Lost in China?: Law, Culture and Identity in Post-1997 Hong Kong Carol A

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-09337-9 - Lost in China?: Law, Culture and Identity in Post-1997 Hong Kong Carol A. G. Jones Index More information

INDEX

anti-colonialism, in Hong Kong, 220 NPCSC interpretation of, 50–2, 183–6, anti-subversion laws, 43 198–9, 255 Apple Daily, 15, 84 ‘one country, two systems’ formula under, The Archaeology Bird, 225 52–3 Article 23, 173–82 patriotism under, 53–4 international reaction to, 179 in PRC, 12 law wars and, 165–72 Public Order Ordinance and, 148 mainlandisation policies under, 182 right of abode cases and, 151–2 marginalisation of, 178 ‘walls of law’ and, 48 1 July 2003 march against, 177–81 being Chinese. See minzu Article 158, in Basic Law, 197–200 Berger, P. L., 28 Asian Financial Crisis, 18–19, 210 Better Hong Kong Foundation, 72 CEPA after, 212–16 A Better Tomorrow, 226 Asian Television (ATV), 247–8 biliterate trilingualism, 220–1 Au Fook-hung, 89 Bill of Rights (BOR), 55–60 authoritarianism, in Hong Kong, 6–7 articles under, 56–8 Aw, Sally, 142–4 under Basic Law, 50–1 Sing Tao Publishing Group and, 142–3 civil liberties under, 58 in Hong Kong, 24 Bao Tong, 9 human rights under, 59–60 Bar Association, 4–6 ICCPR and, 56 Basic Law LEGCO and, 59 Article 23 of, 165–82 pro-democracy protests as influence on, 55 Article 158 of, 197–200 Public Order Ordinance and, 148 BOR under, 50–1 during transition period, 81 CE under, 53–4 as ‘wall of law,’ 59 CFA interpretation of, 199–200 Blair, Tony, 135 citizenship issues under, 162 Bo Xilai, 16–35, 103–4 civil freedoms under, 50 Bokhary, Kemal, 202–4 common law approach to, 199 BOR. See Bill of Rights constitutional interpretation of, 54, borders, state 197–205 defined, 32–3 freedom of press under, 86 for Hong Kong, 30, 32–40 freedom of speech under, 86 boundary-making practices, 32–40 HKSAR and, 52, 199–200, 205–8 classification of, 34 Hong Kong Bar Association and, 199–201 components of, 33 Hong Kong under, 9, 44–54, 77 security through, 33 ICCPR and, 50–1, 54 Brand Hong Kong Project, 213–15 interpretations of, 51–2 dragon symbolism for, 215 Joint Sino-British Declaration and, international launch of, 216 48–9, 56 in Singapore, 215–16 for Lee, M., 185 Bullet in the Head, 226 LEGCO and, 49, 52, 187 Ng Ka-ling v. Director of Immigration under, Cameron, David, 20 150, 153–7 Cantonese, use of, 220–2

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© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-09337-9 - Lost in China?: Law, Culture and Identity in Post-1997 Hong Kong Carol A. G. Jones Index More information

INDEX

capitalism, in Hong Kong, 11 Comaroff, Jean, 41 CE. See Chief Executive of Hong Kong Special Comaroff, John, 10–11, 41 Administrative Region common law approach, to Basic Law, 199 censorship, in Hong Kong, 85–6 Communist Party (CPP) Centre Stage, 241 China Daily and, 176 CEPA. See Closer Economic Partnership in Hong Kong, 91, 206 Agreement community, symbolic construction of, 40 CFA. See Court of Final Appeal constitutional law, Basic Law and, 54, Chan, Anson, 47, 143, 180, 219 197–205 Chan, Johannes, 107, 158, 204 Court of Final Appeal (CFA), 60 Chan Fong, 121 Basic Law interpreted by, 199–200 Chan Kin-ping, 131 Ng Ka-ling v. Director of Immigration and, Chan Koonchung, 228–9 157–8, 199 Chen Guangcheng, 16–35 Public Order Ordinance and, 147–8 Chen Zuo’er, 81 right of abode cases and, 160–1 Cheng, Albert, 87, 246 rule of law and, 155 Cheng Hui-ho, Philip, 98–9 CPP. See Communist Party Cheng Jie, 7 crime. See organised crime Cheung, Eric, 203 Criminal Law and Criminal Procedures Law, Cheung Hoi-sang, 123 46 Cheung Man-yee, 172 cross-border marriages, in Hong Kong, 96–7 Cheung Tze-keung (‘Big Spender’), 78, cultural identity 109–12 in Hong Kong, 93–106, 230–8 Chief Executive (CE) of Hong Kong Special in PRC, 230–8 Administrative Region, 3 culture, Chinese under Basic Law, 53–4 dominant metaphors in, 225 election process for, 184–5 in Hong Kong, 28, 217–18 NPCSC and, terms of ofﬁce under, 186–9 Tung Chee-hwa as, 214 DAB. See Democratic Alliance for the Chi-keung, Felix Wong, 108 Betterment of Hong Kong China. See People’s Republic of China Days of Being Wild, 241 China Daily, 176 debt hostages, 97–9, 101–2 China Law Blog, 101–2 democracy ‘China mentality,’ 210 in Hong Kong, 252–3 Chinese Manufacturers’ Association, 3 rule of law and, 258–60 ‘Chineseness,’ 240 Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Ching, Frank, 118 Hong Kong (DAB), 85 Ching Hau-ngoh, 153 Deng Xiaoping, 8, 74, 85, 91, 98 Chong Fung Yuen case, 200–1 Domingo, Daniel, 204 Chong Kwee-sung, 98–9 Douglas, Mary, 17 Chow, Rey, 93 dragon symbolism, 215 Chow Yat-ngok, 105 Duanmu Zheng, 46 Chu Yee-wah, 193 Chu Yiu-wai, 64, 250 Echoes of a Rainbow, 241 citizenship, in Hong Kong, 162 education systems civil society, laws and, 191–6 in Hong Kong, 230–8 judicial review in, 191–2 moral, 233–8 politicisation of, 192–3 national, 233–8 Clark, David, 174 patriotism through, 231–2 Clinton, Bill, 216 political bias in, 235–6 Closer Economic Partnership Agreement promotion of national identity in, 232–3 (CEPA), 212–16 Scholarcism and, 236–7 Cohen, Jerome, 107, 160 Election, 226 Cold War, Hong Kong during, 31 Emergency Regulations Ordinance, 175 colonialism, in Hong Kong English common law, Hong Kong under, 2 double-colonialism, 252 Erens, Brett, 241 ‘Golden Years’ of, 22–3 Eun Kit-kwai, 160

262

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EXCO. See Hong Kong Executive Council Hong Kong. See also Hongkongers; right of executions, of prisoners, 109–13 abode cases; rule of law, in Hong Kong; Cheung Tze-keung, 109–12 transition period, for Hong Kong Li Yuhui, 112 anti-colonialism in, 220 in Shenzen, 109 anti-subversion laws in, 43 during Asian Financial Crisis, 18–19, 210 Falun Gong cult, 106 as barrier to communism, 91 under ‘one country, two systems’ formula, under Basic Law, 9, 44–54, 77 216 biliterate trilingualism in, 220–1 The Fat Years (Chan Koonchung), 228–9 BOR in, 24 favours. See guanxi b/ordering practices in, 32–3, 32–3 flags, national Brand Hong Kong Project and, 213–15 colour symbolism for, 166 British borders of, 30, 32–40 design issues, 166–72 Cantonese use in, 220–2 in Hong Kong, legal cases for, 166 capitalism in, 11, 209–10 under National Flag Ordinance, 167 censorship in, 85–6 in PRC, 167 CEPA and, 212–16 regional flags compared to, 169–70 CFA and, 60 as reunification symbol, 170–1 Chinese authoritarianism in, 6–7 Fleischli, Steve, 101 Chinese investment in, 210–11 freedom of press, 83–8 citizenship issues in, 162 under Basic Law, 86 civil society activism in, 214–15 in Hong Kong, 245–9 during Cold War, 31 RTHK and, 136, 172, 245–7 constitutional crisis in, 43 under rule of law, 69–86 CPP in, 91, 206 freedom of speech cross-border contact with China, 17–20 under Basic Law, 86 cross-border marriages in, 96–7 in Hong Kong, post-transition period, 69, cultural identity in, 93–106, 230–8 171–2 cultural integration of, into PRC, 223–33 Friedman, Milton, 210 culture in, 28, 217–18 From the Queen to the Chief, 208 DAB in, 85 debt hostages and, 97–9, 101–2 Geping, Rao, 54 democracy in, 252–3, 258–60 Ghai, Yash, 52, 142, 156, 159 double-colonialism in, 252 Global Times, 54, 182 economic integration of, 12–13 globalism, in Hong Kong, 252–3 as economic megalopolis, 210–12 Great Britain. See also rule of law, in Hong education systems in, 230–8 Kong under English common law, 2 Hong Kong’s return to sovereignty under, explosion of civil society in, 55–6 20 fear of ‘China mentality’ in, 210 under Joint Sino-British Declaration and the freedom of press in, 245–9 Basic Law, 9 freedom of speech in, 69, 171–2 Gu Kailai, 103–4 Frontier political alliance in, 82 Guangzhou, China, 17–18 global capital and, 35 guanxi (favours), 144 globalism in, 252–3 guojia (legitimate governance), 217–18 ‘Golden Years’ of colonial rule in, 22–3 Habeas Corpus Acts, 82 history of autonomy in, 7 He Ain’t Heavy, He’s My Father, 241 HKSAR and, 1, 4 Heng’s Heartfelt Ties to His Homeland, 228 as hybrid culture, 218 Heritage Foundation, 163 illegal detainment and imprisonment in, heterophobia, 19 88–106 Heywood, Neil, 103–4 ‘integration anxiety’ throughout, 16–17 HKSAR. See Hong Kong Special under Joint Sino-British Declaration, 9, Administrative Region 44–8 Ho, Louise, 94 judicial review options in, 191–2, 194–5 Ho Hei-wah, 100, 132 language in, 220–2

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Hong Kong. (cont.) robbery of, on Chinese mainland, 89–90 Law Wars in, 150–64 as second-class citizens, 14 legal liberalism in, 2–3 Hongda, Harry Wu, 88 mainlandisation of, 10–17, 75–6, 182, Hu, Stern, 101 243–4 Hu Jintao, 105, 185–6, 234–5 moral education in, 233–8 Hui, Rafael, 145 National Flag Ordinance in, 167 human rights, under BOR, 59–60 national identity for, 232–5, 251 Hungry Ghost festival, 119–20 nationalism in, 26–7, 252–3 1966–1967 riots in, 22 ‘I Love China’ programme, 233–4 Occupy Central movement in, 3–5, 10, 252–3 ICAC. See Independent Commission Against under ‘one country, two systems’ formula, Corruption 30–1 ICCPR. See International Covenant on Civil 1 July 2003 march in, 177–81 and Political Rights organised crime in, 74–6 ICESC. See International Covenant on patriotism in, 27–30 Economic, Social and Cultural Rights PLA in, 66–7 Independent Commission Against Corruption political context for, after handover to (ICAC), 23–4 China, 3–6 function of, 73 post-materialist identity in, 37–8 during Hong Kong transition period, 72–3 Public Order Ordinance in, 146–9, 175 Individual Visitor Scheme, 18 public protests in, over Chinese handover, Internal Affairs,75 1, 7–10, 25–7, 178 International Covenant on Civil and Political as recreation of China, 3 Rights (ICCPR), 46 requests for British sovereignty, 20 Basic Law and, 50–1, 54 Rose Garden strategy for, 23 BOR and, 56 SARS epidemic in, 6, 18–19, 92 Joint Sino-British Declaration and, 46, 56 social cohesion in, 36 International Covenant on Economic, Social social movements in, 173–4 and Cultural Rights (ICESC), 46 Societies Ordinance in, 142, 175, 205 Ip, Regina, 131, 141, 176, 178–9 suffrage rights in, 2 Taiwan reuniﬁcation and, 3 Jayawickrama, Nihal, 251 tourism to, 18 Jiang Zemin, 84, 171, 214–15 Voice of Democracy in, 174 Joint Liaison Group (JLG), 60 ‘walls of law’ in, 30, 39, 41–3 Joint Sino-British Declaration Zhou Borong in, 66–7 Basic Law and, 48–9, 56 Hong Kong as a City State,20 critique of, 44, 47–8 Hong Kong Bar Association, 199–201 HKSAR and, 45 Hong Kong Book Fair, 228 Hong Kong under, 9, 44–8 Hong Kong Executive Council (EXCO), 179, ICCPR and, 46, 56 247 vagueness of, 47 Hong Kong Legislative Council (LEGCO), 3 jokwok (motherland), 217–18 Basic Law and, 49, 52, 187 judicial review, 191–2, 194–5 BOR and, 59 during Hong Kong transition period, 79–80 kinship myth, 229 Hong Kong Society for Community Kin-yee, Miriam Lau, 105 Organisation, 100 Kin-yun, Lee, 167–8 Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Kwan-yu, Tracy Chan, 69–70 (HKSAR), 1, 4 kwokga (nation), 217–18 Basic Law and, 52, 199–200, 205–8 Joint Sino-British Declaration and, 45 Lai, Jimmy, 246 mainlandising strategy, 206–7 Lam, Carrie, 202 NPC and, 48–9 The Last Train to Lo Wu (Row), 95 Hong Kong Standard, 142 Lau, Emily, 44, 70–1 Hongkongers, 12 Lau, Kevin, 248 anxiety over overpopulation, 154 Lau Siu-kai, 81, 174, 196 as capitalists, 11, 209–10 Law Society, 5

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Law Wars. See also right of abode cases Ma, Geoffrey, 203 Article 23 and, 165–82 Ma Ngok, 29, 141, 178 civil society and, 191–6 MacIntosh, Duncan, 31 in Hong Kong, 150–64, 231 mainlandisation, of Hong Kong, 10–17, 243–4 Ng Ka-ling v Director of Immigration and, 150, under Article 23, 182 153–8 components of, 12 NPCSC and, 183–90 crime and disorder as result of, 75–6 political implications of laws, 183–90 Mak Chai-kwong, 145 lawyers, under rule of law, 24 Mak Yin-ting, 246 Lee, Allen, 87, 246 Maks, Johnny, 110 Lee, Martin, 47, 55–6, 60, 71, 91, 177 Mao Zeodong, 230 on Basic Law, 185 marriages. See cross-border marriages, in on rule of law, 63 Hong Kong Lee, Stella, 112 McLaren, Robin, 83 Lee Rock, 241 Mella, Franco, 106 legal liberalism, in Hong Kong, 2–3 Mills, C. Wright, 10–11 LEGCO. See Hong Kong Legislative Council Min, An, 206 legitimate governance. See guojia Ming Pao Daily News, 48, 83–4, 157, 175, 204, Leung, Antony, 144 249 Leung, C. Y., 9 minzu (being Chinese), 217–18 Leung, Elsie, 111, 142, 176, 187, 200–1 mondo juralis,41–2. See also ‘walls of law,’ in Leung, P. K., 214 Hong Kong Leung Chun-ying, 12–13, 144–6, 249 for Patten, 42 Leung Kwok-hung and Others case, 147–8 rule of law and, 41–2 Leung Ping-kwan, 260 moral education, 233–8 Leung Po-shan, 195 motherland. See jokwok Leung Wing-sum, Peter, 99 Li, Andrew, 159, 169, 191, 203–4, 248 narrative of justice, under rule of law, 36 Li Changchun, 135 nation. See kwokga Li Ka-shing, 72, 110, 214 National Flag Ordinance, 167 Li Keqiang, 105, 228–9, 248 national flags. See flags, national Li Peng, 83–4 national identity, for Hong Kong, Li Shaomin, 107 232–5, 251 Li Tzar-kuoi, 110 National People’s Congress (NPC), 48–9 Li Wangyang, 16–35, 104–5 HKSAR and, 48–9 Li Yuefang, 122 National People’s Congress Standing Li Yuhui, 78, 112 Committee (NPCSC), 8 The Life and Times of Wu Zhong Xian, Basic Law and, interpretation of, 50–2, 225–6 183–6, 198–9, 255 Lin Qiang, 102–3 on CE tenure, 186–9 Link Real Estate Investment Trust (LinkReit), civil society’s reaction to, 189–90 192–3 democratic reform under, 189–90 Liu Xiaobo, 108 in Law Wars, 183–90 Lo Siu Lan, 192–3 nationalism Loh, Christine, 77–8, 86, 109 in Hong Kong, 26–7, 252–3 Lok Yuk-sing, 98–9 kinship myth of, 229 Lok-lam, Lee, 121–2 Neoh, Anthony, 179 Long Arm of the Law films, 110 Next,83–4 Lost in Transition: Hong Kong Culture Ng, Janet, 75 (Chu Yui-wai), 250 Ng, Margaret, 106–7, 143, 171–2, 175 Louie, Kam, 220 Ng Ka-ling v Director of Immigration Lowe, Jess, 138 under Basic Law, 150, 153–7 Lu Ping, 34, 84, 254 CFA and, 157–8, 199 Luckman, T., 28 Ng Kung-siu, 167–8 Lucky Guy, 227 Ngan Yau-lan, 124 Lukacs, George, 159 1966–1967 riots, in Hong Kong, 22 Luo Dayou, 94 nostalgia movement, 240–3

265

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NPC. See National People’s Congress patriotism in, 12, 28 NPCSC. See National People’s Congress PLA in, 4 Standing Committee political context for Hong Kong, after British handover, 3–6 Occupy Central movement, 3–5, 10, 252–3 public protests against, after Hong Kong Once Upon a Time in China, 241 handover, 1, 7–10, 25–7 ‘one country, two systems’ formula, 30–1 PWC and, 81–2 under Basic Law, 52–3 response to SARS epidemic, 6, 18–19, 92 Falun Gong and, 216 response to Yu Man Hon disappearance, 1 July 2003 march, 177–81 134–6 Opium Wars, 30 rule of law influenced by, 164 organised crime, in Hong Kong, 74–6 Pie-chun, James Tien, 179 in films, 75–6 Ping-kwong, Thomas Kwok, 145 Oriental Daily, 109 Ping-luen, Raymond Kwok, 145 Ping-shueng, Walter Kwok, 78, 110 Patriotic Democratic Movement, 55–6 PLA. See People’s Liberation Army patriotism Powell, Colin, 107–8 under Basic Law, 53–4 PRC. See People’s Republic of China defined, 27 Preliminary Working Committee (PWC), 81–2 through education systems, 231–2 PTU,76 in Hong Kong, 27–30 Public Order Ordinance of Hong Kong triads, 74–5 amendments to, 205 for PRC, 28 Basic Law and, 148 Patten, Chris, 9, 25, 163, 248 BOR and, 148 electoral reforms under, 63 CFA and, 147–8 mondo juralis and, 42 in Hong Kong, 146–9, 175 on rule of law, 61–4 Leung Kwok-hung and Others under, 147–8 Peng, Ding, 98 notification system of, 149 Peng, James, 88, 98 public protests, 141–2 People’s Daily,54 BOR influenced by, 55 People’s Liberation Army (PLA), 4 in Hong Kong, 1, 7–10, 25–7, 178 in Hong Kong, 66–7 under Public Order Ordinance, 146–9 during Hong Kong transition period, 77 rule of law and, 1–2, 25–7 People’s Republic of China (PRC). See also PWC. See Preliminary Working Committee Basic Law; Shenzen, China; transition period, for Hong Kong Qian Qichen, 177, 239 authoritarianism over Hong Kong, 6–7 Basic Law in, 12 Radio Television Hong Kong (RTHK), 136, Criminal Law and Criminal Procedures Law 172, 245–7 in, 46 Rao Geping, 182 cross-border contact with Hong Kong, 17–20 right of abode cases cultural identity in, 230–8 approval rating of PRC, 163–4 cultural integration of Hong Kong into, Basic Law and, 151–2 223–33 CFA and, 160–1 education systems in, 230–8 citizenship issues with, 162 Habeas Corpus Acts in, 82 instability as result of, 162–3 ‘I Love China’ programme, 233–4 social instability as result of, 162–3 Individual Visitor Scheme, 18 Rose Garden strategy, 23 investment in Hong Kong, 210–11 Rouge, 241 under Joint Sino-British Declaration and the Row, Jess, 95 Basic Law, 9 RTHK. See Radio Television Hong Kong as law-less, 39 rule of law, in Hong Kong, 20–5, 254–8 mainlandisation strategy of, 10–17 advantages of, 63–4 national flag in, 167 Aw case under, 142–4 NPC in, 48–9 Bar Association defence of, 4–6 ‘one country, two systems’ formula and, 30–1 CFA and, 155 Patriotic Democratic Movement in, 55–6 Chinese government intervention in, 164

266

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democracy and, 258–60 Tam, Maria, 158 disappearance of Yu Man-hon and, 132–4 Tang, Henry, 144–5 freedom of press under, 69–86 Tao Ho, 166 historical development of, 21 Teng-Hui, Lee, 84–5, 172, 176 ICAC and, 23–4 Ti Liang, 81 ideology of, 61–6 To, James, 67, 132–3 infractions of, 144–6 To be Number One, 241 as integrative mechanism, 35–6 Tong, Timothy, 145 lawyers in, 24 tourism for Lee, M., 63 to Hong Kong, 18 mondo juralis and, 41–2 Individual Visitor Scheme for, 18 narrative of justice under, 36 to Shenzen, 92 Patten on, 61–4 The Tragic Hero, 226 public defence of, 29–30 The Train to Lo Wu (Lowe), 138 public protests under, 1–2, 25–7 transition period, for Hong Kong, 68–92. as scaffolding, 42 See also Yu Man-hon, disappearance of SCMP and, 157–8 under Basic Law, 77 social cohesion through, 36 BOR and, 81 during transition to PRC, 76–9 censorship during, 85–6 universalising norms of, 23 consultive government during, 80 cross-border marriages during, 96–7 SARS epidemic, in Hong Kong, 6, 18–19, 92 cultural identity during, 93–106, 230–8 Sau-lan, Cyd Ho, 118–19 DAB during, 85 Scholarcism, 236–7 debt hostages during, 97–9, 101–2 SCMP. See South China Morning Post executions during, 109–13 Secretary Leung, 228 Falun Gong cult during, 106, 216 security, through boundary-making practices, fortress mentality during, 68 33 freedom of press during, 83–8 Shazuicun, China, 96 freedom of speech during, 69, 171–2 Shenzen, China, 17–18, 95–6, 97. See also Yu ICAC during, 72–3 Man-hon, disappearance of illegal detainment and imprisonment during, prisoner executions in, 109 88–106 Special Economic Zone in, 211 incursions from mainland PRC, 76–9 tourism in, 92 LEGCO during, 79–80 Shung, Lee, 123 opposition to Chinese government during, Sin Wai Man, 64 106–8 Sing Tao Publishing Group, 142–3 organised crime during, 74–6 Siu-mei, Lee, 247 PLA during, public fears of, 77 Si-yan, Rafael Hui, 145 political corruption in, 72–3 social cohesion, through rule of law, 36 PWC during, 81–2 The Social Construction of Reality (Berger and rule of law during, 76–9 Luckman), 28 shadow Chinese legislature during, 79–83 Societies Ordinance, 142, 175 triads during, 74–5 amendments to, 205 triads, in Hong Kong, 74–5 South China Morning Post (SCMP), 46–7, Tsang, Donald, 12, 144, 186–7, 214–15 100 Tsoi Wa-kau, 121 on rule of law, 157–8 Tung Chee-hwa, 1, 106–7, 144, 154–5, 176 splittism, 177 as CE, 214 state borders. See borders, state public commentary on, 159 suffrage rights, in Hong Kong, 2 Yu Man-hon disappearance and, 128–32 Summer Snow, 241 Two or Three Events...of No Signiﬁcance,85–6 Sworn Brothers, 226 Tzar-kuoi, Victor Li, 78 Sze-yuen Chung, 81–2 Under the Lion Rock, 240 Ta Kung Pao,85 Tai Chi-kwan, 127 Vallejos, Evangeline Banao, 204 Taiwan, 3 Voice of Democracy, 174, 245

267

INDEX

Wah, Szeto, 55–6 Yang Liwei, 181 Wai-yuen, Kenneth Lam, 69–70 Yeung Kwok-hung, 247–8 The Wall Street Journal,90 Yok-sing, Jasper Tsang, 182 ‘walls of law’ Young and Dangerous Part V, 227 Basic Law and, 48 Yu Man-hon, disappearance of, 114–40, 208 BOR as, 59 border checkpoint crossing for, 115–19 in Hong Kong, 30, 39, 41–3 border crossing reform after, 122–3 Wan, Cynthia, 99 Chinese government response to, 134–6 Wang Jianye, 91–2 discrimination against, 118–19 Wang Lijun, 103–4 ghost symbolism as part of, 136–40 Wang Zhenmin, 182 during Hungry Ghost festival, 119–20 Who Am I?, 227 media response to, 122, 134–5 Wicked City,68 popular rumors about, 114–15 Wikileaks, 163 in PRC, 124–7 Wong, John, 99 under rule of law, 132–4 Wong, Ricky, 247 socio-political context for, 127–30 Wong Kin, 105 as symbol of mainland disorderliness, Wong Yan-leung, 145 139–40 Wong Yuet-yuen, 123 treatment by immigration ofﬁcials, 115–18 Wong Yuk-man, 87 under Tung administration, 128–32 Woo, John, 226 Yu Wai-ling, 133, 135 Wu, Alan, 101 Yuen, Rimsky, 145, 203–4 Wu Bagguo, 7 Yuk-man Wong, 246 Wu Wai Sin, 102–3 Wu Wai-yung, 156 Ze-liun, Joseph Zen, 185 Zhang Xiaoming, 250–1 Xi Jinping, 3–4 Zhao Ziyang, 9 Xi Yang, 84, 175 Zheng Qinghong, 180–1 Xinhua, 158 Zheng Shaodong, 135 Xu Simin, 245 zhengfu (apparatus of government), 217–18 Zhou Beifang, 90 Yang, Ti Liang, 70 Zhou Borong, 66–7 Yang Kuang, 108 Zhu Rongji, 135

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