Making Good Society
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Commission of Inquiry into the Future of Civil Society in the UK and Ireland Making good society Final report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Future of Civil Society in the UK and Ireland www.futuresforcivilsociety.org Supported by About the Commission of Inquiry into the Future of Civil Society in the UK and Ireland The Commission of Inquiry into the Future of Civil Society was established to explore how civil society could be strengthened in the UK and Ireland. The Inquiry Commission was chaired by Geoff Mulgan and was also informed by an International Advisory Group. The objectives of the Inquiry were to: • explore the possible threats to and opportunities for civil society, looking out to 2025 • identify how policy and practice can be enhanced to help strengthen civil society • enhance the ability of civil society associations to shape the future. The Inquiry Commission’s work began with an extensive futures exercise to explore possible futures for civil society. Drawing on the findings of the futures work, which are documented in two reports, The Shape of Civil Society to Come and Scenarios for Civil Society, the Inquiry Commission agreed to explore the current and possible future roles of civil society associations in relation to the following themes: • Growing a more civil economy • A rapid and just transition to a low carbon economy • Democratising media ownership and content • Growing participatory and deliberative democracy This report documents the findings of the Inquiry’s work and of the Commission’s deliberations. For further information about the Inquiry and to download related reports go to www.futuresforcivilsociety.org or contact us on +44 (0)1383 721 445 or [email protected] Published on behalf of the Commission by the Carnegie UK Trust www.carnegieuktrust.org.uk March 2010 ISBN 978-0-900259-67-8 Design by Falconbury Front cover image: An army of thousands of one foot high people were planted in the formation of a giant saltire outside the Scottish Parliament calling for climate action – Edinburgh, April 2009: Image courtesy of Friends of the Earth Scotland Disclaimer: the Carnegie UK Trust normally does not take institutional positions on public policy issues; the views presented in this publication represent the findings of the Inquiry’s work or the views of the Inquiry Commission and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Trust (its officers, staff, trustees). While every attempt has been made to ensure the accuracy, reliability and timeliness of the information contained in this report, all such information is provided ‘as is’ and therefore the authors cannot guarantee the validity of any information that may have changed between writing and the time of publication. www.futuresforcivilsociety.org Foreword Foreword Take a few streets in a typical town in Donegal or the fall of the Berlin Wall; declining trust in politics and Denbighshire, Devon or Dumfriesshire and you don’t the rise of a culture in which people seek and expect need to look far to find civil society. Whether it’s visible expression and voice. on the streets or behind closed doors, every community The short-term push to strengthen civil society comes hosts an extraordinary array of civil society activity from the coincidence of three crises: the financial crisis including sports clubs, care for family members or local and its economic effects, which have sharply reduced residents, homework clubs and support networks. the status and confidence of market liberalism; the As individuals, many of us are active in local groups, ecological crisis, which has moved centre-stage as charities, in churches, mosques and temples or trade never before in the wake of the Copenhagen Summit unions. We play our part in campaigns to end poverty at the end of 2009; and a crisis of political confidence, or combat climate change. As consumers we support particularly in Britain, because of an accumulation of ethical products offered by co-operatives or social events, including most recently the scandal of MPs’ enterprises. expenses. Civil society is not governed by profit or power but Each crisis poses very different questions. But it by values and enthusiasms – a word that originally is now impossible to imagine plausible answers to meant the god within us. Some of us are inspired by these questions which do not involve a widened role frustration and anger, others by hope, and others still by for civil society associations – as the complement fun. Together, the many parts of civil society contribute to representative democracy; as the place where a enormously to our everyday quality of life. different kind of economy takes shape, or is being The good news is that right across the UK and Ireland rediscovered; and as the site for everyday solutions to the daily life of civil society activity is thriving – with the effects of rising carbon emissions. no signs of long-term decline and decay, or for that This makes now a remarkable time of opportunity. We matter any rise in selfishness and other ills, despite the need to set our sights far beyond the narrow arguments pressures of recession. Civil society is made up of a about contracts or fiscal treatment for the voluntary myriad of circles of freedom and circles of cooperation sector, and look instead at how civil society activity can that have proved to be remarkably resilient. shape our world, and how we can make the transition But it’s also clear that civil society is less than it could from an age of ‘me’ to an age of ‘we’. Civil society was be. For a century or more it has been pushed to the born out of the idea that we do best when we work margins by commerce and the state, which have with others, and when we understand our interests as claimed the lion’s share of resources and power. It has shared with others. That idea is more relevant than ever been paid lip-service, but generally neglected. And it in an intimately interconnected world. has lost ground in areas it was once strong, like finance Here the Inquiry Commission sets out an argument or childhood. for putting civil society at the centre. It’s not a Today we can see the convergence of both long and blueprint or a detailed roadmap – but describes the short-term trends which point to a major change in directions of change, the critical choices, and the the position of civil society associations. The long-term many things which could be done by governments, trends can be traced back to many sources – the rising foundations, corporations and civil society associations economic importance of charities and social enterprises themselves to make the most of the moment. While globally; the counterculture of the 1960s; the global the Commission fully endorses the broad direction of flowering of civil society activity in the wake of 1989 and travel outlined in this report, we do not pretend that 2 Making good society its contents represent a complete consensus. Given This is a great time of possibility for civil society to the many thorny issues addressed by the Inquiry, it will spread its values not just in fields such as care and come as no surprise that there were many divergent community, where it is already strong, but also in fields views among Commissioners, although throughout our where it is relatively weak, including the economy work we were repeatedly surprised at how convergent and the media, energy and politics. We believe that if many of the discussions were at the many Inquiry that happens, everyone stands to benefit. That is the events. There was a common appetite for change, ultimate promise of the hundreds of projects, ventures shared frustrations about the challenge of influencing and organisations mentioned in this report, which add systemic change, and a sense that the door is open for up to a radical vision of how our society could grow, not some radical breaks. just in material wealth but in social wealth too. This has been very much an inquiry of civil society, rather than for civil society: shaped by hundreds of participants who shared their ideas and their passions. The Inquiry Commission and the Carnegie UK Trust are very grateful to all of the many individuals and Geoff Mulgan, organisations who took part, and helped form the Commission Chair recommendations made here and the associated research. The Commission are also very appreciative of the dedication and hard work of the Inquiry staff team. Any omissions and errors are obviously our responsibility – but we hope that many will see the fruits of their contribution in what follows. Commission members Chair Anna Nicholl Please note that all Geoff Mulgan Maeve Sherlock Commissioners and members of the International Advisory Neil Sherlock Group contributed to the Inquiry Vice Chair Jane Steele in their personal capacity and George Reid not as representatives of any International Advisory Group organisation or institution with which they are affiliated. Members Halima Begum Richard Atkinson Thomas Carothers ✧ Commission member until Millie Banerjee Michael Edwards November 2007 (ex-officio)✧ John Gaventa ✦ Commission member until Kay Carberry Shannon Lawder August 2008 Rajeeb Dey ✛ Kumi Naidoo Sadly Ray Murphy James Doorley passed away in 2007 Gerry Salole Philomena de Lima Seamus McAleavey Inquiry staff team Charlie McConnell Lenka Setkova (ex-officio)✦ Erin van der Maas Joyce McMillan Soumountha Keophilavong Ray Murphy✛ Morven Masterton Contents 3 Contents Executive summary 5 Part 1: Civil society in 2010 14 What is civil society? 15 Why is civil society important?