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Situ Gintung, Banten Province, Indonesia) E3S Web of Conferences 211, 03008 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021103008 The 1st JESSD Symposium 2020 Water quality status of an urban lake in the dry season from 2017 to 2020 (Situ Gintung, Banten Province, Indonesia) Sinta Ramadhania Putri Maresi1*, Tri Edhi Budhi Soesilo1, and Ami Aminah Meutia2 1School of Environmental Science, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia. 2Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, 46 Shimoadachi-cho, Yoshida Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan. Abstract. Urban lakes are experiencing various kinds of problems because of the anthropocentrism of environmental management. This also happens in Situ Gintung, Indonesia. This lake is polluted by many pollutants from urban activities, such as the entry of domestic waste into waters due to anthropogenic activities and the amount of leftover food not consumed by fisheries. These problems can be solved by observing the water quality of Situ Gintung to provide information about parameters that have exceeded environmental quality standards and provide general information about the water quality in the dry season from 2017 to 2020. The research is done using a purposive sampling method and determining water quality status with the STORET method based on the Indonesian standard with parameters less than ten. As a result, Situ Gintung water is neither classified as class I, II, III, and IV nor be utilized for consumption, recreation, fisheries, and irrigation because the quality status is mostly in the heavily polluted category. Furthermore, the three highest polluters from each class are BOD5, COD, and a total of Coliform. 1 Introduction One of the development activities in urban areas which interferes with the environmental quality occurs in urban lakes. Based on survey results in the megacity of Jakarta (including Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi), lakes have some functions as a source of irrigation water (44%), water reservoir (31%), flood control (10%), fisheries (8%), nature tourism (3%), and others (4%) [1]. Nevertheless, urban lakes currently experience various kinds of problems, including physical and ecological problems, which lead to a decrease in their water quality [2]. This problem is probably caused by environmental management that follows anthropocentrism, which sees the problem only from human interests so that other components of the ecosystem are neglected [3]. This undoubtedly contrasts with the concept of environmental science, which views every element in the environment must be diverse, sustainable, harmonious, mutually influencing, and contracting with one another. * Corresponding author: [email protected] © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). E3S Web of Conferences 211, 03008 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021103008 The 1st JESSD Symposium 2020 Problems in urban lakes also occur in Situ Gintung, South Tangerang City, Banten Province, such as the entry of domestic waste into waters due to anthropogenic activities [4]– [6] and the amount of leftover food from fisheries activities [4]. Originally, Situ Gintung is part of the Pesanggrahan River Basin in the Banten Province and DKI Jakarta, Indonesia. In this case, Situ Gintung belongs to the authority of Ciliwung and Cisadane Rivers Area Main Station (BBWSCC) [7]. Since 1970, Situ Gintung has changed its function to become a water catchment area and tourist destination. A swimming pool, an outbound place, and restaurants were built to support the tourism function [8]. This also has been supported by South Tangerang City Regulation Number 15/2011 concerning Spatial Planning for the South Tangerang City in 2011-2031, which explains that Situ Gintung is directed to developing natural tourism recreation. There are some houses, offices, educational institutions, restaurants, and recreation areas built in the upstream area of Situ Gintung. At the same time, Situ Gintung downstream has been transformed from a watershed area to a residential area and business place in the period 1980-2010 [9]. However, these added functions were not balanced with its lake management. Finally, on March 27, 2009, Situ Gintung collapsed on the dam, which became a water barrier with the width and the height around 30 m and 6 m, respectively. Millions of cubic meters of water flooded the settlements in the northern part of the area (Ministry of Public Works and Housing; Indonesian Architects Association, 2009) and caused more than a hundred fatalities and injured in this disaster [10]. In this case, the Situ Gintung function additions do not consider the balance factor between humans and the environment yet. Furthermore, this does not follow the principle of environmental management from Commoner in 1971, i.e., humans' substances do not interfere with any biogeochemical processes on earth [11]. The relationship is that the Situ Gintung management effort, including its developments, must be ensured not to disturb the environmental balance. To maintain the balance of the environment, especially in urban lakes, monitoring of periodic water quality, based on physical, chemical, or biological parameters, is required to provide the necessary data to protect the environment from various contaminants. These contaminants possibly come from anthropogenic activities [12][13], including household activities (bathing, cooking, and washing), littering into rivers, and disposing of wastewater from households [2], [12], [14]. Based on the background descriptions, observation of the urban lake's water quality is essential to provide information about parameters that have exceeded environmental quality standards and provide general information about the water quality status in the last four years in Situ Gintung. The observation will be held in the dry season to minimize the influence of rainfall in the water quality data. So, hopefully, the data will show the exact condition of Situ Gintung water. 2 Method 2.1 Research area This research applies a quantitative method and approach to obtain data in values from measured variables. Then, the research is finished by using a purposive sampling method. This study uses two kinds of data of Situ Gintung, namely primary data and secondary data. Primary data is obtained from direct water sampling in August 2020. Sampling is carried out in the dry season when the rainfall intensity is less than 50 mm [15]. Water samples are collected from three sampling points at a depth of 2 to 5 meters from the water surface at S1 (inlet 1) S: 06°18’39” E: 106°45’53”, S2 (inlet 2) S: 06°18’39” E: 106°45’38”, and S3 (outlet) 2 E3S Web of Conferences 211, 03008 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021103008 The 1st JESSD Symposium 2020 S: 06°18’05” E: 106°45’47” (the map of the research location is presented in Figure 1). Meanwhile, the secondary data are also taken when the rainfall is low, less than 50 mm [15] in 2017 (August), 2018 (August), and 2019 (July) through BBWSCC, Jakarta. Fig 1. Research Location Map (Source: The Geospatial Information Agency (BIG), Indonesia) 2.2 Water quality analysis The surface water sampling method is certified under the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) Number 6989.57-2008. The quality of water samples is measured through 7 parameters, which are chosen because of the readiness of the data from chemical (biological oxygen demand/BOD5, chemical oxygen demand/COD, dissolved oxygen/DO, a total of phosphorus/PO4, and ammonium as NH3-N), physical (temperature), and biological (a total of Coliform) condition. Table 1. Analysis methods of the observed parameters Quality Standards No. Parameters Units Methods Class Class Class Class I II III IV SNI 06-6989.23- Deviation Deviation 1. Temperature 0C 2005 3 5 SNI 6989.72- 2. BOD5 mg/L 2 3 6 12 2009 3 E3S Web of Conferences 211, 03008 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021103008 The 1st JESSD Symposium 2020 3. COD mg/L SNI 6989.2-2009 10 25 50 100 SNI 06-6989.14- 4. DO mg/L 6 4 3 0 2004 APHA Ed.22nd 5. PO4 mg/L 4500-P. B&E- 0.2 0.2 1 5 2012 SNI 06-6989.30- 6. NH3-N mg/L 0.5 0.5 0.02 0.02 2005 APHA Ed.22nd a Total of MPN/ 7. 9221 1,000 5,000 10,000 10,000 Coliform 100ml B-2012 The data measurements will be categorized based on classes or the rates of water quality, which are considered adequate for use in specific designations. These classes, as shown in Table 1, is from the Indonesian Government Regulation Number 82/2001 about Water Quality Management and Water Pollution. Then, the obtained data is analyzed, evaluated, and concluded with the support of relevant literature. In the next stage, the water quality results in all parameters are calculated through the STORET method in the standard of environmental quality based on The Ministry of Environment Regulation Republic of Indonesia Number 115/2003 [16]. This method's usage is based on its ability to integrate many parameters so that the water quality description will be more comprehensive without any limitation among the parameters. There are some steps to determine the water quality status using the STORET method [16]. Firstly, the periodic data of water quality are collected primarily (2020) or secondarily (2017, 2018, and 2019) and formed as time-series data. These measured data (shown in Table 4 and Table 5) from every parameter are compared to the quality standard under the water classes (described in Table 1). In this stage, the comparison is only focused on the maximum (max), minimum (min), and average (avg) results. If the compared data (max, min, and avg) fulfill the quality standards in each class, which means that these data are less than or equal to the standards, the score 0 is given as a STORET method result.
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