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Cities of Refuge Asylum and the Politics of Hospitality

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Cities of Refuge Asylum and the Politics of Hospitality Durham E-Theses Cities of refuge Asylum and the politics of hospitality Darling, Jonathan Mark How to cite: Darling, Jonathan Mark (2008) Cities of refuge Asylum and the politics of hospitality, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2228/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk The copyright of this thesis rests with the author or the university to which it was submitted. No quotation from it, or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author or university, and any information derived from it should be acknowledged. CITIES OF REFUGE ASYLUM AND THE POLITICS OF HOSPITALITY X \ ! I i 2 3 APR 2009 Jonathan Mark Darling Department of Geography Durham University This thesis is submitted in accordance with the regulations for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Durham University, Department of Geography, 17th December 2008. For Rebecca and Jessica 'I do not know whether it was under the influence of the illness or of a change that was already under way, as yet unnoticed, in my outlook, but I was increasingly possessed from day to day by a passionate, nagging desire for the ordinary life of an ordinary person' Anton Chekhov Declaration I confirm that no part of the material presented in this thesis has previously been submitted by me or any other person for a degree in this or any other university. In all cases, where it is relevant, material from the work of others has been acknowledged. Statement of Copyright The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without their prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. ii ABSTRACT CITIES OF REFUGE ASYLUM AND THE POLITICS OF HOSPITALITY This thesis draws upon ethnographic work in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, to interrogate asylum as a spatial experience. Arguing that the routine framing of asylum as either an issue of national securitisation or cosmopolitan and humanitarian ethics serves to overlook the visceral and prosaic practices of living asylum in contemporary Britain, this thesis develops an account of responding to asylum seekers through everyday life which is immersed in the tacit sociality, and spatiality, of the city. Through detailing the complex negotiations which emerge as asylum seekers encounter and create an array of spaces within the city, this thesis considers how accounts of sovereignty, welcome, charity and generosity are actively performed, worked upon and fractured within daily practices of hospitality. Here national accounts of 'domopolitics' and 'secure borders' intermingle and conflict with emergent modes of ethical sensibility, as individuals respond to asylum seekers through a series of shared spaces of encounter and accomplishment. Of central importance throughout these chapters is the need to take seriously both the unique and fragile experiences of space which form part of asylum as a lived experience, and the inherently negotiated, tentative and contextual nature of these spaces of asylum, riven as they are by differing visions of asylum, ethics and politics. Five chapters seek to document and approach these spaces of asylum as sites of affective belonging, and each draws together a range of accounts from social and political theory in order to engage with Sheffield's diverse politics of asylum. In doing so these chapters fuse a series of research encounters, engagements and events with an account of politics, ethics iii and social theory which is emergent from the contextual negotiations of the present. A chapter on Sheffield's past illustrates how national accounts of asylum as a begrudging act of welcome infuse the negotiations of the city with asylum seekers in the present. This is then counterposed in the following chapter by an account of Sheffield as a 'City of Sanctuary', built upon a micropolitics of cultural change and a recognition of the city's relational responsibilities. Three chapters then focus on specific spaces within the city. The first of these examines the spatial negotiations of two weekly drop-in centres for asylum seekers, suggesting that these may act as sites of ethical improvisation and tacit learning. The second extends these ethical developments into the public spaces of Sheffield, arguing that a minimal politics of access and 'small achievements' arises from the particular fusion of encounter, material and memory thrown up by being among others in the city. The third of these chapters considers the varied spaces of accommodation for asylum seekers in Sheffield, arguing that these act as key constraints on an affective connection to the city and to others. These chapters develop an account of asylum as a lived, practiced and felt experience not simply occurring in Sheffield, but occurring through Sheffield. Through these chapters I then develop a possible 'politics of becoming' for asylum seekers, grounded in the opportunity for mutual and generous encounters with others, a reassertion of sanctuary as a public good and a recognition of the relational responsibilities asylum as a spatial connection throws up. iv Acknowledgements This research would not have been possible without the contributions of a number of people, to whom I am extremely grateful: This thesis owes everything to the people of Sheffield who participated in, contributed to, and engaged with, this research. I am grateful to all those asylum seekers, refugees and charity workers who so generously gave their time, opinions and experiences for this research. My supervisors Professor Ash Amin and Dr. Mike Crang have encouraged, guided and challenged me throughout my time in Durham. Their engagements with this research and their insightful comments on my work have been invaluable in creating this thesis. My research has benefited enormously from the vibrant and challenging intellectual environment of the Department of Geography, Durham University. My thanks to all those colleagues and friends who have helped me through this process, offered advice and made trips to the pub worthwhile. The staff and postgraduates at the Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, and the Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, were all central to the development of this research. The first through generously hosting my fieldwork in Sheffield and allowing me to engage with the research culture of the city, and the second through hosting me for a two month period during the writing of this thesis, the UBC climate undoubtedly aided in making this thesis a reality. In particular, I would like to thank Professor Daniel Hiebert and the staff of the Metropolis Centre for Immigration and Diversity Research at the University of British Columbia for so kindly offering me a place to work and a place to think in Vancouver. This research was funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (PTA-030-2005- 00955) and I would like to thank them both for this funding, and for additional funding to visit the Department of Geography, University of British Columbia. Finally, what is left of my sanity and sense of humour owes everything to those friends and family who have supported, encouraged and comforted me throughout the highs and lows of this research. I value every one of you. In particular I would like to thank the members, both past and present, of Durham University Badminton Squad for always offering me an outlet for my frustrations and a friendly face. I am indebted to Helen Wilson for her patience, care and concern over the last year of writing, and to my family. My parents, Michael and Ann Darling have never wavered in their support for me and for that I am eternally grateful. My brother-in-law, Paul Ford and dear friend Christopher Essex have always been a constant source of laughter and good music Finally, my sister and niece, Rebecca and Jessica Ford, have given me some of my happiest memories and never fail to bring a smile to my face, this thesis is dedicated to them. v CONTENTS Title Page i Declaration ii Abstract iii Acknowledgements v Contents vi List of Figures ix Introduction: The Contemporary Politics of Asylum 1 Asylum in the UK: An Anxiety Inducing 'Problem' 4 Accounting for Asylum: Representation and Repression 13 Spaces of Everyday Asylum 15 The City as a Refuge 18 Examining Sheffield as a Sanctuary 20 Approaching Sheffield 23 The Thesis 31 Spaces of Asylum: Strange Presences, Secure Borders 34 Strange Presences: Approaching the Stranger 35 The Stranger and the Nation 37 The Distant Stranger 39 (Re)Asserting the Nation: 'Our' Secure Borders 41 Filtering and Calculation 45 Spacing Asylum 48 The Camp 50 The Sanctuary 53 The Threshold and the City 55 Relational Connections 57 The Possibilities of Spacing Asylum 62 "Those in Real Need..." Constructing Sheffield's Hospitality 64 The Vietnamese
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