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Full Article Civil Engineering and Architecture 8(4): 515-524, 2020 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/cea.2020.080415 Analysis of the Influence of River Flow Engineering Upstream Areas on Sediment Transport in the Downstream Areas Alfisalam Ghifari Mustafa*, Siti Murniningsih, Dwita Sutjiningsih Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia Received February 25, 2020; Revised June 24, 2020; Accepted July 7, 2020 Copyright©2020 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Abstract Flooding is one of the common problems in (Soar & Thorne, 2001). Normalization of the river to Jakarta, and one of its causes is the overflow of the change river conditions with specific dimensions, usually Pesanggrahan River. To overcome it, the Jakarta Provincial by widening the river, creating concrete walls, and Government in 2013 normalized the river. However, straightening the river (Brookes, 1988). Channelisation is several studies show that normalization results in channel the term used to embrace all processes of river channel instability on sediment transport. The purpose of this engineering for flood control, drainage improvement, research is to analyze the effect of river normalization in maintenance of navigation, reduction of bank erosion, or upstream areas on sediment transport in the downstream relocation for highway construction (Brookes, 1988). regions of the section that is reviewed. The identification of Pesanggrahan River is one of the rivers that has been changes in river flow before and after Normalization was changed from its original form. Normalization is carried carried out based on data from the Central Office of River out by the government to deal with flooding, which often Region Ciliwung-Cisadane, Ministry of Public Works. happens in the area around the river. HEC-RAS is used to simulate sediment transport in the According to the Head of the Center for Information and river segment before and after Normalization. The results Public Relations Data of the National Disaster are used to determine cross-section changes due to Management Agency, the floods that occurred in sediment transport and to determine the water level of the settlements around the Pesanggrahan River happened as a river. From the water level, the hydraulic radius can be result of the water catchment areas that are not comparable calculated and then carried out sediment transport with the built-up areas in the watershed. As many as 70 % calculation using Ackers-White equation since the of the built area of the basin consists of 45 % of dense equation using grain distribution from range 0.02 – 4.94 settlements scattered in the downstream regions, from mm. From the calculation, it can be seen that sediment Kebayoran Lama, Kebon Jeruk, and Kedoya West Jakarta, transport at the upstream point increases 155.11 tons/year, while the green area is only about 7 %. Provincial at the middle point increases 89.64 tons/year, and at the Government of Jakarta and the Ministry of Public Works downstream point decreases 0.28 tons/year. implemented the Normalization of the Pesanggrahan River from the end of 2013 to 2014. Normalization in the Keywords Ackers–White, Flood, Normalization, Pesanggrahan River is 26.7 km in length with the type of Pesanggrahan River, Sediment Transport work done is widening and concreting the canal and making cut off to straighten the flow around the Cipulir area. By normalizing the river, it is expected that 50% of flooding can be overcome. 1. Introduction However, several studies show that river normalization has several disadvantages (White, Bettes, & Shiqiang, The geometric and planform shapes of rivers are 1986). Some researchers suggested that Normalization has determined by characteristics of two basic phenomena, disadvantages, one of which is channel instability in hydraulics of flow with its sediment transport (Mohammed, sediment transport (Fondriest Environmental, Inc, 2014). Alturfi, & Shlash, 2018). Sediment transport is one of the Instability occurs because of the disruption of the natural natural factors that form the morphology of the channel process of channel formation resulting in an imbalance 516 Analysis of the Influence of River Flow Engineering Upstream Areas on Sediment Transport in the Downstream Areas between sediment supply and its capacity (Brookes, 1988). From these equations, it can be known that the value of Sediment transport is the movement of organic and discharge data is close to 50% (Benson & Thomas, 2010). inorganic particles by the flow of water (The Federal Therefore, five results that are close to the magnitude of the Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group, 2001). opportunity have been selected. The equation is used for Since sediment transport is one of the natural factors that both daily discharge data in 2010 and 2016 so that the form the morphology of the channel that in the dominant discharge every month in both years can be Normalization of the river, it must be known the impact on found. Table 1 shows the dominant discharge of the sediment transport. Based on the problem, the present Pesanggrahan River in 2010 and 2016. study was conducted to analyze the impact of the Sediment data obtained from direct sampling at 3 points Normalization of the upstream river channel towards along the river segment reviewed, that is the upstream, downstream sediment transport, with the location of middle, and downstream section as seen from Figure 1. Pesanggrahan River in Jakarta being used as a case study. Two samples which have 2 kg weight, are taken from each point at the right and the left side of the riverbank. Sediment data obtained from the field are tested in the soil 2. Materials mechanics laboratory to obtain grain gradation from the sediment. In this study, the daily discharge that occurs for one year on the available data will be calculated as the dominant discharge. Dominant discharge or channel-forming discharge is defined as a theoretical discharge that forms the geometry of the river channel and can be used as a long-term natural hydrograph (US Army Corps of Engineer, 2000). Dominant discharge is a debit that can adjust the balance between the movement of sediment and water so as to produce the shape of the reservoir and riverbed bottom (Ward, D'Ambrosio, & Witter, 2008). Dominant discharge is the middle value of the discharge, which occurs annually (Blench, 1957). In calculating the dominant monthly discharge, Weibull's equation is used to find out the flow discharge that has an equal or exceeded 50% chance (Prins A. , 1969). 푚 푃 = 푥100% (1) 50 푛+1 Where: P = Opportunities to be equaled / exceeded (%) m = Rank n = Amount of Data Figure 1. Sediment sampling locations Table 1. Dominant discharge (m3/s) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Des 2010 83.9 104.8 94.4 78.9 81.1 85.5 82.8 84.4 99.4 90.3 86.4 85.2 2016 94.4 120.6 89.8 95.6 95 92.1 99.4 88.5 88.4 87.3 85.5 76.6 Civil Engineering and Architecture 8(4): 515-524, 2020 517 From Figure 2, it can be seen the gradation of the grain where the length of the river before Normalization was sediment samples for each test point that is upstream, 10,127 m and after Normalization became 9,029 m. It middle, and downstream. Gradation of the sediment is one happened because there was straightening and cut off work of the data used to carry out sediment transport simulations on several river sections. Figure 3 shows the differences using HEC - RAS (US Army Corps of Engineer, 2016). between the river before and after normalized. Figure 2. Gradation curves of sediment grains Based on Figure 2, the percentage of soil type from each Sample can be known for every distribution of soil type contained. By using the soil type classification table based on grain diameters, the percentage of clay, silt, sand, and gravel can be determined (Craig, 2004). Table 2. Soil type percentage based on grain diameter Upstream Middle Soil Diameter Downstream Sample Sample Type (mm) Sample (%) (%) (%) (a) (b) Clay D < 0.02 21.5 14.56 17.5 Figure 3. The differences between river flow (a) before Normalization Silt 0.02<D < 0.05 48.5 48.94 46.5 and (b) after Normalization Sand 0.5 < D < 2 30 36.5 36 It can be seen from Figure 3 that there are some sections Gravel D < 75 0 0 0 of the river which had been cut off. It causes changes in the length of the river and also affects the slope of the river. It can be seen from Table 2 that the type of clay and silt The slope of the river is increased along with the soil of the sediment tends to decrease while sand tends to shortening of the river (Prins I. A., 1970). Figure 4 shows increase. This is less in line with the existing theory that the the changes in the main channel distance where the length number of sediment particles with smaller diameter tends after Normalization is shorter and causes the river slope to to increase from upstream to downstream due to reduction becoming steeper. of the river flow velocity (The Federal Interagency Stream In addition to changing the river in a longitudinal Restoration Working Group, 2001). direction, Normalization also changes the shape of the Based on geometry data obtained from the Central cross-section of the river (Strahler, 1964). Those changes Office of River Region Ciliwung-Cisadane, the differences can be in the form of widening, deepening, and concreting between the rivers before normalized and after normalized around the cross-section (Worcester, 1948).
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