MEMBERSHIP Number 33 October 2005 The annual subscription for individual membership of ISRS for a family membership. Those received after 1st May will cost US$32, is currently US$80, provided renewal payments are made by 1st March US$100 and US$110 respectively. New members can join at the base each year. Individual and Family Members receive the journal Coral rate of US$25, US$80 and US$90 at any time of the year. Financial Reefs, the magazine Reef Encounter and other periodic mailings. Family assistance may be available to prospective members with legitimate membership is US$90. Student membership costs US$25 and benefi ts needs. Please contact ISRS Corresponding Secretary Richard Aronson include all of the above except the journal Coral Reefs. at [email protected]. The Category - Sustaining Member- is for those supporting the Institutional subscriptions to Coral Reefs must be placed society with a subscription of $200. In addition to other benefi ts, sustaining directly with Springer-Verlag. members will see their names printed in each issue of Reef Encounter. Subscriptions to the Society should be addressed to: Renewals received between 1 March and 30 April will cost International Society for Reef Studies, P.O. Box 1897, Lawrence, Kansas US$30 for a student member, US$90 for a full member and US$100 66044-8897, USA. NOTES FOR CONTRIBUTORS REEF Reef Encounter is the International Society for Reef Stud- the relevant issue. Please consider joining the Society if you are not ies’ magazine-style newsletter. In addition to our main feature articles, already a member! we include news on all aspects of reef science, including meetings, We acknowledge contributions by email. If you do not receive expeditions, book reviews, and information on student opportunities. an acknowledgement within one week of submitting electronic material, ENCOUN TER We encourage discussion and debate on issues concerning reefs or please contact us to verify that it was received. We reserve the right to the ISRS, and we welcome letters to the Editor for our correspondence edit text to achieve a consistent style, and to minimize our changes column (Upwellings). We aim to complement the Society’s journal, Coral you should use recent issues as style guides. We do not usually return Mag a zine of the In ter nation al So ci ety for Reef Stud ies Reefs, by publishing brief reviews of recent trends and developments articles for checking unless we consider our editorial changes may have that bear on reef studies. Please note that Reef Encounter does not altered your meaning. Articles are not refereed, and opinions expressed publish original scientifi c data. We do, however, have a section reporting and errors of fact remain largely the author’s responsibility. No published on recent publications (Reef Briefs). To have a paper included, please item should be taken as ISRS opinion unless indicated. Please note that send a copy (reprint or corrected proofs only) to the Editor. Articles Reef Encounter is an entirely voluntary effort. We do not have funds to should range between 200 and 2000 words. Except in exceptional cir- pay contributors, and the editors are also unpaid. cumstances, text should be sent by email to [email protected]. We welcome contributions regardless of when they arrive. Reef Encounter has an informal and journalistic style, and Submissions for issue 34 are due by 1 October 2005. If you are plan- while references are permitted, they should be kept to a minimum. Please ning a substantial contribution, it will help the Editor plan ahead by number references in the text using superscript, and list them at the end contacting him well in advance of the deadline. Thank you for your of the article in the order in which they are cited, fi rst through the text, and support. then through the table and fi gure legends. Each reference should have a unique number, and references should not be combined. Avoid the use of op.cit. or ibid, and use World List abbreviations. In all other aspects, DEADLINE FOR COPY FOR REEF ENCOUNTER 34 references should follow the style prescribed for Coral Reefs. (DUE OUT EARLY 2006) IS 1 OCTOBER 2005 We particularly welcome artwork and photographs to help us illustrate the magazine. Images can be sent as hard copy to the Please send correspondence and submissions to one of these Editor. Electronic images should have a resolution of 350 dpi and must addresses: be a size appropriate for the magazine format. In particular, we can- not enlarge small electronic images and retain publishable quality. We Editor, William F. Precht, PBS&J, 2001 NW 107th Avenue, Mi- prefer tiff format fi les. Where images are included in the article, please ami, FL 33172. Email: [email protected] send legends and/or captions separately (not in the image fi le). Explain all symbols, abbreviations, shading patterns, etc. Maps should have a Associate Editor, Martha L. Robbart, PBS&J, 2001 NW 107th scale and indicate orientation. Please use either metric units or imperial Avenue, Miami, FL 33172. Email: [email protected] with metric units. Please send with your article a short ‘by-line’ explain- ing who you are. Include your full address and email details which will Associate Editor, Beth Zimmer, PBS&J, 2001 NW 107th Av- be published with your article. We have no regular reprint system, but enue, Miami, FL 33172. Email: [email protected] contributors who are not already members will receive a free copy of

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36 Reef Encoun ter 33, October 2005 ISSN 0255-2787 Implications for the Tourism Industry A Thompson Reef Encounter No. 33, October 2005 The Coral Reefs of the Islands Pulau Talang Talang Magazine of the International Society for Reef Studies Besar and Kecil at the Westernmost Coastline of Sarawak State, Borneo M Arvedlund Editor William F Precht Overfi shed Coral Reefs in American Samoa: No Quick Associate Editors Martha L Robbart and Beth Zimmer Fix P Craig [email protected] Coral Reef Ed-Ventures: An Environmental Education Program for School Children in San Pedro, Belize A Curran, S Etheredge CONTENTS President Nicholas Polunin, Marine Science & Technology, Newcastle University, Marine Conservation Expedition on Yadua Island, Fiji 3 Editorial WF Precht, B Zimmer, ML Robbart NE1 7RU, UK Tel +44 (0)191 222 6675 Fax+44 (0)191 222 7891 Email – Protect the Coral Reefs School Project 2001 R Finlay ISRS News [email protected] Bad Newspaper Reporting Identifi ed as a Major Cause From the President N Polunin Vice President of Coral Reef Decline S Miller Strengthening the ISRS T McClanahan, N Polunin Richard Aronson, Dauphin Island Sea Lab., P.O. Box 369 370 Dauphin 31 Reef Briefs Island, AL 36528, USA Tel +1 334 861 7567 Fax +1 334 861 7540 Email 2004 ISRS Election Results 31 Book Review [email protected] 10th Annual International Coral Reef Symposium Shorefi shes of the Tropical Eastern Pacifi c (CD-ROM) Corresponding Secretary Declaration on Conservation and Restoration of by D.R. Robertson and G.R. Allen. 2002 PM Chittaro, Peter Mumby, Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, School of Biological Sci- P Usseglio Endangered Coral Reefs of the World ences, Hatherly Laboratory, Prince of Wales Road, University of Exeter, th Meeting Reports 11 International Coral Reef Symposium Exeter, Devon, EX4 4PS, UK Tel + 44 (0)1392 263798 Fax + 44 (0)1392 33 Announcement 263700 Email [email protected] Outline of my Okinawa Experience E Muller Best Paper Awards in Coral Reefs Recording Secretary 34 Diary Coral Reef Restoration Workshop on Scientifi c Who are we? A Survey of the ISRS Membership Robert van Woesik, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute T McClanahan, S Nzuki of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida, Frameworks for Rehabilitation 9 News 32901, USA Tel +1 321 674 7475 Email rvw@fi t.edu U.S. Coral Reef Task Force Meeting ISI Essential Science IndicatorsSM Special Topics Magazine Editors Report on Coral Reef Literature Citations WF Precht, B Zimmer, ML Robbart 9 Upwellings Coral Reefs Open Letter Concerning the Management of the Editor in Chief Barbara Brown, Geological Editor PK Swart, Ecological Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia Editor, PF Sale, Biological Editors RC Carpenter, HR Lasker, K Sullivan Sealey, Environmental Editor BG Hatcher P Scaps, JP Castillo 10 Obituaries Council RE Dodge (USA), K Fabricius (Australia), J Garzon-Ferriera (Columbia), Erick Flugel (April 6, 1934–April 14, 2004) O Hoegh-Guldberg (Australia), H Kayanne (Japan), Tim McClanahan H Schuhmacher (Kenya), L Montaggioni (France), M Pichon (France), WF Precht (USA), Georg Scheer (August 17, 1910–March 14, 2004) H Schuhmacher (Germany), K Sullivan-Sealey (USA), K Teleki (UK), M H Schuhmacher Tsuchiya (Japan), R van Woesik (Japan), H Vogt (UK) Robert F. Dill (1927–2004) E.A. Shinn ISRS Sustaining Members Dr. Siro Kawaguti (January 1, 1908–2004) M Hidaka H Arnold, JS Ault, BE Brown & R Dunne, DG Fautin & RW Buddemeier, William (Bill) Gladfelter (1943-2003) J Miller RN Ginsburg, AJ Hooten, LL Jackson, B Keller, M Keyes, WE Kiene, T McClanahan & N Muthiga, S Miller, J Pringle, J Ruitenbeek, DR Stod- 15 Currents dart, KA Teleki, JR Ware & W Ware Rezoning of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park: ISRS Honorary Members J Connell, S Kawaguti (deceased), DW Kinsey, JE Randall, G Scheer (Contents continued on inside back cover) (deceased), DR Stoddart, JI Tracey Jr. The International Society for Reef Studies was founded at a meeting in Churchill College, Cambridge, UK in December 1980. Its aim under the consttution is to promote for the benefi t of the public, the production and dis- Reef Encounter is printed on recycled paper by Allen Press Inc., semination of scientifi c knowledge and un der stand ing concerning coral reefs, both living and fossil. 810 East Tenth, Lawrence, KS 66044, USA. In order to achieve its aim, the Society has the following powers: i. To hold meetings, symposia, conferences and other gatherings to disseminate this scientifi c knowledge and understanding of coral reefs, both living and fossil. ii. To print, publish and sell, lend and distribute any papers, treatise or communications relating to Cover image: This photo of a spotted eagle ray coral reefs, living and fossil, and any Reports of the Proceedings or the Accounts of the Society iii. To raise funds and invite and receive contributions from any persons whatsoever by way of was taken on the Belizian barrier reef in 2004 by subscription, donation or otherwise providing that the Society shall not undertake any per ma nent Dr. Ian Macintyre. trading activities in raising funds for its primary objects. The Society collaborates with Springer-Verlag in producing the quarterly journal Coral Reefs. This large-format journal is issued free of charge to all members of the Society, and con cen - trates on quantitative and theoretical reef studies, including experimental and laboratory work and modelling. COPY DEADLINE FOR REEF EN COUN TER 34 (due out early 2006) is 1 October 2005

2 Reef Encoun ter 33, October 2005 Reef En coun ter 33, October 2005 35 EDITORIAL AND ISRS NEWS EDITORIAL Welcome to the 33rd edition of Reef the 10th ICRS Declaration (ISRS News), this issue. The next issue is due out Encounter. This edition is rife with which was adopted in Okinawa. The in early 2006, so please contribute topics of interest to the ISRS com- Currents section contains articles from submissions before October 1, 2005. munity, including changes to the ISRS a variety of locales, including Australia, Reef Encounter welcomes all articles Council and Offi ces. We have includ- India, Borneo, American Samoa, Be- or announcements that may be of ed two articles relating to the ISRS lize, and Fiji and describes two edu- interest to the ISRS community. We membership survey (Who are we? A cational programs for local children. look forward to hearing from you! Survey of the ISRS Membership and We would like to express our ap- WF Precht, B Zimmer and Strengthening the ISRS). Be sure to note preciation to all the contributors for ML Robbart ISRS NEWS excellent new start. Our journal, skil- had before. The Society is run by a From the President fully edited by Dick Dodge and his volunteer team, but with the will and With the 10th ICRS over and this sec- team, goes from strength to academ- extra resources it can do more. We ond issue of RE after a break, let us ic strength. With help from the donors must be out there looking for ways briefl y consider some ways in which and The Ocean Conservancy, the to contribute. The ISRS is THE world the Society is changing and better Society’s fellows are being substan- scientifi c body concerned with coral positioning itself to meet these chal- tially assisted to gain relevant experi- reefs. As coral reefs are probably lenging times. First of all, though, I ence and contribute to the understand- the most threatened of the planet’s hope most who attended agree that ing of reef ecosystems. Our gratitude marine ecosystems, the Society oc- the 10th ICRS set new records in the extends also to Bill Precht and his cupies a pivotal position. Key deci- series, based on the quality and dis- team for picking up the job of edit- sions are being and will be made, and ciplinary breadth of presentations and ing and producing this newsletter. the Society can help to make sure also in its time effi ciency, despite the In Okinawa, the ISRS issued three that these are as well and objectively meeting’s huge size. This was the briefi ng papers (on marine protected guided as they can be, because its fi rst large meeting I have ever been areas, reef fi sheries, and effects of members and offi cers are globally the to where everything went like clock- land runoff) which make sound sci- best informed about reefs. Fortunate- work. I thank our JCRS partners for entifi c assessments of diffi cult topics ly, the ISRS is moving, in some ways this huge success, but it is also a ma- of concern accessible to the wider quite profoundly, and I hope it is now jor scientifi c event of which we should community. These are downloadable better positioning itself to foster the be proud as a Society! Thanks in par- from the web site along with attractive science and provide fi rmer founda- ticular to Kathleen Sullivan Sealey for posters. tions for the management challenges so ably leading this task. The Web site Thanks to our Corresponding Sec- ahead. alone is something to be proud of, retary, Pete Mumby, and the team at and Rob van Woesik and the Florida Allen Press, for our fi rst e-election. Nicholas Polunin Institute of Technology are especially This mechanism brings with it ISRS President to be thanked for taking on that task possibilities for interaction and wider University of Newcastle, England and getting the site off to such an involvement such as we’ve never

with coral reefs, might strengthen itself the ISRS. First, biodiversity and con- Strengthening the institutionally at what appears to many servation of corals and fi sh in marine of us to be a crucial time. If the Society protected areas in the Caribbean and ISRS membership is better known, then the the Indo-Pacifi c regions are the ma- In their report in this issue, entitled Who hope is that the ISRS will be better po- jor foci of the current ISRS members. are we?, McClanahan and Nzuki pro- sitioned to foster interactions among This does signify a considerable chal- vide the fi rst comprehensive analysis its members, and may be better able lenge, if the results of investigations of the membership of the ISRS. This to prepare itself to contribute to major are to be applied at a pan-tropical survey was requested at the meeting tasks in reef science and management level when possible. People doing of the ISRS Council (Kansas 2003) with as they arise. the application are conservation Non- the goal of determining how our Socie- The membership survey highlights governmental Organizations (NGO), ty, the world scientifi c body concerned a number of important things about International Government Organiza-

Reef Encounter 33, October 2005 3

R EDITORIAL AND ISRS NEWS tions (IGO), and national government vide. There is a need to broaden the tion fees. Some clear examples are employees, which are not well repre- scope of existing publications to em- the developing International Tropi- sented in the ISRS membership. Ad- brace the interests of underrepresent- cal Marine Ecosystems Management ditionally, there are considerably large ed groups. Such people are likely to Symposium (ITMEMS) and Intergov- and diverse areas of coral reef outside be interested in policy, management, ernmental Panel on Climate Change of the present major regional foci that economics, and the whole under- (IPCC) meetings. Co-sponsorship of demand relevant work, and where ap- represented human and social side such meetings would make it clear propriate funding and membership of coral reef use and management. that the ISRS seeks involvement and are desirable. For example, the Society, as a whole, commitment to these programs and What changes might be initiated needs to consider how the journal and seeks their membership. to attempt to compensate for these this newsletter can broaden their fo- The results of the survey by Mc- weaknesses? Some changes might be cus. This might mean increasing the Clanahan and Nzuki will be posted on cosmetic, albeit important, while other types and scope of material eligible the ISRS web site (now hosted by the potential options are more substantial. for publication (including, perhaps, Florida Institute of Technology) in or- Cosmetic changes should be geared an editorial in every journal issue) der for all ISRS members to be more towards attracting a broader mem- and the addition of policy, manage- aware of whom it is that makes up the bership by increasing the Society’s at- ment, and social science sections Society and to help monitor changes tractiveness to the underrepresented that invite regular or frequent submis- in direction and membership. The groups. Like the existing members, sions. Society intends to periodically re- many conservation and management In addition to broadening the in- visit the responses and consider the people are attracted to the beauty formation base, the Society might trends. In due course, it is hoped that of coral reefs and there is a need to increase its explicit representation at the membership directory will contain incorporate this into all of our publi- global forums that address coral reef the sub-disciplines of members in or- cations and public image. This might and related issues, including climate der to identify expertise and facilitate extend to the cover of the Society’s change, fi shing, park management, communication. The hope is that this journal (Coral Reefs), this newslet- pollution, and biodiversity assess- self-assessment becomes a regular ter, the Society’s Web pages, and the ment. The Society needs to seek part of the Society’s business and en- ISRS briefi ng papers and posters. The stronger links with these forums and courages the needed engagement by Society has one of the most strikingly assure that its offi cers, councilors, our world scientifi c body in local and beautiful ecosystems on the planet as and members are representing the global environmental concerns affect- its subject, and maybe this needs to ISRS and are directly involved in the ing coral reefs. be more fully promoted in all publica- processes and decisions, even if this Tim McClanahan tions and public images of the ISRS. means that the Society covers the ISRS Council member We welcome ideas as to what needs costs of their attendance and involve- Wildlife Conservation Society, Kenya doing and how it should be done. ment. In addition, the Society might Of greater substance than these consider cosponsoring these types of Nicholas Polunin image-related issues is the informa- meetings and encouraging members ISRS President tion that the Society’s members pro- to attend them by reducing registra- University of Newcastle, England

4 Reef Encounter 33, October 2005 ISRS NEWS 2004 ISRS Election Results The results of the International Soci- ISRS New Councilors (2005-08): Rolf Welcome back John, Rob, and Rolf, and ety for Reef Studies 2004 election are BAK, Annadel CABANBAN, Yoshimi welcome Annadel, Yoshimi, Bernhard, in. The results are: SUZUKI, Bernhard RIEGL, Guillermo Guillermo, and Lawrence. The Presi- DIAZ PULLIDO, and Lawrence Mc- dent, Vice-President, Corresponding ISRS Treasurer - John WARE COOK. Secretary and existing Councilors look ISRS Recording Secretary - Robert forward to having you on the team! VAN WOESIK

10th International Coral Reef Symposium Declaration on Conservation and Restoration of Endangered Coral Reefs of the World At the closing ceremony of the 10th Inter- 2004, Okinawa, Japan) ac- ameliorate land-use change national Coral Reef Symposium in Oki- knowledge that the degrada- impacts, and 4) develop tech- nawa, Japan, the participants agreed to tion of coral reefs worldwide nology for coral reef restora- issue the following Declaration: has now reached a critical tion. Such efforts must be fos- stage. We declare in the stron- tered and sustained through Coral reefs and associated eco- gest terms that additional de- stewardship and cooperation systems are invaluable human struction of coral reefs must be among scientists, managers, treasures. They support the avoided and more effort is nec- policymakers, non-govern- most diverse marine communi- essary to prevent further reef mental organizations, and the ties and beautiful seascapes demise. Conservation and res- general public. The task must on the planet, and provide toration of coral reefs should be enhanced through inter- wave-resistant structures and be made without delay in each national linkages among the resources for local communi- nation acting individually and in principal global scientifi c body ties, fi sheries, and tourism. concert through closer interna- (International Society for Reef However, coral reefs and as- tional cooperation. To this end, Studies [ISRS]), the main inter- sociated ecosystems are now we advocate scientifi c research national management initiative under serious threat of col- and rigorous monitoring, man- (International Coral Reef Ini- lapse because of over fi shing, agement-tool development, tiative [ICRI]), as well as lead- development of the coastal and appropriate measures for ing international organizations zone, including dredging and conservation and sustainable (e.g. UNESCO, UNEP, IUCN) landfi ll, and terrestrial run-off. use of coral reefs. In addition, and NGOs. Moreover, the increase in sea scientifi cally sound restoration surface temperatures, the de- measures for already-degrad- As participants in the 10th In- crease in carbonate levels as ed coral reefs must be applied. ternational Coral Reef Sympo- well as sea-level rise, caused by sium, we collectively appeal increasing anthropogenic CO2 A twin strategy must be taken to all researchers, managers, in the atmosphere, all act syn- over the longer term to re- users, and lovers of coral reefs ergistically to stress coral reefs, duce human induced climate to accomplish the above tasks, which lead to severe bleaching change by reducing green- and we urge relevant interna- and extensive coral mortality. house gases, but at the same tional organizations, national The degradation of coral reefs time a reduction in CO2 must governments, and NGOs to by local, regional, and global be matched by action to re- fi nd common understanding environmental stresses is at duce immediate threats of de- and means to collaborate to- the very least destroying the clining water quality because wards this goal.” health, function, and positive of land-use changes and pollu- values associated with coral tion, and mass exploitation of reefs, and at the worst lead- fi sh biomass. To achieve these The Declaration is currently avail- ing to loss of this treasure. goals, we recommend four key able to the public on the ICRS web- strategies: 1) achieve sustain- site under the “News and Update” We, the participants of the able fi shery on coral reefs, 2) section: http://www2.ims-plaza.co.jp/ 10th International Coral Reef increase effective marine pro- icrs2004/ Symposium (28 June to 2 July, tected areas on coral reefs, 3) Reef Encounter 33, October 2005 5 ISRS NEWS

11th International Coral Reef Symposium Announcement The 11th International Coral Reef Sym- The ICRS has not been held in the tigious gathering of ocean scientists. posium (ICRS) will be held in Ft. Lauder- continental United States for over 30 Florida’s commitment to coastal protec- dale, Florida in 2008. The ICRS will be years. Florida Governor Jeb Bush said tion serves as an international model. hosted by Nova Southeastern Universi- about the ISRS’s decision to hold the This meeting of the minds will increase ty’s National Coral Reef Institute (NCRI). 11th ICRS in Florida: “The Sunshine protection for some of the world’s most http://www.nova.edu/ocean/ncri/ State is a natural location for this pres- diverse and sensitive natural systems.” Best Paper Awards in Coral Reefs Voting for best papers in the last few vol- ality: temporal and spatial effects Dunne: Coral bleaching: interpre- umes of Coral Reefs has occurred. The of climate change in the Pacifi c tation of thermal tolerance limits votes were cast by Topic Editors and basin. (Issue 22:4; p. 551–558) and thermal thresholds in tropical Advisory Editors of Coral Reefs. An an- • 2002: Volume 21: PL Mumby: corals. (Issue 20:1; p. 51–65) nouncement was made at the general Does habitat availability deter- • 2000: Volume 19: Anthony KRN: ISRS meeting in Okinawa, Japan.The mine geographical-scale abun- Enhanced particle-feeding ca- winners were: dances of coral-dwelling fi shes? pacity of corals on turbid reefs • 2003: Volume 22: JM Guinotte, (Issue 21:1; p. 105–116) (Great Barrier Reef, Australia) (Is- RW Buddemeier, and JA Kleypas: • 2001: Volume 20: WK Fitt, BE sue 19:1; p. 59–67) Future coral reef habitat margin- Brown, ME Warner, and RP Congratulations to the Winners! Who are we? A Survey of the ISRS Membership

If the International Society for Reef were unable to participate in the sur- are employed by Non-governmental Studies (ISRS) is to continue to make vey. The ISRS member data and infor- Organizations (NGO) or International efforts to increase its inclusiveness, its mation are drawn from 16 geographic Government Organizations (IGO). involvement with other organizations regions. The analysis of the data and Most members study either biology or with similar missions, and to take part information focused on education ecology (62.5%), with ecologists the in real-world problem solving, it needs level, professional status, major ar- dominant discipline (35.8%), followed to better appraise itself of its mem- eas of study, major geographic areas by biology (26.7%), conservation, bers and what they do. What are the of work, and sub-disciplines of work. geology, and management (Fig. 1c). membership’s strengths and weak- The survey results are presented as Physical and chemical oceanography nesses and in what directions should frequency distributions of responses are the least-studied disciplines. ISRS the ISRS consider going to achieve to each of the questions and a chi- members’ work is mostly focused on the broader missions of 1) engaging squared contingency analysis was the Caribbean (32%) and Atlantic (9%) reef scientists and managers both in performed to see if the sub-discipline regions, followed by Southeast Asia the ISRS and in the broader commu- interests of the members varied by re- and Australia. Most other regions are nity of reef stakeholders and 2) infl u- gions and level of education. studied by less than 12% of the mem- encing local and global issues in reef bers (Fig. 1d). The membership is most science, use, and management. involved in studies focusing on marine Survey Results Below is a brief description and protected areas (18%), with corals, analysis of the survey that was un- The ISRS members constitute a well- fi sh, and biodiversity assessment as dertaken during the last membership educated group, with 79% of the mem- focal groups (Fig. 2). Climate change, renewal, in response to a request from bers holding PhDs, 15% master’s de- larval biology, population dynamics, the Council of the ISRS. The question- grees, 5.3% bachelor degrees, and evolution, water quality, and fossil naire was developed and approved 0.5% with a primary school education reefs are also common foci. by the ISRS Council and distributed (Fig. 1a). No member had only a sec- Education level and regional focus to members by Allen Press. Approxi- ondary level education. Three quarters do not infl uence the broad profes- mately half of the members respond- of the ISRS members are academics, sional foci (p > 0.05). Thus, there is a ed to the questionnaire, but there was with 55% working as lecturer-academic- balanced distribution of ISRS member a systematic bias in the survey in that professors, 10% as graduate students, expertise in the respective disciplines only those members who received a 5% post-docs, and about 0.7% under- across the various regions. However, renewal were able to complete the graduates (Fig. 1b). Around 10% are tests for independence among the in- survey. New members and members either national government employees dividual sub-disciplines with respect who renewed via phone, fax, or email or consultants and only a small group to the geographic areas revealed

6 Reef Encounter 33, October 2005 ISRS NEWS

Figure 1. Frequency (%) bar graphs showing (a) education level, (b) major subject area of study, (c) professional status, and (d) major geographic region of work for ISRS members.

Reef Encounter 33, October 2005 7 ISRS NEWS

Figure 2. Frequency (%) bar graph showing the sub disciplines of ISRS members.

signifi cant χ 2 values for a number of masters and primary education levels the various sub disciplines, with the sub-disciplines in some of the regions respectively ( χ 2=4.8 and 4.7, DF=1, top-most listed sub discipline, marine relative to those in others. For exam- p> 0.05). There were also fewer ter- protected areas, being listed by only ple, the Central Indian Ocean region tiary level members studying cell biol- 18% of the members. Consequently, has more ISRS members studying ogy of reef organisms ( χ 2=4.4, DF=1, Society members are broad in their mammals ( χ 2=12.0, DF=1, p> 0.05) P> 0.05), algae/marine plants ( χ academic interests, if not broad in and birds ( χ 2=37.1, DF=1, p> 0.05) 2=4.0, DF=1, P> 0.05), and Cnidaria ( χ professional employment or regional than the other region. Similarly, more 2=7.2, DF=1, p> p0.05). None of the interests. This is not entirely surprising ISRS members focusing on the Medi- members in the primary level category for a Society where the main output is terranean region are studying fossil study symbiosis ( χ 2=7.8, DF=1, P> in peer-reviewed journals and where reefs ( χ 2= 3.9, DF=1, p> 0.05), while 0.05), population dynamics ( χ 2=4.6, funding levels are probably greatly the Melanesia and Eastern Indian DF=1, p> 0.05), or community man- infl uenced by the implicit or explicit Ocean regions have more members agement (χ 2=8.07, DF=1, P> 0.05). regional priorities of donors. The studying molluscs ( χ 2= 4.0, DF=1, narrowness of professional employ- p> 0.05) and physical oceanography ment and regional interests of Society Conclusions ( χ 2=5.41, DF=1, p> 0.05). members is an issue that the Society The relationship between the level As a gross generalization, the ISRS needs to consider if it is to engage it- of education and some of the sub- is a society of academics that study self with issues beyond the science of disciplines was found to be signifi cant the biodiversity and conservation of coral reefs. (p< 0.05). There are fewer master’s de- corals and fi sh in marine protected ar- gree holders studying climate change eas of the Caribbean and Indo-Pacifi c Tim McClanahan and than PhD holders ( χ 2=4.2, DF=1, p> regions. There is, however, a consid- Simmons Nzuki 0.05). The water quality/pollution sub- erable spread of expertise as shown discipline showed lower numbers for by the generally low dominance of

8 Reef Encounter 33, October 2005 NEWS AND UPWELLINGS NEWS ISI Essential Science IndicatorsSM Special Topics Report on Coral Reef Literature Citations

The ISI Essential Science IndicatorsSM have posted a special of the top 20 papers (two-year and ten-year periods), authors, topics report on coral reef citations. A database was created journals, institutions, and nations cited during a time span of spanning literature published from 1994–2004 using the key- 1994–2004 (third bimonthly). Results of this report are available words “coral reef.” The database was used to generate lists on-line at: http://www.esi-topics.com/coralreef/index.html UPWELLINGS Open Letter Concerning the Management of the Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Bunaken National Park (Park), located to actively conserve coral reefs by the dry-out of all of the island’s wells. in the province of North Sulawesi in establishing marine sanctuaries and We have also observed pieces of Indonesia, was established in 1991 installing reef protection facilities2. rubble stone, insulation boards, and and consists of 75,265 hectares of Sanders et al.3 found that non-local half-charred plastic on the beach and underwater area around islands in the tourists visiting Bunaken National in the water in the vicinity of the re- Bunaken group (Bunaken, Manado Park presented a recreational value of sort. The herbarium and the beach Tua, Siladen, Montehague, and Nain approximately US$328/person/year in have become a garbage heap for sub- Islands) and islands that face the Sul- 1996. When aggregated to all non-lo- stances that are not biodegradable. wesi Sea. A group of French divers, cal tourists, a total recreational value Last year, the property developer was teachers, and researchers, we spent of US$4.2 million/year was estimat- granted permission to cut trees for two weeks diving in the Park in the ed1. Therefore, dive tourism is a great several months in order landscape summer of 2002. Our goal for this trip source of revenue for people living in the resort and grow a lawn. Since the was to gain a better understanding of and around Bunaken National Park. roots of these trees had maintained the submarine fauna of the area. We We would like to note several prob- the sand and soil in place, what will stayed on the tiny island of Siladen, a lems that we observed during our trip be the result of these actions? It is stone’s throw northeast of Bunaken. relating to enforcement within the Park a well-known fact that heavy wave Diving at this location is superb and and the tourist resort being built on Si- action can cause destructive ero- biodiversity is exceptional. Little dam- laden. On our numerous dives around sion on the island. We also know that age from fi sh bombing is visible, in the island of Siladen, we never saw luxury resorts have been constructed part because the reefs are so steep that the reefs were closely monitored on similar islands and subsequently and the drop-off is so close to shore. by the Park. Only four Park employees abandoned (e.g. Gili Meno, just off the Because of this, we believe that the came to verify that we had paid the west coast of Lombok). Why create a creation of a marine park around Bu- Park’s diving tax. In addition, we found National Park if a property developer naken is an excellent idea. some aspects of the tourist resort be- can build tourist resorts without tak- Each of us willingly paid a Park ing built on Siladen troubling. We did ing into consideration the mid- and tax of 150,000 rupees (US$16), as we not observe any drainage system or long-term consequences? do not mind paying when our con- equipment for wastewater treatment. Acknowledgements: We would like tribution helps to develop protection Will wastewater be released onto the to thank all the participants (members measures. In that sense, by creating reef or into the thin aquifer? Siladen of the submarine biology committee of business and employment opportu- has very little fresh water for its inhab- the French Federation of SCUBA div- nities through tourist services, dive itants. The resort is planning to fi ll the ing) and all others who assisted us in tourism provides an alternative to de- swimming pool with fresh water, but the fi eld. We would like to extend our structive fi shing methods for the local does the island have suffi cient water sincere thanks to Ginette Allard for the community1. Moreover, dive tourism resources for this? The pool was fi lled organization of the SCUBA diving trip gives local communities an incentive once as a trial test, which resulted in in Indonesia.

Reef Encounter 33, October 2005 9 UPWELLINGS AND OBITUARIES

P Scaps, Laboratoire Ecologie JP Castillo, Laboratoire 2Cesar H (1996) Economic analysis of In- Numérique et Ecotoxicologie, Départemental d’Analyses donesian coral reefs. Environment De- UPRES EA 3570, Biologie Animale de la Drôme, 37 avenue de Lautagne, partment, World Bank 3 (B,t SN3), BP 118, 26 904 Valence Cédex 9, Saunders L, Usher G, Weber J. Economic Université des Sciences et France valuation of Bunaken National Park resources: learning to manage the ef- Technologies de Lille, fects of people, unpublished manu- 59 655 Velleneuve d’Acsq Cédex, References script, n.d. France Tel +33 320436517 1Arin T, Kramer RA (2002) Divers’ willing- Fax +33 320434044 ness to pay to visit marine sanctuar- Email: [email protected] ies: an exploratory study. Ocean Coast Manag 45:171–183

OBITUARIES Erik Flügel (April 6, 1934–April 14, 2004)

“He was a giant in his fi eld” was Ian Sedimentation - Reef Evolution and Macintyre’s spontaneous reaction Cretaceous Sedimentation,” funded upon learning that Erik Flügel had by the Deutsche Forschungsgemein- passed away. Indeed, Flügel was out- schaft (DFG). Erik Flügel prepared and standing in many ways. A leading re- coordinated this project, which includ- searcher in paleontology (and geology) ed up to 140 representatives of pale- since 1973, he attracted thousands ontology, geology, ecology, microbiol- of participants to his inter-university ogy, oceanography, biochemistry, and courses on the topic of facies analysis physics. The project contributed new and facies models in carbonates. His insights to reef formation through the pre-eminent didactic abilities came ages. into play particularly during his lec- As many readers are researchers tures where he developed multi-col- into present reef ecology and coral ored diagrams and color codes to dif- physiology, we have a less developed ferentiate between the various ages, understanding for the timeline of reef between which he moved like a fi sh in development measured in thousands water to delineate the reef facies. He and millions of years. This becomes also was a far-sighted science man- evident when one recognizes that ager who promoted the paleontology reefs have been in existence for ca. discipline by linking it to geological and 2 billion years and that “modern” biological sciences. His oeuvre, which reefs have been in existence for only comprises some 260 papers and sev- (1968) and Geology (1971). It was in 1 - 10 % of this time. Flügel’s merit eral books (e.g. “Phanerozoic Reef 1972 when he took over the chair of brought awareness of the importance Patterns,” co-edited by Erik Flügel, the newly founded Institute of Paleon- of a collaborative view on the past Wolfgang Kiessling, and Jan Golonka tology at the University of Erlangen- and present to paleontologists as well in 2002 as SEPM Special Publication Nuremberg, which he developed into as biologists. He aptly described the vol. 72), can be adequately acknowl- a renowned institution world-wide. He benefi ts of the collaborative approach edged only by paleontologists. retired from his offi cial duties in 1999, in his foreword to the exhibition “Cities Erik Flügel was born near Graz, though he continued with his scientifi c under Water” (Naturmuseum Senck- Austria in 1934. He completed his PhD work which was acknowledged by out- enberg, Frankfort, 1997) from which thesis on Devonian hydrozoans of the standing honors (e.g. Honorary Fellow the following is taken in an abbrevi- Graz area in 1957. After fi ve years at of the Geological Society of America). ated form: the Natural History Museum in Vienna, I came into a closer collaboration he moved to the Technical University with him from 1990-1996 during the The paleontological and geolog- of Darmstadt (near Frankfort) where he Priority Research Programme “Glo- ical information preserved in fos- became a professor of paleontology bal and Regional Controls of Biogenic sil reefs allows one to draw con-

10 Reef Encounter 33, October 2005 OBITUARIES

clusions regarding the long-term and allows predictions of what Flügel’s death was untimely to say and global scale of changes in to expect in the future. the least. He was one of the most ac- reef structure and reef organ- tive promoters of interdisciplinary re- isms, the time course and rea- Many of the results of the Priority Pro- search and his voice will be missed sons for reef crises, and the cor- gramme as well as those of his nu- by many who fear that sectionalism relation between biological diver- merous disciples were published in will obscure a comprehensive view of sity and environmental changes. FACIES, the highly regarded interdis- past and present reef ecology. The concurrent research in fossil ciplinary journal that Flügel founded and extant reefs provides an op- with his wife, Erentraud Flügel-Kahler, portunity to evaluate the effects and which reached 49 volumes under Helmut Schuhmacher of “Global Change” in the past their joint editorship. Germany

Georg Scheer (August 17, 1910–March 14, 2004)

Georg Scheer was the nestor of Ger- of scientifi c diving. Moreover, his cur- man coral and reef workers. The deci- riculum vitae already included remark- sive impulse to indulge in the world of able milestones before he passed his corals came during two cruises on the PhD in zoology (ornithology – 1952). Xarifa, a three-masted-schooner under His fi rst academic career was that of the leadership of Hans Hass. These an electrical engineer (assistant pro- expeditions led him to the Caribbean, fessor at TU Darmstadt 1934-39). Galapagos, and Cocos Island (1953- During the war (1939-45), he was sent 54) and to the Red Sea, Maldives, and to Peenemuende to join the team of Nicobar Islands (1957-58). The sec- Wernher von Braun, where he devel- ond cruise especially yielded impor- oped steering controls of rockets. tant reports on the respective coral After an intermezzo as a designer of fauna (co-authored by Gopinadha Pil- toys and as a taxidermist, his second lai). It was also in the Maldives where career started in 1949 with the study he introduced the phytosociological of biology in Darmstadt. His knowl- method of Braun-Blanquet to study transfer between Europe and Egypt edge and skills as an engineer and a coral communities. These records are and a passage on the river Nile)! The biologist qualifi ed him for the team of now valuable references to compare museum was his professional base, the Xarifa, where he took responsibil- the present reef status after bleaching as it harbors his considerable coral ity for corals and birds as well as for and other disturbances. collection. The neat hand-written la- the electricity system. In 1960, Georg was appointed di- bels, descriptions of diagrams, and Georg survived his wife of 64 rector of the zoology department of sketches give an idea of his most ac- years, Anneliese, by three years. Both the Hessian State Museum in Darm- curate working style. From Darmstadt, are survived by three children, eight stadt (near Frankfurt). One of his fi rst he attended all ISRS symposia until grandchildren, and four great-grand- exhibition projects was to build a coral 1985 (Tahiti). He became an honorary children. See also Reef Encounter 28, reef (1:1 scale). Corals, fi sh, and other member of ISRS in 1987 at the Euro- p.10 for a description of the occasion material were collected during an ex- pean ISRS meeting in Marburg. of Georg’s 90th anniversary. pedition to Port Sudan (central Red For the coral reef youngsters of to- Sea) in 1962, which was done com- day, it is noteworthy that he was one Helmut Schuhmacher pletely by train (except for the ship of the last witnesses of the early days Germany

Robert F. Dill (1927–2004)

The year was 1964 when I met Bob prise to discover he had kids who in the sand. In one place near a reef Dill. The occasion was a geologi- were almost my age! We hit it off so ledge, he exposed a hard rock surface cal fi eld trip in the Florida Keys. Bob well that he stayed with us over the under the sand in 25 feet of water. It showed up wearing a fake bloodshot weekend so we could go scuba div- was a brown calichee-coated surface eye. He told funny stories. His boom- ing. What struck me was that every- that proved sea level had been lower. I ing voice was full of fun. It was a sur- where we dove, he hand-fanned holes might never have seen it. This was one

Reef Encounter 33, October 2005 11 OBITUARIES of Bob Dill’s underwater techniques two sets of a new invention called the went to NOAA in Rockville, Mary- that I would see many times over the wet suit. They took turns wearing the land to join a new organization called years. I too became a devoted hole- two suits, or sometimes one would MUST (Man Under Sea Technology). digger. wear the top while the other wore the The group evolved into what is now Twenty-fi ve years later, Dill was bottom. These were young students called NURP (National Undersea Re- bottom scratching and came upon who would become famous in the search Program). There he worked what turned out to be giant living stro- marine sciences. Included were Har- with colleagues Bob Nevin (who had matolites in the Bahamas near Lee ris B. Stewart, Bill Menard, Bob Dill, been Offi cer in Charge of the Trieste, Stocking Island, home of the Carib- and a professor, Dr. Edwin Hamilton. the world’s deepest diving bathys- bean Marine Research Laboratory. To make extra money, they hired their phere for the Navy), Morgan Wells, The only other known examples at the services to several California oil com- Don Beuamariage, Jim Miller, Elliot time were in the tidal zone at Shark panies and called themselves Geolo- Finkle, and other notables in the di- Bay, Australia, and some small stro- gical Diving Consultants (GDC). They ving world. matolites near Eluthera, Bahamas. Dill measured dip and strike, using de- Bob left MUST to become Director had struck geological pay dirt once vices of their own design, of outcrops of the Fairleigh Dickinson University again by proving that stromatolites in the nearshore zone where state law West Indies Laboratory in St. Croix, could grow below the intertidal zone prevented the use of explosives and U.S. Virgin Islands. We collaborated and could also form in normal salini- traditional seismic methods. Their new many times while he was there and I ties. It became a cover story in Nature underwater techniques were publis- helped him conduct modern carbona- (1986). hed in a 1954 volume of the American te training courses for the American Although I did not know Dill before Association of Petroleum Geologists Association of Petroleum Geologists. 1964, I had heard and been fascina- Bulletin. It was the fi rst use of scuba Bob had always supported the idea of ted by his lectures on sedimentary diving to make these kinds of geo- undersea habitats. At MUST, he was processes in submarine canyons. This logical observations. Over a period involved with the Perry-built Hydro- kind of direct observation underwater of about 4 years, GDC had mapped lab and others, but later in St Croix science was a new frontier at the time. from the Mexican border to the nort- his former connections with MUST As a sideline to his work at the Naval hern edge of California! Their measu- allowed for the use of the Aquarius Electronics laboratory in San Diego, rements led to the discovery of closed underwater habitat (now in operation Bob became a founding member of anticlines, some of which are still pro- off the Florida Keys). Through his new General Oceanographics. The focal ducing oil. A trim, young, non-diving job and access to Aquarius, he deve- points of the company were the little oil company representative accom- loped a “drinking buddy” relationship 2-person yellow Nekton submarines. panied them. He took their note pads with then Senator Lowell Weicker who The Nektons, including the more re- and rock samples after each dive. He spent several days in the habitat and, cent Delta submarine, were the brain- also took the offerings of abalone and because of this and the Senator’s children of his colleague Douglas lobster, which, when out of season, earlier diving experiences with Bob Privitt. Some of the original members were called “marine red rabbit.” The Wicklund, Weicker became an avid later formed the current Delta Ocea- young geologist’s name was Tom advocate of undersea research. With nographics. Barrow. Years later, Tom became the Bob Wicklund serving as his senatori- A few years ago, I learned even president of EXXON. Harris Stewart, al aid, Weicker played a pivotal role in more of Dill’s past and his contribu- known to friends as “Stew,” traveled furthering the NOAA/NURP program tion to geology and scientifi c diving. the world’s oceans, eventually esta- and establishment of the Lee Stocking At an annual meeting of the American blishing NOAA’s Atlantic Oceanogra- Caribbean Research Laboratory. Bob Association of Underwater Scientists, phic and Meteorologic Laboratory in Dill was in the middle of it all. Bob and I put on a two-part program Miami. Much later, Menard served as Island life, some call it island fever, about scientifi c diving. I discussed Director of the U.S. Geological Sur- eventually took hold and Dill moved the history of scientifi c diving on the vey (USGS). Another member of the on for a one-year stint with the USGS East Coast and Dill covered the West team not in the 16–mm fi lm was Bob at their Reston, Virginia headquarters Coast. For his presentation, he used Dietz, one of the early discoverers of where he completed his 30 years of a 1950s vintage 16-mm movie fi lm. seafl oor spreading. It was an eclectic government service. After retirement, Watching people born in the computer and enlightened group of diving geo- Bob moved back to California and age stare at the strange contraption logists. taught geology at San Diego State. with its whirling reels was entertaining After the Naval Electronics lab, Bob retired again, in a way, and he in itself. What Bob showed was oce- where he had many adventures in morphed into Dill Geomarine, Inc., anographic history in the making. It deep-diving submersibles, and where remaining active as a consultant until featured four diving graduate students he spent time with a young French- his passing and spending much of his who, between them, could afford only man named Jacques Cousteau, Bob time away from cold California waters

12 Reef Encounter 33, October 2005 OBITUARIES working with Harold Hudson and Bill borate underwater cave associated Goodman at the Florida Keys Natio- with the Lighthouse Blue Hole was nal Marine Sanctuary. He taught them investigated. After the Cambrian Re- the computer and GPS skills needed search Foundation divers whom he to plot ship-grounding damage. When accompanied had explored the cave not in the Keys, he worked with Bar- and collected stalactites for isotopic bara Lidz and me at the USGS Fisher dating, they named it Dill’s Cave in his Island Station in Miami and later in St. honor. With the samples, he was able Petersburg after our transfer to the to determine when the freshwater west coast of Florida. Bob had known cave had been fl ooded by rising sea Barbara since school days at the Uni- level back during the Pleistocene. versity of Southern California. During What I was too late appreciating that period, we made many trips to was the many other lives Bob had the research station on Lee Stocking lived before we met in 1964. I lear- Island where Bob, with students from ned even more after his passing by San Diego State, had discovered the reading his biography at http://www. giant stromatolites. Life on the island of scientists who came to dive in AUAS-NOGI.org/Dill.htm. I never was outstanding. One night while ob- their freshwater springs. Stromatoli- knew he had been a Navy pilot! I ne- serving Halley’s Comet and empty rum tes were growing in their springs! The ver knew that he made suggestions bottles, we went from water cistern to eclectic group included NASA-funded to a Frenchman on how to modify an water cistern where we sang into and microbiologists. It was suspected the old mine sweeper that would become enjoyed the echo of Bellafante’s “Mid- bacteria that form stromatolites were the Calypso. I did know he worked in night Come and I Wanna Go Home.” probably the fi rst forms of life on dis- the Persian Gulf in the 1950s with le- We called ourselves the “Cistern Cha- tant planets. An elaborate fi esta was gendary K.O. Emery, but did not know pel Choir.” held, featuring barbecued goats and they had evaluated the “tractability” of I owe my late conversion to com- pigs on rotating spits, and there was shorelines near Kuwait. That’s service puters to Bob Dill. He converted Bar- abundant music and traditional Mexi- talk for whether it will support tanks. bara Liz and Jack Kindinger while at can dancers. (Did I mention that Bob He had told me about measuring the Fisher Island Station. I decided if this Dill had played the saxophone in high acidity of sea cucumber intestines by 60-year-old nitrogen narcosis survivor school? This was another of our bon- poking pH-meter electrodes in their could master computers, then a 50- ding agents, as I played drums). The anus. His description was vivid. He year-old carbonate geologist could at male dancers wore white trousers and wanted to know if the critters were least try. The future was pushing in on black shiny boots. Girls wore dresses dissolving the lime sediment with their us fast. Nevertheless, Bob attracted like Spanish dancers in Spain. Tequila stomach acids. And, who would have many outstanding geologists such fl owed. And, there was Bob celebra- guessed that he was one of the fi rst as Christopher Kendall at Universi- ting his 60th birthday on stage dancing divers to reach the ocean liner Andrea ty of South Carolina with whom we the Flamenco with young nubile dan- Doria 19 days after it sank in 225 feet studied the stromatolites. Even after cers. Unforgettable! of frigid water off New England. One so-called retirement, he mentored se- But that was only one birthday of his possessions I coveted most is veral young geologists. Among those highlight. On his 70th birthday, Bob a coffee table made from the wooden were Russell Shapiro and Tony Jones, dove to a depth of 170 feet in Light- grate upon which the Captain stood all fi ne scientists who made him very house Reef Blue Hole off Belize. Why when it collided in the fog with the proud. 170 feet? He explained that the 70 of Norwegian freighter. Bob had recove- th Bob’s 60 birthday is vivid in my the feet were for his birthday and the red the memento on his fi rst dive. Bob memory. Bob and I and about 25 ge- other 100 were just thrown in for good spoke frequently of California friends I ologists/biologists interested in stro- measure. Many years earlier, on a had never met. They included Andrew matolites (the fi rst form of life on Earth Cousteau expedition in the Bahamas Rossfelder, inventor of the Rossfel- over three billion years ago) attended aboard the Calypso, I had followed der vibracoring system, and Andreas what was called the First Internatio- him into a blue hole down to 125 feet Rechnitzer to whom he always refer- nal Stromatolite Conference. I don’t and watched him go another hundred red as Andy. Bob seemed to know know if it was actually the fi rst, but it feet below me. I was dizzy from nitro- everyone. Dill often used the expres- certainly was the fi rst for a small vil- gen, though Bob never seemed to be sion “good Andys and bad Andys” lage in northern Mexico. It was the affected. Sometimes I thought his na- to describe people. I thought it was biggest event ever for the town of tural bubbling personality on land was some unfamiliar California expressi- Quatro Cienagas. A huge banner on due to nitrogen. on. I can say that Andreas Rechnitzer the town hall greeted this odd group On Bob’s trip to Belize, an ela- was a good Andy.

Reef Encounter 33, October 2005 13 OBITUARIES

Bob’s most recent memorable mo- Once there, he was thrilled to be seated One can only imagine what Bob ment was when he was inducted into next to his old friend Tom Barrow, that would have done for his 80th birthday. the “Offshore Pioneers” by the Off- same young company representative I suspect he would have wanted to shore Energy Association in Houston. with whom he had shared “red marine make a dive to 180 feet, and I have no To attend the banquet, he had to wear rabbit” during leaner years. They truly doubt he would have done it. what he described as “his fi rst tuxedo.” were offshore pioneers. E. A. Shinn

Dr. Siro Kawaguti (January 1, 1908–2004)

Dr. Kawaguti began his career as a ty, Dr. Kawaguti studied the ultrastruc- coral reef scientist after graduating ture of various marine animals with his from the Tokyo Imperial University’s students. Some of his students are still Zoology Department in 1930. He then working at universities or have now obtained a position at Taihoku Imperial become emeritus professors (e.g. Dr. University in Taiwan. Dr. Kawaguti visit- Yamasu and Dr. Kamishima). ed Okinawa to study corals in 1931 and Dr. Kawaguti gave a special lec- visited Belau (Palau) for four months ture entitled “Symbiosis between sc- in 1936 as a JSPS visiting researcher. leractinian corals and bluegreen algae Dr. Kawaguti served as professor at (cyanobacteria)” at the meeting of Okayama University where he directed the coral reef research group at Se- the animal morphology laboratory from soko Station, University of the Ryu- 1949 to 1973. He was a director of the kyus. This group later developed into Tamano Marine Station for four years the Japanese Coral Reef Society. In starting in 1954 and was honored as June 2003, he delivered the opening Eminent Coral Biologist at the 6th In- address at the Palau Coral Reef Con- ternational Coral Reef Symposium at ference. On 29 June 2004, a dinner Townsville, Australia in 1988. party dedicated to Dr. Kawaguti was Much of Dr. Kawaguti’s work was held in Okinawa during the 10th ICRS. ahead of its time, destined to form Though he was unable to attend the the foundation of many of the most Dr. Kawaguti at the fi rst meeting of Coral Reef party, he did discuss his research his- exciting topics of coral reef research Research Group (Sesoko Station, 1989) tory through a video message. Resear- today. He cultured zooxanthellae iso- chers from several countries attended lated from a coral, Acropora corym- phology of corals, suggesting that this the party, including many young co- bosa, and found that zooxanthellae response to light is related to the sym- ral reef scientists. A video recording became motile cells with two fl agella. biosis with zooxanthellae (Kawaguti was made at the party with many of This observation clearly showed that 1937, 1941, 1942). He was the fi rst the attendees sending messages and zooxanthellae are dinofl agellates (Ka- researcher to study the regeneration good wishes to Dr. Kawaguti. The vi- waguti 1942, 1944). He also showed, processes of corals in detail (1937), deo was later shown to Dr. Kawaguti by chemical titration of seawater, that and studied relationships between by his former student, Dr. Kamishima, hermatypic corals calcify faster in light colonial morphology and environmen- who is also an emeritus professor of than in darkness (Kawaguti and Saku- tal factors such as water motion and Okayama University. I believe that the moto 1948). Additionally, he studied light intensity (1943). He also carried enthusiasm and thanks expressed by the diurnal rhythm of polyp contrac- out early research on fl uorescent pig- the attendants touched Dr. Kawaguti. tion, phototaxis of planula larvae, and ments of corals (1944). Dr. Michio Hidaka effects of light on the colonial mor- After moving to Okayama Universi- University of the Ryukyus William (Bill) Gladfelter (1943–2003)

It is with great sadness that we an- battle with cancer. He was 60 years ning of the implications of White Band nounce the death of William Bayard old. Disease, early community structure Gladfelter. Bill died in his home in West Bill’s contributions to reef science work comparing Atlantic and Pacifi c Falmouth on Cape Cod on Christmas mirrored his diversity of interests. They fi shes, studies on cassiduloid urchins morning after a valiant seven-month include the fi rst description and war- (in Anegada), the twilight migration

14 Reef Encounter 33, October 2005 OBITUARIES AND CURRENTS of copper sweepers, the functional exploring both the natural world and morphology and physiology of Leb- ancient human traditions of the land in runea sea anemones, and the resour- his many travels throughout the world. ce partitioning in Caribbean squirrel- Most often accompanied by his wife, fi shes.. Betsy, he visited the Andes, Australia, He documented the changes in India, Africa, the Pacifi c and Caribbe- community structure of A. palmata an islands, North America, and Euro- around St. Croix, US Virgin Islands, pe. During the last 20 years, Bill and as well as documenting sponge and Betsy developed a passion for the mollusc faunas in the Virgin Islands. Pyrenees and its’ people. They would He was also a regional expert on the travel by foot, bike or sail; camping, natural history of Caribbean birds and birding, observing natural history, plants. Bill shared this knowledge for- and interacting with local populations mally as a professor at the West Indies most often in their native language. Laboratory in St. Croix for 20 years, Bill is survived by his best friend and informally with many students, and wife of 38 years, Betsy, and his colleagues, and friends. loving and supportive relatives in the An avid athlete his entire life, he McGuire-Higgins and Garton-Gladfel- was a Deleware state medalist in ter clans. He will be missed by many wrestling and rowed on a champion- friends and colleagues. Please make ship varsity boat while at Cornell Uni- any contributions in his name to the versity. Bill competed in several ma- University of Washington’s Friday rathons and was one of the top Ca- Harbor Laboratories Endowment for ribbean cyclists and triathletes of the His last endurance competition was a Foundational Courses, 920 University past 20 years. As with his marine stu- strong fi nish in the May 2003 St. Croix Road, Friday Harbor, WA, 98250. dies, he inspired numerous people to International Half-Ironman Triathlon. participate and compete in athletics. Perhaps his greatest interest was Jeff Miller

CURRENTS Rezoning of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park: Implications for the Tourism Industry

Introduction Summary of changes to access management provisions of these sec- and use tions differ slightly. These differences This report analyzes the Representa- make management diffi cult, particu- tive Areas Program (RAP) and rezoning The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park’s larly near the section borders. Ad- of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP) original zoning plan was fi rst ditionally, the current zoning system (GBRMP) with regard to the changes introduced in 1983. Since this time, does not provide adequate protection of use and access for the tourism in- the GBRMP has been increasing in of the GBRMP’s biodiversity. dustry. In particular, it focuses on the size with the addition of new sections. Such diffi culties with the current implications for the continued opera- Currently, there are fi ve operational zoning system have led to the im- tions of the industry in terms of eco- sections within the GBRMP: plementation of a rezoning process nomic, social and cultural aspects, and • Central Section (October 1987) known as the Representative Areas the protection of biodiversity. Conclu- • Mackay/Capricorn Section Program (RAP). The RAP will amal- sions and recommendations for future (August 1988) gamate the fi ve current zoning sec- planning, implementation and man- • Cairns Section (April 1992) tions to form the Amalgamated Great agement have been made. It must be • Far Northern Section (April Barrier Reef (AGBR) Section which, in noted that the defi nition of tourism us- 2002) turn, will enable consistency between ers and the discussion about the con- • Gumoo Woojabuddee Section the sections with a reef-wide man- sequences of the RAP included in this (December 2002) agement plan. The rezoning process report do not include extractive users Because the addition of these zon- will use coordinate-based zoning such as recreational fi shers. ing sections has been staggered, the where the boundaries were designed

Reef Encounter 33, October 2005 15 CURRENTS to capture representative examples super-yachts, will require a Great ing catchment areas2. The GBRMPA of all fl ora, fauna and habitats. This Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority also identifi ed that the Gross Value will allow these areas to be protected (GBRMPA) permit. All cruise ship op- Product (GVP) of tourism, worth over while still supporting other uses, en- erations are required to obtain a per- $4,000 million (28% of total value), will suring sustainability. Additionally, while mit from the GBRMPA to operate in benefi t from the implementation of the the existing section boundaries are the GBRMP. This provides consistency RAP3. The Forum group also point out, diffi cult to determine, the new coor- throughout the GBRMP and reduces however, that the commercial viability dinate-based boundary system pro- the combination of permits, regulations of the tourism industry is dependent vides clearly defi ned boundaries. The and plans of management that are cur- on the ecological sustainability of the AGBR section will also include some rently required by operating vessels, GBR, as detailed in a later section of previously excluded 4830m2 of reef, making working in the GBRMP easier this report. The tourism industry be- comprised of 28 coastal zones (which to manage. By reducing the paperwork lieves that one way this sustainability was done in 2000–2001). To assist required for tourist operators and by can be achieved (and therefore ensur- with regional management of the increasing the coverage of protected ing future losses are minimized) is by GBRMP and for administrative pur- areas from the current 4.6% to the pro- lessening the impact of human activi- poses, the AGBR section will be split posed 33%, tourism, local prosperity, ties on the reef ecosystems through into four Management Areas (MA) that protection and sustainability would all support and respect of the RAP. have no legislative effect: increase within the GBRMP. Currently, the zoning plan utilizes • Far Northern MA approximately 30% of total locations Cairns/Cooktown MA and the proposed zoning plan will in- • Economic, social and cultural Townsville/Whitsundays MA crease the percentage of total loca- • implications of changes to access Mackay/Capricorn MA tions to 60%4. More specifi cally, the • and use Inside this new AGBR section, there are network of highly protected Green eight types of zones, each representing Tourism growth in the GBRMP is es- zones will be increased from roughly a different level of resource use timated to increase 72% by 2020, 5% to over 30%, spread throughout which relates to the conservation and with recreational users, tour operators all of the 70 bioregions in the GBRMP, protection of the area. Since the new and tourists constituting the most nu- thus contributing to the viability of the zoning system will be reef-wide, it will merous and economically signifi cant tourism industry and therefore eco- eliminate the current inconsistencies of group of reef users1. This increase in nomics. differing names, zoning, and resource visitor numbers will put pressure on According to Bailey et al.5, these use between the fi ve current zoning existing tourist locations and increase new zones will increase protected sections. pressure for development in new lo- access points for tourism activities The GBRMP has many activities of cations, which will have major social, such as diving, snorkeling, reef boat- both a commericial and recreational cultural and economic implications. ing/cruising, in turn reducing impacts nature. There are approximately 1.8 The adoption of the RAP will ideally on coral and fi sh that attract growth in million tourists visiting the GBRMP prove to be an investment in a scarce tourism by changing the access and each year (excluding ferry passengers), resource and a maximization of the use of hundreds of reefs and islands making tourism the largest commercial Great Barrier Reef (GBR) system as in the GBRMP. The new zones will also activity, both in terms of numbers of an ongoing utility. Values that people improve the protection of high value people and dollars brought into the associate with the GBR, i.e. direct val- key destinations such as Agincourt/ Australian economy and into local ues such as tourism, will also become Ribbon reefs in Cairns/Far North. Fur- communities. more important in time due to the de- ther south, the Yongala Shipwreck, Green zones in the GBRMP can clining global status and health trends Helix Reef, Myrmidon Reef and Whit- attract tourists just as protected of reef systems around the world. sundays’ Bait and Hardy reefs will also areas attract visitors on land. Green According to the GBRMPA1 and be subject to increased protection. zones contain special and unique the presenters and participants of the The implementation of the RAP natural features and are thus generally CRC Reef Research Centre’s Tourism will also help to fulfi ll Federal govern- popular destinations for tourism and Future Forum of 2003, the implemen- ment responsibilities associated with recreational activities. Therefore, an tation of the RAP, along with other international conventions (many of increase in protected areas (to 20% measures, will ensure the long-term which include references to tourism), protection) covering each of the 70 viability of the GBRMP’s tourism in- such as the World Heritage Conven- identifi ed bioregions will become an dustry, which is currently worth $1.4 tion, for which it is responsible to the advantage when marketing an area billion. To emphasize the economic global community. for tourism or recreational use. importance of the GBR even further, With further regard to the issue of All vessels operating in the GBRMP an advance fi gure of $4.3 billion (plus economic impacts arising from the under commercial charter, including 48,000 jobs) is applied when includ- RAP, the question of forecast analy-

16 Reef Encounter 33, October 2005 CURRENTS

sis arises. Bailey et al.5 notes that to turally or socially important sites and understood in order to manage them value the potential impact of zoning places by restricting access or impacts effectively and sustain tourism on the based on a cost-benefi t framework is when it is implemented. Through edu- GBR. diffi cult to implement. This is because cation of tourists, the RAP hopes to zoning changes are based on ecologi- promote awareness of local traditions Implications for the protection of cal grounds to develop a sustainable and values. It also hopes to improve biodiversity of the GBRMP framework for marine life, reduce po- tourist/host relations by gaining more tential human impact and preserve information about what is important to Currently, tourism is managed on the industry activity. It is also complex both parties. Great Barrier Reef (GBR) by a combi- because of micro-level changes of It has been suggested that the nation of zoning plans, plans of man- reef access for different users in dif- RAP will offer greater incentive for agement of intensively used sites, ferent areas, and strong correlations site stewardship, and potentially de- codes-of-practice and permits. The between reef-island/mainland regions crease confl icts of use. Visitor compli- changes in the volume and profi le of and earnings. As a result, a tourism- ance and authority enforcement will tourism on the GBR over the last 20 based economic framework was not be easier due to simpler boundaries. years have resulted in the revisions to developed to aid decision-making. In addition, healthy ecosystems with tourism management by the GBRMPA Nevertheless, forecasts were made increased biomass and diversity will that are presently in progress. for mainland/island regions (assuming result in downstream effects with a Pandolfi et al.6 have recently pub- there is no loss of environmental ame- higher value for tourists, leading to re- lished the results of their study which nity value that could deter tourism). peat visits, word-of-mouth endorse- concludes that the GBR is showing Total tourism expenditure from 2003/4 ments and a heightened sense of ap- evidence of declining ecosystems to 2022/23 is expected to raise 4–5% preciation. and “will not survive for more than to $62.2 billion, mainly based on in- Operators within the GBRMP will a few decades unless promptly and ternational visitation. This fi gure also have more scope to develop different massively protected from human ex- takes into account that the 635,000 products such as eco-tourism be- ploitation.” Protection of the biodiver- visits to Marine National Park B and cause they will have more protected sity of the GBR is the major objective National Park zones in 2002 will ap- areas to utilize. Similarly, industry rep- of the RAP. This involves protecting proximately double in the proposed resentatives (such as the Association representative examples of each of plan, thus increasing the Environmen- of Marine Park Tourism Operators, the range of habitats and biodiversity tal Management Charge revenue. Queensland Tourism Industry Council within the highly protected reserves A trend is expected to result in and Tourism Queensland) recognize that prohibit extractive uses. The in- the area becoming reliant on the in- the benefi ts from the plan because it tegrity of the biodiversity of the GBR is ternational sector, increasing by 5% offers greater security for members, critical to future tourism growth by en- per annum, while domestic travel is expands the potential for sustainable suring that visitors enjoy a satisfactory expected to decline5. It is further evi- tourism and enables them to offer experience in the GBRMP. Without a dent that international interest in the higher quality destinations in the fu- healthy biodiversity, the GBR tourism GBRMP is strong from the number of ture. industry is likely to suffer a decline in overseas submissions placed in the Finally, it was also found that visitor numbers, as the integrity of the consultation phase of the RAP1. non-extractive tourism users gener- ecosystem is critical to the quality of One problem noted is that issues ally believe that the RAP will protect the tourism product. Understanding, such as terrorism, political uncer- their industry-dependent healthy reef, enjoyment and appreciation of the tainty, natural disasters and especially that the growth of Marine National GBR are increasing priorities for our declining reef health can become risk- Park Zones which separate extractive tourism consumers7. factors. If the perceived risk is lower, and non-extractive confl icting users The Great Barrier Reef World Heri- there will be a subsequent rise in visi- should be increased to at least 50%, tage Area encompasses all of the tor numbers, which could result in a and that certain commercial fi shing GBRMP and the islands and state rise in the expected cumulative ex- practices such as netting need to be waters within the GBR region. GBR penditure by $13 billion5. restricted or banned1. World Heritage listing and its associat- The RAP hopes to reduce negative Social impacts are complex in the ed obligations confi rm the objectives impacts on communities. The RAP matrix of potential factors affected by of conservation within a framework of may promote economic growth for the implementation of the RAP. On a sustainable use. This also brings the indigenous people by improving em- much larger scale, other examples obligation to present those values to ployment outlooks through involve- such as political, economic, environ- the global community. Tourism is the ment in local tours, events and educa- mental and technological issues are primary means of directly presenting tion centers. The RAP is expected to also continually impacting the com- those values to the majority of visi- increase the level of protection to cul- munity. These impacts need to be tors. The RAP is also a key element of

Reef Encounter 33, October 2005 17 CURRENTS

Australia’s Oceans Policy and meets nation of ‘no-anchor’ areas in heavily within the tourist industry. This will Australia’s obligations under the Con- used sites, and education programs minimize the impact on the reef and is vention on the Conservation of Bio- for boaters10. essential to both the tourist industries logical Diversity 19928. Studies of the impacts of diving and the GBRMP. Other ways in which Tourism is an important commer- and snorkeling have shown that most industry self-regulation might assist in cial activity on the GBR and involves divers do not break corals; however, managing the expansion of tourism millions of visitors each year. This re- a small percentage of divers who and its potential impacts is through quires careful joint management by swim too close to the coral may break the use of codes of conduct and eco- the GBRMPA and Queensland Parks many coral branches on each dive. certifi cation schemes. and Wildlife Service. The use of zon- The studies have determined the car- ing plans is considered to be an ap- rying capacity of coral reefs to be Conclusion propriate instrument for defi ning the about 5,000 divers per site per year. strategic settings for use and access. Diver numbers in excess of this have The implementation of the Represen- In more intensively used areas, regu- been shown to cause environmental tative Areas Program will benefi t tour- lating use is generally achieved under deterioration. No site on the GBR is ism greatly. The implications of the in- Plans of Management9. currently subject to this level of div- creased protected areas (from 5% to In particular, the new RAP Zoning ing activity due to the large number 30%) will only increase the appeal of Plan has been designed to8: of sites available. The diving industry tourism in the GBRMP. With potential • Recognize and maintain the has taken up suggestions for reduc- for increased interaction and steward- outstanding values of the ing diver and snorkeller impacts, such ship, tourism should play a key role in GBRMP, in particular its biodi- as dive briefi ngs and careful selection helping to maintain these new areas. versity, World Heritage values of sites1. There are some potentially negative and ecological integrity; The new RAP zoning plans with impacts suggested by the tourism • Recognize the cultural, tourism signifi cantly increased Green zones industry, such as moorings, but the and recreational values of the will help to conserve biodiversity and number of structures and permits is GBRMP; and safeguard the commercially and edu- not estimated to increase, so addi- • Ensure that existing and future cationally important tourism industry tional infrastructure is not expected. uses of the GBRMP are eco- in the long term. “It is vital for the ani- The overall health of the reef and in- logically sustainable, and that mals and plants of the Reef, and for the creased fi sh abundance and biodi- any future expansion of use economic future of both Queensland versity will help draw domestic and does not have an unaccept- and Australia, that the Great Barrier international tourists. Estimates of able impact on natural, cultural Reef is kept in good condition and to increase in tourist numbers vary, but or GBR World Heritage values. ensure that human activities do not af- all predict a growing trend. Tourism Specifi c measures are being taken to fect the viability and attractiveness of will also serve as an aid in education protect dugongs and marine turtles this outstanding natural ecosystem2.” pertaining to the ecology, biology and through habitat protection, reduction indigenous interests of the reef. The of threatening activities and restric- RAP program is predicted to have a Recommendations tions on use and entry of important positive effect on the tourism industry areas. The implementation of the Represen- and should help this billion-dollar in- Some impacts of tourism that tative Areas Program will potentially dustry, the largest revenue generator have been studied are those associ- raise visitor numbers and impacts in on the reef, grow and thrive within the ated with pontoons, anchoring and the GBRMP. This will pose negative GBRMPA. diving. The impacts of pontoons on implications if monitoring is not put Andrew W. Thompson, the surrounding reef areas have been into place to monitor ecological, so- Faith A. Foster, Robyn S. Smith, Alice shown to be minimal, apart from the cial and economic factors. The current Hayes and Miro E. Hock, area directly under the pontoon and Environmental Management Charge Post-Graduate Students, its moorings. Damage caused by is an essential economic tool in main- School of Tropical Environmental anchoring of both tourist and recre- taining the integrity and monitoring of Studies and Geography, ational boats is a signifi cant issue in the GBRMP. This charge must con- James Cook University, Townsville heavily visited sites in the GBRMP. tinue to be allocated to the GBRMP, 4811, Queensland, Australia. Anchors and anchor chains are capa- and increased if necessary, in order to ble of breaking multiple coral colonies maintain the GBRMP. Another tool that Andrew Thompson is currently the at each drop. Management strategies is key in curbing the impacts of the Principal Environmental Offi cer can include the installation of both increase in visitor numbers is main- for the Queensland Environmental private and public moorings, desig- tenance of strict operating guidelines Protection Agency in Townsville

18 Reef Encounter 33, October 2005 CURRENTS

and can be reached at andrew. the Rezoning of the Great Barrier Reef Jackson, J. (2003). Global Trajectories [email protected] Marine Park. GBRMPA, Townsville. of the Long-Term Decline of Coral Reef 4Hand, T. (2003). An economic and social Ecosystems. Science 301:955–957. evaluation of implementing the Repre- 7Charters, T., and, Law, K. (2000). Best sentative Areas Program by rezoning Practice Ecotourism in Queensland. the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Tourism Queensland, Brisbane. References Draft report on the Draft Zoning Plan 8GBRMPA. (2003). Explanatory Statement 1GBRMPA. (2003). Zoning Plan for the for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park – Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Zon- Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Regu- Authority, October 2003. ing Plan. GBRMPA, Townsville. latory Impact Statement. GBRMPA, 5Bailey, G., Riley, D., Heaney, L., Lubulwa, 9Tourism Review Steering Committee. Townsville. M., Barry, T., & Salma, U. (2003). As- (1997). Review of the Marine Tour- 2CRC Reef Research Centre. (2003). Pro- sessment of Tourism Activity in the ism Industry in the Great Barrier Reef tecting the Great Barrier Reef’s Tourism Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Re- World Heritage Area. Offi ce of National Future Forum. Twin Waters, Sunshine gion. Bureau of Tourism Research, Tourism, Canberra. Coast Qld. Online URL: http://www. Canberra. 10Sweatman, H. (1996). Impact of Tourist reef.crc.org.au/pdf/outcomes_reef_ 6Pandolfi , J., Bradbury, R., Sala, E., Pontoons on Fish Assemblages on the forum_july_2003.pdf. Hughes, T., Bjorndal, K., Cooke, R., Great Barrier Reef CRC Reef Research 3GBRMPA. (2003). Summary Report on McArdle, D., McClenchan, L., New- Centre Technical Report No 5. CRC the Social and Economic Impacts of man, M., Paredes, G., Warner, R., & Reef Research Centre, Townsville.

The Coral Reefs of the Islands Pulau Talang Talang Besar and Kecil at the Westernmost Coastline of Sarawak State, Borneo

Introduction Materials and methods coral reef was observed, ranging in depth from approximately 2.0 me- The survey was conducted in Septem- Relatively isolated fringing coral reefs ters to approximately 10–15 meters. ber 2001. The examined sites were 1) exist around small islands at the west- Visibility was approximately 5.0 me- the Fishermen’s Ground next to the ernmost coastline of the state of Sar- ters and there was some sediment Indonesian border and 2) the Islands awak, Malaysia, northwest Borneo, in the water. Most of the seabed is Pulau Talang Talang Kecil and Besar next to the border of Indonesia. These composed of dead coral and coral (PTT K&B). These sites are shown coral reefs are unique because they rubble, confi rming the recent report on Figure 1 (position is: 1°55’N; grow on granodiorite rock (not true by Pilcher and Cabanban1. However, 109°47’E). All sites were surveyed by coral reefs1). Information on these cor- contrary to Pilcher and Cabanban, visual census. SCUBA surveys were al reefs is very sparse. A recent report1 an abundance of sediment was not conducted and the fringing coral reef gives a brief qualitative description of observed on the rock substrate. The at PTT K&B was furthermore surveyed the overall species diversity and sta- corals did not show any sign of coral with snorkeling gear. Each surveyed tus of the habitats of the shoreline of bleaching, and no coral diseases were site included an area of approximately western Malaysia, Borneo (with a ma- observed. 100 meters x 30 meters, beginning jor emphasis on the marine habitats in More than 20 species of coral reef straight from the shoreline. Sabah State). One other relatively old fi sh were observed on the PTT K&B (1979) qualitative dive survey from this site. Since relatively few dives were area is available2. A couple of local un- conducted, the actual number of coral Results published reports have been made by and coral fi sh species is likely higher. the Department of Sarawak Fisheries, No coral reefs were found on the Three species of anemonefi shes, Am- Kutching which briefl y mention these Fishermen’s Ground site. This area is phiprion ocellaris, A. frenatus (Figure coral reefs. No quantitative studies typically comprised of dead rock, with 2), and A. melanopus, were observed have been published. The aim of this typical rock fi sh. Visibility in this area within the giant host sea anemones preliminary study was to observe se- is poor, 1.0–1.5 meters with heavy Entacmaea quadricolor (Figure 2) and lected local coral reefs near these is- siltation. Only one coral species, Tur- Heteractis magnifi ca. lands, concentrating on health status binaria spp., was observed. Scleractinian corals at the PTT and species abundance. At PTT K&B, a healthy fringing K&B site were comprised mainly of

Reef Encounter 33, October 2005 19 CURRENTS

Porites, Echinopora, Diploastrea, and Montastre, which agrees with the qualitative observations by Pilcher and Cabanban1. In addition, I recorded the presence of at least fi ve coral species of the family Acroporidae. Two spe- cies of soft corals (Sarcophyton spp.) were observed in high abundances at one site - a single cliff, approximately 1 kilometer south of PTT K&B.

Discussion This report presents one of the fi rst preliminary studies within the last 20 years that describes the coral reefs of the Islands Pulau Talang Talang Besar and Kecil, at the westernmost coast- line of Sarawak State, Borneo. In an Figure 1. Map of the surveyed area along the westernmost coastline of the Malaysian ecological context, it is interesting that state Sarawak, northwest Borneo, South East Asia. Circles show the SCUBA-surveyed a relatively healthy fringing coral reef local areas. is found growing on granodiorite rock in the coastal waters of Southwest Sarawak, Borneo (which is infl uenced by heavily silted waters fl owing from numerous rivers1) three year after the worst worldwide coral bleaching ever recorded. Suggested future research should include detailed quantitative and qualitative studies of these coral reefs, which could be used for com- parison with other areas with sclerac- tinian coral growth in waters with high sediment loads.

Michael Arvedlund, University of the Ryukyus, Tropical Biosphere Research Center (Sesoko Station), Sesoko 3422, Motobu, Okinawa 905-0227 Japan. Phone: +81-980-47-2888 Fax: +81-980-47-4919. E-mail: Figure 2. The anemonefi sh Amphiprion frenatus and its host anemone, Entacmaea [email protected] quadricolor, found at the fringing coral reefs of Pulau Talang Talang, Sarawak, Borneo. Photo: Michael Arvedlund.

References network (ed. C. Wilkinson). Australian and their distribution from Tanjong 1Pilcher, N. & A. S. Cabanban 2000. The Institute of Marine Science., 81 pp. Serabang to Pulau Badar. Sarawak status of coral reefs in eastern Ma- 2Walshe, T. & Catsburg, I. 1979. A survey Museum Journal, Vol. XXVII(48): 301– laysia. In: global coral reef monitoring to identify the major species of coral 309.

20 Reef Encounter 33, October 2005 CURRENTS Overfi shed Coral Reefs in American Samoa: No Quick Fix

Major hurricanes strike American Sa- covery of corals in the territory, a vis- to maintain itself at its current abun- moa at intervals of about 3–9 years, iting ecologist captured the problem dance. Successful recruitment must so we see a cycle of coral reef dis- when he remarked that it was as if “the be a very rare event, and it would be turbance followed by a lengthy pe- house had been rebuilt, but the rooms even rarer if the number of spawners riod of recovery. The hurricane in were empty.” Where were the fi sh? has been reduced to a skeleton popu- 1991 was particularly bad and many We don’t mean to imply that hur- lation through overfi shing. of our reefs were reduced to rubble ricanes caused these problems. A In American Samoa, we are look- and rolling hills of pink coralline algae much more likely culprit is fi shing ing at an entrenched case of “recruit- with low-relief corals, but as the years pressure. The consensus among local ment overfi shing,” where fi shing re- progressed, coral growth was slow biologists and visiting coral reef ex- duces the size of the adult stock to a but steady and diverse thickets reap- perts is that American Samoa’s reefs point where production of larvae and peared. However, a certain amount of have simply been overfi shed, and subsequent recruitment are impaired. despair has crept into our view. The some research supports this. Even Further, the reduced gamete produc- one thing that hasn’t recovered is the though current levels of fi shing do not tion of today’s small population, cou- fi sh populations. This is hard to gauge, seem excessive, the area of our reefs pled with naturally occurring years of of course, when we don’t know how is rather small and, consequently, it recruitment failure, make population many fi sh were present on these reefs is easily fi shed out. Fish stocks may recovery exceedingly diffi cult and before the hurricanes. Nonetheless, well have been depleted years ago, may, in effect, hold the population today we see what must be a shadow as knowledgeable locals and elder down at a lower level of abundance, a of former population abundances. Samoans recall seeing far more fi sh sort of impoverished steady state. There are relatively few and/or small on our reefs 25 years ago. We might then say that it is the role sizes of the species commonly taken One straightforward solution is, of MPAs to provide a vital conserva- for food. Figure 1 shows the pooled of course, to reduce fi shing pressure. tion measure. True in concept, but un- lengths of all surgeonfi sh, unicorn- Another seldom-discussed factor fortunately none of our MPAs provides fi sh, parrotfi sh, snappers, emperors, may also be working to keep our fi sh long-term protection for harvested groupers, jacks and sharks sighted stocks at a perpetually low level, thus resources. None has an effective en- during extensive surveys on the reef increasing their longevity (or lack of forcement capability. Indeed, the ter- slope at the 10-m depth. It is readily it). As more and more coral reef fi shes ritory itself has a limited ability to con- apparent that few fi sh were 40 cm (16 have been aged, an unanticipated duct marine enforcement activities of in) or larger in total length (TL). Those pattern is emerging: there are fi sh far any sort, but this is not really the is- data were derived from belt tran- older than expected. These fi sh can sue, as most fi shing on the territory’s sects of 3 x 50 m. The same pattern live on the reef for decades, with max- coral reefs is completely legal. emerges when wider transects (20 x imum ages of 20–30 years common, Consequently, a meaningful recov- 50 m) were used to focus on species even for small surgeonfi sh. This dis- ery will require nothing short of a territo- that are diver wary and/or particularly putes the former idea that coral reef ry-wide reduction in the harvest of coral vulnerable to exploitation due to the fi shes are high-turnover populations reef fi shes for at least 10 years, with large sizes (70–200 cm) they can at- that can be heavily fi shed because specifi c protection for the larger fi sh. tain (Fig. 2). These include sharks, they grow quickly and die young. That’s what the long life span of the fi sh maori wrasse and several large spe- The realization that coral reef fi sh is telling us: there is no quick fi x. cies of parrotfi sh, but none was big- can be old is not merely interesting, Additionally, a comprehensive re- ger than 50 cm (20 inches) on Tutuila it has signifi cant management impli- covery effort would need to address a Island. This depressing picture is not cations. A likely rationale for this life number of related issues, particularly a sudden event. Surveys in 19961 and history pattern is that mortality of their the essential need to (1) strengthen 2004 (R. Brainard, NOAA, pers. com.) young is extremely high, so a fi sh has our MPAs, (2) promote other sources document that local reefs have had to live and spawn for decades in or- of fi sh for consumption (such as the few large fi sh for at least eight years. der to ensure that at least a few of its bycatch of pelagic fi sh caught by the Birkeland2 notes the tremendous loss juveniles successfully make it back domestic longline fl eet), (3) develop a of spawning potential this can repre- to the reef and grow to maturity. For policy relating to imported coral reef sent, as one large female red snapper all the millions and millions of eggs a fi sh (i.e. we should not transfer our (61 cm) has the spawning potential of fi sh spawns during its long lifetime, overfi shing problem to a neighboring 212 smaller females (42 cm). only two recruits must survive to country by importing their coral reef Observing the post-hurricane re- adulthood in order for the population fi sh), (4) prohibit the export of all coral

Reef Encounter 33, October 2005 21 CURRENTS reef products, (5) strengthen territorial el and have been declining steadily References fi sheries regulations to prevent the in- over the past 20 years due to lifestyle troduction of overly effi cient types of changes), but any overall strategy 1Green, A. 2002. Status of coral reefs on fi shing gear, (6) ensure that fi shermen would need to demonstrate an actual the main volcanic islands of American are well informed about protected reduction in harvest and meaningful Samoa: a resurvey of long-term moni- no-take zones, and (7) implement a protection of resources in the territo- toring sites. 2Birkeland, C. 1997. Implications for re- long-term monitoring program that ry’s MPAs. source managers. In: C. Birkeland (ed.) specifi cally provides quantitative data Life and death of coral reefs. Chapman on these fi sheries issues. P Craig, and Hall (NY). A balanced solution might still National Park of American Samoa Report to Dept. Marine & Wildlife Re- allow for some subsistence needs A Green, sources, Pago Pago, American Samoa (which appear to be at a modest lev- The Nature Conservancy 96799. 135p.

Coral Reef Ed-Ventures: An Environmental Education Program for School Children in San Pedro, Belize

Introduction and Overview it!” At Smith College, our experience sion by the Smith faculty team. The in Belize began in the mid-1980s with program was launched in June 2000 The well-documented global decline fi eld trips sponsored by the Five-Col- when two Smith student teachers ini- of tropical coral reef ecosystems has lege Coastal and Marine Science Pro- tiated the program for just seven lo- sparked numerous surveys and many gram. However, it was our participation cal student participants. From this research projects, large and small, in the Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef As- modest beginning, the program has conducted by marine scientists over sessment Program (AGRRA) that add- grown signifi cantly in both number of the past decade. Many, if not most, ed focus to our Belize research and students and community support. In reef scientists live far from their reef caused us to think that we really could summer 2004, our fi fth year of opera- study areas. On the long fl ight home do more. In 1999, we initiated AGRRA tion, over 60 students, ages 7 to 11, following yet another reef survey or surveys on the Mesoamerican Barrier attended each day of the two-week research trip to a distant tropical lo- Reef in south-central Belize and off program conducted by the fi ve Smith cation, one might suspect that many Ambergris Caye in northern Belize. student teachers. readers of Reef Encounter have had Our Ambergris surveys brought us in thoughts like “hmmm… my next jour- close contact with Mr. Miguel Alamilla, The Coral Reef Ed-Ventures nal article is coming out in the upcom- Jr., the Manager of the Hol Chan Ma- Curriculum ing issue of Coral Reefs; the big fi eld rine Reserve in San Pedro. With this survey is done but the report dead- connection, Professors Al Curran and The intent of the Coral Reef Ed-Ven- line is looming; I’ve just got to write Paulette Peckol envisioned develop- tures curriculum is to teach children a new grant proposal… and, I won- ing a marine environmental education what an ecosystem is, and, specifi - der if anybody living in the commu- program for the local school children. cally, to guide them in developing an nity adjacent to my reef study area They then recruited Professor Susan understanding of the coral reef eco- knows or cares about any of this.” Etheredge of Smith’s Education & system. The focus is on understand- As environmental scientists, we know Child Study Department to join in the ing the needs of a healthy reef, how that processes of global extent are af- effort and contribute her expertise in various organisms interact with the fecting coral reef ecosystems, but we inquiry-based science education for reef, the threats to the reef, and how also recognize that local community children. to protect the reef ecosystem. The fol- stakeholders can and will have a big The result of this collaboration is lowing questions drive our curriculum effect on the future health of individ- Coral Reef Ed-Ventures, an educa- development and instruction: ual reef systems. So, the question is, tional program for school children de- • What is an ecosystem? are we as scientists doing enough to signed to increase awareness of the • How is the coral reef an eco- share our research fi ndings and make environmental and economic benefi ts system? our knowledge available to the people of a healthy reef ecosystem. Smith • What are the needs of a healthy of tropical communities adjacent to College undergraduate students with reef ecosystem? reef ecosystems? backgrounds in coral reef science • How do various organisms (in- Our answer to this question was - and education serve as the teachers cluding humans) interact with “no, but we can do something about for the program, with close supervi- the coral reef ecosystem?

22 Reef Encounter 33, October 2005 CURRENTS

Figure 1. Concept map for the Coral Reef Ed-Ventures Program.

• What are the threats to this poetry about the reef, and create t- illustrate how much can be learned ecosystem? shirt designs and conservation post- right outside the schoolhouse door, • Why do we need to protect our ers for the Hol Chan Marine Reserve. teachers discussed how exploring the coral reef ecosystem? The daily participation of the Hol Chan local environment with their students • What can I do to protect the Marine Reserve Education Coordina- can integrate all areas of the curricu- coral reef? What can my com- tor and visits by Hol Chan rangers and lum in active and engaging ways: munity do? other community members involved in • The language and visual arts: The curriculum (see Figure 1) en- reef-related activities, such as fi shing, listening, thinking, writing, gages the children in active, hands-on tourism, and sport diving, provide ca- communicating, creating, and classroom and fi eld trip-based learn- reer examples and greatly enrich the constructing. ing experiences. We visit local fi sher- program. More information about the • The skills of science: observ- ies; explore and study beach, reef, structure and content of the curricu- ing, questioning, researching, and mangrove habitats and pursue lum can be obtained from Professors hypothesizing, and experi- in-class experimentation and demon- Curran and/or Etheredge. menting. stration. Our instruction teaches reef • Mathematics: problem solving, science through a multi-disciplinary measuring, classifying, and Teacher Workshops approach that includes literature, the calculating. visual arts, crafts, and the performing In addition to the two-week activities- • The social studies: becoming arts. Some of the favorite activities based program for school children, we knowledgeable about the lo- of the children as well as our Smith have expanded Coral Reef Ed-Ven- cal community, developing a student teachers are coral polyp tures to include a program of teacher sense of stewardship, and ex- “puppets” (purple rubber gloves with workshops. The primary objective of ploring career possibilities and zooxanthellae dots); turtle hurdles (an our 1- to 2-day teacher workshops is options. outdoor game); acting out the food- to integrate exploration and under- Additionally, teachers explored web; the night-time feeding the pol- standing of the local environment, the natural and human processes yps dramatization (to illustrate the specifi cally the Mesoamerican Barrier that created and continue to shape feeding habits of coral); producing a Reef, into the existing mandated cur- Ambergris Caye and the reef and ad- mural that represents reef ecology; ricula of the Belizean school system. dressed these processes through making art from trash; and calculat- In 2004, the Coral Reef Ed-Ventures lessons in geology, biology, ecology, ing the dollar value of the reef. Read team conducted our largest teacher and economics. Discussions also ad- aloud, songs, and games are favorite workshop yet, attended by all 28 dressed similar challenges that teach- parts of each day. Children keep their teachers from the San Pedro R.C. ers in both the United States and Be- own science journals, write and per- School, the only public elementary lize face, such as teaching the specif- form plays (“The Barracuda and the school on Ambergris Caye. ics students need to pass the required Zooxanthellae” is a recent one), write Beginning with a beach walk to standardized tests while still teaching

Reef Encounter 33, October 2005 23 CURRENTS

Figure 2. Coral Reef Ed-Ventures students and Smith College student teacher “Miss Erica” thank the community of San Pedro, Belize for support of the program in summer 2004. Photo by Emily Tyner. them the critical skills they will need ronment and can identify many reef to witness the children’s increased to think creatively and independently organisms and discuss their habits, awareness, knowledge, and excite- and apply what they know to new adaptations, and symbiotic relation- ment about the local marine environ- situations. In their evaluations of the ships. The program ends with a gala ment and to observe it penetrate the workshop, participating teachers com- graduation ceremony held at the local San Pedro community. Furthermore, mented that they discovered ways to Lion’s Club pavilion in the center of San we are gratifi ed that community in- integrate materials from the reef into Pedro and is well attended by student volvement and support for the pro- their curricula and noted the variety of families. As part of the ceremonies, gram has increased each year. An ways that workshop activities could be the students present skits based on ongoing goal is to strengthen links adapted for any age group. Many ex- their newly developed knowledge of with other reef ecosystem conser- pressed their eagerness for extended the coral reef ecosystem. Each child vation efforts in San Pedro, such as workshops in the future. who successfully completes the pro- the work of Green Reef and its Peace gram receives a “coral expert” card Corps volunteer, and the year-round signed and presented by Mr. Miguel educational efforts at Hol Chan, under Conclusions and Future Goals Alamilla, Jr., Manager of the Hol Chan the direction of Cordelia Shal and with By the end of the Coral Reef Ed-Ven- Marine Reserve. the assistance of the Hol Chan Peace tures program, the students are able Feedback from the San Pedro Corps volunteer. This year several to demonstrate signifi cant knowledge community has been highly positive students from Guardians of the Reef, of the Mesoamerican coral reef envi- regarding the program. It is inspiring a newly formed high school environ-

24 Reef Encounter 33, October 2005 CURRENTS

Figure 3. Belizean children from San Pedro conduct a beach mapping exercise with Coral Ed student teacher.

mental club started by the Hol Chan of the Mesoamerican Coral Reef Eco- ers who have followed their lead. We Education Coordinator and the Peace system. thank Miguel Alamilla Jr., Manager of Corps volunteers, served as interns in Hol Chan Marine Reserve, Cordelia our Coral Reef Ed-Ventures program. Shal, Education Coordinator at Hol Acknowledgments These interns were a valuable addi- Chan, and the Peace Corps volun- tion to the program, and we plan to We are indebted to our initial two stu- teers in San Pedro for their strong and expand their role in the program. The dent teachers, Catya Harrold and Kate continuous support of our program. children of San Pedro, Belize are the Buckman, for their pioneering work in Finally, we are grateful to the island future leaders of their community and, the San Pedro community and to all school principals, Roxani Kay, Lydia by extension, are front-line guardians of our Smith College student teach- Guerrero, and Frank Nunez, for their

Reef Encounter 33, October 2005 25 CURRENTS

Figure 4. Children on a glass-bottom boat ride view a part of the Mesoamerican reef. For most, this is a fi rst look at the reef that lies immediately offshore from their community. support of the program and permis- more. We are grateful for funding for Al Curran is William R. Kenan, Jr. sions to use facilities and to the many the program provided by a Thoreau Professor of Geology at members of the San Pedro commu- Grant from Northeast Educational Smith College, Northampton, nity who have made us feel welcome Services of Somerville, Massachu- Massachusetts, USA 01063; and provided support to the program setts, the Culpeper Foundation, and email: [email protected] in ways too numerous to list here. Dr. the Summer Science Program and Robert Ginsburg, RSMAS, University Environmental Science and Policy Susan Etheredge is Associate of Miami, and others of the AGRRA program at Smith College. Professor of Education & Child Study team provided the inspiration to do at Smith College and fi rst author of

26 Reef Encounter 33, October 2005 CURRENTS the recent book Introducing Students senior student-teacher for Coral Paulette Peckol is Louise Harrington to Scientifi c Inquiry, Allyn & Bacon, Ed-Ventures-2004. A Udall Fellow, Professor of Biological Sciences at 2003; email: [email protected] Beth will begin graduate work in Smith College and Coordinator of biological sciences at Smith College the Five College Coastal & Marine Elizabeth Callaghan is a Class of in September 2004 with support from Science Program; 2004 Ada Comstock graduate of an EPA Star Fellowship; email: [email protected] Smith College with an A.B. degree email: [email protected] in Biological Sciences and was the

Marine Conservation Expedition on Yadua Island, Fiji - Protect the Coral Reefs School Project 2001

Introduction increase the environmental aware- • To give a presentation to the ness of the village by undertaking en- rest of the village to pass on Since 1998, Greenforce, a British vironmental education projects in the the knowledge to the village non-profi t organization, has been school. Phase 14 saw the introduction adults. undertaking marine science surveys of Andrew Finlay, Greenforce’s new • To further improve relation- for the National Trust for Fiji on the Chief Marine Scientist who has previ- ships between the villagers of pristine islands of Yadua Island and ously worked as an Education co-or- Denimanu and Greenforce. Yaduataba Island. Four times a year, dinator for an environmental charity, 10-week expeditions are funded by as well as focusing his MSc thesis on Methods paying SCUBA divers who undertake the environmental education of fi sher- an intensive 2-week science training men involved in the management of After the proposed coral reef education- program which enables the collection Marine Protected Areas. With the ap- al project was approved by the Denima- of quantifi able data on fi sh, coral and proval of the Denimanu Development nu Development Committee, the times invertebrate diversity and abundance. Committee, a 5-week school project and dates of the educational sessions The aim of the project is to provide was planned with the boy scouts and were agreed with Master Peckham, the the National Trust with baseline data girl guides of the village. The follow- Headmaster of the Denimanu Village of the marine resources of the islands ing report outlines the details of the School. Sections 1–2 hours in length so that a report can be submitted to project and the results of monitoring were planned before and after lunch UNESCO for World Heritage Site ap- the knowledge levels of the children on Saturdays, and a presentation was plication. In addition, the reports will before and after the project. planned to coincide with the school form the basis of future coastal man- The project aims and objects were: concert and prize giving ceremony at agement and ensure the sustainable • To increase the environmental the end of term. All Greenforce vol- development of the Island. awareness of the children by unteers were briefed on the details of As part of the ongoing science running a 5-week coral reef the sessions and each volunteer was work, Greenforce has built up an ex- project with the help of Green- given the opportunity to decide which cellent relationship with the community force volunteers. session to assist with. All volunteers of Denimanu, the only village on Yadua • To incorporate subjects from took part in the school project at least Island. With help from the British High the National Curriculum into once, and some more than once due Commission, Greenforce successfully environmental sessions to their enthusiasm in the classroom implemented a solar-powered water • To monitor the increase in the and hard work. project which now supplies fresh wa- children’s knowledge levels to ter to the village. In addition, by be- evaluate the success of the Summary of Project ing allowed to sit in on the Denimanu project over time and encour- Development Committee meetings, age the approval for the go- Table 1 provides a description of each staff have been responsible for marine ahead of future projects educational session covered dur- conservation measures such as the • To produce coral reef designs ing the program. Specially prepared rejection of a potential live fi sh trade on sulus (traditional Fijian uni- worksheets were completed during venture on the island. sex skirts) for each child so that each session with the children. As part of the ongoing work in the they have a lasting reminder of The boys and girls in the class community, Greenforce now aims to the project had volunteered themselves for the

Reef Encounter 33, October 2005 27 CURRENTS

Session Detail Resources Delivery Subject Duration

1. Introduction to § Knowledge Survey Posters Fin, Sandy, English 15 minutes Project § What is Greenforce? Books and Pita § What are we doing on Yadua? § Outline of School Project § Worksheets § Small skits of the Importance of Props Volunteers Drama 1 hour and threats to Coral Reefs 45 minutes

2. Importance of § Food, Tourism, Global Warming, Worksheets, pencils, Fin English 1 ½ hours Reefs and Threats to Coastal Protection etc. crayons Reefs § Over-fi shing, Construction, pollution etc.

Break Iain, Fin and 2 hours Activity § SCUBA kit dress up SCUBA gear X 3 Volunteers

3. Litter Survey § Divide kids into groups led by GF Plastic bags, gloves, pen Fin and Environment 1 ½ hours vols and survey the beach for litter and paper volunteers Break Analysis § Bar charts produced for the Rulers, crayons and Geography 1 hour different types of litter found pens Maths

3. Art Design § Fabric Design of Marine Paper, pencils, rubbers, Fin Art 2 hour conservation issues crayons, fi sh books, science books Break Letter Writing § Write letters to FSP Letter template Volunteers English 1 hour

4. Fabric Design § Print designs on Fabric to make Fabric, fabric paint, pre- Fin Art 2 x 2 hour sulus and curtains made stencils, sponges, sessions water, paint mugs Paint Monitor! Volunteers

5. Presentation § Children to practice presentation to Props, paper, pens Fin 1 hour Practice rest of school and parents session

6. Presentation § Children to act out Importance and Certifi cates and prizes Children, 45 minutes threats to Reefs for best fabric design Greenforce, Village

Table 1. Description of each session, including subject details, resource requirements, people responsible for delivering the session, National Curriculum subjects covered, and the session’s duration.

project and were giving up their Sat- down durations, such as metals and Letter Writing. As well as trying to urdays to come and learn about coral plastics, have started to build up on incorporate core National Curriculum reefs. Therefore, it was important to the main village beach. The children subjects such as Math, English, Art, make the project fun as well as edu- were divided into groups and taken by and Drama, the project encouraged cational. a Greenforce volunteer to conduct a the children to write letters to an litter survey on various sections of the Environmental Organization in the SCUBA Kit Practical and Litter Survey. beach. The children were astounded capital, Suva, inviting them to conduct A SCUBA kit activity was included to fi nd 245 batteries on their beach workshops with Yadua’s adult not only for fun, but also to enable after a 20-minute survey. They have population. This is a very powerful the children to learn about how pledged not to drop batteries in the tool, as it not only encourages the Greenforce monitors and surveys the sea in the future, as it poisons the external organization to come, but coral reefs. As part of the project, the fi sh that they eat from. Unsurprisingly, also empowers the children to feel the children looked at the impact of litter waste products with longer break responsibility for bringing them to their on marine life and the aesthetic quality down times were the more dominant Island. The children wrote letters to of their Island. With no treatment litter types, i.e. glass, metal, and the People’s Foundation for the South facilities, wastes with long break plastic. Pacifi c (FSP), which has since replied

28 Reef Encounter 33, October 2005 CURRENTS

and accepted the children’s invitation. FSP will hopefully be able to get the environmental message across to the adults and encourage coral reef and fi sheries management for the future.

Sulu Making. To provide the children with a lasting reminder of the project, Greenforce volunteers cut out templates of fi sh and corals for the children to use in designing sulus. Each child designed their own sulu with the assistance of a Greenforce volunteer and a prize for the best sulu was given at the fi nal presentation.

Presentation. The fi nal part of the project gave the pupils an opportunity to educate the adults of the village by giving a presentation on the importance of and threats to coral reefs. At the school’s annual prize giving ceremony, the children acted out different scenarios while a child explained each skit in English and Fijian to the audience. The project was extremely suc- cessful as all the children thoroughly enjoyed themselves and learned a great deal. In addition, the adults also learned new information about coral reef protection and the Greenforce volunteers felt that they had made an excellent contribution to a worthwhile cause. The real success of past edu- Figure 1. Graph depicts the knowledge levels of the entire class both before and after cation projects have not been known, the educational program. as most projects have failed to con- duct any monitoring or evaluation of the students’ progress. In this program, the children were asked to complete a 20-question survey form to assess their base- line knowledge of coral reefs before the project. The children completed this same survey at the end of the 5- week project to determine whether the child’s knowledge levels had in- creased. Figure 1 depicts the increase in the class’s knowledge levels result- ing from the educational program. Based on the survey results, the proj- ect was not only fun but also signifi - cantly improved the knowledge levels of the children. The class increased Figure 2. Knowledge levels, expressed as test scores versus age of each child, before from an average score of 70% to and after project. 88.2%. This data has been used to

Reef Encounter 33, October 2005 29 CURRENTS ensure that Greenforce’s school projects will continue in the future, as it persuades decision makers that this type of envi- ronmental education is extremely impor- tant. Additional analysis of survey results shows that although all the children’s test scores improved, on the whole, the younger children benefi ted the most from the project. Figure 2 shows the dif- ferential increase in knowledge levels between younger and older children, where the gap of increase in knowledge level is greater for the younger children but shorter for the older children. These data suggest that the project is ideal for the children of ages 11–13, but may be too simplistic for children aged 14–16. This data will be used when designing environmental education projects in the future.

Conclusion The Denimnau Development Commit- tee were very pleased with the 2001 Coral Reef Project and have agreed that Greenforce should continue their environmental educational work in the school. Greenforce aims to develop the project so that it includes all pupils from the school over the next two years. Hopefully, the children will pass on their new found knowledge to the rest of their families. Little Joekeli, was spotted soon after the litter survey telling Big Anerei “No. STOP! Don’t drop that rubbish in the sea. It kills the fi sh!” R. Andrew O. Finlay Chief Marine Scientist, Greenforce Yadua Expedition 2001–2004 Email: [email protected]

Bad Newspaper Reporting Identifi ed as a Major Cause of Coral Reef Decline by A. Reporter global warming, overfi shing, disease, time the reporters either got the story Results from a new research paper and pollution. wrong or they made things up. We conclude that bad newspaper Dr. Marlin Billfi sh, lead author of then did a survey and calculated that reporting is a major cause of coral the report explained, “We analyzed government offi cials and managers decline. The new report fl ies in the 625 newspaper stories about coral spend 12.6 million hours every year face of conventional wisdom that reefs that appeared over the last trying to correct mistakes made by states coral reefs are dying because of fi fteen years and 92 percent of the newspaper reporters.”

30 Reef Encounter 33, October 2005 CURRENTS, REEF BRIEFS, AND BOOK REVIEW

The Billfi sh team also reported reporters satisfy an important societal The Billfi sh report is not generating that a signifi cant amount of variation need. “They provide an opportunity for much controversy among scientists. in public opinion was explained by the managers and politicians to educate “My colleagues generally agree with contrasting – and wrong - content of the public after our stories generate the report and that’s pretty unusual,” story headlines. “If managers could confl ict and controversy – heck, we’re said Dr. Billfi sh. However, one scientist just focus their time and energy more not supposed to understand this stuff, was willing to be interviewed who effi ciently, instead of responding to we just report it.” defended journalists, but asked to headlines and stories on almost a daily Environmental groups were not remain anonymous. “The best way to basis, conservation of coral resources studied in the Billfi sh report. “We get my ideas discussed these days is would be much further along,” said dodged a bullet on that one,” said to talk to reporters. They love to hear Billfi sh. Beatrice Green, president of Coral me spin a story and they never really The reason reporters do their jobs Reef Action People. “The Billfi sh ask the hard questions. It’s amazing so badly was not immediately obvious. report is a good study, but let’s be fair. what I can get away with! I love to talk “Our initial assumption was that These are complicated issues. That’s to reporters – they’re great!” When reporters are stupid, but after extensive why groups like ours are so important. asked if this was responsible behavior interviews we learned instead that We focus on the really important stuff.” for a scientist, he replied, “What harm most of them are just lazy. They don’t Ms. Green believes that if sewage can it do? It’s only talk.” put much effort into their stories and pollution is controlled, local reefs will Dr. Billfi sh challenged journalists to the result is bad reporting – we have return to their former glory. “That’s dig deeper for the facts and not to take statistical proof,” added Dr. Billfi sh. our mantra,” she added. When the easy way out on diffi cult stories. The Billfi sh report is causing quite reminded that the causes of coral reef “Yeah, right,” he said, laughing as he a stir among journalists. In defense decline are considered complex and headed offshore. of his reporters, Arthur Dodger, a are not related just to sewage, Green seasoned newspaper editor, said, responded, “We’ve done studies too. “Look, you can’t expect reporters to We know that the public cares about A. Reporter is Dr. Steven Miller, a know everything. I’m really pissed at coral reefs. That’s why they give us research professor at the University of this Billfi sh guy. He doesn’t understand money. If our campaigns get too North Carolina at Wilmington. When the fi rst thing about what makes a complicated, the public doesn’t pay asked about his personal experiences good story. Facts are not really that attention and that’s bad for busi… the with reporters he replied, “No important.” Dodger went on to say that environment.” comment.”

REEF BRIEFS

These published scientifi c papers may be of interest to the Brolund, TM, A Tychsen, LE Nielsen, M Arvedlund, 2004, ISRS community: An assemblage of the host anemone Heteractis magnifi ca in the northern Red Sea, and distribution of the resident Storlazzi, CD, JB Logan, and ME Field, 2003, Quantitative anemonefi sh. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K., 84, 671–674. morphology of a fringing reef tract from high-resolution la- ser bathymetry: Southern Molokai, Hawaii. GSA Bulletin, 115 (11): 1344–1355. BOOK REVIEW

Shorefi shes of the Tropical Eastern Pacifi c (CD-ROM) by D.R. Robertson and G.R. Allen. 2002

Coral reef ecologists are well acquainted with and appre- the fi eld gear of their colleagues. Field guides provide that ciate the usefulness of fi eld guides to their taxa of inter- essential fi rst layer of information on species identity, tax- est. Some of them have produced fi eld guides that can onomy, distribution, biology, ecology, and behavior. Until be found, tattered and worn, but still being used, among recently, fi eld guides to the fi shes of the eastern Pacifi c

Reef Encounter 33, October 2005 31 BOOK REVIEW

have focused on select locations, or have covered broad maximum size. Lists of endemic species can be gener- regions but with limited detail and lack of comprehensive- ated for sub-regions or the entire tropical East Pacifi c, as ness. Goodson1 covers fi sh from Alaska to Peru, includ- well as maps of species richness that refl ect the number of ing the Gulf of California and the Galapagos islands, but species per country or biogeographic province. includes only the more common species. Typical local The search engine that helps identify fi sh is very fl ex- guides are those for the Gulf of California2 and the Gala- ible. The user may input information to defi ne the search, pagos3. Thomson and McKibbin2 served many people as including location, fi sh characteristics (shape, color pat- a proxy guide to the tropical eastern Pacifi c until Allen and tern, size) and habitat (depth, salinity, bottom type, etc.). Robertson4 produced a more comprehensive guide. While The engine in turn produces a short list of species, all of the majority of fi eld guides have been in English, FAO5 which are linked to their respective images and taxon pag- provides a Spanish guide for the Pacifi c shore of Central es. Up to six fi sh and their diagnostic characteristics may America, although it deals only with fi shery species. be viewed simultaneously. A detailed, yet easy-to-use key Things have changed with the publication of Shorefi sh- is also available. This is limited to species of Scianidae and es of the Tropical Eastern Pacifi c: an information system6 Gobiidae (accounting for the vast proportion of diversity in which goes well beyond their 1994 book. This CD-ROM the region). The user may also fi nd a fi sh by entering either (US $10.00, ordered from the publisher or via www.bio- vernacular names or Latin binomials. base.org/sftep) covers the Pacifi c shores of 10 countries, Shorefi shes of the Tropical Eastern Pacifi c is an ambi- including Mexico (including the Gulf of California), Gua- tious effort that will be useful to both researchers and lay- temala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, persons. It is an important step forward in the compilation Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, and northern Peru, in ad- of information for this region and a template against which dition to the Revillagigedos Islands, Clipperton Atoll, Co- guides for other regions should be measured. Taking the cos Island, Malpelo, and the Galapagos Islands groups. laptop into the fi eld is a small price to pay for access, and For all locations, this guide provides a clear, concise, and most ecologists’ laptops get taken there anyway. easily accessible series of databases with several particu- P.M. Chittaro and P. Usseglio larly useful features. First, it is an interactive identifi cation Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor ON guide, including almost 3,000 images for more than 470 Canada N9B 3P4 genera and almost 1,200 coastal fi shes, representing 82% of the fi sh fauna of this region. This species guide is con- References nected to a database of biogeography, biology, and ecol- ogy. Also included is Checklist of fi shes - tropical eastern 1Goodson G. 1988. Fishes of the Pacifi c coast: Alaska to Peru, Pacifi c, produced by M.H. Wilson, a detailed, up-to-date Including the Gulf of California and the Galapagos islands. annotated checklist of the shorefi shes of the eastern Pa- Stanford University Press, Stanford. 2 cifi c. Appropriate for the east Pacifi c region, Shorefi shes of Thomson, D.A., McKibbin, N. 1976. Gulf of California Fishwatch- the Tropical Eastern Pacifi c is fully bilingual (Spanish and er’s Guide. Golden Puffer Press, Tucson AZ 3Humann P., Deloach N. 1994. Reef fi sh identifi cation: Galapa- English). gos. New World Publications, Jacksonville FL. The CD-ROM provides information appropriate to the 4Allen, G.R., Robertson, D.R. 1994. Fishes of the Tropical Eastern taxonomic resolution selected by the user (genus, species, Pacifi c. U. Hawaii Press, Honolulu or family). It can provide diagnostic morphological fea- 5FAO 1995. Guias FAO para la identifi cación de especies para tures, or images of various life stages, and it has the ability los fi nes de la pesca. Pacifi co Centro-Oriental – Volumen 2, to compare similar species in a defi ned location of interest. Vertebrados, Parte 1. Food and Agricultural Organization of Range maps can be produced for individual species, or for the United Nations, Rome. multiple species selected by biological or ecological attri- 6Robertson, D.R., Allen, G.R. 2002. Shorefi shes of the Tropical butes such as climate zone, salinity or depth range, habi- Eastern Pacifi c: an information system, Vers. 1.0.0. Smithso- tat, degree of endemism, diet, foraging guild, egg type, or nian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panamá

32 Reef Encounter 33, October 2005 MEETING REPORTS MEETING REPORTS Outline of My Okinawa Experience

Upon learning of my LOCAP fellowship award in Janu- leading scientists in that fi eld presented their best work ary 2004, I was completely overwhelmed and grateful to of the past 4 years. My research presentation was nerve- be able to attend the 10th International Coral Reef Sym- wracking, but the audience was kind and very supportive. posium (ICRS) in Okinawa, Japan. Receiving the award It was a great feeling when other scientists appreciated made me realize the importance of producing new and the research that I discussed and gave words of encour- interesting research and creating an effective presentation agement. Since the conference, I have become even more of my work. This would be my fi rst conference, let alone motivated to conduct new and original research and be- an international conference, and I wanted to make a good come a recognized scientist myself. impression. I became very motivated to produce quality The 10th International Coral Reef Symposium created data and analyze it objectively so that it would be not only an environment which allowed scientists to establish con- original but useful to the scientifi c community. For the next nections with specialists from other fi elds of interest. It also six months I diligently conducted fi eld work and pulled to- gave young scientists like me the opportunity to meet their gether more than a year’s worth of data in order to prepare mentors and gather ideas. Even famous scientists were for the meeting. very approachable and friendly. For me, the best part of Upon arrival in Okinawa, I was a bit shocked, as ev- the conference was the opportunity to attach faces to the erything looked a bit smaller: the cars, the streets, even names from the literature. I believe that creating personal the people. Yet, at the same time, the feel of the city was relationships pulls the scientifi c community closer and al- enormous. Immersion in a completely different culture is lows for easier collaboration between colleagues. overwhelming but also exciting. I found communication The 10th ICRS was a wonderful experience that gave me with most local people, such as taxi drivers, waiters/wait- insight into the Japanese culture as well as the coral reef resses, and even hotel managers diffi cult because Eng- scientifi c community. I made many friends from all over the lish is not very common. It was defi nitely an eye-open- world and hope to keep communicating with them both on ing experience for someone born and raised in America. a personal and professional level. The presentations were Luckily, there were numerous English-speaking Japanese very informative and I gained a great deal of knowledge. students from the local university that helped with food However, the highlight of the intense and somewhat intimi- orders, taxis, and communicating with other locals. These dating symposium was defi nitely the personal connections students were all extremely generous and made the transi- that I established with other coral reef scientists. tion into a new culture much easier. I would like to thank my friends and colleagues at Flori- The conference itself was a fantastic experience for da Institute of Technology and Virgin Islands National Park me. There were 1,500 people in attendance from numer- for their help and support. Thanks also to my mentors, Dr. ous countries and cultures. The diversity of the attendees Robert van Woesik and Dr. Caroline Rogers, who gave was incredibly high and I have never been around such a me the guidance and inspiration to produce my research. large group of people with one common goal, to study and Most importantly, I thank Kiyoshi Yamazato and the rest of protect the world’s coral reefs. This is the one coral reef the LOCAP committee for providing the travel award and conference where people from around the globe come to- making this experience possible. gether to readily share information with one another. Every day was packed with presentations every fi fteen minutes Erinn Muller, USGS Caribbean Field Station, in nine different locations. This meant that almost every 1300 Cruz Bay Crk, St. John, US VI 00830 topic of interest had a special session where all of the Emuller@fi t.edu

Reef Encounter 33, October 2005 33 DIARY DIARY Coral Reef Restoration Workshop on Scientifi c Frameworks for Rehabilitation

October 18–19, 2005, University of Miami, James L. Knight International Center, Miami, Florida

The Coral Reef Restoration Workshop on Scientifi c Frame- • Analyzing the role of technology transfer on the re- works for Rehabilitation will present a conceptual frame- habilitation process work and strategies for coral reef restoration. Participants • Examining applied experimental ecology will benefi t from an integrated, multidisciplinary approach • Gaining new ideas from practical restoration case that encompasses engineering, geological, biological, and studies socioeconomic factors. The conference provides a unique • Determining how much compensatory restoration opportunity to exchange information and learn the challeng- is necessary es of coral reef rehabilitation projects from practical case • Analyzing the benefi ts of a cooperative Natural Re- studies. This workshop will include the following topics: sources Damage Assessment • Exploring critical issues in managing reef ecosystems • Examining ethical dilemmas in coral reef restoration • Assessing aesthetic components of ecological res- toration For more information, please refer to www.tfi learning.com

U.S. Coral Reef Task Force Meeting

November 4-7, 2005 - Koror, Republic of Palau

Registration for the 14th U.S. Coral Reef Task Force (CRTF) When submitting public comment, please include your meeting is currently underway. The meeting will be held name, affi liation, contact information, mailing address, in the Republic of Palau, on the Island state of Koror. and email address. Also, indicate if you grant the CRTF Registration will be available on the CRTF’s website: www. permission to post your comments to the public website. coralreef.gov. The full text of all public comments will be catalogued and available of the CRTF’s website: www.coralreef.gov. The Business Meeting will take place on November 5th and 7th, 2005 at the Ngarachamayong Cultural Center. The Submit advance public comments to: Public Comment period is tentatively scheduled on the fi rst Beth Dieveney day of the public Business Meeting (November 5, 2005). U.S. Coral Reef Task Force Coordinator All public comments must be submitted in written format National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for documentation purposes and must be provided as an Coral Reef Conservation Program electronic fi le using standard word-processing software or 1305 East-West Hwy. N/ORR FL. 10 as an Adobe PDF fi le. For those attending the meeting, Silver Spring, MD 20910 written comments may be submitted in advance from Email: [email protected] Monday, October 3, 2005 to Friday, October 22, 2005. Fax: 301-713-4389

34 Reef Encounter 33, October 2005