stroke or stem at one or both ends. The top of the capital T and the horizontal strokes of the F and E are examples of arms. Additionally, the diagonal upward stroke on a K is its arm. Sometimes arm is used interchangeably with bar or crossbar or cross stroke. ASCENDER An upward vertical stroke found on the part of lowercase letters that extends above the typeface’s x-height. ASCENDER LINE The invisible line marking the height of ascenders in a font. ASCENT LINE The invisible line marking the farthest distance between the baseline and the top of the glyph. AXIS An imaginary line drawn from top to bottom of a glyph bisecting the upper and lower strokes is the axis. Sometimes referred to as Stress. BALL TERMINAL A ball terminal is a design feature of a typeface or glyph where the end of a stroke UNIVERSITY OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COLUMBIA OF DISTRICT UNIVERSITY THE OF takes a roughly circular shape, as opposed to a serif or a square end. BAR The (usually) horizontal stroke across the middle of uppercase A and H is a bar. Also referred to as Crossbar. BASELINE The imaginary line upon which a line of text rests. BODY HEIGHT Refers to the distance between the top of the tallest letterform to the bottom of the lowest one. BOWL The fully closed, rounded part of a letter such as d or b. BRACKET A curved or wedge-like connection between the stem and serif of some fonts. Not all serifs are bracketed serifs. CAP HEIGHT The height of a capital letter measured from the baseline. COUNTER The enclosed or partially enclosed circular or curved negative space of some letters such as d or o. TYPOGRAPHY 1: ANATOMY TERMS CROTCH An acute, inside angle where two strokes meet such as the V. DESCENDER The part of the letters that extend below the baseline. DESCENDER LINE The invisible line marking the lowest point of the descenders within a font. DESCENT LINE The invisible line marking the farthest distance between the baseline and the bottom of the glyph. DIACRITIC the accent marks used on some characters to denote a specific pronounciation. Rare in English, they are a common occurrence in French, German, Italian, Spanish, and other languages. Some of the more commonly seen diacriticals include acute, cedilla, circumflex, grave, tilde, and umlaut. DIAGONAL STROKE An angled stroke on a letterform such as the diagonal stroke of the letter Z. DOT A small distinguishing mark, such as an diacritic on a lowercase i or j. Also known as a Tittle. EAR A small stroke extending from the upper-right side of the bowl of lowercase g; also appears in the angled or curved lowercase r. EYE Much like a counter, the eye refers specifically to the enclosed space in a lowercase ‘e’. UNIVERSITY OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COLUMBIA OF DISTRICT UNIVERSITY THE OF FINIAL The part of a letter that is somewhat tapered on letters such as the bottom of C or e or the top of a double-storey a. HAIRLINE The thinnest stroke found in a specific typefamily. HOOK A curved, protruding stroke in a terminal. Usually found on a lowercase f. LEG The lower, down sloping stroke of the K and R called a leg. LIGATURE Two or more letters are joined together to form one glyph or character. LINK Small, usually curved stroke that connects (links) the bowl and loop of a double-storey g. LOBE A rounded projecting stoke attached to the main structure of a letter. Example: the uppercase P LOOP The enclosed or partially enclosed counter below the baseline of a double-story g. TYPOGRAPHY 1: ANATOMY TERMS LOWERCASE The smaller letterforms in a typeface. The term is derived from the days of metal type where the more frequently used letters were kept in the lower case for quick access. OLD-STYLE FIGURES Numbers with varying heights, some aligning to the baseline and some below. OPEN COUNTER The partially open space within a character that is open on one end. Example: the uppercase C SERIF The little extra stroke found at the end of main vertical and horizontal strokes of some letterforms. Serifs fall into various groups and can be generally described as hairline (hair), square (slab), or wedge and are either bracketed or unbracketed. SHOULDER The curved stroke aiming downward from a stem. Example: the lowercase n SPINE The main curved stroke of a lowercase or capital S. SPUR A small projection off a main stroke. STEM Vertical, full-length stroke in upright characters. STROKE Parts that make up the letterform such as bars, arms, stems, and bowls. UNIVERSITY OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COLUMBIA OF DISTRICT UNIVERSITY THE OF SWASH A typographical flourish, such as an exaggerated serif, terminal, tail, entry stroke, etc. on a glyph. Example: Always & Forever TAIL The descending, often decorative stroke on the letter Q or the descending, often curved diagonal stroke on K or R is the tail. The descender on g, j, p, q, and y are also called tails. TERMINAL The end (straight or curved) of any stroke that doesn’t include a serif. TITTLE A small distinguishing mark, such as an diacritic on a lowercase i or j. Also known as a Dot. UPPERCASE The capital letters of the alphabet normally used at the beginning of sentences and as the first letter of proper names. The term is derived from the days of metal type where the lesser used capital letters were kept in the harder to reach upper case. X-HEIGHT The height of lowercase letters reach based on height of lowercase x, excludes ascenders and descenders..
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