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9. Cultural Resources 9. Cultural Resources City of Los Angeles Cornfield Arroyo Seco Specific Plan and Redevelopment Plan Draft Environmental Impact Report – SCH# 2007052094 Chapter 9 Cultural Resources 9 Cultural Resources This chapter discusses cultural resources found in the Project Area, including a description of the cultural setting, the historic context, and the ethnographic history of the general site vicinity. Cultural resources are generally defined as districts, sites, buildings, structures, objects, and landscapes significant in American history, prehistory, architecture, archaeology, engineering, and culture. Cultural resources may include existing and/or potential historic and prehistoric archaeological sites, historic buildings and structures, and American Indian traditional cultural properties. Cultural resources are protected by statutes and regulations at all levels of government including local, State, and federal. The information in this chapter is derived from a number of source documents, archival research, field investigation, and evaluation of source documents, including but not limited to the City of Los Angeles’ Los Angeles River Revitalization Master Plan and Los Angeles River Revitalization Master Plan Environmental Impact Report (EIR), City of Los Angeles Cultural Affairs Department’s Cultural Heritage Master Plan, the Cornfield State Park Advisory Committee Recommendations Report, the Los Angeles State Historic Park (State Historic Park) General Plan and EIR, the Central City North Community Plan, and the Northeast Community Plan. All works referenced are noted at the end of the chapter. 9.1 Existing Conditions This section discusses cultural resources in the Project Area for the Cornfield Arroyo Seco Specific Plan and Redevelopment Plan (Proposed Alternative), including a description of the cultural setting, the historic context, and the ethnographic history of the general site vicinity. 9.1.1 Archaeological Resources Archaeological resources include precontact, prehistoric or historic, and resources before the arrival of European peoples in the Los Angeles area. Prehistoric archaeological sites may include villages, campsites, lithic or artifact scatters, fishing sites, roasting pits/hearths, milling features, rock art (petroglyphs/pictographs, intaglios), rock features (circles, blinds), and burials. Historic archaeological sites consist of the physical remains (unoccupied ruins) of structures or built objects that result from the work of Euro Americans that are greater than 50 years old but postdate contact between Europeans and Native Americans. Historic archaeological sites may include town sites, homesteads, agricultural or ranching features, mining-related features, and refuse concentration. To date, there have not been any precontact or prehistoric archaeologically significant sites with artifacts discovered within the Project Area (California State Parks Department, 2005). 9.1.2 Ethnographic Resources Ethnographic resources include sites, areas, and materials important to indigenous peoples for religious, spiritual, or traditional uses. These can encompass the sacred character of physical locations (mountain peaks, springs, and burial sites) or particular native plants, animals, or minerals that are gathered for use in traditional ritual activities. Also included are villages, burials, rock art, rock features, and traditional hunting, gathering, or fishing sites. Ethnographic resources that meet the definition set forth in Executive Order (EO) 13007 can be considered a sacred site under federal law. Activities that might affect accessibility to or availability of materials used in traditional cultural practices are subject to EO 13007. In some cases, ethnographic resources may overlap prehistoric or historic archaeological resources, or they may be embedded within each other. Page 9-1 Arup North America Ltd September 2011 City of Los Angeles Cornfield Arroyo Seco Specific Plan and Redevelopment Plan Draft Environmental Impact Report – SCH# 2007052094 Chapter 9 Cultural Resources 9.1.3 Built Environment A number of historic resources as defined for purposes of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) exist on or near the Project Area. Architectural resources of the historic built environment can include anything from houses, retail stores, and offices to bridges and community structures. There are several agencies within the City of Los Angeles with policies designed to designate and protect historically significant sites and structures.1 The following are the current historic designations within the City of Los Angeles: California Point of Historical Interest California Historical Landmark Designation by the Community Redevelopment Agency of Los Angeles (CRA/LA) as being of cultural or historical significance within a designated redevelopment area Historic-Cultural Monument designation by the Cultural Heritage Commission of the City of Los Angles and approved by the City Council Inclusion by the City Council in an Historic Preservation Overlay Zone (HPOZ) Listed or eligible for listing on the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR) Listed or eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) 9.1.4 Cultural Resources Setting The following sections summarize the prehistoric, ethnographic, and historic setting of the site. 9.1.4.1 Prehistory and Ethnography Archaeological evidence indicates human occupation of the Los Angeles area from at least 10,000 years before the present (BP). Information on human occupation prior to 3,000 BCE is almost nonexistent in part because of the depositional environment and dramatic environmental change over time. Evidence suggests that Paleoindian populations (12,000 to 9,000 BP) throughout California and elsewhere were small with subsistence economies that emphasized big game, including now extinct megafauna, such as mammoth and mastodon. Although Paleoindian sites are rare in California, when found, they are often near areas containing pluvial lakes and marshes. During the Archaic Period (9,000 to 4,000 BP), California prehistoric cultures lost their emphasis on large game hunting and subsistence economies diversified somewhat. Archaic people may have begun to use ecological coastal zones more intensively as advances in technology enabled more efficient use of foods. Archaic sites, which are relatively rare in California, can contain large projectile points and milling stones, but a lack of high-density shell deposits indicates early inhabitants of the Project Area relied on hunting and food gathering. Population densities increased throughout the Pacific Period from roughly 4,000 to 150 BP. Consequently, California populations sought to produce more food from available land and to locate more dependable food supplies. The Pacific Period saw an increase in human occupation and specialization. Populations settled in larger villages, increasing social stratification and ceremonialism, while long-distance trading activity is also evident in the archaeological record. By 2,000 BP in Southern California, large coastal villages, commonly located near a stream, were established adjacent to resource-rich bayshore and marsh habitats, often evidenced 1 City of Los Angeles Departments with policies that designate and protect historically significant sites and structures include but are not limited to the following: Office of Historic Resources (Department of City Planning), Department of Cultural Affairs, and Recreation and Parks Department. Page 9-2 Arup North America Ltd September 2011 City of Los Angeles Cornfield Arroyo Seco Specific Plan and Redevelopment Plan Draft Environmental Impact Report – SCH# 2007052094 Chapter 9 Cultural Resources by stratified deposits of shellfish and other remains from repeated occupation. Beginning around 1,700 BP, there was an increasing complexity in artifact assemblages reflecting intensified hunting, gathering, and fishing adaptation. The introduction of the bow and arrow, harpoon, and the use of clam disk beads as currency for trade indicates that populations were larger and more densely settled. Around 200 to 500 AD, the Tongva (also known as Gabrielino-Tongva, in reference to the Mission San Gabriel Arcangel) settled into what is now the Los Angeles basin and constructed a network of canals that allowed for large settlements. Between 40 and 60 villages were established from San Bernardino to Santa Monica (Steen, 2001). The Tongva indigenous peoples were known to inhabit the Project Area. Their influence was far reaching and they held extensive areas of territory in Southern California, including much of the Los Angeles Basin and several of the Channel Islands. Academic studies have noted that the Tongva were known to inhabit Southern California as recently as 1,500 ago; other studies indicate they may have occupied the area for over 4,500 years. Archaeological and ethnographic evidence illustrates that the prehistoric Tongva peoples were prosperous, creative, and among California’s most populous indigenous groups. The Tongva had a complex social system in which hunting, trade, and technological advances were organized and highly regarded. They thrived from the abundance of natural resources and the mild climate and are thought to have moved their village locations from place to place over time. The Yang-na or Yabit village, for instance, is known to have existed near the current State Historic Park property within the Project Area, although it too may have been established at various locations
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