DOCSLIB.ORG

Global Warming and Antarctica Causes, Effects, and Policies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Global Warming and Antarctica Causes, Effects, and Policies udall center for studies in public policy environmental policy working papers no. 3 Global Warming and Antarctica Causes, Effects, and Policies Bernard P. Herber Global Warming and Antarctica Causes, Effects, and Policies Bernard P. Herber, Ph.D. † Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy The University of Arizona Environmental Policy Working Papers No. 3 March 2012 †Professor Emeritus, Depart- ment of Economics, University of Arizona, and Udall Center Fellow (1991-92) Support for Udall Center Publications is provided by the Morris K. Udall and Stewart L. Udall Foundation. www.udall.gov About the Author Bernard P. Herber is professor emeritus of economics at the University of Arizona. His research focus has been on public economics and international public finance. He was a Udall Center Fellow in 1991-1992. He is author of Protecting the Antarctic Commons: Problems of Economic Efficiency(Udall Center Publications, 2007; see, http://udallcenter.arizona.edu/ucpubs/herber_2007.pdf). Global Warming and Antarctica: Causes, Effects, and Policies By Bernard P. Herber Edited by Robert Merideth Published by the Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy at the University of Arizona Copyright © 2012 by the Arizona Board of Regents All rights reserved Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy The University of Arizona 803 E. First St. Tucson, AZ 85719 (520) 626-4393 http://udallcenter.arizona.edu/ucpubs Cover photo by Calee Allen, courtesy National Science Foundation Antarctic Program (see http://photolibrary.usap.gov). Cover artwork by Chrysantha Gakopoulos. Support for Udall Center Publications is provided by the Morris K. Udall and Stewart L. Udall Foundation. Table of Contents I. Global Warming and the Antarctic Commons 1 The unique role of Antarctica in the global warming scenario Antarctica as part of the global commons Negative externality effects on the Antarctic commons II. Global Warming Policy under International Treaty Constraints 7 “Global” commons resources, “sub-global” government sovereignty III. Searching for an Efficient Global Warming Policy 10 Global and sub-global levels of policy Global warming policy under the U.N. Climate Change Convention Global warming policy under the Antarctic Treaty System Enhancing the strategic role of Antarctic science The ultimate policy challenges: Leadership and distributional issues References 23 iii The Antarctic Region Source: http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/antarctica_map.htm, accessed February 22, 2012. iv G L O B A L W A R M I N G A N D A N T A R C T I C A | H E R B E R I Global Warming and the Antarctic Commons The unique role of Antarctica in the global warming scenario The Industrial Revolution, which began during the mid-1800s, spawned an ancillary phenomenon consisting of an enormous growth in the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the global atmosphere.1 During the latter part of the twentieth century and continuing into the present century, the global scientific community—as coordinated by the United Nations-sponsored Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)—has reached a definitive majority opinion that such an increase in GHGs causes global warming accompanied by significant changes in global climate patterns across various regions of the planet.2 In turn, computer simulations indicate that such disparate climate changes will exert devastating long-run economic and human welfare effects—some of which may already have begun. The perceived harmful effects of global warming, with widespread regional differences in the specific locations and features of such effects, include more intense heat waves, rising sea levels, increased drought, increased flooding, increased wildfires, disrupted agricultural production, and devastating effects on biological diversity. Among the “excessive” GHGs being introduced into the atmosphere, the most significant culprit is carbon dioxide (CO2), a gas released in the burning of the fossil fuels—coal, oil, and natural gas—for the production 1 The major greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, nitrous oxides, and chlorofluorocarbon dioxides. 2 The present paper is based upon the acceptance of this majority scientific opinion. However, acknowledgement is made of an outspoken minority opinion challenging the majority position. 1 G L O B A L W A R M I N G A N D A N T A R C T I C A | H E R B E R of energy. Coal is the dirtiest fossil fuel, natural gas is the cleanest, and oil is in-between, as measured by the amount of CO2 released per unit of 3 energy produced. The very presence of CO2 in the global atmosphere, of course, is not a problem when the atmosphere is in a balanced or equilibrium natural state. However, the enormous increase in atmospheric CO2, since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, has created a significant disequilibrium in the natural state of CO2 in the atmosphere that, in turn, is largely responsible for the present global warming and related regional climate change threats. Global CO2 emissions in 2009 amounted to just over 30,000 million tons of CO2 (see Table 1). Yet, CO2 emissions emanating from the continent of Antarctica amounted to less than one percent of aggregate global CO2 emissions—a sharp contrast to the magnitude of CO2 emissions that originated on the other six continents of the planet.4 Despite the extremely small input of CO2 from Antarctica, the negative externality effects of global warming caused by the excess CO2 emissions exert disproportionately larger repercussions on the natural resources and environment of Antarctica than on any of the other continents.5 The explanation for this unique and, as it turns out, strategic role of Antarctica in the global warming and climate change scenario is the fact that, unlike the other continents, the environment and natural resources of Antarctica are an integral natural component of the global commons, inclusive of the global atmosphere and oceans. 3 The carbon dioxide (CO2) content of coal per unit of energy produced (one million British Thermal Units) is .030 tons of CO2; oil is .024 tons of CO2; and natural gas .016 tons of CO2. 4 Among individual nations, the largest CO2 emitter in 2009 was China, with 7,706.8 million tons of CO2 emissions (25.5 percent of the world total), followed by the United States, with 5,424.5 million tons of CO2 emissions (17.9 percent of the world total). In turn, these two nations were followed by India, with 5.3 percent; Russia, with 5.2 percent; and Japan, with 3.7 percent of global CO2 emissions. 5 Negative externalities are “economic costs” that escape market pricing and, as a result, tend to be oversupplied and harmful to economic welfare. 2 G L O B A L W A R M I N G A N D A N T A R C T I C A | H E R B E R Table 1. World carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by region (2009) Carbon dioxide Percentage Region emissions of total (million metric tons) Africa 1,118.9 3.7 Antarctica ** 0.3 ** < 0.1 Asia & Oceania 13,238.3 43.7 Eurasia 2,338.3 7.7 Europe 4,307.3 14.1 Middle East 1,687.9 5.6 North America 6,410.6 21.2 South & Central America 1,211.9 4.0 World (Total) 30,313.2 100.0 ** Antarctica is included under South & Central America. Source: Energy Information Administration (2011). Thus, due to the intrinsic “global commons interface” between Antarctica and the global atmosphere and oceans, any damage to the natural resources and environment of Antarctica, caused by global warming, assimilates back, in return, to the other six continents by means of this commons linkage with the global atmosphere and oceans. In other words, as a result of its unique and important global commons characteristics, Antarctica assumes the role of a major player in the global warming game via the transmission of such negative externalities of global warming throughout the entire global community. Antarctica as part of the global commons Antarctica, a continent approximately twice the size of the continent of Australia, is 98 percent ice covered and contains more than 90 percent of the world’s ice and 70 percent of its freshwater (see map on page iv). The role of Antarctica, as part of the global commons, is demonstrated in a number of ways (Herber 2007, 26–29). The interaction of global natural processes reveals the critical importance of Antarctica and the adjacent 3 G L O B A L W A R M I N G A N D A N T A R C T I C A | H E R B E R Southern Ocean in determining planetary atmospheric and oceanic conditions that affect global climate. A leading British scientist observes that scientific investigation in Antarctica demonstrates “clearly and without ambiguity the integral role of Antarctica in the natural systems of planet Earth” and, further, notes that Antarctica acts as a major heat sink (i.e., by “soaking up” heat from the atmosphere) in driving the global climatic regime (Drewry 1988, 5–10). The Antarctic ice sheet exerts a major influence on global ocean levels. Moreover, the circumpolar current of the adjacent Southern Ocean, which is the largest ocean current in the world, drives the circulation of global oceans. The oceans, in turn, both influence the atmosphere and interact with it as the integral driving forces behind global weather and climate. In reference to the unique natural importance of Antarctica, as described above, a recent United Nations study describes the “critical role” played by Antarctica and the Southern Ocean in the global environmental system, which involves “major processes of interaction between the atmosphere, oceans, ice, and biota [that] affect the entire global system through feedbacks, biogeochemical cycles, circulation patterns, transport of energy and pollutants, and changes in ice mass balance” (United Nations 2005, 10).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Strategic Aspects of Implementing the International Agreement on Climate Change - A
    CONVENTIONS, TREATIES AND OTHER RESPONSES TO GLOBAL ISSUES – Vol. II - Strategic Aspects of Implementing the International Agreement on Climate Change - A. Endres, M. Finus, and B. Rundshagen STRATEGIC ASPECTS OF IMPLEMENTING THE INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT ON CLIMATE CHANGE A. Endres, M. Finus, and B. Rundshagen Department of Economics, University of Hagen, Germany Keywords: climate change, international agreement, environmental treaties Contents 1. Introduction 2. Game Theoretical Fundamentals of International Environmental Treaties 2.1 The Need for Cooperation: Global Rationality 2.1.1 The Free-Rider Incentive 2.1.2 Introduction 2.1.3 The Basic Framework 2.1.4 Individual Rationality 2.1.5 Credible Sanctions 2.1.6 Means of Sanctions 2.1.7 Transfers 2.1.8 Issue Linkage 2.1.9 Emissions 3. Socioeconomic Assessment of the Impact of Climate Change 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The BAU-Scenario and CO2-Equivalents 3.3 Abatement Costs: Top-down versus Bottom-up Approach 3.4 Environmental Damages 3.5 Abatement Costs and Environmental Damages: CBA 3.5.1 The DICE-Model 3.5.2 Other Results 3.6 The Carbon Budget Approach Acknowledgements Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketches UNESCO – EOLSS Summary The article providesSAMPLE criteria for the economic assessmentCHAPTERS of international environmental agreements (IEA) in general and with special regard to the Framework Convention on Climate Change including the Kyoto Protocol. In the first part, the essential elements of any IEA, necessary to induce countries to sign and to comply with its terms are specified. Due to the voluntary character of any international commitment and the lack of a central enforcement authority, a prerequisite for the participation of a country is its expectation of a welfare improvement.
    [Show full text]
  • “On the Shorter-Term Economic Motivation for Carbon Emissions Reductions”
    “On the shorter-term economic motivation for carbon emissions reductions” AUTHORS Roy Hegner Heiko Paeth ARTICLE INFO Roy Hegner and Heiko Paeth (2013). On the shorter-term economic motivation for carbon emissions reductions. Environmental Economics, 4(3) RELEASED ON Wednesday, 09 October 2013 JOURNAL "Environmental Economics" FOUNDER LLC “Consulting Publishing Company “Business Perspectives” NUMBER OF REFERENCES NUMBER OF FIGURES NUMBER OF TABLES 0 0 0 © The author(s) 2021. This publication is an open access article. businessperspectives.org Environmental Economics, Volume 4, Issue 3, 2013 Roy Hegner (Germany), Heiko Paeth (Germany) On the shorter-term economic motivation for carbon emissions reductions Abstract It is often suggested that there is not least an economic interest in climate change mitigation because the negative im- plications from and the adaptation to longer-term climate change will easily exceed the costs of preventive measures in terms of carbon emissions reduction. This paper revises whether this hypothesis also holds over shorter time horizons, in particular the current decade, and for individual states. For most considered states it is found that the minimum of the national cost functions is associated with a slight reduction of carbon emissions. However, this reduction amounts to less than 1% of the total emissions expected until 2020 under a business-as-usual scenario. Unilateral advances in emissions reductions at the national scale hardly affect the optimal strategies and costs of other states. Some states are still profiting from a moderate extent of shorter-term climate changes and will not be motivated towards carbon emissions reductions, while other states already experience climate-related economic damage.
    [Show full text]
  • THE GLOBAL WARMING GAME – SIMULATIONS of a CO2 REDUCTION AGREEMENT by Samuel Fankhauser and Snorre Kverndokk CSERGE Working P
    THE GLOBAL WARMING GAME – SIMULATIONS OF A CO 2 REDUCTION AGREEMENT by Samuel Fankhauser and Snorre Kverndokk CSERGE Working Paper GEC 92-10 THE GLOBAL WARMING GAME – SIMULATIONS OF A CO 2 REDUCTION AGREEMENT by Samuel Fankhauser* and Snorre Kverndokk** *Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment (CSERGE), London **Centre for Research in Economics and Business Administration, SNF, Oslo Acknowledgements The Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment (CSERGE) is a designated research centre of the UK Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC). We are indebted to R. Golombek, M. Hoel, A.J. James and D.W. Pearce for valuable comments and discussion, and to A.S. Manne and J. Oliveira-Martins (OECD) for providing us with data. Fankhauser also acknowledges the support of the Schweizerischer Nationalfonds für Forschung und Wissenschaft. The authors are solely responsible for remaining errors and any conclusions drawn. A more detailed version of the paper is available on request. ISSN 0967-8875 Abstract The paper analyses incentives for, and the benefits of a possible international cooperation to reduce CO 2 emissions. The negotiations are modelled as a (static) reciprocal-externality- game in CO 2 emissions between five world regions. CO 2 emissions affect the players in two ways: first, each country’s income depends (via energy inputs) on the amount of CO 2 emitted; on the other hand, emissions may cause future damage due to climate change. Without cooperation, each player maximises its net benefits in setting marginal income equal to its marginal damage costs (Nash equilibrium). Under full cooperation marginal income equals the sum of the marginal damages (social optimum).
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change and Game Theory
    Climate Change and Game Theory: a Mathematical Survey Peter John Wood Crawford School The Australian National University CCEP working paper 2.10, October 2010 Abstract This paper examines the problem of achieving global cooperation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Contributions to this problem are reviewed from noncooperative game theory, cooperative game theory, and implementation theory. We examine the solutions to games where players have a continuous choice about how much to pollute, and games where players make decisions about treaty participation. The implications of linking cooperation on climate change with cooperation on other issues, such as trade, is also examined. Cooperative and non-cooperative approaches to coalition formation are investigated in order to examine the behaviour of coalitions cooperating on climate change. One way to achieve cooperation is to design a game, known as a mechanism, whose equilibrium corresponds to an optimal outcome. This paper examines some mechanisms that are based on conditional commitments, and their policy implications. These mechanisms could make cooperation on climate change mitigation more likely. Centre for Climate Economics & Policy Crawford School of Economics and Government The Australian National University ccep.anu.edu.au The Centre for Climate Economics & Policy (ccep.anu.edu.au) is an organized research unit at the Crawford School of Economics and Government, The Australian National University. The working paper series is intended to facilitate academic and policy discussion, and the views expressed in working papers are those of the authors. Contact for the Centre: Dr Frank Jotzo, [email protected]. Citation for this report: Wood, P.J. (2010), Climate Change and Game Theory: a Mathematical Survey, CCEP working paper 2.10, Centre for Climate Economics & Policy, Crawford School of Economics and Government, The Australian National University, Canberra.
    [Show full text]
  • Self-Enforcing Strategies to Deter Free-Riding in the Climate Change Mitigation Game and Other Repeated Public Good Games
    Self-enforcing strategies to deter free-riding in the climate change mitigation game and other repeated public good games Jobst Heitzig1, Kai Lessmann, and Yong Zou Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, P.O. Box 60 12 03, 14412 Potsdam, Germany Edited by Elinor Ostrom, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, and approved July 25, 2011 (received for review April 27, 2011) As the Copenhagen Accord indicates, most of the international community agrees that global mean temperature should not be Alice allowed to rise more than two degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels to avoid unacceptable damages from climate change. The Berta scientific evidence distilled in the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and recent reports by the US National Academies shows that this can only be achieved Celia by vast reductions of greenhouse gas emissions. Still, international cooperation on greenhouse gas emissions reductions suffers from First harvest: Second harvest: Next spring: Berta falls short Liabilities are Liabilities are incentives to free-ride and to renegotiate agreements in case of redistributed restored noncompliance, and the same is true for other so-called “public Fig. 1. Illustration of linear compensation in a simple public good game. good games.” Using game theory, we show how one might over- Alice, Berta, and Celia farm their back yard for carrots. Each has her individual come these problems with a simple dynamic strategy of linear com- farming liability (thick separators), but harvests are divided equally. In the SCIENCES pensation when the parameters of the problem fulfill some general first year, Berta falls short by some amount (white area).
    [Show full text]
  • Global Warming: Sunny Side Up
    Trinity College Trinity College Digital Repository Trinity Publications (Newspapers, Yearbooks, The First-Year Papers (2010 - present) Catalogs, etc.) 2009 Global Warming: Sunny Side Up Blake Adams Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/fypapers Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Adams, Blake, "Global Warming: Sunny Side Up". The First-Year Papers (2010 - present) (2009). Trinity College Digital Repository, Hartford, CT. https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/fypapers/2 Global Warming: Sunny Side Up Blake Adams The most certain aspect about the Earth’s climate is that it perpetually changes. From massive global trends such as the different Milankovitch cycles to more tangible temperature movements over the past few hundred years, we see the Earth as either in a period of “warming” or “cooling”—never truly in homeostasis. So why all the debate about anthropogenic Global Warming? The answer, in my opinion, is the same reason why “Global Warming” is capitalized at all: the concept has largely shifted from a scientific reality to a product advertised and sold through hysterical media reports and “environmental” movements. It’s easy to quickly assume that humans are creating an environment through CO 2 output that teeters on apocalyptic doom, but when one looks at the actual data involved in these doomsday theories, one can see that human being CO 2 output is so incredibly minor compared to other geologic and cosmic mechanisms that affect and dictate climate on Earth (Spencer, 2008). The Earth’s climate has changed an incredible amount since the beginning of time, and even man himself was driven to expand and evolve due to these shifts in climate and terrain, with receding water levels initially spurring man out of Africa as glaciers grew and the climate cooled.
    [Show full text]
  • 13 International Cooperation: Agreements & Instruments
    International Cooperation: 13 Agreements & Instruments Coordinating Lead Authors: Robert Stavins (USA), Zou Ji (China) Lead Authors: Thomas Brewer (USA), Mariana Conte Grand (Argentina), Michel den Elzen (Netherlands), Michael Finus (Germany / UK), Joyeeta Gupta (Netherlands), Niklas Höhne (Germany), Myung-Kyoon Lee (Republic of Korea), Axel Michaelowa (Germany / Switzerland), Matthew Paterson (Canada), Kilaparti Ramakrishna (Republic of Korea / USA), Gang Wen (China), Jonathan Wiener (USA), Harald Winkler (South Africa) Contributing Authors: Daniel Bodansky (USA), Gabriel Chan (USA), Anita Engels (Germany), Adam Jaffe (USA / New Zealand), Michael Jakob (Germany), T. Jayaraman (India), Jorge Leiva (Chile), Kai Lessmann (Germany), Richard Newell (USA), Sheila Olmstead (USA), William Pizer (USA), Robert Stowe (USA), Marlene Vinluan (Philippines) Review Editors: Antonina Ivanova Boncheva (Mexico / Bulgaria), Jennifer Morgan (USA) Chapter Science Assistant: Gabriel Chan (USA) This chapter should be cited as: Stavins R., J. Zou, T. Brewer, M. Conte Grand, M. den Elzen, M. Finus, J. Gupta, N. Höhne, M.-K. Lee, A. Michaelowa, M. Pat- erson, K. Ramakrishna, G. Wen, J. Wiener, and H. Winkler, 2014: International Cooperation: Agreements and Instruments. In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Edenhofer, O., R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier,
    [Show full text]
  • Self-Enforcing Strategies to Deter Free-Riding in the Climate Change Mitigation Game and Other Repeated Public Good Games
    Self-enforcing strategies to deter free-riding in the climate change mitigation game and other repeated public good games Jobst Heitzig1, Kai Lessmann, and Yong Zou Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, P.O. Box 60 12 03, 14412 Potsdam, Germany Edited by Elinor Ostrom, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, and approved July 25, 2011 (received for review April 27, 2011) As the Copenhagen Accord indicates, most of the international community agrees that global mean temperature should not be Alice allowed to rise more than two degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels to avoid unacceptable damages from climate change. The Berta scientific evidence distilled in the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and recent reports by the US National Academies shows that this can only be achieved Celia by vast reductions of greenhouse gas emissions. Still, international cooperation on greenhouse gas emissions reductions suffers from First harvest: Second harvest: Next spring: Berta falls short Liabilities are Liabilities are incentives to free-ride and to renegotiate agreements in case of redistributed restored noncompliance, and the same is true for other so-called “public Fig. 1. Illustration of linear compensation in a simple public good game. good games.” Using game theory, we show how one might over- Alice, Berta, and Celia farm their back yard for carrots. Each has her individual come these problems with a simple dynamic strategy of linear com- farming liability (thick separators), but harvests are divided equally. In the SCIENCES pensation when the parameters of the problem fulfill some general first year, Berta falls short by some amount (white area).
    [Show full text]
  • Self-Enforcing Strategies to Deter Free-Riding in the Climate Change
    Self-enforcing strategies to deter free-riding in the climate change mitigation game and other repeated public good games Jobst Heitzig ∗, Kai Lessmann ∗ , and Yong Zou ∗ ∗Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, P.O. Box 60 12 03, 14412 Potsdam, Germany Final authors’ draft as accepted for publication in PNAS on July 25, 2011. Published version: DOI:10.1073/pnas.1106265108 As the Copenhagen Accord indicates, most of the international community agrees that global mean temperature should not be al- lowed to rise more than two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial Alice levels to avoid unacceptable damages from climate change. The scientific evidence distilled in the IPCC’s 4th Assessment Report and recent reports by the U.S. National Academies shows that this Berta can only be achieved by vast reductions of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Still, international cooperation on GHG emissions reductions suf- fers from incentives to free-ride and to renegotiate agreements in Celia case of non-compliance, and the same is true for other so-called ‘public good games.’ Using game theory, we show how one might First harvest: Second harvest: Next spring: overcome these problems with a simple dynamic strategy of Lin- Berta falls short Liabilities are Liabilities are ear Compensation (LinC) when the parameters of the problem redistributed restored fulfill some general conditions and players can be considered to be sufficiently rational. Fig. 1. Illustration of Linear Compensation in a simple public good game. Alice, The proposed strategy redistributes liabilities according to past Berta, and Celia farm their back-yard for carrots. Each has her individual farming compliance levels in a proportionate and timely way.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis Using Cooperative Game Theory
    JAN KERSTING Stability of cooperation in the international climate negotiations Fraktale Dooel-Boo Fraktale Dooel-Boo Stability of cooperation in the international climate negotiations AN ANALYSIS USING COOPERATIVE GAME THEORY CHRISTOPHER J JAN KERSTING Jan Kersting Stability of cooperation in the international climate negotiations An analysis using cooperative game theory Stability of cooperation in the international climate negotiations An analysis using cooperative game theory by Jan Kersting Dissertation, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie KIT-Fakultät für Wirtschaftswissenschaften Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 22. Juni 2017 Referenten: Prof. Dr. K.-M. Ehrhart, Prof. Dr. M. Uhrig-Homburg Impressum Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) KIT Scientific Publishing Straße am Forum 2 D-76131 Karlsruhe KIT Scientific Publishing is a registered trademark of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. Reprint using the book cover is not allowed. www.ksp.kit.edu This document – excluding the cover, pictures and graphs – is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en The cover page is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-ND 4.0): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.en Print on Demand 2017 – Gedruckt auf FSC-zertifiziertem Papier ISBN 978-3-7315-0700-0 DOI 10.5445/KSP/1000072088 Stability of cooperation in the international climate negotiations An analysis using cooperative game theory Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Wirtschaftswissenschaften (Dr. rer. pol.) von der Fakultät für Wirtschaftswissenschaften des Karlsruher Instituts für Technologie (KIT) genehmigte Dissertation von Jan Kersting, M.Sc.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae
    Curriculum Vitae Professor Michael FINUS Office Department of Economics Karl-Franzens University of Graz Universitätstrasse 15 8010 Graz AUSTRIA Tel: +43(0)316380-3450 E-Mail: [email protected] Michael Finus, page 2 Nationality: German Languages: English (fluent) and German (native tongue) Education Habilitation, Economics, University of Hagen, Germany, 2005 (venia legendi in Economics) Ph.D., Economics, University of Hagen, Germany, 2000 (summa cum laude, i.e. first honours) Advanced Studies Certificate in International Policy Research, Institute of World Economics, Kiel, Germany, 1993 Master, Agricultural Economics, (Diplom-Ing.-Agrarwissenschaften) University of Giessen, Germany, 1992 (first honours: 1.3) Appointments 2018-present Professor in Climate and Environmenal Economics, University of Graz, Austria; Deputy Head of Department and Chair of the Faculty Curriculum Commission PhD since Oct. 2019; Honorary Professor, University of Bath, UK 2012-2018 Chair in Environmental Economics, University of Bath, UK 2014-2017 Head of Department 2013-2014 Director of Research 2009-2011 Associate Professor in Economics of Climate Change, University of Exeter, UK 2007-2009 Senior Lecturer, University of Stirling, Scotland; Director of two new Master Programmes in “Environmental Finance” and in “Energy Management” 2005-2007: Associate Professor in Economics (“Privatdozent”), University of Hagen, Germany 2006: Visiting Fellow (6 months), National University of Singapore (on leave from University of Hagen) 2000-2005: Assistant Professor in
    [Show full text]
  • The Copenhagen Challenge: China, India, Brazil and South Africa at the Barricades コペンハーゲンへの挑戦−−中国・ブラジ ル・インド・南アフリカ共和国バリケードを張る
    Volume 8 | Issue 8 | Number 4 | Article ID 3309 | Feb 22, 2010 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus The Copenhagen Challenge: China, India, Brazil and South Africa at the Barricades コペンハーゲンへの挑戦−−中国・ブラジ ル・インド・南アフリカ共和国バリケードを張る Peter Lee, Eric Johnston The Copenhagen Challenge: China, climate effort. India, Brazil and South Africa at the In their joint communiqué, the four nations Barricades (Chinese translation promised to submit their emissions reductions available) goals—“voluntary mitigation actions” in the jargon—to the UN’s Framework Convention on Peter Lee with a post-mortem on Climate Change by January 31. The other Copenhagen’s COP15 by Eric Johnston substantive point covered was urging the On January 25, 2010, the West was handed the developed world to pony up the $10 billion it bill for continuing the Copenhagen climate had promised at Copenhagen in December change process: $10 billion for the developing 2009: world, due immediately. The invoice was delivered by Brazil, South The Ministers called for the early Africa, India, and China—the so-called “BASIC” flow of the pledged $10 bn in 2010 nations--after their meeting in New Delhi on with focus on the least developed January 25. countries, small island developing states and countries of Africa. (link) As the Indian media pointed out, this was a move by the BASIC countries to “claim the moral high ground”. In fact, the battle for the moral high ground—and political advantage—has been driving the international climate change negotiations since November of 2009. That was when the United States conceded that the U.S.
    [Show full text]