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Love Thy Neighbour? the Impact of Political Religious Elite Discourse on Immigration Attitudes

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Love Thy Neighbour? the Impact of Political Religious Elite Discourse on Immigration Attitudes Paterson, Ian (2017) Love thy neighbour? The impact of political religious elite discourse on immigration attitudes. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8642/ Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten:Theses http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] 1 Love thy neighbour? The impact of political and religious elite discourse on immigration attitudes Ian Paterson, MA (Hons), MSc Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Social and Political Sciences College of Social Sciences University of Glasgow September 2017 2 Abstract Over the last three decades, and most recently during the Brexit debate, migration has increasingly been framed as a security issue in the UK and beyond. Amidst what has become a divisive and at times toxic debate on migration, the importance of developing a nuanced understanding of the security-migration nexus, particularly regarding the construction of immigration attitudes, is more pressing than ever. While research has determined a series of variables that impact on immigration attitudes, the influence of elite cues has been underexplored and restricted to political elites and political parties. Moreover, the analysis of the content of migration cues espoused by UK elites has been underdeveloped. Drawing on and extending the Copenhagen School’s securitization theory and applying a mixed-methods approach, the aim of this thesis is to contribute to our understanding of how immigration attitudes are shaped. Using discourse analysis, the central migration frames from the four largest UK-wide parties (Conservatives, Labour, Liberal Democrats and UKIP) are identified, between 2005-2015. The thesis then expands on this limited set of actors to include a previously neglected, but potentially highly influential group – religious elites – and conducts a discourse analysis of elite migration messaging for the two largest UK faiths (Anglicanism and Catholicism). Unsurprisingly political elite cues present migration in predominantly negative terms (securitizing frames). This is in contrast, however, to the predominantly positive migration cues (desecuritizing frames) from religious elites. Nevertheless analysing discursive constructions of migration alone cannot determine whether these elite cues are having any effect on public attitudes. Therefore, quantitative analyses using data from the European Social Survey are introduced to connect elite discourse to immigration attitudes – in securitization parlance, to ‘bring in the audience’. The findings from the statistical analyses broadly support the argument that elite cues can influence immigration attitudes, and therefore contribute to the de/construction of security issues. Overall this thesis enriches our understanding of the drivers of immigration attitudes, the discursive de/construction of migration as a security issue and the role of non-traditional elite actors in the de/construction of migration as a security issue. More broadly, the thesis also speaks to the strengths and limitations of securitization theory both theoretically and methodologically. 3 Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... 2 List of Tables ....................................................................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgment ................................................................................................................................ 8 Declaration ........................................................................................................................................ 10 List of Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 1: Introduction .................................................................................................................... 12 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 12 1.2 An Outward Looking Nation? Contextualising Contemporary UK Migration Politics ............. 14 1.3 Empirical, Methodological and Theoretical Gaps: Situating the Thesis in the Literature ...... 16 1.3.1 If Security Means Everything, it Means Nothing: Securitization Theory to the Rescue? 16 1.3.2 Widening the Analytical Net: UK Political and Religious Elites ........................................ 17 1.3.3 Love Thy Neighbour? ....................................................................................................... 19 1.3.4 Message Received? ‘Bringing the Audience Back In’ to Securitization Theory ............... 22 1.3.5 Research Questions.......................................................................................................... 23 1.4 Summary of Findings and Thesis Contributions ...................................................................... 24 1.5 Roadmap: Chapter Overview .................................................................................................. 26 Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................... 28 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 28 2.2 Situating Securitization: Security Studies and the Copenhagen School ................................. 29 2.3 Defining Securitization Theory ................................................................................................ 30 2.4 Extending Securitization Theory: Widening the Analytical Net .............................................. 32 2.4.1 No Room at the Inn: Previous Neglect of Religious Elite Actors ...................................... 33 2.4.2 ‘Is There Any Room in the Stable at Least?’ Insights from Framing Theory .................... 34 2.4.3 Love Thy Neighbour? ....................................................................................................... 37 2.4.4 Defining Religiosity ........................................................................................................... 38 2.5 Extending Securitization Theory: ‘Bringing the Audience Back In’ ......................................... 40 2.6 Bringing which Audience(s) Back In? ...................................................................................... 45 2.7 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 46 Chapter 3: Methodology and Analytical Framework ........................................................................ 48 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 48 3.2 The Case of the UK .................................................................................................................. 49 3.2.1 The Period of Analysis ...................................................................................................... 51 3.3 The ‘Obvious Method’ to Study Security: Outlining the Design of the Discourse Analysis .... 52 3.3.1 Source Selection ............................................................................................................... 52 3.3.2 Us vs. Them: Defining De/Securitizing Discourses ........................................................... 57 3.3.3 Analytical Framework: Structuring the Discourse Analysis ............................................. 60 4 3.3.4 Nuts and Bolts: The Analytical Process ............................................................................ 70 3.4 Copy That? Connecting Elite Discourse with the Audience .................................................... 70 3.4.1 The Data ........................................................................................................................... 71 3.4.2 The Independent and Dependent Variables .................................................................... 71 3.4.3 The Control Variables ....................................................................................................... 71 3.4.4 The Models....................................................................................................................... 75 3.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 76 Chapter 4: ‘We are by Nature a Tolerant Country’: Political Elite Discourse on Migration ............. 79 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 79 4.2 Identitarian Axis ...................................................................................................................... 81 4.2.1
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