The Study of Development Degree Among the Cities of Sistan and Baluchistan Province

European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences 2013; www.european-science.com vol.2, No.2, pp.279-287 ISSN 1805-3602 The study of development degree among the cities of Sistan and Baluchistan province

Naser Dahani Department of Accounting, Iranshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iranshahr, Iran

Received for publication: 21 January 2013. Accepted for publication: 01 May 2013.

Abstract the issues that always has engaged the minds of re- searchers, economists, decision makers and pro- The first step in regional development planning gram planners at the regional level. Need for more is to identify the current status of the area in which attention to the less developed and undeveloped re- the identification is required for the analysis of var- gions for optimal use of the capabilities and the fa- ious sections including economic, social and cul- cilities of these regions requires the existence of tural ones. In order to allocate funds and resources scientific, accurate and reasonable knowledge of among different regions, identifying their position having and lacking dimensions in different regions. in the relevant section and rank them in terms of Further, recognizing and understanding the development potentials is necessary. There are dif- differences between different regions in order to ferent methods to rank economic, social and cultur- balance the level of regional development through al sections that necessarily do not lead to the same the provision of economic and social programs to answers. Among these methods, taxonomy analysis suit the characteristics of each region has high im- by combining the different indices of development, portance. Economic and industrial development determines the development degree of the regions. revolves around productivity; therefore, it may pro- The present study is ranking 10 cities of Sistan and voke disparities and lack of coordination between Balochestan province according to several indica- different national territory areas, especially in de- tors such as education, health, agriculture, indus- veloped countries. Indeed, in development pro- try and mining, culture, population, and housing in grams, the space as a determining variable is of- separate and combined form in terms of develop- ten forgotten and they want to develop as quickly as ment during the years 1996-2006 using 70 common possible to mobilize the national capital, assistance indices. In 1996, Zahedan was the most developed from abroad and become industrial and by reading city and Nikshahr was the least developed city while rewarding statistics they provide planning results. in 2006, Zahedan again was the most developed city But, economic balance and harmony between the in province and Sarbaz was the least developed city regions does not exist and even the regional dichot- due to its newly established. omy has intensified. Inequality in creating oppor- tunities and facilities for the development in differ- Keywords: development, regional development, ent areas has caused imbalance growth. taxonomic analysis, education, health. For resource allocation among different areas, the position of each section should be identified in Introduction the area on one hand and different sections in different areas should be identified and prioritized in The study of economic imbalances and dis- order to specify this position, on the other hand. parities between regions can be regarded as one of Therefore, in this paper, we will prioritize cities in

Corresponding author: Naser Dahani, Department of Accounting, Iranshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iranshahr, Iran. E-mail: [email protected].

279 Social science section

Sistan and Baluchistan province in terms of devel- istan province. The cities included in this province opment by using development criteria, taxonomy are Iranshahr, Chabahar, Khash, Delgan, Zabol, methods and factor analysis. Zaboli, Zahedan, Zahak, Saravan, Sarbaz, Sib and Sooran, Konarak, Nikshahr, Hirmand. Research background According to the history and culture of this area, Toosi-Hakim’s in Shahnameh expressed that In determining the level of areas’ development Sistan is the eleventh territory which Ahura Mazda and studying inequality between them, different re- has created. search has been done inside and outside of Iran. Re- Historians have attributed the Sistan building to garding international studies, we can refer to the Garshasb descendant of Kiomars. The Sistan land research done in India and Portugal. Inequality be- was flourishing at the time of the Achaemenids. tween India’s states was done by Nourbakhsh (2002, According to what was found by Inscription of Bi- as cited in Salimifar, 2003) as human development setoon and Persepolis, Sistan has mentioned as one and regional differences in India. Also, Batya-Ray of the Dariush eastern country. At that time, Sis- (2004, as cited in Ahangari & Dalvand, 2005) us- tan was one of the allies of Sasanian’s government ing 23 indicators including 12 agricultural indica- and then conquered by the Muslims. After Saffa- tors and 11 infrastructure indicators with numerical rids, Ghaznavids, Seljuk, Mongols, Timurids, Safa- taxonomy methods to determine the level of agri- vids and Afsharian and the rest had ruled the Sistan. cultural development of 380 blocks in 32 districts The oldest name is given to the land of Balo- of India. Joe - Maria (2001, as cited in Ahangari & chistan is Makamy. Also, in Dariush’s inscriptions Dalvand, 2005 ), based on factor analysis method, it was called Makya. But, the word of Balochistan ranked continental regions of Portugal during the added to the name of the area when the Baloch years 1991 - 1995 in terms of development. people were dwelling there, the area where the na- Some studies were done within the country in tives were living in it. terms of development level, ranking, and dispari- Balochistan is a land of history to 3000 BC. It ties between them such as Khezri’s (1997) Kurdis- is obvious that Cyrus has occupied Makran during tan province cities, Borzouei’s (1995) study in Ma- the Indian campaign. Ferdowsi has spoken of bal- zandaran province, Habibi and others’ (1999, as uch and migration battalion. During the caliphate cited in Salimifar, 2003) study in Qazvin province of the second Caliph, the land was occupied by the in both general and partial with methods of factor Arabs. Then, Saffarids, Daylamyan, Seljuks and analysis and numerical taxonomy. others have reigned over the land. During the reign Further, Bakhtiari (2001) has ranked all Iran’s of Muhammad Shah, Iranshahr area was captured provinces in terms of industrial development by us- and then gradually other areas of Balochistan were ing the above-mentioned method. Islami (1993) has under the control of central government. also studied the level of development and inequali- The province has about 1100 km common bor- ty between rural areas of the country. Ahangari and der with Afghanistan and Pakistan and around Dalvand (2005) specified the development level in a 300 kilometers maritime boundary on the north- general study during the years 1994 and 2003 in Lo- ern coast of the Oman Sea. It has a dry climate, the restan province, in which the cities of the province province is arid and low rainfall and mean annual were ranked in terms of development degree. precipitation is about 100 mm. This minimal rainfall suddenly falls and causes flood and destruction. Methodology The difference between the minimum and maximum temperature is over 40 °C. The mean maxi- Study area mum is 32 °C above zero and the mean minimum Sistan and Baluchistan province with an area of temperature is 14.7 °C. approximately 187,502 square kilometers has allo- cated 11.5% of the country’s total area. According Data analysis method to the latest divisions of the country, the province In order to analyze the data collected for the has 14 city, 36 urban centers, 40 districts, 102 rural purpose of this study, factor analysis was utilized. district and 8,167 villages with inhabitants. It is a general term for a number of different but re- Zahedan is the capital of Sistan and Baluch- lated mathematical and statistical techniques in or-

Openly accessible at http://www.european-science.com 280 Social science section der to investigate the nature of the relationships be- 1963 and in 1968 as a means for categorizing and tween variables in a given set. This method was first International development was used by Professor introduced by Pearson in 1901 and then it was de- Helving from economics college at UNESCO. In veloped by Hatling in 1922. this method, in order to determine the units or dif- Harman and Hatling in 1941 (as cited in Wil- ferent homogeneous topics in a three-dimensional liamson, 2000) developed circulation procedure in vector space and without using of regression, vari- order to create core components. It is most used to ance and correlation analysis will be able to divide determine the degree of relative development. Fac- one series into more or less homogeneous series. tor analysis is a technique in which the reduction Therefore, this method can be used as the criterion of many interrelated variables will be possible into for recognizing a range of regional, social and eco- a smaller number of hidden dimensions. The main nomic development. Numerical taxonomy changes objective is the economy principle observance and the variables into a standard form. Then, in order to saving by applying the smallest explanatory con- calculate the distance between all cities based on all cepts in order to explain the maximum amount of variables, the most similar city is specified in order common variance in correlation matrix. to the shortest distance. In the next stage, hetero- Therefore, when a group of variables are highly geneous cities will be specified and selected for fur- correlated and or variables in other groups may have ther analysis. low correlation, it can be assumed that each group Finally, ideal values are determined, homoge- of variables show a compound or one under study- neous city distances are calculated from ideals val- ing factor which shows the correlations in the ob- ues and then the degree and rank of the city are servation. specified. Numerical taxonomy methods have a Factor analysis steps can be summarized as fol- problem if the numbers of applied indicators used lows: to assess are high because calculating the matrixes • Specifying the number of hidden factors from associated with the taxonomic method are difficult. a large set of main variables Therefore, in order to solve the above-mentioned • Select a suitable method to collect data and as- problem, we should use factor analysis. By using fac- sess the main loads tor analysis, the suggested indices for measuring city • Circulating the main factor for obtaining the are limited to some factors. In addition, the factors loads are easier to interpret which are introduced by factor analysis are not corre- • Develop a proper interpretation of factors lated in contrast with indicators. Using the taxonomy • Gain factor scores method, the following steps should be taken: The most important part in the factor analysis to Step one: Index information matrix estimate model parameters is using the observations. We assume in a city, p indice of A1, A2,…, Ap

One of the most important methods of estima- by the size of the order X1,X2,...,Xp are measured, tion is the principal component method. In some which Xij is jth rank attribute indicator of city ith cases, after the estimation of parameters, fit inter- where i = 1,2, .., n and j = 1,2, ..., p . Therefore, we pretation of the factors is difficult or even not pos- assume information matrix as follows: sible. (1) Numerical taxonomy method Taxonomic analysis can be used to classify sci- Step two: Standard information matrix ence and numerical taxonomy. Numerical taxono- We can see that each column of matrix is the my is a general name and refers to all the methods size of the attribute. For example, a column includes that separate similar cases from dissimilar cases and number of agencies, investment rate, production presents them into separate groups. This method is volume and etc. These numbers, amounts, scales used to classify different topics such as regional, na- are different. Therefore, the size of each attribute tional, and cultural planning and also can be used can be changed to a standard value. If we consider to consider the economic dichotomy and study the column j values are X1j, X2j,… Xrj. If these numbers members of a series of similar or homogeneous cas- mean is equal µј and standard deviation is equal σј es from dissimilar or heterogeneous cases. Mean- these values can change to a standard value by the while, the rest of the series are classified. following relationship. By transforming column jth This method first suggested by Anderson in elements changes into znj,...z2j,z1j . If all elements of

Openly accessible at http://www.european-science.com 281 Social science section the first column, second, ..., and pth of information j is equal to the city j distance from the city i. There- matrix changed to a standard value, we would have fore, D = D' the following standard information matrix which is Step Four: The determination of the shortest distance called a standard matrix. Therefore any attribute in Homogeneous city can be determined from the each column has zero mean and standard deviation distance matrix D. For this purpose, the distance equals to one. of each section can be considered from other sec- Step three: Distance matrices and homogeneous city tions. If the average distance in the first row is D Distance calculation between the cities is based 1 and standard deviation of them is SD1 we have: on introduced indicators and is done in order to evaluate the cities homogeneity. These distances are obtained with respect to the values of information (6) matrix. For this purpose, if a and b are regarded as two cities, city a and city b have standard indices as follows: (7)

a : (za1,....zap ) (2) In this case, consider the distance of all cities that have more than two standard deviations and or b : (zb1,....zbp ) less than two standard deviations:

Suppose two points in R p space to be consider (8) as two cities a and b; that the distance between two cities is Dab: (9) (3)

- + D1K and D1K cities are not homogeneous and ther cities having less distance than two standard Zaj = the standard value of j th element for city a deviations compared to mean value are homoge- Zbj = the standard value of i th element for city b neous. This homogeneity can also be specified for Now we create a matrix in which the i th row is each city. the distance of the i th city in order from all the oth- Step Five: Optimum graph drawing er cities, which is called the composite distance ma- According to the previous step, all cities in row trix. In other words: d of matrix D which they have maximum similar- ity (minimum distance) will be linked together by D : (Di1,....Din ) (4) a vector. Vector direction has the same direction with the model city and the vector length is equal It is clear that Dii=0 and the second row is the distance of the second city from all other cities. This to the shortest distance between two cities. It is pos- matrix is called the distance matrix which shows sible that all cities are not linked together based on with D: shortest distance. In these cases, the second shortest direction will be considered and whole cities are linked together in a graph. Step Six: Ranking cities in terms of development If all cities are not placed in a homogeneous (5) group, heterogeneous city is removed in this case and re-form a new information matrix and also new standard matrix will be created. Suppose there are

m homogeneous city, p is an index of A1, A2…Ap the

sizes to order X1, X2,..Xp and Xij are measured. In- formation matrix for homogenized city is as follows:

D also is a symmetrical matrix because we (10) know, Dij=Dji due to the city i distance from the city

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Homogeneous information matrix will be a stan- First row shows the attribute of an ideal city. dard matrix again: Now, we find the distance of each city from the ideal city. Obviously, the shorter distance the closer to the (11) ideal city. Distance of the ith branch from the ideal Therefore, each column element in information branch is obtained from the following equation: matrix related to homogeneous city shows a stan- dardized attribute. If consider the greatest value (13) of this attribute and do it for all matrix columns, a row is obtained which any element in this row is the Here we assume that all indices are equally im- maximum attribute. We should keep in our mind portant. If we assume that important factor of any that if the index is negative (i.e., the amount of loss), indices is C , we have: invert it and thus a larger number shows less dam- i age. Therefore, SINH matrix is changed into a new (14) matrix with a new row. Therefore, we will have:

The cities are sorted in ascending order accord-

ing to Di0 or CDi0. In this case, we are able to di- (12) vide all cities into a number of groups. In taxonomy method, by using major variables, they are calculated first, then using the taxonomy method, these variables are considered and then the classification will be done.

Table 1. Indices used in the study.

Code Index Sector

a1 The student’s share of total

a2 Coverage of primary education

a3 Coverage of secondary education

a4 Coverage of high school education a Elementary school teaching staff to student’s ratio 5 Education and a Secondary school teaching staff to student’s ratio 6 training a7 High school teaching staff to student’s ratio

a8 The classroom to elementary student’s ratio

a9 The classroom to secondary student’s ratio

a10 The classroom to high school student’s ratio

a11 Kindergarten for every 1000 people

b12 Physician for every 1,000 people

b13 Dentist for every 10,000 people

b14 Hospital beds per 1,000 people

b15 Pharmacy for every 10,000 people

b16 Health and Laboratory for every 10,000 people treatment b17 Clinic for every 10,000 people

b18 Midwife and nurse for every 1,000 people

b19 Nurse and nurse assistance for every 1000 people

b20 Mortality percent under sixty-five years

b21 Mortality percent under five years

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b22 Percentage of households with piped water

b23 Percentage of households with sanitary bathroom

b24 Percentage of households with hygienic fuel

k25 Employed percent in agricultural section

k26 Literate employees in agricultural section

k27 Area under cultivation of Wheat and barley

k28 Percentage of area under cultivation of irrigated wheat

k29 Area under cultivation of industrial crops

k30 Fodder cultivation area

k31 Agriculture Cereal cultivation area

k32 Patch cultivation area

k33 Irrigated wheat proficiency per hectare

k34 Average carcass of a sheep and a lamb

k35 Average carcass of a goat and a kid

k36 Average carcass of a cow and a calf

k37 Vegetable cultivation area

s38 Percent of those employed in industry s The share of private sector employers in industry 39 Industry s40 Technical and professional students Share

g41 Percent of Population

g42 Relative density

g43 Percent of those employed for ten years and more g Reverse unemployment percent 44 Population g45 Percentage of immigrant population

g46 Reverse empty village percent

g47 The public sector employees percent

r48 Employees percent in water, electricity and gas

r49 Employees percent in transportation and communication

r50 Welfare facilities Percentage of households with electricity

r51 Percentage of households with telephone

r52 Percentage of villages with electricity

f53 Urbanization Percent

f54 Literacy Percent

f55 Culture Literacy Percent among women

f56 Percentage of service sector employees

f57 Library for every 10,000 people

m58 Percent of those employed in the construction sector

m59 Percent of the wholesaler and retailer sector

m60 Percent of financial services, insurance, legal and property employees

m61 Percentage of households with personal housing m Percentage of housing built in the last ten years 62 Housing m63 Sustainable housing percent

m64 Percent of owner households

m65 Family size

m66 Percent of active public phone (National and International)

m67 Percent of villages have telephones as compared with province

m68 Percent of active phones subscriber

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m69 Post office for every 10,000 people

m70 Mailbox for every 10,000 people

Ranking the cities of Sistan and Baluchistan private sector employers through credit and remov- province ing barriers on the way of agreements in principle in operation phase. The first phase in 1996 Several factors have been effective in other sec- Because of heterogeneity, Zahedan was the tors as it is clear in special vectors matrix. Geo- most developed city in 1996 and Nikshahr was the graphical conditions and lack of access to facilities most undeveloped city with 5.89 Euclidean distance that have been absent in other parts of the province and ranked seventh. The cities are in two separate can be regarded as the reasons behind this fact that groups based on table 2: the first group includes Za- three cities including Zahedan, due to centraliza- hedan, Khash, Zabol which are called under de- tion of political and official offices, Zabul because veloping cities; the second group consists of Sara- of old history and Khash due to its proximity to the van, Iranshahr, Chabahar and Nikshahr which they center of province are more developed than any have placed in the group of undeveloped cities. The other cities. most important way to develop the cities is improv- ing the quality of development indices in second group to reach the quality of development indices of first group. Table 2. Rank and distance of cities in Sistan and The heterogeneity of the cities in 1996 has been Baluchistan province in 1996. affected by the following indices which are the most City Euclidean dis- Rank Situation important factors: The low percentage of student tance to city population, the lower educational coverage in ele- Zahedan Heterogeneous 1 Under mentary, middle and high school, the low ratio of Zabol 3/53 2 develop teachers to students in three levels of education, low ment level education and educational facilities, low edu- Khash 4/34 3 cational level and low number of kindergartens and Saravan 5/09 4 nurseries, number of doctors, dentists, pharmacies, Iranshahr 5/12 5 Undeve labs, nurses and midwives, nurse assistance, center Chabahar 5/78 6 loped for physical therapy, radiology centers, increased Nikshahr 5/89 7 household with bathroom, and sanitary water pip- Development 4.80 ing and fuel. line In agricultural section, important factors in- clude an increase in under cultivation area of crops, an increase in literacy number of people through the development of education in villages, an increase in The second phase in 2006 agricultural sector professionals by attracting and Ranking in 2006 is the last period of the study. employing agricultural engineers and increase their The selected cities were ranked by using data from wages and increasing number of private sector em- the Census of Population and Housing from sta- ployers in this section, through credit and providing tistical Information Center of Statistics Center of a greater range of investment areas. Iran, using province statistical reports data in 2006 The industry sector is affected by the factors and letters of administration and statistical reports, such as an increase in the number of educated work- and using 70 indices by compositing of Taxonomy ers, especially professionals help to improve the method and factor analyses. performance in this sector, an increase in the num- By analyzing and creating main indices, the ber of students at vocational-technical institutes above 70 indices were changed to eight major com- through developing these centers, training, devel- ponents. Eight created major components with 100 oping technical schools and increasing the share of percent explanation of indices were known as a very

Openly accessible at http://www.european-science.com 285 Social science section good representative for them. Based on cities rank- years and all sectors under study; all cities in Sistan ing in the province, the city of Zahedan has the and Baluchistan province have been homogeneous. highest degree of development with Euclidean dis- Any change which is going to occur at the level tance of 4.84 from an ideal city and Sarbaz city is of province, it may affect other cities by this phe- the least developed city with Euclidean distance of nomenon. Any development at the provincial level 7.73 from an ideal city. will result in other cities with weakness and strength Based on division cities, Zahedan, Saravan, cases. There are different reasons to express that the Iranshahr, Zabul and Zahak are among developing homogeneity is one of the most important charac- cities and Konarak, Khash, Chabahar, Nickshahr teristics of development. One of them is the under- and Sarbaz are among the underdeveloped cities. development of the whole province; homogeneous Iranshahr is located in the industrial hub and cen- cities will pave the way for development programs trality of industries in the Baluchistan area so it has in the province. Another aspect of this research is reached the developed cities and from undeveloped the high importance of some development indices group in 1996 has risen to developed group in 2006. which are brilliant in the development process and always had a high importance such as agricultural, cultural, education, and industrial indices which always have had a great importance. Table 3. Rank and distance of cities in Sistan and The following indices have a role in develop- Baluchistan province in 2006. ment and they should be emphasized such as an increase in educational facilities and training at all City Euclidean dis- Rank Situation educational levels, in the number of people with tance to city higher education, employees with higher education, Zahedan 4/84 1 in the number of doctors, dentists, lab, clinic, phar- Saravan 5/57 2 macy, nurse, hospital bed, low rate mortality un- Iranshahr 5/60 3 Developing der 5 years and 65 years, in industrial workers in the number of private-industry employers, in academic Zabol 5/75 4 and technical jobs and in the number of profession- Zahak 5/90 5 als in industry sector, etc. the area under cultivation Konarak 6/27 6 of dry farming and irrigated wheat, in the number Khash 6/31 7 of private sector employers in the agricultural sec- Chabahar 7/15 8 Undeveloped tor, in the production of wheat per head, in the per- Nikshahr 7/44 9 centage of urbanization, in the number of libraries Sarbaz 7/73 10 in the cultural sector, reducing unemployment, an Average 6.25 increase in post offices and postal agencies, in the Reference: Researcher computation. number of telephone subscription, in the number of transportation employees, communications, power, water and gas and employees in the public sector.

Conclusion Recommendations

In this paper, we have presented different prob- According to the results, there are recommen- lems in Sistan and Baluchistan province from dif- dations to the authorities and decision makers ex- ferent angles and possible strategies to develop the ecutives to reduce and eliminate underdevelopment cities in province. Here are some suggestions for in the province and create relative balance in these the future development of the province. The Sistan areas that are presented here as follows: and Baluchistan as a unique body in national level A) One of the results of this paper is the great in- is able to be planned in economic – social and cul- crease inequality between the developed cities and tural sections. underdeveloped cities. Therefore, we need a region- Because under developing is an epidemic phe- al planning to reduce the disparities without caus- nomenon among all cities in the province, one of ing any damage to the relative advantages of each overall results of the research is the existence of ho- region. mogeneous phenomenon that it is seen in all the B) It seems that underdevelopment is associated

Openly accessible at http://www.european-science.com 286 Social science section with the distance from capital and the center of the Bakhtiari S.A., 2001. Comparative analysis of the province. More facilities and investments in these industrial development in Iran provinces. Teh- areas can be reached by roads construction and ran Institute of Business Studies. other communication facilities which caused an in- Gerald M., & Meier L., 1995. Issues in economic crease in the development, and expedite the devel- development (6th edition). Oxford University opment program in these areas. Press. C) Lack of skilled, educated, and professional Ghare Baghian M., 2009. Economics of develop- labors and lack of using professional labors in their ment and growth. The first and second vol- exact and professional position is one of the devel- umes. Nay Publishing. opment impasses in underdeveloped cities. Today, Hadder R., 2000. Development Geography, Rout- we see engineers or experts that there is no relation ledge. London between their education and their professional job. Ibrahimi Nur Ali A., 1996. The degree of develop- This problem is very common in the province of ment of rural areas in Lorestan province, Mas- Sistan and Baluchistan. Allocating more and bet- ter’s thesis, University of Allameh Tabatabai, ter financial resources and equipment to the more Iran. underdeveloped cities, setting up short-term cours- Iran Statistical Center, 2009. Housing Population es, emphasizing technical and professional train- Census in 2006, the overall results (Sistan and ings, assistance to make fruitful all hidden talents Baluchistan province). in these cities, will partly solve the problem of un- Islami S., 1993. The degree of development of rural derdevelopment and provides background for boast- areas, Master's thesis, Department of Econom- ing by native professional staff. ics, Shahid Beheshti University in Tehran. D) Increasing attraction for underdeveloped ar- Lashkari M., 2010. Development of economics and eas so that we can keep professional labors in these planning (1st edition), Payam Noor University, areas. The professional labors have an important Tehran. role in underdevelopment elimination in these ar- Mousavi Jahromi Y., 2010. Economic and planning eas. Further, some policies such as coefficient tax development (5th Edition), Payam Noor Uni- reduction, an increase in the employment earnings, versity, Tehran, Iran. other facilities like home, etc. can enhance the de- Oveisi M., 1997. Determining the degree of under- velopment of these areas. An increase in tax exemp- development cities in Sistan-Baluchistan prov- tion or tax discount in production sector such as ag- ince, Master’s thesis, Azad University Central riculture, industry as well as low-interest loans can Branch, Tehran, Department of Economics and create more opportunity for investment, and pro- accounting. duction in these cities and give them higher degrees Research Center of Parliament of Iran, 1994. Re- in development. port of the National Program Analysis and re- E) Ranking the cities, according to this article, gional planning Method, Qazvin, Iran. can be served as a powerful and scientific tool to Salimifar M., 2003. Development Economics. Mo- distribute funds among cities. Also, it can be used vahed Publication, Tehran, Iran. in decision makings. Administration offices such as Statistical Yearbook of Sistan and Baluchistan in the deputy planning governor, and agricultural ji- 1387, 2009. The governor-general planning had organization and other related organizations vice-presidency, Iran. can proceed to distribute the more balanced credit, Sultanzadeh A., 2007. Basic Database of province facilities and human power in these cities by apply- and subsidiaries (Iranshahr, Chabahar, Khash, ing indices used in this paper. Zabol, Zahedan, Zahak, Saravan, Sarbaz, Konarak and Nikshahr), Department of deputy References Planning governor of Sistan-Baluchistan province, 128. Ahangari A.M., & Dalvand M., 2005. Determining Todaro M., 1998. Third World Economic Develop- the degree of development in Lorestan province ment, translated by G. Farjadi (3rd eds), Budget and adaptive Comparison in two time period and Plan, Tehran. 1373 and 1382. Master’s thesis, Faculty of Social Williamson O.E., 2000. The new institutional eco- and Economy of Shahid Chamran University, nomics, (taking stock) looking ahead, Journal Ahwaz. of Economic Literature, 3 (xxxVIII).

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