Stricto Sensu Arquitetura E Urbanismo

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Stricto Sensu Arquitetura E Urbanismo UNIVERSIDADE SÃO JUDAS TADEU Programa de Pós-Graduação – Stricto Sensu Arquitetura e Urbanismo NÚRIA MOLENA Grafite. Da transgressão à integração, 1950-2015. ORIENTADOR: Prof. Dr. Fernando Guillermo Vázquez Ramos São Paulo 2015 UNIVERSIDADE SÃO JUDAS TADEU Programa de Pós-Graduação – Stricto Sensu Arquitetura e Urbanismo NÚRIA MOLENA Grafite. Da transgressão à integração, 1950-2015. Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade São Judas Tadeu, para obtenção do título de mestra. ORIENTADOR: Prof. Dr. Fernando Guillermo Vázquez Ramos São Paulo 2015 UNIVERSIDADE SÃO JUDAS TADEU Curso de Pós-Graduação – Stricto Sensu Arquitetura e Urbanismo Núria Molena Grafite. Da transgressão à integração, 1950-2015. Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade São Judas Tadeu, para obtenção do título de mestra. Aprovada em dezembro de 2015 por: Prof. Dra. Paula de Vincenzo Fidelis Belfort Mattos ________________________ Prof. Dra. Lóris Graldi Rampazzo _____________________________________ Prof. Dr. Fernando Guillermo Vázquez Ramos__________________________ São Paulo 2015 DEDICATÓRIA Dedico esse trabalho ao meu filho Miguel. AGRADECIMENTOS A Universidade São Judas Tadeu, pela bolsa e oportunidade de realizar este curso. Às professoras mestras e amigas Mônica Cristina de Paula e Sandra Vita, pela amizade, orientação, apoio е confiança. À minha coordenadora Dra. Paula de Vincenzo Fidelis Belfort Mattos pela oportunidade е apoio na elaboração desta dissertação. Ao mеυ orientador, pelo emprenho dedicado à elaboração desta dissertação. Ao Maicon Andrade Machado pela cooperação com nosso filho. Agradeço ao Edgard Leite pela ajuda, estímulo e compreensão. Aos meus pais, pelo amor, incentivo е apoio incondicional. RESUMO MOLENA, Núria. Grafite. Da transgressão à integração, 1950-2015. Dissertação. Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu da Universidade São Judas Tadeu. Mestrado em Arquitetura e Urbanismo. São Paulo, 155 p, 2015. Orientador Prof. Dr. Fernando Guillermo Vázquez Ramos. Já é sabido que o homem se comunica através do espaço urbano, e utiliza a imagem como processo de manifestação de suas ideias e como um meio de eficaz comunicação de massa. A apropriação do espaço público para a realização de grafites acontece a partir de 1952 com os movimentos contraculturais de Nova Iorque, e de 1968, em Paris, como meio de protesto. Depois disso, o grafite ganhou reconhecimento pela sociedade e pelo poder público gerando interesse na indústria cultural em reproduzi- los como produto de arte. Palavras-chave: Street art, arte urbana, grafite, pichação, arte contemporânea. ABSTRACT Molena, Núria. Graffiti. From transgression to integration, from 1950 to 2015. Dissertation. Graduate course Stricto Sensu, the São Judas Tadeu University. Master of Architecture and Urbanism. São Paulo 155 p, 2015. Advisor Prof. Dr. Fernando Guillermo Vazquez Ramos. It is known that man communicates through the urban space and uses the image as his thoughts manifestation process and as an effective means of mass communication. The appropriation of public space to carry out graffiti happens from 1952 with the countercultural movements of New York, and in Paris at 1968 as kind of protest. From these events, graffiti gained recognition by the society and the public power. Generating interest in the cultural industry to play them as art product. Keywords: Street Art, Urban Art, Graffiti, Contemporary Art. LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1. Spray Art: Técnica de pintura em Spray em telas e superfícies lisas, artistas pintavam e vendiam seus trabalhos nos centros das cidades. ................................. 22 Figura 2. Stencil Art: Pulverização de desenhos em recortes previamente demarcados. ........................................................................................................... 22 Figura 3. Colagens de Stickers em objetos urbanos, Porto Alegre. ....................... 23 Figura 4. Momento em que o artista Xadalu cola Stickers em um viaduto de Porto Alegre, em 2010. ..................................................................................................... 23 Figura 5. Muro e objetos públicos com Lambe-lambes, São Paulo. ......................... 24 Figura 6. Lambe-lambes com objetivo comercial, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso. Erro! Indicador não definido.3 Figura 7. Desenho Free hand, de Ramon Martins. Fachada do Senac na Rua Scipião. São Paulo. ......................................................Erro! Indicador não definido. Figura 8. Spray Cam ou Estilo americano da década de 1940, Nova Iorque. ........... 26 Figura 9. Taki 183, o primeiro artista a assinar o nome no grafite, meados década de 1960 em Nova Iorque. .............................................................................................. 26 Figura 10. Técnica Sgraffiti em Praga, República Checa, século XVI. ..................... 27 Figura 11. Técnica Sgraffiti na Casa de Engadine, Suiça, século XVII. .................... 28 Figura 12. Grafite em vagão de trem em Nova Iorque, 1970. ................................... 29 Figura 13. Grafite Estilo americano em trem de Nova Iorque, 1970. Foto: Bernard Chatreau. ................................................................................................................. 29 Figura 14. Grafite no edifício 5 Pointz, Nova Iorque, 2013. ...................................... 30 Figura 15. Grafite em Bogotá, Colômbia, 2013. ....................................................... 31 Figura 16. Grafite de Paulo Ito, crítica social à Copa no Brasil, São Paulo, 2014. .... 32 Figura 17. Grafite de Banksy, Boston, EUA, 2013. ................................................... 32 Figura 18. Grafite de Muretz, São Paulo, 2015. ....................................................... 33 Figura 19. Grafite de Banksy em Los Angeles, EUA, 2010. ..................................... 34 Figura 20. Grafite apagado de Blu, JR e Reclaim, Berlim, 2007. Foto: Frank M. Rafik. ................................................................................................................................. 34 Figura 21. Grafite de Jef Aerosol, Boston, EUA, 2008. ............................................. 35 Figura 22. Mural de Jef Aerosol em Paris, França, 2011. ......................................... 35 Figura 23. Grafites no Muro Berlim, Alemanha, 1989. .............................................. 36 Figura 24. Grafites no Muro de Berlim, Alemanha, 2010. ......................................... 37 Figura 25. Pôster em Paris, Movimento Contracultural de 1968. .............................. 38 Figura 26. Keith Harring grafitando o metrô de Nova Iorque, década de 1970. ........ 38 Figura 27. Vagão de trem em Nova Iorque, década de 1970. Foto Henry Chalfant. 39 Figura 28. Grafites em objetos urbanos de Nova Iorque, década de 1970. .............. 40 Figura 29. Prédio conhecido como “Templo do Grafite” americano, 5 POINTZ. Construído em 1982 em Nova Iorque. ..................................................................... 41 Figura 30. Manifestação em 1968 e a aparição de faixas e grafites. ........................ 43 Figura 31. Primeiros grafites nos muros de Paris, 1968. .......................................... 43 Figura 32. Grafite derivado no Movimento Contracultural de Paris, 1968. ................ 44 Figura 33. Grafite derivado no Movimento Contracultural de Paris, 1968. ................ 44 Figura 34. Grafite de Basquiat, década de 1980. ..................................................... 46 Figura 35. Basquiat utilizava a palavra “SAMO” em alguns grafites, que significa “same old shit”, ou “a mesma merda de sempre” em português. ............................. 46 Figura 36. Monalisa de Basquiat, 1983. ................................................................... 47 Figura 37. Mural de Haring, próximo à Av. Sumaré em São Paulo. .......................... 48 Figura 38. Primeiro grande mural de Haring em Nova Iorque, 1982. ........................ 48 Figura 39. Mural de Haring na cidade de Pisa, Itália,1989. ...................................... 49 Figura 40. Mural de Haring em Berlim, Alemanha, 1986. ......................................... 49 Figura 41. Mural de Haring em Barcelona, Espanha, 1989. ..................................... 50 Figura 42. Grafite de Banksy, Palestina, 2005. ........................................................ 51 Figura 43. Grafite de Banksy, Faixa de Gaza, 2014. ................................................ 52 Figura 44. Grafite de Banksy, Mona Lisa com laçador de foguetes, Soho, Manhatan, Nova Iorque, 2001.................................................................................................... 52 Figura 45. Figura 45. Grafite de Banksy, Old Street, Londres, 2006. ....................... 53 Figura 46. Grafite de Banksy. Bomb Hugger, Brighton, Inglaterra, 2003. ................. 53 Figura 47. Grafite de Banksy. O que você está olhando? Londres, Inglaterra, 2004. ................................................................................................................................. 54 Figura 48. Grafite de Banksy. 18 minutos, Londres, Inglaterra, 2006. ...................... 54 Figura 49. Grafite de Bansky. Monkey. Londres, Inglaterra, 2006. ........................... 55 Figura 50. Pichação no Rio de Janeiro contra a ditadura militar. .............................. 57 Figura 51. Foto pichação voltada a publicidade. Cão Fila km 26, década de 1980. 58 Figura 52.
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