DOCSLIB.ORG

The Hobbyist's Guide to Casting Metal

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Hobbyist's Guide to Casting Metal THE HOBBYIST'S GUIDE TO CASTING METAL ND 2 EDITION BEN BAKER This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/us/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. To view a free online version of this work, visit http://prometheus.vndv.com/tutorial.html. Acknowledgments Thanks to the members of the BackyardMetalcasting.com forums, without which this book would never have existed. i Disclaimer Many of the activities described in this book are very dangerous. I make an attempt to point out some specific safety precautions as they come up, but there is no way I can point out every conceivable danger. I'm not a professional foundryman, scientist, or engineer, just a hobbyist—so there may be dangers that I don't even know about. For that matter, any advice I give could be wrong or even dangerous in certain situations. I can't be held responsible for any harm that comes to person or property as a result of following my advice or using any of the information in this book. Remember, the extremely high temperatures that liquid metal can reach are more than enough to send you to the hospital or kill you, or to set fire to anything nearby (like your house). Other activities, like welding or machining, present their own very serious dangers. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents Introduction...........................................................................................................................1 Utility of Metalcasting.......................................................................................................1 The Basics..........................................................................................................................2 Personal History.................................................................................................................3 Section I: Safety....................................................................................................................5 Safety Gear.........................................................................................................................5 Clothing.........................................................................................................................5 Eye Protection...............................................................................................................6 Respiratory Protection...................................................................................................7 Special Precautions............................................................................................................8 Lead...............................................................................................................................8 Zinc................................................................................................................................8 Magnesium....................................................................................................................9 High-Temperature Metals.............................................................................................9 Safe Foundry Practice......................................................................................................10 Steam Explosions........................................................................................................10 Crucible Care...............................................................................................................11 General Safety Rules...................................................................................................12 Section II: Melting and Casting Practices........................................................................13 Judging Temperature........................................................................................................13 Temperature by Color.................................................................................................13 Optical Pyrometry.......................................................................................................14 Pyrometric Cones........................................................................................................14 Casting Processes.............................................................................................................15 Sandcasting..................................................................................................................15 Greensand...............................................................................................................15 Oil-Bonded Sand....................................................................................................15 Resin-Bonded Sand................................................................................................16 Lost Foam....................................................................................................................16 Lost Wax.....................................................................................................................16 Investment Casting.................................................................................................17 Ceramic Shell Casting............................................................................................17 Permanent Mold Casting.............................................................................................17 Identifying Scrap..............................................................................................................17 v THE HOBBYIST'S GUIDE TO CASTING METAL Melting Procedures for Common Metals.........................................................................19 Aluminum....................................................................................................................19 Copper and Copper Alloys..........................................................................................20 Iron..............................................................................................................................22 Zinc and Potmetal........................................................................................................23 Lead and Tin................................................................................................................23 Metalcasting on a Budget.................................................................................................24 Safety...........................................................................................................................24 Metal Sources..............................................................................................................25 Equipment...................................................................................................................25 Furnaces.......................................................................................................................26 Fuel.........................................................................................................................26 Refractory...............................................................................................................26 Mold Making...............................................................................................................28 Section III: Sand Molding..................................................................................................30 Sand..................................................................................................................................30 Mulling........................................................................................................................31 Pattern Making.................................................................................................................33 Molding Tools..................................................................................................................34 Flasks...........................................................................................................................34 Rammers......................................................................................................................36 Other Tools..................................................................................................................37 Mold Design.....................................................................................................................37 Molding Practice..............................................................................................................43 Section IV: Furnaces, Crucibles, and Fuel.......................................................................46 Furnaces...........................................................................................................................46 Refractoriness..............................................................................................................46 Insulative Ability.........................................................................................................47 Thermal Mass..............................................................................................................47 Hotfaces.......................................................................................................................48
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Treatise on Combined Metalworking Techniques: Forged Elements and Chased Raised Shapes Bonnie Gallagher
    Rochester Institute of Technology RIT Scholar Works Theses Thesis/Dissertation Collections 1972 Treatise on combined metalworking techniques: forged elements and chased raised shapes Bonnie Gallagher Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses Recommended Citation Gallagher, Bonnie, "Treatise on combined metalworking techniques: forged elements and chased raised shapes" (1972). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Thesis/Dissertation Collections at RIT Scholar Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of RIT Scholar Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TREATISE ON COMBINED METALWORKING TECHNIQUES i FORGED ELEMENTS AND CHASED RAISED SHAPES TREATISE ON. COMBINED METALWORKING TECHNIQUES t FORGED ELEMENTS AND CHASED RAISED SHAPES BONNIE JEANNE GALLAGHER CANDIDATE FOR THE MASTER OF FINE ARTS IN THE COLLEGE OF FINE AND APPLIED ARTS OF THE ROCHESTER INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AUGUST ( 1972 ADVISOR: HANS CHRISTENSEN t " ^ <bV DEDICATION FORM MUST GIVE FORTH THE SPIRIT FORM IS THE MANNER IN WHICH THE SPIRIT IS EXPRESSED ELIEL SAARINAN IN MEMORY OF MY FATHER, WHO LONGED FOR HIS CHILDREN TO HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO HAVE THE EDUCATION HE NEVER HAD THE FORTUNE TO OBTAIN. vi PREFACE Although the processes of raising, forging, and chasing of metal have been covered in most technical books, to date there is no major source which deals with the functional and aesthetic requirements
    [Show full text]
  • Structural RENOVATION Encountering Historic Metals in Renovations by Ciro Cuono, P.E., and Christopher Ribeiro, E.I.T
    structural RENOVATION Encountering Historic Metals in Renovations By Ciro Cuono, P.E., and Christopher Ribeiro, E.I.T. tructural steel has been a dominant building material for more than 100 Syears. Although steel is not considered a particularly remarkable material today, Vaclav Smil’s book, Still the Iron Age, illustrates how important iron and steel have been and continue to be in industrialized societies. For a struc- tural engineer working on historic renovations and adaptive reuse of pre-war buildings, working knowledge of the history, development, and metallurgy of structural metals is necessary for the engineer to be effective and efficient. Figure 1. A sample of a wrought-iron beam flange. The three primary ferrous metals used in building construction from create various shapes; it has good compressive strength and low tensile approximately the 1850s to the 1920s were cast iron, wrought iron, strength. Wrought iron is a more malleable or workable (hence the and structural steel. All three materials are man-made metals (alloys) name “wrought”) alloy of iron with low carbon content and good whose primary ingredient is iron. The industrial revolution of the 18th tensile and compressive strengths. Both metals were used in early build- and 19th centuries brought iron making technology to an advanced ing structures, particularly industrial buildings in England, to replace state where cast iron and then wrought iron could be mass-produced and span farther than the heaviest timbers available. Steel, which is and used, first in transportation and then building projects. also an alloy of iron with low carbon content and other elements such Iron technology was used and developed predominantly in Europe, as manganese, silicon, sulfur, and phosphorus, eventually replaced China, the Middle East, and India.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of the Metal Finds from the Ninth-Century Metalworking
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 8-2017 An Analysis of the Metal Finds from the Ninth-Century Metalworking Site at Bamburgh Castle in the Context of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metalworking in Middle- and Late-Saxon England Julie Polcrack Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Medieval History Commons Recommended Citation Polcrack, Julie, "An Analysis of the Metal Finds from the Ninth-Century Metalworking Site at Bamburgh Castle in the Context of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metalworking in Middle- and Late-Saxon England" (2017). Master's Theses. 1510. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/1510 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AN ANALYSIS OF THE METAL FINDS FROM THE NINTH-CENTURY METALWORKING SITE AT BAMBURGH CASTLE IN THE CONTEXT OF FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS METALWORKING IN MIDDLE- AND LATE-SAXON ENGLAND by Julie Polcrack A thesis submitted to the Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts The Medieval Institute Western Michigan University August 2017 Thesis Committee: Jana Schulman, Ph.D., Chair Robert Berkhofer, Ph.D. Graeme Young, B.Sc. AN ANALYSIS OF THE METAL FINDS FROM THE NINTH-CENTURY METALWORKING SITE AT BAMBURGH CASTLE IN THE CONTEXT OF FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS METALWORKING IN MIDDLE- AND LATE-SAXON ENGLAND Julie Polcrack, M.A.
    [Show full text]
  • ITEM 442 METAL for STRUCTURES 442.1. Description. This Item Shall
    ITEM 442 METAL FOR STRUCTURES 442.1. Description. This Item shall govern for all structural steel, high strength bolts, forgings, steel castings, iron castings, wrought iron, bronze, steel pipe and tubing, aluminum castings and tubing, and other miscellaneous metals used in structures, except reinforcing steel and metal culvert pipe. 442.2. Process. All ferrous metals furnished for use under these specifications shall be made by one or more of the following processes only: Open-hearth, basic oxygen, or electric furnace. Mill test reports, supplemental test documentation and certifications required by this Item shall be furnished to the Engineer. 442.3. Structural Steel. (1) Steel for Bridge Structures. The material required for steel bridge structures shall be shown on the plans under the following designations: (a) Structural Steel-HYC - When shown on the plans and in the proposal as Structural Steel- HYC, the material shall conform to the requirements of ASTM A 709 Grade 250. (b) Structural Steel-HS - When shown on the plans and in the proposal as Structural Steel- HS, the material shall conform to the requirements of ASTM A 709 Grade 345 or Grade 345W. The use of either Grade 345 or Grade 345W shall be at the Contractor's discretion for painted structures, but Grade 345W must be used when weathering steel is specified. (c) Structural Steel-XHS - When shown on the plans and in the proposal as Structural Steel- XHS, the material shall conform to the requirements of ASTM A 709 Grade 485W, Grade 690, or Grade 690W. The Grade of material required shall be designated on the plans; if Grade 690 is specified, the use of either Grade 690 or Grade 690W shall be at the Contractor's discretion for painted structures, but Grade 690W must be used when weathering steel is specified.
    [Show full text]
  • Fuller Genealogy
    Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/fullergenealogy04full aP\/ C. TKfi NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY ASTOR, LENOX )i SOMK Fri.T.F.R (".EXKA l.( ; I S IS r.i i, XKWTox i-Ti.i.i-.i.; i:i.i/..\iii-. 1 II \i;i.uriM.\i WII.I.IA.M HVSI.or iri.l.KK IKSSK KR.WKI.IN l-ri.l.l'.K GENEALOGY OF SOME DESCENDANTS OF THOMAS FULLER OF WOBURN COMPILED BY WILLIAM HYSLOP FULLER OF PALMER. MASS. TO WHICH IS ADDED SUPPLEMENTS TO VOLUMES I. II, III PREVIOUSLY COMPILED AND PUBLISHED PRINTED FOR THE COMPILER 1919 THE NEW YORK tiljD£n foundations' FULLER GENEALOGIES COMPILED AND FOR SALE BY WILLIAM H. FULLER 23 School Street, Palmer, Mass. VOLUME I. Some Descendants of Edward Fuller of the Mayflower. I volume 8 vo., cloth, 25 illustrations, 306 pp. Now only sold as part of the set of 4 volumes. Price, $20.00 for the Set. postpaid. VOLUME IL Some Descendants of Dr. Samuel Fuller of the Mayflower. 1 volume 8 vo., cloth, 31 illustrations, 263 pp. Price, postpaid, $5.00. VOLUME III. Some Descendants of Captain Matthew Fuller, also of John Fuller of Newton, John Fuller of Lynn, John Fuller of Ipswich, and Robert Fuller of Dorchester and Dedham, with supplements to Volumes I and II. 8 vo., cloth, 14 illustrations, 325 pp. Price $5.00, postpaid. VOLUME IV. /Some Descendants of Thomas Fuller of Woburn, with Supplements to the previous volumes. Price $6.00, postpaid. PREFACE In compiling the "Genealogy of Some Descendants of Thomas Fuller of Woburn," I have been greatly assisted by the work of the late Elizabeth Abercrombie, whose volume is an authority on the genealogy of the descendants of Joseph^ Fuller, No.
    [Show full text]
  • No. 669,72. Patented Mar. 12, 1901. W
    No. 669,72. Patented Mar. 12, 1901. W. H. BRUCE. PLERS OR. PPE TONGS. (Application filed Dec. 26, 1900.) (Ne Mode.) UNITED STATES PATENT FFICE WALTER H. BRUCE, OF WORCESTER, MASSACHUSETTS, ASSIGNOR TO THE BILLINGS & SPENCER COMPANY, OF HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT. PERS OR PPE TONG S. SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 669,721, dated March 12, 1901. Application filed December 26, 1900, Serial No. 4l,032, (No model.) To all, whon, it may concern. each other when the jaws are open and pass Beit known that I, WALTER H. BRUCE, a citi out of register with each other when the jaws Zen of the United States, residing at Worcester, are closed to form a powerful shearing cutter. in the county of Worcester and State of Massa Extending back from one of the jaws I also 5 chusetts, have invented new and useful Pli preferably provide a sharpened blade or in 55 ers or Pipe-Tongs, of which the following is a sulation - cutter having a cutting edge sub specification. stantially perpendicular to the engaging face This invention relates to that class of tongs of the handle which carries the same. or pliers which are employed for joining and Referring to the accompanying drawings Io fitting pipes; and the especial object of this and in detail, a pair of pliers embodying this invention is to provide an improved form of invention, as herein illustrated, comprises the pliers or pipe-tongs which are provided with handles 10 and 11, having pivotally-connected a powerful shearing cutter for cutting off the engaging faces 12.
    [Show full text]
  • Is Our Air Safe to Breathe?
    Fall 2007 ■ Volume 18 No.3 ConservationCoastal League SPECIAL REPORT: The Environmental Connection to Public Health Protection Brian Barrie & Dana Beach & Dana Barrie Brian Is Our Air Safe to Breathe? Charleston What You earns an "F" 6 Coal 10 Can Do in air quality Diesel Mountain Communities Danger Speak Out F4 Zone 8 12 From the Director A Failure of Oversight ver the past two decades, the Web site and certainly true that most lower- Fall 2007 Vol.18 No.3 S.C. Department of Health income families in these rural areas lack STAFF and Environmental Control internet access. So the purpose of a health _____________________ (DHEC) has periodically been agency should be to inform citizens of real Director Dana Beach accused of failing to protect public health risks like mercury. But more ________________REGIONAL OFFICES______ public health. Witness the latest importantly, it would be to proclaim that it South Coast Patrick Moore Reed Armstrong Ocontroversy about the Barnwell low level is not acceptable for South Carolina to have Andrea Malloy nuclear waste dump. one of the worst mercury contamination North Coast Nancy Cave Amy Weinmeister This newsletter reveals problems in America, and to work to change Columbia Christie McGregor that concerns about DHEC’s that unwanted distinction. Patty Pierce performance in the public Instead, in October, DHEC issued a draft Heather Spires health arena are well justified, air permit to Santee Cooper for a mammoth ________P______ROGRAMS________ Director of Elizabeth Hagood from a lack of basic data coal burning power plant on the Great Pee Conservation Programs on pollution to inadequate Program Directors Megan Desrosiers enforcement of regulations.
    [Show full text]
  • 05100-1 of 5
    05100-1 of 5 SECTION 05100 STRUCTURAL STEEL 05100.01 GENERAL A. Description Structural steel shall include, but not necessarily be limited to, furnishing and erecting structural steel in accordance with the Contract Documents, or as directed by the Engineer. Structural steel shall be fabricated and erected in accordance with the AISC “Specifications for the Design, Fabrication and Erection of Structural Steel for Buildings” and the “Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges”. B. Related Work Included Elsewhere Painting; Section 09900. C. Quality Assurance 1. The Engineer will inspect all materials and work to ensure compliance with the Contract Documents. 2. Shop and field welds may be inspected in accordance with AWS D 1.1. Welds requiring repairs will be reinspected after repairs are made. 3. Field assembled bolted construction may be inspected in accordance with AISC "Specifications for Structural Joints Using A325 or A490 Bolts". D. Submittals 1. Shop Drawings Shop drawings shall be submitted as specified in the "General Provisions" for all structural steel. The shop drawings shall include the following information: a. Complete information necessary for the fabrication of the component parts of the structure or structures, including location, type and size of all bolts and shop welds. Welds shall be indicated by standard AWS welding symbols. b. Erection plans and details indicating required sequence of construction and temporary bracing where applicable. c. Surface finishes, shop paint system or other coating as specified in Section 05100.03 and/or 09900.03. Published: 01/01 Revised: STRUCTURAL STEEL 05100-2 of 5 2. Certificates of Compliance Certificates of compliance shall be submitted as specified in the "General Provisions" for all structural steel stating that the material furnished meets the requirements specified in Section 05100.02.
    [Show full text]
  • DG 1100 Structural Miter Band
    Another ADVANTAGE for the Steel Professional from PEDDINGHAUS Any SHAPE… Any SIZE! DG 1100 Structural Miter 320G-HSS 410 DGA 2300 Band Saw The model 320G-HSS delivers fast, efficient miter sawing at an economical The production minded 410 DGA 2300 is ideally suited for production price. Designed for manual applications, the 320G-HSS saws up to 330mm orientated manufacturing, steel stocking centers and fabrication shop (13") at 90 degrees with 200mm (8") capacity for precise miter sawing up production. This automated saw delivers CNC accuracy and repeatability The Band Saw Designed Specifically to 60 degrees. up to 410mm (16") at 90 degrees as well as 400mm (16") at 45 degrees and 330mm (13") at 60 degrees. for Miter Cutting of Structural Sections The new DG 1100 MITER BAND SAW is the perfect companion to the Peddinghaus PCD 1100 multi-spindle drill line. This tandem system has a small shop footprint but delivers high tonnage capability. Fully CNC and integrated with all major detailing and modeling software— it will change your outlook on productivity. Established in 1903, Peddinghaus has been instrumental in providing quality equipment for virtually every major construction project in the world. As the industry leader in innovative technology for structural steel and heavy plate Today’s technology such as remote diagnostics keep Peddinghaus’ service at the forefront of technology. fabrication, Peddinghaus stands ready to serve our industry partners. Peddinghaus Corporation Peddinghaus Corporation Paul F. Peddinghaus GmbH 300 North Washington Avenue U.K. Ltd. Hasslinghauser Strasse 156 Bradley, Illinois 60915 Unit 6 Postfach 1820 Phone 815-937-3800 Queensway Lind Industrial Estate 58285 Gevelsberg The PEDDINGHAUS ACCUMEASURE CNC MEASURING SYSTEM, pictured here with the ISO 9001:2000 Certified Fax 815-937-4003 Stafford Park 17 Germany DGP 1270 Miter Band Saw, provides fast, accurate measuring of structural components.
    [Show full text]
  • Metalworking Equipment List
    NEVADA CTE RECOMMENDED EQUIPMENT LIST 2020 METALWORKING This recommended list is based upon a classroom size of 25 students. All costs are estimated and should be adjusted and verified with current quotes. No specific equipment vendor or brand names are endorsed due to various possibilities, but school districts should consult with stakeholders to ensure industry-recognized equipment and software are purchased. The intent of this list is to provide school districts with guidance on the equipment needed to cover the state standards for a Metalworking program. CLASSROOM EQUIPMENT TOTAL: $16,740 QTY ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT TOTAL 25 Student Workstations w/chairs $400 $10,000 1 Teacher Workstation w/chair $400 $400 1 Teacher Computer $900 $900 Presentation Equipment (e.g., interactive whiteboard (IWB), or other 1 $3,000 $3,000 interactive display system with software and accessories) 1 Networkable Laser Printer $400 $400 1 Vertical File Cabinet (lockable) $330 $330 2 Storage Cabinets (36” x 12” x 72”) (lockable) $300 $600 2 Bookcases (36” x 12” x 42”) $115 $230 2 White Boards (4’ x 8’) $110 $220 1 Eyewash Station $300 $300 2 Fire Extinguishers $130 $260 1 First Aid Kit $100 $100 PROGRAM EQUIPMENT TOTAL: $105,000 QTY ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT TOTAL 25 Student Computers $1,000 $25,000 1 Technology Storage/Charging System (optional) $2,000 $2,000 3 Welding Simulators (with software) $7,000 $21,000 1 Pedestal Grinder $3,500 $3,500 3 Welding Stations/Booths $3,000 $9,000 1 Metalworking Lathe $2,500 $2,500 3 Gas Tungsten Arc Welders (GTAW) $1,600 $4,800
    [Show full text]
  • Abana Controlled Hand Forging Study Guide As Paginated by the Guild of Metalsmiths - Abana Chapter - Jan 2020 Index
    ABANA CONTROLLED HAND FORGING STUDY GUIDE AS PAGINATED BY THE GUILD OF METALSMITHS - ABANA CHAPTER - JAN 2020 INDEX Lesson Number Number Description of Pages Credits (click on box) L 1.01 Drawing Out: Draw a sharp point on a 1/2" square bar 3 Peter Ross and Doug Wilson L 2.01 Hot Punching: Create holes or recesses in bars or plate by driving 2 By Doug Wilson Illustrations by Tom Latané punches into or through hot material. L 3.01 Drawing Out a Round Taper 3 By Jay Close Illustrations by Tom Latané L 4.01 Bending Bar Stock 5 By Jay Close Illustrations by Tom Latané L 5.01 Twisting a Square Bar 4 By Bob Fredell Illustrations by Tom Latané L 6.01 Drawing , Punching, and Bending 4 By Peter Ross Illustrations by Tom Latané L 7.01 Upsetting a Square Bar 3 By Peter Ross Illustrations by Tom Latané L 8.01 Slitting and Drifting Two Mortises or Slots in a Square Sectioned Bar 5 By Jay Close llustrations by Doug Wilson, photos by Jay Close L 9.01 Mortise and Tenon Joinery 3 Text and Illustrations by Doug Wilson L 10.01 Forge Welding 6 By Dan Nauman Illustrations by Tom Latané Photos by Dan Nauman L 11.01 Drawing Down - Part One 6 by Jay Close Illustrations by Tom Latané, photos by Jay Close and Jane Gulden L 11.07 Drawing Down - Part Two 6 by Jay Close Illustrations by Tom Latané, photos by Jay Close and Jane Gulden L 12.01 Forging a Shoulder 4 by Bob Fredell Illustrations by Tom Latané L 13.01 Cutting a Bar 2 by Dan Nauman Illustrations by Doug Wilson L 14.01 Forging a 90-degree Corner 3 Text and Photos by Dan Nauman L 15.01 Forge an Eye on the
    [Show full text]
  • SCI P172 Castings in Construction, 1996
    P172: Castings in Construction Discuss me ... SCI PUBLICATION 172 Castings in Construction Nancy R Baddoo MA, CEng, MICE Published by: The Steel Construction Institute Silwood Park, Ascot Berkshire SL5 7QN Telephone: 01 344 23345 Fax: 01344 22944 Created on 22 July 2009 This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Use of this document subject to the terms and conditions Steelbiz Licence Agreement P172: Castings in Construction Discuss me ... 0 1996 The Steel Construction Institute Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study or criticismor review, as permitted under the Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publicationmay not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writingof the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by theUK Copyright Licensing Agency, or in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organisation outside the m. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers, The Steel Construction Institute, at the address given on the title page. Although care has been taken to ensure, to the bestof our knowledge, that all data and information contained herein are accurate to the extent that they relate to either mattersof fact or accepted practiceor matters of opinion at the time of publication, The Steel Construction Institute, the authors and the reviewers assume no responsibility for any errors in or misinterpretations of such data and/or information or any loss or damage arising from or related to their use.
    [Show full text]