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298 Introduction: the French Revolution and Gender Politics Notes Introduction: the French Revolution and gender politics – creating a World of difference 1. ‘Requête des dames à l’Assemblée Nationale [1789]’, in Les femmes dans la Révolution française, 2 vols (Paris: EDHIS, 1982), document 19. 2. Joan B. Landes, Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988), p. 204. For a pathbreaking article arguing that the chronology of women’s history frequently diverges from that of men, see Joan Kelly-Gadol, ‘Did Women have a Renaissance?’, in Renate Bridenthal and Claudia Koonz (eds), Becoming Visible: women in European history (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977). 3. The essential study of the functioning of Old Regime aristocratic society remains Norbert Elias, The Court Society, trans. Edmund Jephcott (Oxford: Blackwell, 1983). For a fascinating insight into aristocratic politics and women’s roles within them, see Thomas E. Kaiser, ‘Ambiguous Identities: Marie-Antoinette and the House of Lorraine from the Affair of the Minuet to Lambesc’s Charge’, in Dena Goodman (ed.), Marie- Antoinette: writings on the body of a queen (New York and London: Routledge, 2003). 4. Thomas E. Kaiser, ‘Madame de Pompadour and the Theatrics of Power’, French Historical Studies 19, 4(1996), 1035–6, 1039–41. 5. Lynn Hunt, ‘The Many Bodies of Marie Antoinette: political pornography and the problem of the feminine in the French Revolution’, in Lynn Hunt (ed.), Eroticism and the Body Politic (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991); Sarah Maza, ‘The Diamond Necklace Affair Revisited (1785–1786): the case of the missing queen’, in Hunt (ed.), Eroticism and the Body Politic; Joan B. Landes, Visualizing the Nation: gender, representation, and revolution in eighteenth-century France (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2001), p. 73. Cf. Montesquieu, Lettres Persanes [1721], Letter 107, quoted in Joan B. Landes, Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1988), pp. 33–4. 298 NOTES 299 6. Dorinda Outram, ‘Le langage mâle de la vertu: women and the discourse of the French Revolution’, in Peter Burke and Roy Porter (eds), The Social History of Language (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 125. 7. Lenard R. Berlanstein, Daughters of Eve: a cultural history of French theater women from the Old Regime to the fin de siècle (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001), Chapter 3. 8. Dena Goodman, ‘Enlightenment Salons: the convergence of female and philosophical ambitions’, Eighteenth-Century Studies 22 (1989). See also her book, The Republic of Letters: a cultural history of the French Enlightenment (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1994). 9. The essential work on the creation of a ‘public sphere’ remains Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: an inquiry into a category of bourgeois society, trans. Thomas Burger (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1989). 10. Goodman, ‘Enlightenment Salons: the convergence of female and phil- osophical ambitions’, p. 339. See also Dorinda Outram, The Enlightenment (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995). 11. For a good discussion of these debates, see Karen Offen, ‘Reclaiming the European Enlightenment for Feminism, or Prolegomena to Any Future History of Eighteenth-Century Europe’, in Tjitske Akkerman and Siep Stuurman (eds), Perspectives on Feminist Political Thought in European History: from the Middle Ages to the present (London and New York: Routledge, 1998), pp. 85–103; Karen M. Offen, European Feminisms, 1700–1950: a political history (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000), Chapter 2. 12. Robert A. Nye, ‘Forum: Biology, sexuality and morality in eighteenth- century France: introduction’, Eighteenth-Century Studies 35 (2002). 13. Thomas Walter Laqueur, Making Sex: body and gender from the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990), pp. 194–207. 14. Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988), Chapter 4. My emphasis. 15. Nye, ‘Forum: Biology, sexuality and morality in eighteenth-century France: introduction’. 16. Berlanstein, Daughters of Eve, p. 61; Offen, European Feminisms, Chapter 2. 17. Laqueur, Making Sex: body and gender from the Greeks to Freud, pp. 26–8. 18. ‘Louise d’Epinay’s Letter to Abbé Ferdinando Galiani’, in Lisa DiCaprio and Merry E. Wiesner (eds), Lives and Voices: sources in European women’s history (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2001), p. 247. 19. Candice E. Proctor, Women, Equality and the French Revolution (New York: Greenwood Press, 1990), p. 26. 20. See Elizabeth Colwill, ‘Pass as a Woman, Act Like a Man: Marie-Antoinette as tribade in the pornography of the French Revolution’, in Marie-Anto- inette: writings on the body of a queen, p. 142. 21. Carol Blum, Rousseau and the Republic of Virtue: the language of politics in the French Revolution (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986), pp. 47–8, 78. 22. Antoine de Baecque, The Body Politic: corporeal metaphor in revolutionary France, 1770–1800, trans. Charlotte Mandell (Stanford: Stanford 300 NOTES University Press, 1997); Chantal Thomas, ‘The Heroine of the Crime: Marie-Antoinette in pamphlets’, in Marie-Antoinette: writings on the body of a queen, pp. 99–116. 23. Landes, Visualizing the Nation, p. 76. 24. Quoted in Berlanstein, Daughters of Eve, p. 63. 25. Margaret Iversen, ‘Imagining the Republic: the sign and sexual politics in France’, in Peter Hulme and Ludmilla Jordanova (eds), The Enlight- enment and its Shadows (London and New York: Routledge, 1990), pp. 131–2. 26. Lynn Avery Hunt, The Family Romance of the French Revolution (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992). For a useful discussion of Hunt’s ideas, see the forum in French Historical Studies 19, 2 (1995), 261–98. 27. Landes, Women and the Public Sphere, pp. 7, 12. 28. Offen, European Feminisms, pp. 58–66. 29. Berlanstein, Daughters of Eve, Chapter 3. 30. Carla Hesse, The Other Enlightenment: how French women became modern (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), Chapter 2. 31. This interpretation is developed at length in Dominique Godineau, The Women of Paris and their French Revolution, trans. Katherine Streip (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998). 32. Hesse, The Other Enlightenment, p. 38. 33. Good general studies of the French Revolution include William Doyle, The Oxford History of the French Revolution (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2002); Alan Forrest, The French Revolution (Oxford and Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1995); Peter McPhee, The French Revolution, 1789–1799 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002). 34. Godineau, The Women of Paris and their French Revolution, p. 104. 35. Dominique Godineau, ‘Pratiques politiques féminines et masculines et lignes de partage sexuel au sein du mouvement populaire parisien pendant la révolution française (1793-an III)’, History of European Ideas 10 (1989), 297–9. 36. Godineau, ‘Pratiques politiques féminines’. 37. Godineau, The Women of Paris and their French Revolution, p. 108. 38. Anne Soprani, La révolution et les femmes de 1789 à 1796 (Paris: MA Editions, 1988), pp. 16–22. 39. Cited in Joan Wallach Scott, Only Paradoxes to Offer: French feminists and the rights of man (Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996), p. 35. 40. Godineau, The Women of Paris and their French Revolution, p. 135. 41. Godineau, ‘Pratiques politiques féminines’, p. 299. 42. Ibid., pp. 300–301; Olwen Hufton, ‘Women in Revolution’, French History and Politics 7 (1989), 70. 43. Hufton, ‘Women in Revolution’, p. 71. 44. Godineau, ‘Pratiques politiques féminines’, p. 297. 45. Soprani, La révolution et les femmes de 1789 à 1796, pp. 48–50, 67–8. 46. Ibid., p. 135. 47. Ibid., pp. 182–3. Soprani calls Roland the ‘great political woman of the Revolution’, p. 31. 48. P. McPhee, A Social History of France 1780–1880 (London and New York: Routledge, 1992), pp. 54–6, 60. NOTES 301 49. Hufton, ‘Women in Revolution’, pp. 76–7. 50. Ibid., pp. 74–80. 51. Soprani, La révolution et les femmes de 1789 à 1796, pp. 138–9. 52. Outram, ‘Le langage mâle de la vertu: women and the discourse of the French Revolution’, pp. 127–9. 53. Scott, Only Paradoxes to Offer, p. 19. 54. Soprani, La révolution et les femmes de 1789 à 1796, pp. 48–9, 68–9. 55. Quoted in ibid., p. 67. 56. Olympe de Gouges, Les droits de la femme, 14 September 1791, full French (and English) text available at http://www.mdx.ac.uk/www/study/ xolyf.htm#Declaration, accessed 15 December 2003. 57. Outram, ‘Le langage mâle de la vertu: women and the discourse of the French Revolution’, pp. 124–5. 58. Scott, Only Paradoxes to Offer, p. 3. 59. Charge of the Revolutionary Tribunal, 2 November 1793, quoted in Soprani, La révolution et les femmes de 1789 à 1796, p. 190. 60. Hunt, ‘The Many Bodies of Marie Antoinette’, pp. 108–30. 61. Chaumette, quoted in Soprani, La révolution et les femmes de 1789 à 1796, p. 197. 62. Outram, ‘Le langage mâle de la vertu: women and the discourse of the French Revolution’, p. 125. 63. Quoted in Soprani, La révolution et les femmes de 1789 à 1796, p. 197. 64. Quoted in ibid., pp. 198–9. 65. Landes, Visualizing the Nation, pp. 73–6, 82, 99–101. 66. Ibid., p. 133. 67. Quoted in Darline Gay Levy, Harriet Branson Applewhite, Mary Durham Johnson (eds), Women in Revolutionary Paris 1789–1795: selected documents translated with notes and commentary (Urbana, Chicago and London: University of Illinois Press, 1979), p. 220. 68. Quoted in Soprani, La révolution et les femmes de 1789 à 1796, p. 198. 69. Pateman, Sexual Contract, Chapters 4 and 5. 70. On Hercules as a symbol of virility in popular and elite representations, see Lynn Hunt, Politics, Culture and Class in the French Revolution (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), pp. 104–5. 71. Colwill, ‘Pass as a woman, Act like a man’, pp.
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