Rural Spatial Development Framework/Land Development Plan

Home , Calvinia, Fraserburg, R353 (South Africa), R356 (South Africa)

RURAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK/LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

KAROO HOOGLAND MUNICIPALITY

IN PARTNERSHIP WITH

RURAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK/LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2010

Prepared by:

Approved in terms of Council Resolution ______dated ______2010

RURAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK/LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

The Rural Spatial Development Framework/Land Development Plan for Karoo Hoogland Municipality prepared in terms of the Northern Cape Planning and Development Act, 1998 (Act 7 of 1998) is hereby approved by Karoo Hoogland Council in terms of:

Council Resolution ______dated ______

______(Duly authorized representative of the Municipality)

Prepared by:

Umsebe Development Planners

______B.J.L. VAN DER MERWE TRP(SA) Reg. no 1259

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Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 ...... 14 1 Forward by the Executive Mayor ...... 15 2 Background ...... 15 3 Legislative overview ...... 15 4 Institutional framework ...... 20 5 Public participation strategy ...... 21 6 Acronyms ...... 22 CHAPTER 2 ...... 25 7 PHASE 1...... 26 8 Municipality in context ...... 26 8.1 Contextual overview ...... 26 8.2 Population ...... 27 8.3 Resources ...... 28 8.4 Infrastructure ...... 31 9 Pressing needs ...... 34 9.1 District needs ...... 34 9.2 Local needs ...... 34 10 Vision ...... 35 10.1 District municipality vision ...... 35 10.2 Local municipality vision...... 35 10.3 Proposed revised municipal vision ...... 36 10.4 Interrelationship of visions ...... 36 11 Spatial implication of municipal vision ...... 36 12 Spatial translation of IDP principles & strategies ...... 40 13 IDP and other projects ...... 41 14 Spatial interpretation of IDP ...... 46 15 Phase 1 synopsis ...... 48 CHAPTER 3 ...... 54 16 PHASE 2 ...... 55 17 Karoo Hoogland Municipality IDP in context ...... 55 18 Institutional analysis ...... 55

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18.1 Institutional background ...... 55 18.1.1 South African Constitution and Principles of Sustainable Development ...... 56 18.1.2 Local Government: Municipal Structures Act, Act 117 of 1998 ...... 56 18.1.3 Local Government: Municipal Systems Act 32 of 2000 ...... 57 18.1.4 Municipal Planning and Performance Management Regulations, 2001 ...... 57 18.1.5 The Development Facilitation Act 67 of 1995 ...... 58 18.1.6 The Land Use Management Bill, 2001 ...... 60 18.1.7 Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative for South Africa (AsgiSA) ...... 61 18.1.8 Transformation of Certain Rural Areas Act (1998) ...... 61 18.1.9 Northern Cape Planning and Development Act, 1998 (Act 7 of 1998) ...... 62 18.2 Alignment with national development perspectives ...... 63 18.3 Alignment with provincial perspectives ...... 74 18.4 Alignment with district development perspectives ...... 81 18.5 Alignment with local development perspectives ...... 85 18.6 Other initiatives ...... 87 18.6.1 Square Kilometre Array (SKA) ...... 87 18.6.2 SKA Development implications ...... 88 18.6.3 South African Large Telescope (S.A.L.T) Development Implications ...... 89 18.6.4 Succulent Karoo Ecosystem Programme (SKEP) ...... 90 18.6.5 Namakwa District Biodiversity Sector Plan ...... 91 19 Spatial analysis and implication ...... 95 19.1 Regional context ...... 95 19.2 Environment...... 96 19.2.1 Climate ...... 96 19.2.2 Topography ...... 99 19.2.3 Geology ...... 100 19.2.4 Agriculture potential ...... 102 19.2.5 Conservation areas ...... 106 19.3 Demographic characteristics ...... 107 19.3.1 Population size ...... 108 19.3.2 Population dependency ratio ...... 109 19.3.3 Employment sector ...... 111 19.3.4 Household income ...... 112

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19.3.5 Population age and gender composition ...... 113 19.3.6 Impact of HIV/Aids ...... 114 19.4 Movement and linkages ...... 116 19.5 Development trends ...... 117 19.5.1 Structuring elements ...... 117 19.5.2 Land use and settlement patterns ...... 118 19.5.3 Proposed future projects/land uses ...... 122 19.5.4 Vacant land analysis ...... 124 19.5.5 Urban-rural spatial relationship ...... 125 19.5.6 Heritage features ...... 125 19.6 Economic activity ...... 126 19.6.1 Agriculture ...... 126 19.6.2 Tourism ...... 126 19.6.3 Mining potential ...... 127 19.6.4 Investment patterns ...... 127 19.7 Infrastructure ...... 129 19.7.1 Water ...... 129 19.7.2 Sanitation ...... 130 19.7.3 Electricity ...... 132 19.7.4 Waste management ...... 132 19.8 Land ownership ...... 133 19.8.1 Land tenure and ownership ...... 133 19.8.2 Municipal land ...... 134 19.8.3 Land reform ...... 134 20 Relationship between IDP and Current Reality ...... 136 20.1 Relationship between spatial issues and vision ...... 136 21 Strategic Development Concept ...... 139 21.1 Nodal development ...... 139 21.2 Corridor development ...... 140 21.3 Precincts ...... 140 22 Phase 2 synopsis ...... 140 CHAPTER 4 ...... 145 23 PHASE 3 ...... 146

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24 Spatial goal & objectives ...... 146 24.1 Spatial goal ...... 147 24.2 Spatial objectives ...... 147 24.3 Spatial strategies ...... 147 25 Strategic Development Concept ...... 148 25.1 Structuring elements ...... 148 25.2 Development opportunities ...... 149 25.3 Rural environment...... 149 26 Macro Strategic Development Concept ...... 150 26.1 Nodal development ...... 150 26.2 Corridor development ...... 151 26.3 Tourism development ...... 152 26.4 Environmental conservation ...... 154 26.5 Mining development ...... 154 26.6 Agriculture ...... 155 26.6.1 Comprehensive Rural Development Programme ...... 155 26.6.2 Rural development ...... 156 26.6.3 Agrarian transformation ...... 156 26.6.4 Land reform ...... 156 26.7 Planned projects ...... 157 26.7.1 Wind farm ...... 157 26.7.2 Gas exploration ...... 158 27 Departure points ...... 158 27.1 Methodology ...... 158 27.2 Limitations and assumptions ...... 159 27.3 Sutherland ...... 159 27.3.1 Interpretation of Table 35 ...... 160 27.3.2 Interpretation of Table 36 ...... 161 27.3.3 Development phases ...... 161 27.4 Fraserburg ...... 162 27.4.1 Interpretation of Table 39 ...... 163 27.4.2 Development phases ...... 163 27.5 Williston ...... 164

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27.5.1 Interpretation of Table 41 ...... 165 27.5.2 Interpretation of Table 42 ...... 165 27.5.3 Development phases ...... 166 28 Micro Strategic Development Concept ...... 167 28.1 Spatial planning tools ...... 167 28.2 Sutherland ...... 168 28.2.1 Structuring elements ...... 168 28.2.2 Mixed use ...... 169 28.2.3 Residential development ...... 170 28.2.4 Industrial development ...... 170 28.2.5 Urban agriculture ...... 170 28.2.6 Open space ...... 170 28.2.7 Sports and recreation ...... 170 28.2.8 Tourism and accommodation ...... 170 28.2.9 Other land uses ...... 170 28.3 Fraserburg ...... 171 28.3.1 Structuring elements ...... 171 28.3.2 Mixed uses ...... 171 28.3.3 Residential development ...... 172 28.3.4 Industrial development ...... 172 28.3.5 Heritage area ...... 172 28.3.6 Open space ...... 172 28.3.7 Sports and recreation ...... 172 28.3.8 Tourism and accommodation ...... 173 28.3.9 Other land uses ...... 173 28.4 Williston ...... 173 28.4.1 Structuring elements ...... 173 28.4.2 Mixed use ...... 174 28.4.3 Residential development ...... 174 28.4.4 Industrial development ...... 174 28.4.5 Open space ...... 174 28.4.6 Sports & recreation ...... 175 28.4.7 Tourism and accommodation ...... 175

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28.4.8 Other land uses ...... 175 29 Intervention areas ...... 176 29.1 Priority investment areas...... 176 29.1.1 Investment requirements ...... 176 29.1.2 Strategic areas for Thusong Service Centres ...... 177 29.2 Policy intervention areas ...... 178 30 Phase 3 synopsis ...... 179 CHAPTER 5 ...... 185 31 Phase 4 ...... 186 32 Capital Expenditure Framework ...... 187 33 Implementation Policies ...... 187 33.1 Nodal policy ...... 188 33.1.1 Nodal hierarchy ...... 188 33.1.2 Nodal interdependence ...... 189 33.1.3 Nodal development guidelines ...... 189 33.2 Movement policy ...... 190 33.2.1 Regional linkages ...... 191 33.2.2 Internal municipal access ...... 191 33.2.3 Road access in towns ...... 191 33.3 Urban edge policy ...... 191 33.4 Residential densification policy ...... 192 33.5 Urban integration policy ...... 194 33.6 Infrastructure policy ...... 195 33.7 Heritage policy ...... 196 33.8 Sustainability policy ...... 196 34 Land Use Management System Guidelines ...... 197 34.1 Environmental conservation ...... 198 34.1.1 Water bodies...... 198 34.1.2 Topography ...... 199 34.1.3 Geotechnical considerations ...... 199 34.2 Tourism development ...... 199 34.3 Mining development ...... 200 34.4 Agricultural development...... 200

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34.4.1 Agri-village ...... 201 34.4.2 Agri-industry ...... 201 34.5 Residential ...... 201 34.5.1 Affordable housing ...... 202 34.6 Industrial ...... 202 34.7 cemeteries ...... 203 34.8 Open space ...... 203 34.8.1 Primary open space network ...... 203 34.8.2 Secondary open space network ...... 203 35 Sector plan alignment ...... 204 36 Monitoring tools ...... 205 37 Marketing strategy ...... 207 37.1 Establishment of an SDF committee ...... 207 37.2 Establishment of a trade and investment agency or directorate ...... 207 37.2.1 District business support unit ...... 208 37.2.2 Proactive direct sector marketing ...... 208 37.2.3 Marketing to other sources of funding ...... 208 37.2.4 Marketing of agricultural produce ...... 208 37.3 Establishment of a Tourism Marketing Directorate or Agency ...... 209 37.3.1 Developing the plan ...... 210 37.3.2 Strategic objectives ...... 210 38 List of References ...... 214 39 ANNEXURE A: CAPITAL EXPENDITURE FRAMEWORK ...... 216 40 ANNEXURE B: MAPS ...... 217

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LIST OF PLANS

PLAN 1: PROVINCIAL CONTEXT PLAN 2: DISTRICT CONTEXT PLAN 3: URBAN/RURAL CONTEXT PLAN 4: MAIN RESOURCES PLAN 5: SETTLEMENT PATTERNS & POPULATION DISTRIBUTION PLAN 6: INFRASTRUCTURE PLAN 7: PRESSING NEEDS VERSUS FUNDED PROJECTS PLAN 8: NORTHERN CAPE PROVINCIAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY PLAN 9: WESTERN CAPE PROVINCIAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY PLAN 10: DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY PLAN 11: SQUARE KILOMETER ARRAY (SKA) PLAN 12: SUCCULENT KAROO ECOSYSTEM PROGRAM (SKEP) PLAN 13: REGIONAL CRITICAL BIODIVERSITY AREAS (CBA) PLAN 14: CRITICAL BIODIVERSITY AREAS (CBA) PLAN 15: REGIONAL LINKAGES PLAN 16: ANNUAL RAINFALL PLAN 17: SLOPE ANALYSIS PLAN 18: GEOLOGY PLAN 19: DISTRICT ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PLAN 20: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PLAN 21: MINING LAND PLAN 22: AGRICULTURAL LAND CAPABILITY PLAN 23: AGRICULTURAL SOIL POTENTIAL PLAN 24: CONSERVATION AREAS PLAN 25: PROSOPIS DISTRIBUTION PLAN 26: MUNICIPAL LAND COVER PLAN 27: LAND USES (WILLISTON - 01) PLAN 28: LAND USES (WILLISTON - 02) PLAN 29: LAND USES (SUTHERLAND - 01) PLAN 30: LAND USES (SUTHERLAND - 02) PLAN 31: LAND USES (FRASERBURG - 01) PLAN 32: LAND USES (FRASERBURG - 02) PLAN 33: HERITAGE SITES DISTRICT CONTEXT PLAN 34: HERITAGE SITES PLAN 35: WATER INFRASTRUCTURE PLAN 36: WATER BODIES PLAN 37: SANITATION INFRASTRUCTURE PLAN 38: ELECTRICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PLAN 39: LANDFILL SITES PLAN 40: LAND OWNERSHIP

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PLAN 41: LAND REFORM DISTRICT CONTEXT PLAN 42: LAND REFORM PLAN 43: KAROO HOOGLAND STRUCTURING ELEMENTS PLAN 44: KAROO HOOGLAND MACRO STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT PLAN 45: SUTHERLAND STRUCTURING ELEMENTS PLAN 46: SUTHERLAND MICRO STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT PLAN 47: FRASERBURG STRUCTURING ELEMENTS PLAN 48: FRASERBURG MICRO STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT PLAN 49: WILLISTON STRUCTURING ELEMENTS PLAN 50: WILLISTON MICRO STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT

LIST OF TABLES PAGE NO.

TABLE 1: CONTEXTUAL OVERVIEW 26 TABLE 2A: HOUSEHOLD AND POPULATION FIGURES PER URBAN AREA 27 TABLE 2B: POPULATION AND HOUSEHOLD TRENDS 27 TABLE 3: BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE STANDARDS - ENGINEERING INFRASTRUCTURE 33 TABLE 4: BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE STANDARDS – SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE 33 TABLE 5: INTERRELATIONSHIP OF VISIONS 36 TABLE 6: VISION ANALYSIS 37 – 40 TABLE 7: KPA’S AND KEY OBJECTIVES 40 – 41 TABLE 8: PROJECTS 45 – 45 TABLE 9: INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS 63 – 86 TABLE 10: CRITICAL BIODIVERSITY AREAS 92 – 94 TABLE 11 : REGIONAL CONTEXT 95 TABLE 12 : AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL 96 TABLE 13: SLOPE ANALYSIS 99 TABLE 14 : GEOLOGY TYPES 100 TABLE 15 : AGRICULTURAL LAND CAPABILITY CATEGORIES 102 TABLE 16: AGRICULTURAL SOIL POTENTIAL CATEGORIES 103 TABLE 17 : SOILS HIGHLY SUITED TO ARABLE AGRICULTURE WHERE CLIMATE PERMITS 103 – 105 TABLE 18 : HOUSEHOLD INCOME 112 TABLE 19: NORTHERN CAPE HIV/AIDS STATISTICS 114 TABLE 20 : DISTANCES AND TRAVEL TIMES 116 TABLE 21 : MODES OF TRANSPORT PER PERSON 116 TABLE 22: LAND COVER 118 – 119 TABLE 23 : SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE 122 TABLE 24 : FUNDED PROJECTS AND LOCATION 122 – 123 TABLE 25: INVESTMENT PATTERNS 127 TABLE 26 : WATER ACCESS PER HOUSEHOLD IN 2001 129 TABLE 27 : SANITATION ACCESS PER HOUSEHOLD IN 2001 130 TABLE 28: STATUS OF OXIDATION PONDS 131

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TABLE 29: ELECTRICITY PROVISION PER HOUSEHOLD 132 TABLE 30: STATUS OF LANDFILL SITES 133 TABLE 31: MUNICIPAL PROPERTY 134 TABLE 32: KAROO HOOGLAND STRUCTURING ELEMENTS 149 TABLE 33: FUNCTIONALITY TYPE 150 TABLE 34: POPULATION AND HOUSEHOLD PROJECTIONS 159 TABLE 35: SUTHERLAND LAND DEMAND 159 – 160 TABLE 36: SUTHERLAND INFRASTRUCTURE DEMAND 160 TABLE 37: SUTHERLAND PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT PHASES 161 TABLE 38: FRASERBURG LAND DEMAND 162 TABLE 39: FRASERBURG INFRASTRUCTURE DEMAND 163 TABLE 40: FRASERBURG PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT PHASES 163 TABLE 41: WILLISTON LAND DEMAND 164 TABLE 42: WILLISTON INFRASTRUCTURE DEMAND 165 TABLE 43: WILLISTON PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT PHASES 166 TABLE 44: SPATIAL PLANNING TOOLS 167 – 168 TABLE 45: SUTHERLAND STRUCTURING ELEMENTS 169 TABLE 46: FRASERBURG STRUCTURING ELEMENTS 171 TABLE 47: WILLISTON STRUCTURING ELEMENTS 173 – 174 TABLE 48: NODAL CLASSIFICATION 188 TABLE 49: STATUS OF SECTOR PLANS 205

LIST OF FIGURES PAGE NO.

FIGURE 1: SEQUENCE OF PROCESSES 40 FIGURE 2: AVERAGE TEMPERATURES 98 FIGURE 3: AVERAGE RAINFALL 98 FIGURE 4: WIND ROSE DIAGRAM 99 FIGURE 5: POPULATION DISTRIBUTION IN THE NAMAKWA DISTRICT PER MUNICIPALITY 108 FIGURE 6: HOUSEHOLDS PER TOWN 108 FIGURE 7: POPULATION COMPARISON 2001 VS 2007 109 FIGURE 8: EMPLOYMENT STATUS PER PERSON 109 FIGURE 9: EMPLOYMENT STATUS COMPARISON 2001 VS 2007 110 FIGURE 10: EMPLOYMENT DISTRIBUTION PER PERSON 111 FIGURE 11: EMPLOYMENT SECTOR COMPARISON 2001 VS 2007 111 FIGURE 12: AGE AND GENDER PER PERSON 113 FIGURE 13: AGE TREND 2001 TO 2007 113 FIGURE 14: ACCESS TO WATER COMPARISON BETWEEN 2001 AND 2007 130 FIGURE 15: ACCESS TO SANITATION COMPARISON BETWEEN 2001 AND 2007 131 FIGURE 16: ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY FOR LIGHTING COMPARISON BETWEEN 2001 AND 131 2007 FIGURE 17: HOME OWNERSHIP AND TENURE PER HOUSEHOLD 133 FIGURE 18: ORGANISATION 147

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FIGURE 19: SPATIAL STRATEGIES 148 FIGURE 20: COMPREHENSIVE RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM 155 FIGURE 21: THE SIX-BLOCK SERVICE MODEL 178

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CHAPTER 1

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1 Forward by the Executive Mayor

NOTE: The forward by the Executive Mayor will be included in the final document.

2 Background

The Department of Rural Development and Land Reform has invited bids from Service Providers to develop a Rural Spatial Development Framework (RSDF) for the Karoo Hoogland Local Municipality.

Umsebe Development Planners was appointed by the aforementioned department with the main objective to:

“To develop a rural-specific SDF for Karoo Hoogland Local Municipality to address spatial, environmental and socio-economic issues confronting rural areas, to develop a SDF that will facilitate the implementation of the Integrated Development Plan and all government programs or intentions to fight poverty and facilitate rural development”

3 Legislative overview

There are various legislative frameworks at national, provincial and local government level that influence spatial development. Relevant pieces of legislation are discussed in more detail in Phase 2 of this report.

The focus of this section is however on the Municipal Systems Act of 2000, the Local Government: Municipal Planning and Performance Management Regulations, 2001 and the Land Use Management Bill as published in 2001 that specifically governs the compilation of a spatial development framework.

LOCAL GOVERNMENT: MUNICIPAL SYSTEMS ACT, 2000

The Municipal Systems Act (Act 32, 2000) obligates all municipalities to prepare an integrated Development Plan (IDP) as the primary and overriding management tool. As an integral component of the IDP the SDF must also adhere to the requirements of the Local Government: Municipal Planning and Performance Management Regulations, 2001.

The Local Government Municipal Planning and Performance Regulations (2001) stipulate the content of the SDF. In terms of Section 4 of the Regulations the SDF is required to:

• give effect to principles contained in Chapter 1 of the Development Facilitation Act, 1995; • set out objectives that reflect desired spatial form of the Municipality;

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• contain strategies and policies regarding the manner in which to achieve the objectives which must: o indicate the desired pattern of land use o indicate the direction of growth • provide strategic guidance in respect to location and nature of development; • set out basic guidelines for a land use management system; • set out a capital investment framework for development programmes; • incorporate a strategic assessment of the environmental impact of land within the Municipality; • identify programmes and projects for development of land within the Municipality; • be aligned with neighbouring municipal SDF's; • provide visual representation of the desired spatial form which: o must indicate areas in which the intensity of land development could be either increased or reduced; o must indicate desired and undesired utilisation of land in an area; o indicate conservation of both the built and natural environment; o must indicate where public and private land development and infrastructure investment should take place; o may delineate the urban edge; o must identify areas where strategic intervention is required; and o must indicate where priority spending is required.

THE LAND USE MANAGEMENT BILL, 2001

The main objective of this Bill is to provide a legislative and policy framework that enables local government to formulate policies, plans and strategies for land use and development in order to address spatial, economic, social and environmental issues. It attempts to provide uniform land use management in the Republic of South Africa.

The Land Use Bill is based on the general principle that spatial planning, land use management and land development must: • be environmentally friendly; • enhance equality; • be efficient; • be integrated; and • be based on fair and good governance. The key subject is that the Land Use Management Bill makes reference to Section 26(e) of the Municipal Systems Act, 2000. It provides clarity on issues related to the content of the SDF and it clearly explains that one of the functions of the SDF is to inform development and the application of new land use management systems.

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LEGISLATIVE STATUTE

In terms of Section 35 of the Municipal Systems Act, Act 32 of 2000, the Integrated Development , of which the SDF forms part: • Is the principal planning instrument which guides and informs all planning and development; and • Binds the municipality in the exercising of its executive authority

Furthermore, in terms of Section 35 and 36 of Act 32 of 2000, the SDF prevails over any plan prepared in terms of the Physical Planning Act, Act 125 of 1991, and the municipality must give effect to the IDP and conduct its affairs in a manner which is consistent with the IDP.

As the SDF is a legally required document forming the foundation of a municipality’s IDP, all planning decisions on land development applications must be based on the extent the application conforms and gives effect to the SDF/IDP.

In terms of Section 106 of Act 32 of 2000, a municipality and officials within that municipality can be prosecuted for maladministration, fraud or malpractice should it be found that the municipality or an official has not conformed to the statutory obligation imposed in terms of Section 35 of Act 32 of 2000.

NORTHERN CAPE PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT ACT

Chapter IV of the Northern Cape Planning and Development Act, Act 7 of 1988, requires that a municipality prepare a Land Development Plan which in essence is exactly the same as the requirement for a Spatial Development Framework as required in terms of the Municipal Systems Act. The approval and adoption of this SDF therefore constitutes to be a Land Development Plan in terms of the provisions of the Northern Cape Planning and Development Act.

The compilation of the RSDF is done in terms of Sections 27-29 of the said act, with specific adherence to Section 29 as indicated in the table below:

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A Land Development Plan shall consist of the following components:

(1) A contextual framework, the scope and contents of which shall include the following: Page /s Plan /s a) The identification, spatial location and evaluation of elements and areas of the natural environment, including 96-106 12, 14, environmental resources of ecological, biological, topographical, geological, agricultural and scenic 16-26 significance; marine systems including marine sanctuaries, dunes, reefs, and estuaries; catchment areas including mountains and valleys, river corridors, wetlands, vleis, flood plains to the 50 year flood line and areas with a high water table, mineral deposits; damaged land, unstable soils, scenic drives and panoramic views; areas of indigenous vegetation including indigenous forests, habitats and nature reserves;

b) The identification and assessment of the current and predicted role and need for a public open space system 117-125 27-32 and the provision of recreational, sporting and other public facilities, including libraries, museums and community halls;

c) The identification and assessment of the current and future economic trends by sector, including the mining, 26-34, 1-7, 15, manufacturing, processing, service and informal sectors, together with their spatial distribution relative to their 126-127 19-21 resource base, infrastructure needs, markets and labour;

d) The identification and assessment of the existing and future social trends, including a demographic and spatial 107-114 1-7, 15 analysis in terms of population composition, its distribution and access to health, education and training, employment, housing, potable water, electricity, public transport and any other indicators of social benefit;

e) The identification and assessment of the current and future capacity and spatial distribution of bulk 129-132 35, 37- infrastructure, including sewerage, water and electricity reticulation, roads and public transport provision; and 39

f) An evaluation of the historical and cultural built and natural environment. 96-106, 27-34 117-125 (2) A development framework shall consist of a set of co -ordinate d and integrated policies, objectives and strategies: a) Elaborating on and aimed at implementing the Principles referred to in Chapter 1 as well as any other policies, 55-91 8-11 objectives, strategies or programmes prescribed in the Provincial Plan and the District Council Plan or any other initiatives impacting on land development, either at a provincial or national level;

b) Informed by the projected future demographic growth and change both within the area of jurisdiction of the local 146- 44, 46, or representative council or as a result of immigration; 156, 48, 50 167-178 c) Informed by the projected future economic growth, by sector, within the area of jurisdiction of the local or 146- 44, 46, representative council, as well as any economic activities operation beyond its area of jurisdiction which may 156, 48, 50 have a secondary impact on the local or representative council, together with the infrastructural requirements 167-178

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needed to service that growth;

d) Informed by a set of identified and projected social needs, and where appropriate, quantifiable standards in 158-166 N/a relation to people’s access to health, education and training, public transport, employment, recreational facilities (both active and passive) housing, potable water, electricity and any other indicators of social benefit;

e) Informed by the projected future infrastructural needs and costs required to service growth and development, 158-166 N/a as identified in paragraphs c) and (d), within the area of jurisdiction of the local or representative council;

f) Informed by a land availability assessment, identifying local government, provincial and national owned land, 124- 40-42 including any commonage, together with an analysis of its development potential relative to the meeting of the 125, development needs of the local or representative council as identified in subsections c) and (d); 133

g) Informed by the environmental context as provided for in subsection (1) (a). 96-106 44

3. An implementation framework, consisting of prioritized programmes and projects aimed at implementing the policies, objectives and strategies referred to in subsection (2) through): a) Defining targets based on projected needs, which shall, where appropriate, be informed by the measurable and 187, 44 quantifiable social, economic, health and service related indicators and standards referred to in subsection (2) 216 (d);

b) Prioritized three-to five-year capital expenditure programmes informing the annual capital and operational 187, N/a budget allocation of the local or representative council; 216

c) Motivating, revering and securing funding from district council, provincial and national sources; 207-210 N/a

d) Motivating, revering and securing funding from any other funding related agencies; 207-210 N/a

e) Partnership arrangements with the private sector; and 207-210 N/a

f) Any other implementational mechanisms including zoning schemes and land development procedures and 187-203 N/a regulations, urban renewal programmes and strategic site development.

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4 Institutional framework

The compilation of the Karoo Hoogland Local Municipality Rural Spatial Development Framework (RSDF)/Land Development Plan has involved various role-players, municipal officials, elected representatives, government departments and key stakeholders through regular consultative meetings. The RSDF was steered, managed and approved within the following institutional framework:

PROJECT STEERING COMMITTEE (PSC)

A Project Steering Committee was established to ensure overall management of the project. This committee consisted of representatives from the following organisations:

1. Office of the Premier 2. Department of Rural Development and Land Reform 3. Development Bank of South Africa 4. Relevant Local and respective District Municipalities 5. Provincial Department of Local Government and Housing or Traditional Affairs 6. Department of Local Economic Development, Environment and Tourism 7. Department of Agriculture 8. Department of Roads and Transport 9. Department of Health and Social Development 10. Department of Water Affairs 11. House of Traditional Leaders

PROJECT MANAGEMENT TEAM (PMT)

A Project Management Team was established to carry out the day to day management of the project. This team consisted of representatives from the following organizations:

1. Department of Rural Development and Land Reform 2. Development Bank of South Africa 3. Local Municipality

MUNICIPAL COUNCIL

The Spatial Development Framework comes into effect upon approval by the Project Steering Committee as well as the adoption by the Karoo Hoogland Municipal Council by means of a Council Resolution.

Consultative meetings were held regularly during the course of the project as indicated in the diagram below. More information on the consultative meetings is available in a separate Public Participation Report.

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5 Public participation strategy

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6 Acronyms

General Acronyms ABET Adult Basic Education and Training ASGISA Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative for South Africa BBBEE Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment BEE Black Economic Empowerment CA Conservation Areas CASP Comprehensive Agricultural Support Programme CBA Critical Biodiversity Areas CBD Central Business District CIP Comprehensive Infrastructure Plan CRDP Comprehensive Rural Development Programme CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research DBSA Development Bank of South Africa DFA Development Facilitation Act DSDF District Spatial Development Framework EFA Emerging Farmers Association EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EPWP Expanded Public Works Programme FET Further Education and Training GEAR Growth, Employment and Redistribution IDC Industrial Development Corporation IDP Integrated Development Plan ISRDS Integrated Sustainable Rural Development Strategy JIPSA Joint Initiative for Priority Skills Acquisition KPA Key Performance Areas LED Local Economic Development LRAD Land Re-distribution for Agricultural Development LUMS Land Use Management System MEC Member of Executive Council MIG Municipal Infrastructure Grant MPCC Multi Purpose Community Centre (Thusong Service Centre MSA Municipal Systems Act MSTA Municipal Structures Act NC Northern Cape NDM Namakwa District Municipality NGO Non-Governmental Organization NLTSF National Land Transport Strategic Framework NMC National Monument Council NSDP National Spatial Development Perspective

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ONA Other Natural Areas PA Protected Areas PGDS Provincial Growth and Development Strategy RBM Results Based Management RIDS Regional Industrial Development Strategy SAAO South African Astronomical Observatory SAHRA South African Heritage Resources Agency SALT South African Large Telescope SDF Spatial Development Framework SEDA Small Enterprise Development Agency SKA Square Kilometer Array SKEP Succulent Karoo Ecosystem Programme SLAG Settlement Land Acquisition Grant SMME Small Medium and Micro Enterprises SPP Surplus Peoples Project SWOT Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats VIP Ventilated Improved Pit WCPGDS Western Cape Provincial Growth and Development Strategy

Acronyms of Departments CISA Conservation International South Africa Department of Cooperative Governance, Human Settlements and COGHSTA Traditional Affairs DAFF Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries DALRRD Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development DE Department of Energy DEA Department of Environmental Affairs DEAT Northern Cape Department of Economic Affairs and Tourism DED&T Department of Economic Development and Tourism DENC Department of Environmenand Nature Conservation DH Department of Health DIRC Department of International Relations and Cooperatioin DMR Department of Mineral Resources DoT Department of Transport DRDLR Department of Rural Development and Land Reform DRPW Department of Roads and Public Works DSAC Departmetn of Sport, Arts and Culture DSSPD Department of Social Services and Population Development DST Department of Science and Technology DTI Department of Trade and Industry

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DTSL Department of Transport, Safety and Liaison DWA Departmetn of Water Affairs FAMDA Northern Capet Fishing and Mariculture Development Association KHLM Karoo Hooglande Local Municipality NCTA Northern Cape Tourism Authority NDM Namwakwa District Municipality NT National Treasury SANBI South African National Biodiversity Institute SANPARKS South African National Parks SPP Surplus Peoples Project

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CHAPTER 2

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7 PHASE 1

The Integrated Development Plan (IDP) constitutes the blueprint of the municipality’s strategies in addressing the socio-economic development needs of the communities (Local Government: Municipal Systems Act, Act 32 of 2000). The IDP reflects the key development focus areas agreed upon with communities and stakeholders and the Spatial Development Framework (SDF) in turn guides and informs land development and management.

In other words, the SDF gives spatial effect to multi-sectoral projects identified in the IDP and assists the municipality in coordinating the implementation of the various sector plans. Therefore, the SDF cannot operate in isolation but is directly linked to the IDP to ensure consistency and harmony.

This chapter focuses on the spatial interpretation of the Karoo Hoogland draft IDP 2009-2011. The purpose is to spatially interpret the municipal vision and strategy to ensure the alignment thereof with national and provincial planning requirements and to identify key intervention areas possibly not catered for in the municipal area.

8 Municipality in context

8.1 Contextual overview

Table 1: Contextual overview ATTRIBUTES DESCRIPTION PLAN NATIONAL Located in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Plan 1.1 CONTEXT: PROVINCIAL Located in the Namakwa district, one of 5 district municipalities in the Plan 1.2 CONTEXT: Northern Cape Province Karoo Hoogland local municipality is the most southern municipality, one of 8 municipalities in the Namakwa district municipality. It is bordered by the Western Cape to the south and by the Pixley ka Seme district municipality to the east. DISTRICT Plan 1.3 CONTEXT: Karoo Hoogland local municipality stands to gain additional areas from the redistribution of the District Management Areas in terms of Northern Cape Provincial Gazette Notice 120 of 2007, with the proposed inclusion of the southern portion of NCDMA06, south of R357. WARDS: 4 Plan 1.4 URBAN NODES: Fraserburg, Sutherland, Williston. Plan 1.4 POPULATION: 12 116 Plan 1.6 SIZE (km 2): 34 038 km 2 BUDGET (R/c): R27 475 562 (Budget Speech, 2010/11).

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8.2 Population

The population of the Karoo Hoogland based on 2005 data is 12 116. Karoo Hoogland has a small population living in a large region which has resulted in a low population density of 2.8 people per km² (Karoo Hoogland IDP, 2001).

77.3% of the population of Karoo Hoogland are resident in urban areas with the balance of 22.7% residing in the rural areas. The majority of residents, approximately 94.8%, are permanent residents and reside as follows throughout the four wards:

Table 2A: Household and population figures per urban area Towns Population Current Households Ward 1 – Williston 3 072 648 Ward 2 – Fraserburg 2 642 544 Ward 3 – Rural areas 2 754 1 030 Ward 4 - Sutherland 3 648 1 051 TOTALS 12 116 3 273 (Source: Karoo Hoogland IDP 2001-2005)

Table 2B: Population and household trends Population Households 1996 2001 2007 1996 2001 2007 Statistics Statistics Community Statistics Statistics Community SA SA Survey SA SA Survey Karoo Hoogland 12 116 10 513 10 420 3 271 3 168 2 982 % Increase/ Decrease n/a -13.23% -0.88% n/a -3.15% -5.87% (Source: Stats SA 1996 & 2001 and Community Survey 2007)

The Karoo Hoogland municipality has experienced a steady decline in population and number of households over the 10 year period from 1996-2007. The population has declined by 14% over that period with the number of households having decreased by 8.8%.

Sutherland Williston

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8.3 Resources

The availability and accessibility of resources (natural or human) determines the potential for economic development of a specific area. The main economic sectors of the Karoo Hoogland Municipality are agriculture and tourism.

The largely rural area of the Karoo Hoogland is characterised by sheep farms and small towns with agriculture forming the backbone of the Karoo Hoogland economy.

With the amalgamation of the three towns of Williston, Fraserburg and Sutherland into one municipal area, a strategy has to be devised to link these towns economically and to ensure an integrated approach in the economic rejuvenation of these towns.

Extensive Land

Historically, this area is dominated by farming, in particular sheep farming, with the climate, vegetation and large tracts of grazing land ideally suited to this economic pursuit. Large areas of this municipal area are still dedicated to sheep farming and, as a result, the towns are characterised by limited infrastructure development, low population density and large-scale poverty due to limited employment opportunities (www.karoohoogland.co.za ). Fraserburg Pristine Natural Environment

Karoo Hoogland has a number of unique tourist attractions. For lovers of wide open spaces, 4x4 trails, scenic walks and, of course, sky watching, this municipal area offers the ideal destination.

Tourism is not highly developed and the typical definition of a tourist, namely a person who spends two or more nights in one town, may not necessarily be applicable at this stage. It is anticipated that the majority of tourists or visitors to the region may be passing through and may therefore be of the “Stop and Drop” variety, spending money on lunch or dinner and local curios and perhaps staying overnight for one night ( www.karoohoogland.co.za ).

In regions such as Karoo Hoogland where distances between towns are far, this type of tourism could be exploited by providing good restaurants which offer quality, local fare and small guesthouses for the occasional overnight visitors. A small tourist hub could be generated around restaurants so that visitors can access all tourist facilities within a small radius.

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Uniqueness of Karoo Hoogland

Astronomy has the unique ability to spark the imagination of young and old and it provides the Karoo Hoogland Municipality with unique tourism opportunities associated with astronomy (www.karoohoogland.co.za ).

South African Large Telescope (SALT)

Sutherland boasts one of the most powerful telescopes in the world, hence its claim to be the gateway to the universe. The lack of light pollution and the largely cloudless nights, make this the ideal location for stargazing.

For this reason, South Africa has been shortlisted to host the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), the most powerful radio telescope ever built. South Africa is building an SKA technology pathfinder telescope, the Karoo Array Telescope (known as MeerKAT), which is situated near Williston.

Sutherland, which was established in 1858, is renowned for its brilliant night skies and cold, biting winters. Sutherland is also well-known for the world-renowned South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO). SAAO has operated telescopes in this region since the early 1970’s and the South African Largest Telescope (SALT) is the largest single optical telescope in the southern hemisphere ( www.karoohoogland.co.za ).

Aside from the telescope, Sutherland has many other attractions for visitors including the Brackenroof Houses (commonly known as clay houses), the Dutch Reformed Church, historic graves, indigenous flora, the Louw Museum, Salpeterkop which is the last active volcano south of the equator, the Planetarium Highway, also known as the Mile of Stars, and numerous hiking and 4x4 trails ( www.karoohoogland.co.za ).

Fraserburg is an authentic, well-preserved Karoo town and is a quiet, peaceful place. It offers breathtaking scenery and a number of challenging 4x4 trails. Visitors will also see the unique Corbelled houses which are not found elsewhere in the southern hemisphere.

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Corbelled houses – regarded as the first architectural style of the north-west Karoo.

The symbol of Fraserburg is “The Pepperpot” which is a hexagonal structure unique to South Africa. It is a national monument, situated in the centre of town and is a stone construction approximately 9 metres in height (www.karoohoogland.co.za ).

Other attractions are “The Old Vicarage Museum” which was erected in 1856 to accommodate the first reverend of the newly founded congregation and which now exhibits a museum display. For those intrigued by dinosaurs and prehistoric life, the Karoo Hoogland will be a wonderful destination. Therapsida , considered one of the earliest land animals, once roamed this area and left their tracks in the mudstone. Scattered, but fossilised remains of these magnificent beasts can be seen in this area. Through archaeological evidence, it is indicated that species such as Diictoton and Bradysauras once lived in this area ( www.karoohoogland.co.za ).

Other Fraserburg attractions are the Powder Magazine, Power Station and the Walking Route.

Williston, also a town rich in cultural history, boasts the Blockhouse which dates back to the Anglo-Boer war, the NG and Rhenish Church and a museum. A rather eerie but fascinating attraction in Williston is the Tombstone Route which showcases an exceptional art form – stonecutting. Tombstone-making became a form of folk art as tombstones were chiseled out of local sandstone and these beautiful and fascinating tombstones can be viewed here( www.karoohoogland.co.za ).

Each of the 3 major towns of the Karoo Hoogland offers unique tourism opportunities and ideally a tourism strategy linking these towns should be envisaged.

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The rich cultural heritage of this area and the appeal of the beautiful scenery should be exploited to attract visitors to the Karoo Hoogland region ( www.karoohoogland.co.za ).

Karoo Hoogland lies within the Succulent Karoo Biome which is one of 25 internationally recognised biodiversity hotspots. It is rich in biodiversity and is significant because it is the only hotspot that is entirely arid. Arid lands are usually poor in species, however the Succulent Karoo is an exception. It has the richest succulent flora in the world supporting 4 849 vascular plant species of which 40% are found nowhere else in the world. It is therefore important for Karoo Hoogland to preserve and promote this wonderful region and all that it has to offer its local residents and visitors (Namakwa District Biodiversity Sector Plan Draft Plan, 2008 ).

8.4 Infrastructure

Development and increased growth in the tourism market will only be realised if the necessary infrastructure is developed or installed to support these initiatives. It is a priority of the Karoo Hoogland Municipality (refer to Plan 1.7) to ensure that the upgrade and provision of infrastructure for proper service delivery takes place. Refer to Table 3: Basic Infrastructure Standards.

Williston, which constitutes the main centre of Ward 1, was established in 1845 as a mission station, known as Amandelboom, which was renamed to its current name in 1919. It is an agricultural town which supports approximately 90 occupied farms. It includes a few small businesses, 4 educational facilities ranging from pre-school to secondary school level, police station, a medical clinic and mobile medical unit, churches and sports clubs. It is also the home of the Karoo Array Telescope (MeerKAT) which is currently being built.

Fraserburg , which lies within the boundaries of Ward 2, was established in 1851 as an agricultural centre for the surrounding sheep farming community. The facilities include a number of co-operatives and small businesses, 4 educational facilities which range from pre- school to secondary school level, police station and medical clinic with a mobile medical unit, churches and sports clubs. Fraserburg is also promoted as a tourism destination and offers visitors the viewing of dinosaur footprints and fossils.

Sutherland, which is situated in Ward 4, is characterised by typical Karoo vegetation which includes various protected species. Renowned for astronomy and for being the home of one of the world’s largest telescopes, this town supports a number of small businesses, 3 educational facilities ranging from pre-school to secondary school level, a medical unit, police station, churches and sports clubs.

Engineering infrastructure

The IDP 2001-2005 confirms the following statistics on engineering infrastructure:

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Water

• In Wards 1 and 2, 100% of households have access to water on site. • In Wards 3 and 4 this number is significantly less at 42.4% and 39% respectively.

Sanitation

• 55.3% of households in Ward 1 have sanitation in the form of flush toilets. • In Ward 2, 64.9% of households have access to sanitation and in Ward 4, 34%. • There are no sanitation figures provided for Ward 3.

Electricity

• 100% of households in Wards 1 and 2 have access to electricity. • In Ward 3, 37.3% of households have electricity and in Ward 4 this figure is 63.7%.

Roads

Roads linking the 3 towns are all gravel roads with the shortest distance between two of these towns being 80km.

• Ward 1: Williston is situated approximately 120 km to the east of Calvinia. The main access roads are as follows: o R63 to Calvinia in the west and to Carnarvon in the east; o R353 to Fraserburg; and o R353 to Brandvlei. • Ward 2: Fraserburg lies approximately 215 km south east of Calvinia and main traffic routes linking Fraserburg to surrounding towns are as follows: o R353 to Williston; o R356 to Sutherland; o R353 to the N1; o R356 to Loxton; and o R361 to Carnarvon. • Ward 4: The main routes through Sutherland which link it with the surrounding towns are as follows: o R354 to Matjiesfontein (N12); and o R356 to Fraserburg. (Karoo Hoogland IDP, 2001 )

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Table 3: Basic Infrastructure Standards - Engineering Infrastructure BASIC ENGINEERING INFRASTRUCTURE STANDARDS Engineering Infrastructure Water 25 litres per person per day; Maximum distance a person should have to cart water to their dwelling is 200 metres; The flow rate of water from the outlet should not be less than 10 litres per minute. Sanitation Ventilated Improved Pit toilet (VIP) per household, if constructed to agreed standards and maintained properly provides an appropriate and adequate basic level of sanitation service. Bucket system of sanitation is not considered an adequate service. (Source: Water Supply and Sanitation Policy White Paper, 1994)

Table 4: Basic Infrastructure Standards - Social Infrastructure BASIC SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE STANDARDS Social Infrastructure Land Use Stand Size Standard

Minimum size for facility Crèches/nursery Schools 1/5 000 pers. 130m² Primary schools 2,4ha 1/3 000 – 4 000 pers. Secondary schools 4,6ha 1/6 000 - 10 000 pers. Tertiary facilities No specifics N/A Mobile clinics No specifics 1/5 000 pers. Clinic 0,1ha 1/5 000 pers. Hospitals No specifics N/A Minimum size for facility Libraries 1/5 000 – 50 000 pers. 130m² Community centres 5 000m² 1/10 000 pers. Religious centres 1/2 000 pers. (churches, mosques, 150m² – 3 000m² etc.) Municipal offices/pay 3 000m² 1/50 000 pers. points Fire stations 1.2ha 1/60 000 pers. 500m² generally incorporated Post office into commercial shopping 1/11 000 pers. nodes Police station 0,1ha to 1,0ha 1/25 000 pers. (Source: Guidelines for human settlement planning and design, 2000)

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9 Pressing needs

9.1 District needs

The Namakwa District IDP (2006) identifies the following needs:

1. Efficient and effective maintenance of existing infrastructure. 2. Plan and improve bulk water supply to municipal areas (Hantam, Kamiesberg, Richtersveld). 3. Minimise existing infrastructure backlogs. 4. The development of additional or alternative water sources. 5. Increased maintenance investment for roads in order to maximise economic benefits e.g. tourism and agriculture. 6. Achieve and maintain developmental balance between infrastructure and social economic development. 7. Eradication of bucket system. 8. Housing – unblock projects and address existing backlog. 9. Effective use of resources including government owned property that can be released to local government to assist development. 10. Improve economic development. 11. Institutional capacity improvement of municipalities. 12. Development of the West Coast gas fields and coastline. 13. Mari culture expansion. 14. Maximum utilisation of the Orange River (e.g. dam, water rights). 15. SKA/DSNA.

9.2 Local needs

The Karoo Hoogland draft IDP 2009 identifies the following key intervention areas:

1. Lack of infrastructure for proper service delivery. 2. Roads linking the towns are all gravel and distances between towns are far (minimum 80km). 3. Towns are characterised by limited infrastructure development (gravel roads), low population density and serious levels of poverty due to limited job opportunities. 4. Biodiversity priority areas and environmentally sensitive areas require special intervention in order to maintain the environmental integrity of Karoo Hoogland. 5. One of the most serious problems facing Karoo Hoogland as a tourism destination is the quality and quantity of accommodation in the area. 6. Sutherland is in need of basic community facilities that can also cater for visiting school groups and tourism in general. 7. There are currently 880 names on the housing waiting list for the municipal area. (Fraserburg 340, Williston 300 and Sutherland 240). 8. The biggest need for subsidised housing is in Fraserburg with a housing backlog of 116 houses followed by Williston (60) and Sutherland (39). 9. The severe levels of poverty and the resultant social problems such as alcohol and drug abuse and the increase in crime and domestic violence needs to be addressed.

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10. There are numerous problems linked to the youth of the community which need to be addressed, namely the high rate of teenage pregnancies, the lack of basic life skills, and the low levels of education and literacy. 11. Health issues need to be addressed, in particular the containment of the spread of HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis. 12. The three towns have had separate initiatives in the past in respect to developing a tourism industry on an isolated and limited scale. Strategies need to be put in place to link the existing towns (Framework for the development of a Tourism industry in Karoo Hoogland, 2002; Karoo Hoogland Draft IDP 2009).

10 Vision

One of the core components of an IDP is the municipal council’s vision for the long term development of the municipality with special emphasis on the municipality’s most critical development needs and internal transformation needs (Municipal Systems Act, Act 32 of 2000).

A municipal vision, informed by national legislation, policies and strategies, will ultimately determine what strategies, plans, projects and programmes the municipality will implement in order to attain its vision.

10.1 District municipality vision

“The establishment of a development orientated and economically viable district through sustainable growth.”

10.2 Local municipality vision

“Karoo Hoogland will be an economical growth node in the Northern Cape, earmarked by active community participation. Council must create an environment that will enhance economic development with specific focus on poverty alleviation and the creation of direct and indirect job opportunities. Residents will have direct access to basic minimum services and a culture of “pay for services” must be promoted. Special focus on the development of life skills, infrastructure and education will add to economical growth. A safe and healthy environment must be ensured for the communities of Karoo Hoogland.”

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10.3 Proposed revised municipal vision

To provide the citizens of Karoo Hoogland with a safe, healthy and economically sustainable environment with the benefits of basic services provided to all citizens. All citizens should benefit from an adequate social infrastructure.

10.4 Interrelationship of visions

Central concerns that underpin the vision and mission of the municipalities are reflected in the table below:

Table 5: Interrelationship of visions District Municipality Local Municipality • Development orientated • Sustainable development • Economic viability • Economic stability and growth • Sustainable growth • Develop all resources • High quality service delivery • Human resource development

The Namakwa District and Karoo Hoogland local municipality’s visions correspond in terms of socio-economic stability and growth; however the district municipality values environmental harmony and economic viability, whereas the local municipality stresses service delivery , creating an economical growth node, developing its people and safe environment for all.

The minor divergence between the district and local municipality’s visions can be ascribed to the roles and responsibilities mandated to these municipalities in terms of the Municipal Structures Act, 1998 (Act 117 of 1998).

11 Spatial implication of municipal vision

This section serves to unpack the vision of Karoo Hoogland municipality to determine what is spatially required to achieve its vision.

Vision:

Five (5) key aspects transpire from the vision, namely:

1. Sustainable economic growth 2. Community participation 3. Basic services 4. Life skills 5. Health and safety

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Table 6: Vision Analysis Key Aspect

1. Sustainable economic growth

Definition/Description

Sustainable: “Refers to activities that utilise resources and build capacity in a way which ensures that the activity can be maintained over time” (Source: White Paper on Environment Policy for South Africa, 1998).

Economic growth: “A positive change in the level of production of goods and services by a country over a certain period of time. Nominal growth is defined as economic growth including inflation, while real growth is nominal growth minus inflation. Economic growth is usually brought about by technological innovation and positive external forces” (Source: www.investorwords.com ).

Spatial Requirements • Create environment conducive to investment. • Job creation to alleviate poverty – utilising local labour force for temporary employment opportunities. • Agriculture Small scale farming zones to be identified in close proximity to settlements and existing services. Beneficiation of agricultural products (wool processing, tanning of hides, etc). • Tourism Karoo Hoogland Tourism Route – (Sutherland, Williston, Fraserburg). Edu-Tourism Route (geology, paleontology, astronomy, biology). Gateway to the Universe – exploit Edu-Tourism in Sutherland and Williston. • Skills development and training/tourism centres – (tour guides, include optimal utilisation of libraries, training, communication, internet facilities in settlements) – in Sutherland, Williston and Fraserburg. • Maximum utilisation of resources within reasonable limits – sensitivity to/awareness of light pollution. • Tourism awareness, combined tourism strategy – linkage between towns to create a tourism route.

Key Aspect

2. Community participation

Definition/Description

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“Community participation can be loosely defined as the involvement of people in a community in projects to solve their own problems. People cannot be forced to “participate” in projects which affect their lives but should be given the opportunity where possible. This is held to be a basic human right and a fundamental principle of democracy” (Source: www.who.or.id )

Spatial Requirements • Communication between all settlements through public meetings, information sessions, documents in libraries for access by the public. • Access to community halls/MPCC’s in all sustainable settlements. • Community notice board in all settlements • Create electronic links between MPCC’s, libraries and municipal offices.

Key Aspect

3. Basic services

Definition/Description

“Basic municipal services” means a municipal service that is necessary to ensure an acceptable and reasonable quality of life and, if not provided, would endanger public health or safety or the environment” (Source: Local Government Municipal Systems Act, Act 32 of 2000).

Spatial Requirement s • Densification of the existing settlements for maximum utilisation of existing services. • Define urban edge to prevent urban sprawl. • Employment and residential opportunities close to bulk engineering infrastructure (water, sanitation, electricity). • Address service backlogs in all settlements. • Waste management – identify and establish waste collection points per settlement to be situated away from residential areas – regular collection service must be maintained. • Provision of sports and recreation facilities in proximity to residential areas. • Multi-purpose sport and recreational facilities/maximum use of existing facilities including schools. • Provision of MPCC’s per settlement (pension/grant payout points, banking facilities/ATM’s, satellite municipal facilities – water & electricity pay points, basic communication facilities, skills development, home-based care and municipal human resource capacity).

Housing:

• Integrate commercial and residential land uses, close to bulk engineering infrastructure. • Densification or compacting of settlements for optimal utilisation of existing services. • Define urban edge to discourage urban sprawl.

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• Integration of old and new development – structuring new development along movement connections to increase viability and efficiency of public transport. • Close proximity to social service centres (schools and clinics) and employment opportunities. • Encourage formal housing and prevent informal housing settlements.

Key Aspect

4. Life skills

Definition/Description

UNICEF defines life skills as “a behaviour change or behaviour development approach designed to address a balance of three areas: knowledge, attitude and skills” (Source: www.unodc.org ).

Spatial Requirements (DFA related) • Establish MPCC: also used for implementation of social development programmes (HIV awareness, prevention against abusive substances, skills development and training). • Clinics/mobile clinics to service all settlements and to be utilised for HIV testing and education (teenage pregnancies, HIV, TB, alcohol & drug abuse). • Social infrastructure – utilising schools for ABET and provision of community sports facilities. • Mobilise churches in all settlements to fulfill their role in the community in the creation of moral awareness. • Education o primary & secondary schools – provide sufficient educational facilities in all centres. o use libraries to create opportunities for further education training (FET) in sustainable settlements. o SETA learnerships at MPCC’s – identify employers, both private sector and municipal, who can empower unskilled, local residents through SETA learnerships/apprenticeships to assist in the eradication of unemployment.

Key Aspect

5. Health and safety

Definition/Description

“Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and is not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” (Source: www.who.int ).

“Safety is the condition or state of being safe, freedom from danger or hazard, exemption from hurt, injury or loss” (Source: www.arcdictionary.com ).

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Spatial Requirements (DFA related) • Hierarchy and location of primary health care facilities. • Properly planned waste disposal sites. • Properly planned cemeteries. • Potable water and safe sanitation. • Police presence close to communities - represented in all towns. • Centralised disaster management centre with satellite support system in other settlements.

12 Spatial translation of IDP principles & strategies

A municipal vision, directed by national legislation, policies and strategies, will ultimately determine the objectives, strategies and projects to be implemented to achieve its vision and to address its most critical development needs. The sequence of processes is illustrated in the figure below:

Figure 1: Sequence of processes Vision

Objectives

Strategies

Projects

Deriving from its vision, Karoo Hoogland Municipality has developed key objectives and strategies in the following Key Performance Areas (KPA’s):

Table 7: KPA’s & key objectives KPA KEY OBJECTIVE Revision of spatial development framework once the IDP has been 1 Spatial development: approved to ensure that all new projects are contained in the SDF. Municipal transformation and 2 Implementation of the 2009/10 Skills Development Plan. organisational development: To enhance sustainable service delivery through infrastructure development and to ensure proper operation and maintenance of 3 Basic service delivery: existing infrastructure and equipment while developing appropriate skills for efficient service delivery.

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KPA KEY OBJECTIVE To identify areas of economic development and to establish partnerships with relevant stakeholders in the development of the LED strategy. Develop a tourism strategy with a focus on skills development, tourism infrastructure and the marketing of Karoo Hoogland as a tourism destination. To address social challenges such as drug and alcohol abuse, by implementing social upliftment programmes, youth empowerment programmes and by developing infrastructure to support social welfare programmes. Local economic 4 To engage with schools and relevant stakeholders regarding the development: upgrading of education facilities and with regard to training and skills development programmes. To stimulate the local economy through incentive programmes, development of basic infrastructure and by enhancing skills and SMME development. To provide a safe and affordable haven for visitors and residents through the development of public facilities, engaging with the local business sector to ensure affordability of goods, implementing a crime prevention strategy and providing sufficient health services and public transport facilities. Municipal financial To seek the commitment of provincial treasury to assist with the viability and development of a financial plan. 5 management: To convert to GAMAP/GRAP standards. To have a continuous focus on credit control. To actively involve the public in local government management and Good governance and 6 to monitor and evaluate the performance of Council in terms of its public participation: PMS. To give effect to the National TAS objectives of government to 7 Turn-around strategy: ensure effective service delivery.

13 IDP and other projects

Karoo Hoogland Municipality has identified projects in the draft IDP 2009-2011 to achieve its objectives in the aforementioned Key Performance Areas. These IDP projects and other government projects that have a spatial dimension are listed in the table hereunder and shown on Plan 1.8 – Pressing Needs versus Funded Projects.

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Table 8 Projects

Projects - Municipal and District

Karoo Hoogland Local Municipality Multi-sectoral Projects

Fund Funde Key ed or Impleme d or Funding Funding Implementin Performance No Project Locality not nting No Project Locality not Source Source g Date Area (KPA) (Yes/ Date (Yes/ No) No) Basic Service Delivery 225 sites to be serviced; 225 top structures to be Sutherland sports 1 Fraserburg Yes Unconfirmed 09/10 68 Sutherland No NDM erected; Rectification of facilities 167 houses (pre 1994)

Develop 200 erven; Construction of new 2 Build 100 houses; Williston No 09/10 69 Williston No NDM 10/11 Williston CHC Rectification of 80 houses Develop 200 erven; Renovation and repair of 3 Rectification of 150 RDP Sutherland No 09/10 70 Williston No NDM Williston Police Station houses

4 Amandelboom sport facility Williston No 09/10

5 Ammerville sport facility Fraserburg No 09/10

6 Sports festivals Rural No 09/10

7 Rebelskop sport facility Sutherland No 09/10

8 Upgrade of sport facility KH All wards No 09/10

Social Infrastructure Social 9 Fraserburg water network Fraserburg Yes MIG 09/10 71 Fraserburg electrification Fraserburg No NDM

Oxidation ponds eradication Upgrading of waste water MIG/KH 10 Williston Yes MIG 09/10 72 Sutherland Yes 10/11 internal sewerage networks treatment works M Oxidation ponds internal Rehabilitated water 11 Sutherland Yes MIG 09/10 73 Fraserburg Yes MIG 10/11 sewerage networks network MIG/ND 12 Eradication of Prosopis trees All wards Yes EPWP 09/10 74 Oxidation ponds Williston Yes 09/10 M 13 Upgrade of streets All wards Yes EPWP 09/10

14 Water purifier Fraserburg No 09/10

15 Bulk water supply Fraserburg No 09/10

Engineering Infrastructure Engineering

RURAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK/LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

Upgrade Williston water 16 Williston No 09/10 network 17 New reservoir Sutherland No 09/10

18 Water network upgrading Sutherland No 09/10

New boreholes and 19 Sutherland No 09/10 pipelines

Key Funded Fundin Funded Fundin Implementing Implementin Performance No Project Locality or not g No Project Locality or not g Date g Date Area (KPA) (Yes/No) Source (Yes/No) Source Phase 2 of oxidation ponds 20 Fraserburg No 09/10 internal sewerage networks

21 Establishment of irrigation land All towns No 09/10

22 Eradication of buckets (sanitation) All towns No 07/08

23 Eradication of UDS toilets All towns No 09/10

24 Free-flow sewerage system All towns No 09/10

25 Upgrade of Berg street Williston No 09/10

Upgrade major roads between 26 All wards No 09/10 wards 27 Cleaning and greening All towns No 09/10

28 Storm water system Sutherland No 09/10

29 Storm water system Fraserburg No 09/10

30 Storm-water system Williston No 09/10

31 EIA - cemeteries Williston No 09/10

32 EIA - cemeteries Fraserburg No 09/10

Licensing and upgrade of refuse 33 Williston No 09/10 removal site

34 Upgrading of refuse removal site Fraserburg No 09/10

Licensing and upgrade of refuse 35 Sutherland No 09/10 removal site Public lighting (downward facing 36 Williston No 09/10 lights to avoid light pollution) Public lighting (downward facing 37 Fraserburg No 09/10 lights to avoid light pollution) Engineering Infrastructure Engineering

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Public lighting (downward facing 38 Sutherland No 09/10 lights to avoid light pollution)

Local Economic Development Wind farms with capacity to generate 200 Karoo 39 Upgrade of learner hostel facilities Sutherland Yes DST 09/10 75 No 10/11 mega watt energy Hoogland within 3 municipalities

Funde Key d or Funded Fundin Funding Implementin Implementi Performance No Project Locality not No Project Locality or not g Source g Date ng Date Area (KPA) (Yes/N (Yes/No) Source o) Karoo Local Economic Community computer training Plant for gas 40 Sutherland Yes DST 09/10 76 Hooglan No 10/11 Development centre for K-H exploitation d MOU with investors on biomass, waste recycling, wave, Karoo Open 41 Karoo Highlands Tourism Route All wards Yes 09/10 77 hydro and solar Hooglan No 10/11 Africa energy to start d within Namakwa region 42 Develop a LED strategy All wards Yes DBSA 09/11

43 Museum upgrade Williston No 09/10

44 Construction of Corbel House Williston No 09/10

45 Protection for Paleo surface Fraserburg No 09/10

46 Upgrade museum Fraserburg No 09/10

47 Stage and amphitheatre Fraserburg No 09/10

48 Shuttle service All wards No 09/10

Agricultural tourism route - 49 Rural No 09/10 feasibility study Edu -tourism route (geology, 50 biology, palaeontology, Rural No 09/10

astronomy)

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51 Williston Nature Reserve Williston No 09/10

52 Shared school bus / shuttle All wards No 09/10

Outdoor community recreational 53 Sutherland No 09/10 facility 54 Renovation of tourism office Sutherland No 09/10

Tourism marketing (incl. 55 All wards No 09/10 Brochures) Astronomy themed miniature 56 Sutherland No 09/10 golf 57 Walking with Ancestors All wards No 09/10

Key Funded Funded Funding Implementing Funding Implementing Performance No Project Locality or not No Project Locality or not Source Date Source Date Area (KPA) (Yes/No) (Yes/No) Local Economic 58 Tourism training and awareness All wards No 09/10

Development Fraserburg Establishment of Tourism / Williston 59 No 09/10 Associations / Sutherland 60 Develop and assist festivals in KHM All wards No 09/11

61 Indigenous Plants poster All wards No 09/11

Karoo Stars Indigenous Knowledge 62 All wards No 09/11 poster 63 Spinning and weaving Williston No 09/11

64 Tourism signage All wards No 09/11

65 Develop a crime prevention strategy All wards No 09/11

Gateway to the universe - MEERKAT 66 All wards No 09/11 & SKA framework (Phase II) Establish community development 67 All wards No 09/11 centres (Source: Karoo Hoogland Draft IDP 2009; Namakwa District IDP 2006)

Page 45

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14 Spatial interpretation of IDP

Through its vision Karoo Hoogland local municipality strives to provide its residents with a safe, healthy and economically sustainable environment as well as ensuring access to basic engineering and adequate social infrastructure.

Throughout the IDP document the municipality has succeeded in highlighting its pressing needs, development objectives, strategies and projects that will address these needs. Most of these projects have to be implemented within the municipal space, which the municipality has to manage in terms of use, development and planning. This section summarises the implementation of the municipal IDP in relation to the municipal space and how it relates to the municipal vision.

The implementation of the projects has been grouped according to the two key performance areas, namely basic service delivery, which includes social and engineering services and local economic development.

Provision of basic engineering services/infrastructure

The provision of basic engineering services projects is mostly limited to the land parcels earmarked for residential purposes. In implementing these projects the municipality seems to be spatially concentrating on upgrading the existing services, thereby ensuring the maximum utilisation of these services within these settlements to fulfill its vision. What is not indicated in the IDP is the capacity of these services in terms of sustainability and future demand.

Taking into account the spatial constraints and opportunities of the municipal area the compilation of the municipal SDF will have to indicate whether the capacity of these services will be sustainable enough to meet the municipal vision.

Provision of social infrastructure

Most of the settlements are under pressure for growth. In two of the three urban settlements there is a need for expansion or development of more erven. The IDP does not indicate whether the development of the additional erven is in line with the DFA principles and is taking all the development constraints of the municipal area into consideration. The IDP also does not indicate whether the addition of more erven in these areas will ensure the sustainability of the settlements in terms of future basic service provision.

The municipal SDF will have to provide guidelines as to whether any future expansion of these settlements will be guaranteed with access to sustainable basic services and adherence to the principles of the DFA.

RURAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK/LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

Sustainable local economic growth

In its vision the municipality aspires to be economically sustainable and enhance economic development thereby creating job opportunities. In order to achieve this vision, the municipality must have a full understanding of the local economic opportunities of its area and then support all projects that capitalise on its unique advantages.

The municipality has identified the development of its Local Economic Development Strategy as a key project that would unlock the economic opportunities of its total area. This project covers all the municipal wards and will unlock opportunities that could create sustainable job opportunities for the community. In addition to the development of the LED strategy, through the process of the compilation of the municipal SDF, the local economic opportunities of the municipal area will be further exposed. The outcome of this exercise will provide a baseline through which the municipality could attract investment to its area of jurisdiction.

The municipality has identified a number of tourism related projects that are scattered throughout its area of jurisdiction. Unfortunately most of these projects lack funding and have little prospect of providing job opportunities to the communities. Although the entire municipal area seems to be rich in eco-tourism opportunities, it seems little effort has been made to attract potential investors for eco-tourism. There is no tourism development strategy that has been developed for the entire municipal area. The IDP does not indicate whether the municipality sees the development of eco-tourism as an economic advantage that could be exploited to enhance its economic opportunities. The compilation of the municipal SDF will ensure that the tourism potential of the municipal area is exposed for further investigation.

The next phase of this document will deal extensively with the analysis of the natural resources of this municipality and how they relate spatially in terms of meeting the pressing needs of the communities as expressed in the IDP.

Linkages between the three urban centres are critical to the economic development of the entire municipal area. In terms of the IDP the roads connecting these areas are still gravel but are not prioritised for tarring. As long as accessibility to these areas remains a challenge, it will be difficult for the municipality to achieve its vision of making this area conducive for investment. The SDF will have to indicate the key road links that could be developed to improve the linkages between urban centres and rural areas.

Providing a healthy and safe environment

Through the provision, upgrading and extension of existing basic services infrastructure as well as the provision of social services within the urban settlements the municipality is seen as meeting the spatial requirements in terms of health and safety. The municipality is developing new landfill sites, upgrading sewerage treatment plants and is engaged in cleaning and greening projects thereby ensuring a healthy and safe environment for its residents.

RURAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK/LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

The communities in this municipality seem to have been provided with basic health facilities. Through the compilation of the municipal SDF all the spatial health and safety risk areas of the municipal areas will be exposed with the aim of providing some mitigating solutions.

15 Phase 1 synopsis

RURAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK/LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

KAROO HOOGLAND PHASE 1 SUMMARY TABLE - SPATIAL INTERPRETATION OF MUNICIPAL IDP NO SPATIAL REQUIREMENTS DEVELOPMENT IMPERATIVES

1 SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH

1.1 Economic Development

Address the lack of infrastructure, housing and 1.1.1 Create an environment conducive to investment. tourism accommodation and unemployment. Job creation to alleviate poverty, utilising the local labour force for temporary Serious poverty levels due to limited job 1.1.2 employment opportunities. opportunities must be addressed. Skills development and training / tourism centres (allow for optimal utilisation of 1.1.3 libraries as training, communication and internet centres). None

Maintain the environmental integrity of Karoo Maximum utilisation of resources within reasonable limits and with sensitivity to Hoogland and preserve biodiversity priority areas 1.1.4 light pollution. and environmentally sensitive areas.

Tourism awareness and a combined tourism strategy - linkage between towns to Roads linking towns are gravel and distances are 1.1.5 create a tourism route. great. Road upgrades must be considered.

1.2 Agriculture Identify small scale farming zones in close proximity to settlements and existing 1.2.1 services. None

Alleviate unemployment by establishing industries associated with agriculture. This will also stimulate 1.2.2 Beneficiation of agricultural products such as wool processing, tanning, etc. the local economy.

1.3 Tourism

RURAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK/LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

KAROO HOOGLAND PHASE 1 SUMMARY TABLE - SPATIAL INTERPRETATION OF MUNICIPAL IDP NO SPATIAL REQUIREMENTS DEVELOPMENT IMPERATIVES

1 SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH

1.3.1 Develop the Karoo Hoogland Tourism Route (Sutherland, Williston, Fraserburg) Consider a combined tourism strategy for Sutherland, Williston and Fraserburg. Address the 1.3.2 Develop an Edu-Tourism Route (geology, palaeontology, astronomy, biology) lack of tourism accommodation. Consider accommodation for individuals/families and large 1.3.3 Gat eway to the Universe - exploit E du -tourism in Sutherland and Williston. groups (i.e . schools). 2 ENCOURAGE ACTIVE COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

2.1 Community Communication Encourage active communication between all settlements through public 2.1.1 meetings, information sessions, documents in libraries for public access, etc. None Address the need for community facilities for 2.1.2 Ensure access to community halls / MPCC's in all sustainable settlements. residents and visitors.

2.1.3 Community notice boards in all settlements. None

2.1.4 Create economic links between MPCC's, libraries and municipal offices. None KAROO HOOGLAND PHASE 1 SUMMARY TABLE - SPATIAL INTERPRETATION OF MUNICIPAL IDP NO SPATIAL REQUIREMENTS DEVELOPMENT IMPERATIVES 3 ENSURE PROVISION OF BASIC SERVICES

3.1 Basic Service Delivery

3.1.1 Densification of existing settlements for maximum utilisation of existing services. Address the critical housing backlog.

3.1.2 Define the urban edge to prevent urban sprawl. None

RURAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK/LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

KAROO HOOGLAND PHASE 1 SUMMARY TABLE - SPATIAL INTERPRETATION OF MUNICIPAL IDP NO SPATIAL REQUIREMENTS DEVELOPMENT IMPERATIVES

1 SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH Develop employment and residential opportunities close to bulk engineering 3.1.3 infrastructure. None Address the lack of infrastructure for proper service 3.1.4 Address service backlogs in all settlements. delivery. Identify and establish waste collection points, per settlement, situated away from 3.1.5 residential areas, with regular collection service. None Utilise and promote the use of existing facilities 3.1.6 Provision of sports and recreation facilities in proximity to residential areas. such as schools Provision of multi-purpose sport and recreation facilities, making maximum use of 3.1.7 existing facilities including schools. None Provision of MPCC's per settlement to function as pension/grant payout points, banking facilities, satellite municipal facilities, basic communication facilities, skills development centres, home-based care provision and for municipal human 3.1.8 resource capacity. None

3.2 Housing Integrate commercial and residential land uses close to bulk engineering 3.2.1 infrastructure. Address the critical housing backlog. Densification or compacting of urban settlements for optimal utilisation of existing 3.2.2 services. None

3.2.3 Define the urban edge to prevent urban sprawl. None Integration of old and new development - structure new development along 3.2.4 movement connects to increase the viability and efficiency of public transport. None Development must be in close proximity to social service centres such as schools 3.2.5 and clinics and close to employment opportunities. None Encourage formal housing and prevent further informal housing settlement 3.2.6 development. None

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KAROO HOOGLAND PHASE 1 SUMMARY TABLE - SPATIAL INTERPRETATION OF MUNICIPAL IDP NO SPATIAL REQUIREMENTS DEVELOPMENT IMPERATIVES

1 SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH

4 FOCUS ON DEVELOPMENT OF LIFE SKILLS

4.1 Social Development

Address the problems of the youth in the community by teaching basic life skills and addressing the low levels of education and literacy. Address social Establish MPCC's which can be utilised for implementation of social development problems in the community such as alcohol and programmes such as HIV/AIDS awareness, abuse prevention programmes, skills drug abuse and high levels of crime and domestic 4.1.1 development and training. violence.

Address health issues, particularly the high levels of Clinics/mobile clinics to service all settlements and to be utilised for HIV testing HIV/Aids and Tuberculosis. Need to curb high and education to prevent teenage pregnancy, alcohol and drug abuse and spread levels of teenage pregnancy and alcohol and drug 4.1.2 of HIV/AIDS. abuse. Social infrastructure to be developed - utilise schools for ABET and provision of 4.1.3 community sports facilities. None

Assist in addressing the social problems in the community, particularly high rate of teenage pregnancy, domestic violence and alcohol and drug 4.1.4 Mobilise churches to fulfil their community role in the creation of moral awareness. abuse.

4.2 Education Primary and secondary schools - provide sufficient educational facilities in all Need to address and improve the low levels of 4.2.1 centres. literacy

4.2.2 Utilise libraries to create opportunities for further education training (FET). None

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KAROO HOOGLAND PHASE 1 SUMMARY TABLE - SPATIAL INTERPRETATION OF MUNICIPAL IDP NO SPATIAL REQUIREMENTS DEVELOPMENT IMPERATIVES

1 SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH

Utilise MPCC's for SETA learnerships - identify employers in private and public Promote SETA learnerships to alleviate sector who can empower unskilled, local residents through SETA learnerships / unemployment and to provide skills to previously 4.2.3 apprenticeships to assist with reduction in unemployment. unskilled workers. 5 PROVISION OF A SAFE AND HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT

5.1 Health and Safety Address health issues particularly HIV/AIDS and 5.1.1 Hierarchy and location of primary health care facilities. TB.

5.1.2 Properly planned waste disposal sites. None

5.1.3 Properly planned cemeteries. None

5.1.4 Potable water and safe sanitation. Address lack of basic infrastructure.

Address high levels of crime and domestic violence. Introduce "neighbourhood watch" principles to 5.1.5 Police presence close to communities and represented in all towns. improve safety within neighbourhoods. Centralised disaster management centre with satellite support systems in other 5.1.6 settlements. None

RURAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK/LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

CHAPTER 3

RURAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK/LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

16 PHASE 2

The chapter consists of two parts:

a) Institutional Analysis – to assess the institutional arrangements in order to understand the implications of the national, provincial and local development objectives and priorities for the spatial development framework.

b) Spatial Analysis - to investigate the spatial context of Karoo Hoogland Municipality to determine national, regional and local economic, social and service delivery environments and the impact that it has on the development potential of the municipal area.

The purpose of this chapter is to assess whether Karoo Hoogland Local Municipality is spatially conducive for the delivery of its Integrated Development Plan and the relevant sector plans.

17 Karoo Hoogland Municipality IDP in context

The main objectives of the Karoo Hoogland Municipality’s IDP are to achieve the main goals of service delivery and dealing with the backlog of housing and access to water. The focus on additional economic activities, primarily based on tourism potential of the area, is a more viable approach to improve the local economy than to try and build the supply from within existing structures.

The Spatial Development Plan must, at a minimum, address these concerns and how best to utilise the Municipality’s limited resources and less than ideal space to achieve the best possible outcome for its population, particularly those that are currently under-served in terms of their access to basic services. Further, however, it needs to take into account the relevant policy and planning frameworks that will influence its ability to deliver and how these can be used effectively to improve its performance as an agent of development. This analysis is covered in the following sections.

18 Institutional analysis

18.1 Institutional background

As noted in the Integrated Sustainable Rural Development Strategy published in November 2000, “communities, if appropriately empowered , can often manage their own local development efforts, and sometimes considerably better than any agency of the state. The report finds that a properly worked through system of participation and decentralisation holds the promise to provide mechanisms for empowering communities appropriately, though this process is by no means guaranteed.” (Integrated Sustainable Rural Development Strategy, 2000)

RURAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK/LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

In order to test the compatibility of the Karoo Hoogland Municipality’s execution and/or adoption of its Rural Spatial Development Framework, there are a number of policies, legislations and planning documents that should either be used as guides or, by law, must be followed. These include in the main, and as such are not limited to, the following:

Legislation

1. The South African Constitution and Principles of Sustainable Development 2. Local Government Municipal Structures Act, Act 117 of 1998 3. Local Government Municipal Systems Act 32 of 2000 4. Municipal Planning and Performance Management Regulations 2001 5. The Development Facilitation Act 67 of 1995 6. The Land Use Management Bill, 2001 7. Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative for South Africa (AsgiSA) 8. Transformation of Certain Rural Areas Act (1998) 9. Northern Cape Planning and Development Act, 1998 (Act 7 of 1998).

18.1.1 South African Constitution and Principles of Sustainable Development

The Constitution of South Africa protects human rights and promotes democratic governance. Part of the Constitution is dedicated to define the role and function of government at national, provincial and local level:

Part B of Schedule 4 identifies municipal planning as a local governmental matter. Aspects influencing spatial planning are local tourism, municipal airports, municipal health services, municipal public transport, water and sanitation services.

Part B of Schedule 5 does not specifically mention any planning function but identifies the aspects of cemeteries, municipal parks and recreation, public places, municipal roads, traffic and parking, which have an influence on spatial planning.

18.1.2 Local Government: Municipal Structures Act, Act 117 of 1998

The Municipal Structures Act, 1998 (MSTA) assigns and divides powers to and between district and local municipalities.

The MSTA requires that Local Municipalities “must seek to achieve integrated, sustainable and equitable social and economic development of its area as a whole”. It also assigns powers and functions to Local Municipalities that includes, inter alia:

• Integrated development planning for the Local Municipality as a whole, • Bulk supply of water, sewerage, electricity and solid waste disposal, • Municipal roads that form an integral part of a road transport system for the area of the Local Municipality; • Promotion of local tourism for its area, etc.

RURAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK/LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

The aforementioned powers and exercise of such powers by Karoo Hoogland Municipality have an impact on the spatial development pattern of the local municipal area and district municipal area. It is therefore essential that horizontal (between local municipalities) and vertical (between district and local municipalities) alignment takes place during the drafting of the Spatial Development Framework.

18.1.3 Local Government: Municipal Systems Act 32 of 2000

In terms of chapter 5 of the Municipal Systems Act 2000, (Act 32 of 2000) every local Municipality should prepare an Integrated Development Plan (IDP). In terms of the act the IDP is a single, inclusive and strategic plan for the development of a Municipality that operates as a strategic planning instrument which guides and informs all decisions with regard to the planning and development in a municipal area.

Section 26(e) of the MSA stipulates that the local Municipality should prepare a SDF which must include basic guidelines for a Land Use Management System (LUMS) as part of the IDP. The SDF shall act as a forward plan that illustrates the intended nature of spatial development and shall take precedence over any other plan approved by the Municipality. Furthermore the SDF shall be the first point of reference for decision-makers when seeking guidance on specific land development issues.

18.1.4 Municipal Planning and Performance Management Regulations, 2001

The Local Government Municipal Planning and Performance Regulations (2001) stipulate the content of the SDF. In terms of Section 4 of the Regulations the SDF is required to:

• give effect to principles contained in Chapter 1 of the Development Facilitation Act, 1995; • set out objectives that reflect desired spatial form of the Municipality; • contain strategies and policies regarding the manner in which to achieve the objectives which must: o Indicate the desired pattern of land use o Indicate the direction of growth • provide strategic guidance in respect to location and nature of development; • set out basic guidelines for a land use management system; • set out a capital investment framework for development programmes; • incorporate a strategic assessment of the environmental impact of land within the Municipality; • identify programmes and projects for development of land within the Municipality; • be aligned with neighbouring municipal SDF's; • provide visual representation of the desired spatial form which: o must indicate areas in which the intensity of land development could be either increased or reduced;

RURAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK/LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

o must indicate desired and undesired utilisation of land in an area; o indicate conservation of both the built and natural environment; o must indicate where public and private land development and infrastructure investment should take place; o may delineate the urban edge; o must identify areas where strategic intervention is required; o must indicate where priority spending is required.

18.1.5 The Development Facilitation Act 67 of 1995

The Development Facilitation Act (DFA) moves away from a control-based planning system to a principle planning approach and it establishes measures that facilitate and speed up the implementation of reconstruction and development programmes and projects relating to land development. The principles of the DFA are uniform throughout the country and regulate the subdivision and development of land in both urban and rural areas to promote speedy provision and development of land for residential, small scale farming and other purposes.

Chapter 1 of the Act lays down principles that apply to all types of land planning and development. These principles are vital to establish a more equitable and development planning system for Karoo Hoogland. In order to realize this objective, the following general principles apply to all land development:

• Policy, administrative practice and laws should make provision for urban and rural land development plus should facilitate the development of formal and informal, existing and new settlements. • Policy, administrative practice and laws should discourage illegal occupation of land, with due recognition of informal land development processes. • Policy, administrative practice and laws should promote efficient and integrated land development if they: o promote the integration of the social, economic, institutional and physical aspects of land development; o promote integrated land development in rural and urban areas in support of each other; o promote the availability of residential and employment opportunities in close proximity to or integrated with each other; o optimise the use of existing resources including such resources relating to agriculture, land, minerals, bulk infrastructure, roads, transportation and social facilities; o promote a diverse combination of land uses, also at the level of individual erven or subdivisions of land; o discourage the phenomenon of "urban sprawl" in urban areas and contribute to the development of more compact towns and cities;

RURAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK/LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

o contribute to the correction of the historically distorted spatial patterns of settlement in the Republic and to the optimum use of existing infrastructure in excess of current needs ; and o Encourage environmentally sustainable land development practices and processes. • Members of communities affected by land development should actively participate in the process of land development. • The skills and capacities of disadvantaged persons involved in land development should be developed. • Policy, administrative practice and laws should encourage and optimise the contributions of all sectors of the economy (government and non-governmental) to land development so as to maximise the Republic's capacity to undertake land development and to this end, and without derogating from the generality of this principle: o national, provincial and local governments should strive clearly to define and make known the required functions and responsibilities of all sectors of the economy in relation to land development as well as the desired relationship between such sectors; and o a competent authority in national, provincial or local government responsible for the administration of any law relating to land development shall provide particulars of the identity of legislation administered by it, the posts and names of persons responsible for the administration of such legislation and the addresses and locality of the offices of such persons to any person who requires such information. • Laws, procedures and administrative practice relating to land development should: o be clear and generally available to those likely to be affected thereby; o in addition to serving as regulatory measures, also provide guidance and information to those affected thereby; o be calculated to promote trust and acceptance on the part of those likely to be affected thereby; and o give further content to the fundamental rights set out in the Constitution. • Policy, administrative practice and laws should promote sustainable land development at the required scale in that they should: o promote land development which is within the fiscal, institutional and administrative means of the Republic; o promote the establishment of viable communities; o promote sustained protection of the environment; o meet the basic needs of all citizens in an affordable way; and o ensure the safe utilisation of land by taking into consideration factors such as geological formations and hazardous undermined areas. • Policy, administrative practice and laws should promote speedy land development.

RURAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK/LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

• Each proposed land development area should be judged on its own merits and no particular use of land, such as residential, commercial, conservational, industrial, community facility, mining, agricultural or public use, should in advance or in general be regarded as being less important or desirable than any other use of land. • Land development should result in security of tenure, provide for the widest possible range of tenure alternatives, including individual and communal tenure, and in cases where land development takes the form of upgrading an existing settlement, not deprive beneficial occupiers of homes or land or, where it is necessary for land or homes occupied by them to be utilised for other purposes, their interests in such land or homes should be reasonably accommodated in some other manner. • A competent authority at national, provincial and local government level should coordinate the interests of the various sectors involved in or affected by land development so as to minimise conflicting demands on scarce resources. • Policy, administrative practice and laws relating to land development should stimulate the effective functioning of a land development market based on open competition between suppliers of goods and services.

Five central concerns underpin the Chapter 1 principles:

1. The need to create new forms and structures for South African settlements to improve their performance, 2. The need to work harmoniously with nature, 3. The need to speed up the pace of development, 4. The need to promote a better planning system and 5. The need to promote security of tenure.

18.1.6 The Land Use Management Bill, 2001

RURAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK/LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

The key subject is that the Land Use Management Bill makes reference to Section 26(e) of the Municipal Systems Act, 2000. It provides clarity on issues related to the content of the SDF and it clearly explains that one of the functions of the SDF is to inform development and the application of new land use management systems.

18.1.7 Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative for South Africa (AsgiSA)

Investigations by government indicate that the growth rate needed to achieve its social objectives between 2004 and 2014 is around 5%, on average.

In order to achieve this objective the following interventions/initiatives were identified:

• Significant investment in infrastructure, including provincial and local roads, bulk water infrastructure and water supply networks, energy distribution, housing, schools and clinics, business centres, sports facilities, and multi-purpose government service centres, including police stations, courts and correctional facilities; • Targeting economic sectors with good growth potential, in this regard two sectors have been identified namely Business Process Outsourcing and Tourism. A third sector, bio- fuels, is being finalised. What these industries have in common is that they are labour- intensive, growing rapidly worldwide, are suited to South African circumstances, and open to opportunities for Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (BBBEE) and small business development; • Skills development; • Eliminating the Second Economy - Building up small businesses to bridge the gap between the formal and informal economies; and • Governance and Institutional Interventions - Beefing up public administration and creating a macro-economic environment that is more conducive to economic growth.

Karoo Hoogland Spatial Development Framework needs to be conducive to the implementation of the AsgiSA initiatives.

18.1.8 Transformation of Certain Rural Areas Act (1998)

The purpose of this Act is to provide for the transfer of certain land to municipalities and certain other legal entities, the removal of restrictions on the alienation of land, matters with regard to mineral, the repeal of the Rural Areas Act, and related laws; and to provide for matters connected therewith (Source: Transformation of Certain Rural Areas Act, 94 (Act 94 of 1998).

With the Transformation of Certain Rural Areas Act process, the Minister of Land Affairs granted approval for five areas in Namakwa to be transferred to the legal entities of the communities’ choice.

RURAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK/LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

18.1.9 Northern Cape Planning and Development Act, 1998 (Act 7 of 1998)

The purpose of this Act is to provide for a single set of procedures and regulations to complement the accelerated development procedures as provided for in the Development Facilitation Act, 1995; and to thereby ensure effective and co-operative planning and land development within the provincial and local spheres of government of the Province of the Northern Cape, through a set of principles that will guide the preparation and implementation of integrated land development plans, the management of rural and urban land and its development through land-use management mechanisms, subdivisions and matters incidental thereto. (Source: Northern Cape Planning and Development Act)

In this regard specific reference is made to the provisions in Sections 29 and 30 that relates to the content of a Land Development Plan/Rural Spatial Development Framework and the procedures to be followed for the approval of the Land Development Plan/Rural Spatial Development Framework by the Member of the Executive Council (MEC) of the Province of the Northern Cape.

Policies and Strategies

What is addressed at this stage is the extent to which the following policies and strategies can advance the spatial plan for Karoo Hoogland. See table below.

RURAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK/LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

18.2 Alignment with national development perspectives

Table 9: Institutional analysis

NATIONAL LEVEL

Policy/Legislation/Strategies Description/Intention Implications

Rural Development The key document providing the leading perspective Policies must be orientated towards the provision of Framework (1997) on rural development is the Rural Development basic needs, the development of human resources and Framework , which was borne out of the no longer a growing economy, which contribute to the objective active RDP. It highlights the RDP’s role as embodying of generating sustainable livelihoods in rural as well as the commitment of government to the eradication of urban areas. poverty in a rapidly growing economy and in the context of an open, peaceful and democratic society. Growth, Employment and The Growth, Employment and Redistribution For rural areas, however, the challenge remains to Redistribution (GEAR) (1996) (GEAR) strategy took this perspective further, achieve their development objectives with limited pronouncing an economic reform programme directed resources. This requires striking a balance between towards: basic service delivery on the one hand and on the other, stimulating economic development that will help • a competitive fast-growing economy that to pay for these services. creates sufficient jobs for all job seekers; • a redistribution of income opportunities in favour of the poor; • a society capable of ensuring that sound health, education and other services are available to all; and • an environment in which homes are safe and places of work are productive.

These principles went on to form the macro-economic framework within which the Rural Development Framework was drafted.

RURAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK/LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

NATIONAL LEVEL

Policy/Legislation/Strategies Description/Intention Implications

Integrated Sustainable Rural The Integrated Sustainable Rural Development The goals of integration, sustainability and Development Strategy (2000) Strategy (ISRDS) provides a framework for rural development are high on the Karoo Hoogland municipalities to attain socially cohesive and stable Municipality’s agenda, but challenged by the distinct communities with viable institutions, sustainable development approaches that were pursued by the economies and universal access to social amenities, individual towns. This is further challenged by the able to attract skilled and knowledgeable people, and need to rely on outside investment to prosper, as well equipped to contribute to their own and the nation’s as integration with other municipalities and districts in growth and development. order to align development to related, and probably stronger, regional initiatives elsewhere (e.g., along the The strategic intent of the ISRDS is to transform rural N1). South Africa into an economically viable, socially stable and harmonious sector that makes a significant The focus on economic development activities, contribution to the nation’s GDP. primarily based on the tourism potential of the area, is also a more viable approach to improve the money A successful strategy to achieve integrated sustainable supply into towns than to try to build the supply from rural development will reflect each of its three key within. The challenge will be to source sufficient elements: i.e., integrated , sustainable , and rural capital to finance the capital projects, such as development. museums and space, eco- or heritage tourism sites, while financing the backlogs in basic services with minimum allocations from government.

National Spatial Development The National Spatial Development Perspective It is pertinent to point out that the document cites that Perspective (2006) (NSDP) reflects on the need to address first that the different regions have different economic potential and provision of basic services is a constitutional right and the spatial variations in the incidence of poverty are that government spending should focus on localities of also vastly different. Hence, in areas of low or no economic growth and/or economic potential. economic potential, the path of development and poverty reduction should be through a focus on The NSDP’s five normative principles are: investment in human capital development (education, training, social welfare, sound rural development 1. Rapid economic growth that is sustained and planning, aggressive land and agrarian reform,

RURAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK/LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

NATIONAL LEVEL

Policy/Legislation/Strategies Description/Intention Implications

inclusive is a pre-requisite for the achievement of expansion of agricultural extension services, etc.) other policy objectives, along with poverty alleviation is key. This suggests, however, that where agriculture is not 2. Government has a constitutional obligation to an economic driver of further development, but provide basic services to all citizens (e.g., water, primarily a stabiliser of existing development, such as energy, health and educational facilities) in the Karoo Hoogland area, the approach to wherever they reside. development must be even more differentiated to 3. Beyond the constitutional obligation identified in include more creative ones focusing on the space Principle 2 above, government spending on research and historical value of the settlements, but fixed investment should be focused on which would also include such things as tarred and un- localities of economic growth and/or tarred roads and the natural vegetation that is unique economic potential in order to gear up to the more arid environment. It is interesting to note in private sector investment, to stimulate this context that the NSDP sees two spatial and sustainable economic activities and to create settlement patterns, (1) concentrated areas of high long-term employment opportunities. economic growth, high population densities and high 4. Efforts to address past and current social levels of poverty; and (2) areas with low economic inequalities should focus on people, not places. growth, high population densities and high levels of In localities where there are both high levels of poverty. poverty and low demonstrated economic potential, government should, beyond the This leaves from the definition vast geographic areas provision of basic services, concentrate primarily that characterise municipalities like Karoo Hoogland on human capital development by providing and that fit neither pattern, except on a micro-scale, education and training, social transfers such as where no real urban centre exists, only agricultural or grants and poverty-relief programmes. It should tourism support towns that have no economic basis also reduce migration costs by providing labour- other than to supply goods and labour to the market intelligence to give people better commercial entities that have no real roots in the information, opportunities and capabilities to community itself . enable them to gravitate, if they choose to, to localities that are more likely to provide In fact, throughout the document, areas in the west of sustainable employment and economic South Africa virtually do not feature at all in terms of

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opportunities. the development perspective. 5. In order to overcome the spatial distortions of Apartheid, future settlement and economic development opportunities should be channelled into activity corridors and nodes that are adjacent to or that link the main growth centres. Infrastructure investment should primarily support localities that will become major growth nodes in South Africa and the SADC region to create regional gateways to the global economy. Draft Regional Industrial The main intentions of the draft RIDS is to: The implication of the draft RIDS it that it should: Development Strategy (RIDS) 1. help to achieve the national industrial 1. Attempt to reduce economic disparities 2006 development objectives as set out in the NSDP between regions, addresses the needs of both 2. further the goals of the Accelerated and the first and the second economies and narrow Shared Growth Initiative of South Africa the gap between them. (ASGISA) 2. pay attention to the needs of those regions 3. conform to the principles of the Integrated which are lagging behind the national norms, Manufacturing Strategy, the Microeconomic 3. enhance current regional strengths and lead Reform Strategy and the draft National sectors of the economy Industrial Policy Framework 4. promote sustainable economic growth and 4. enhance the capacities and potentials that employment in provinces and municipalities seek to address spatial constraints and and opportunities related to industrial development 5. build regional competitive capacities and firm– in municipalities level support measures 5. conform to the principles of enterprise development and Black Economic Empowerment 6. conform to the government’s environmental and other policies.

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White Paper on Spatial The White Paper on Spatial Planning and Land Use The inclusion of the Rural Spatial Development Planning and Land Use Management (2001) is based on the general principles Framework for Karoo Hoogland, with a direct legal link Management (2001) of the DFA and attempts to cement the normative to the land use management scheme, is an essential approach to land use and planning. step towards integrated and coordinated planning for sustainable and equitable growth and development. • Sustainability – The principle requires the sustainable management and use of resources making up the natural and built environment. • Equality – The principle requires that everyone affected by spatial planning, land use management and land development actions or decisions must enjoy equal protection and benefits. • Efficiency – The principle requires the development of land uses with the minimum expenditure of resources by means of the discouragement of urban sprawl through densification policies to provide compact towns and cities. • Integration – The principle requires that the separate and diverse elements involved in development planning and land uses should be combined and coordinated into a more complete and harmonious whole. The principle also calls for spatial integration and corrections of historically distorted spatial patterns.

The overall aim of the principles and norms is to

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achieve planning outcomes that:

• restructure spatially inefficient settlements; • promote the sustainable use of the land resources in the country; • channel resources to areas of greatest need and development potential, thereby redressing the inequitable historical treatment of marginalised areas; • take into account the fiscal, institutional and administrative capacities of role players, the needs of communities and the environment; • stimulate economic development opportunities in rural and urban areas; and • support an equitable protection of rights to and in land. Rural Transport Strategy for The strategy provides strategic direction and proposes The rural transport interventions will be coordinated South Africa (2007) direct facilitating actions to address service delivery with and will incorporate the objectives of the ISRDS priorities by developing the requisite planning and and Municipal IDP’s. This is thus a point of reference implementation capacity in the provincial and local for the Karoo Hoogland Municipality to ensure that its spheres of government. The rural transport strategy roads form part of the overarching rural development maps out sustainable programmes of action for the strategy in the region. short, medium and long term (i.e. up to 20 years), while the National Land Transport Strategic Framework (NLTSF) is only focused on the next five years (2006- 2011). The Rural Transport Strategy outlines the government’s stated commitments and interventions to uplifting the material conditions of rural communities through the National Spatial Development Perspective

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(NSDP), Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP), Joint Initiative for Priority Skills Acquisition (JIPSA) and Accelerated Shared Growth Initiative for South Africa (ASGISA). It also highlights the need to improve transport efficiency and sustainability by way of policy, institutional reform, capacity building and monitoring within the ambit of the Integrated Sustainable Rural Development Strategy (ISRDS). NATPLAN

Comprehensive Rural The Comprehensive Rural Development Programme The CRDP holds perhaps the most promise for rural Development Programme (CRDP) is deemed “strategic priority number 3” within areas in that it has clearly defined principles of (2009) the government’s current Medium Term Strategic intervention and support from which areas like Karoo Framework. The strategic objective of the CRDP is to Hoogland are eligible to benefit. The District facilitate integrated development and social cohesion Municipalities that hold responsibility for the through participatory approaches in partnership with all development of the constituent Local Municipalities sectors of society. The vision of the CRDP is to create need to play a strong role in facilitating access to the vibrant, equitable and sustainable rural communities CRDP. As and when budgets are in place and with a view to contributing to the redistribution of 30% allocations to rural municipalities are determined, of the country’s agricultural land; improving food Districts such as Namakwa and Pixley ka Seme will security of the rural poor; creation of business need to be ready with proposed plans and projects that opportunities, de-congesting and rehabilitation of over- can utilise the funds according to the approved crowded former homeland areas; and expanding activities and desired outcomes. opportunities for women, youth, people with disabilities and older persons who stay in rural areas. Jacob Zuma announced that the CRDP is “our national collective strategy in our joint fight against poverty, hunger, unemployment and lack of development in our rural areas.” He said that over the medium term,

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“government has pledged over R2.6 billion in conditional grants to provinces. This will be used for agricultural infrastructure, training and advisory services and marketing, and for upgrading agricultural colleges.” “One of our priorities,” he said, “is to ensure that land reform through redistribution and restitution, is more coherently linked to the creation of livelihoods for the poor.” The Department of Rural Development will use spatially targeted grants, such as the neighbourhood development grant programme, to help support revitalisation and development of rural towns. Following this approach, it believes, will give more impetus to making rural towns serve as service centres of rural economies. As part of the overall strategy, government will also support initiatives that promote other forms of economic potential of rural areas including tourism, light manufacturing and cultural work. Various cultural activities such as traditional music, arts and crafts and traditional sports can be useful income generating activities in our rural areas and should be harnessed. The first leg of the strategy is to ensure that economic and social (infrastructure development takes place in South Africa's rural communities. This will be done through a proactive strategy of upgrading infrastructure, some of which would also serve as a tool of social transformation, by providing roads, electricity, water and telecommunications to support sustainable economic development.

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The types of projects and priorities cited include, but are not limited to the following:

• Agrarian transformation: o livestock farming and related value chain development (exploring all possible species for food and economic activity); and o cropping and related value chain development (exploring all possible species, especially indigenous plants, for food economic activity. • Rural development: o the establishment of business initiatives, agro-industries, cooperatives, cultural initiatives and vibrant local markets in rural settings; o the empowerment of rural communities, especially women and the youth, through facilitating and mediating strong organisational and institutional capabilities and abilities to take full charge of their collective destiny; o capacity building initiatives, where rural communities are trained in technical skills, combining them with indigenous knowledge to mitigate community vulnerability to, especially climate change, soil erosion, adverse

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weather conditions and natural disasters, hunger and food insecurity; and o revitalisation and revamping of old, and the creation of new economic, social and information communication infrastructure and public amenities and facilities in villages and small rural towns.

The Department of Rural Development and Land Reform will act as an initiator, facilitator, coordinator and catalyst in rural development interventions. Projects must be undertaken in a manner consistent with the integrated development plans, provincial growth and development strategies, area-based plans and other planning frameworks. Projects must be undertaken within a participatory community-based planning approach. Projects must be packaged and coordinated at provincial level in consultation with local level structures. Beneficiaries of the CRDS will be stratified into five categories to target those with proven interest and skills in farming so as to create developmental pathways appropriate to different target categories. The proposed categories are as follows:

• Category 1: Landless households – those who have no space even for subsistence production and seek land for small-scale subsistence purposes, with or without settlement; including

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rights-based applicants such as farm dwellers. • Category 2: Commercial-ready subsistence producers – those who wish and are capable of having a more commercial focus but need land and support, mostly on part-time basis; including rights-based applicants such as farm dwellers. • Category 3: Expanding commercial smallholders – those who have already been farming commercially at a small scale and with aptitude to expand, but are constrained by land and other resources. • Category 4: Well-established black commercial farmers – those who have been farming at a reasonable scale, but are disadvantaged by location and other circumstances, and with real potential to become large-scale commercial farmers. • Category 5: Financially capable, aspirant black commercial farmers – established businesspeople who aspire to expand into commercial agriculture and who by and large will be part-time farmers.

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18.3 Alignment with provincial perspectives

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Provincial Growth and Development Strategies In the case of the Karoo Hoogland Local Municipality, Development Strategy, 2004- what is particularly striking and relevant in terms of 2014 In terms of the PGDS, development in the Northern the PGDS is the recognition that the region does Cape is focused on: contain a development node of importance, but it is Plan 8: PGDS also a region that requires stabilization of its resource • Sector specific strategies defining where base to serve the existing population and to provide public and private sector intervention is for the best possible basic services, given the limited necessary and justifiable; resources. It recognizes, too, that finance for • Key macro-level interventions and development is limited, but that areas like Karoo support required from relevant national Hoogland should take advantage of those institutional line ministries to reinforce provincial support mechanisms that it can access on its own initiatives; merits. In addition, the PGDS suggests that the • Programme and project level private sector, and to a limited extent, the donor opportunities and interventions; community, should be lobbied to bring development • A comprehensive provincial spatial funds to these marginalized areas. development framework and strategy; • Leveraging adequate financial resources While the PGDS defines corridors according to to finance growth and development; existing paved, national routes, there is no mention of • Identifying appropriate institutional the minor routes, some of which are paved and delivery mechanisms; and others that are still gravel but providing sometimes • Monitoring and evaluation systems and the only access to towns that have economic procedures. potential in their own right, e.g., Sutherland. In the case of the Karoo Hoogland Municipality, its main The hierarchy includes: towns lie on no real important corridors, other than the minor one leading from Calvinia to Carnarvon and Established Growth Centres , which are regarded then to nowhere significant, and the route to as major established growth centres located in the Sutherland. In order to develop an integrated

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Kimberley-Postmasburg sub-region and which are approach to the municipal area, it may be worth likely to remain the main-economic driving force in considering connecting roads that may lead to a the province for the foreseeable future. These areas tourism strategy linked to the mutual histories of the also represent a major reception area for rural to towns; on the other hand, it may be that the municipal urban migrants but often this influx exceeds formal area is too disconnected to attempt such an sector growth rates resulting in an increasing number association and better to have different development of people seeking livelihoods in the informal sector. approaches to each town. Most notably for areas such as this, the growth in population often exceeds the rate of growth in service The Sutherland development potential is large provision raising backlogs in these areas, as opposed compared to the other towns, given the existence of to an area like Karoo Hoogland, which suffers the telescope and related activities. For towns like backlogs for lack of resources and capacity to deliver. Williston and Fraserburg, to fund development, the province suggests that alternative sources may be Emerging Growth Centres are primarily those areas available through other means, which through aligned around Upington and Springbok where agriculture and strategic approaches should result in funding not and mining have been the sources of new economic directly available from the Province. The PGDS does growth. A key strategic issue here is how to maintain however note that the major portion of national growth in the face of downscaling of mining in the government transfers to the province takes the form Springbok vicinity and the deteriorating contribution of of an “equitable share,” which provinces may use at the export grape industry around Upington. The their discretion in accordance with their constitutional report finds that there may be a significant rural-urban obligations. Thus, Karoo Hoogland may still want to shift with some stepwise (onward and outward) petition the Province to redirect funds to its area to migration to other major centres both inside and promote development. Otherwise, the region may outside the province. This will place a greater want to consider other sources of funding. demand for services on local authorities that will have to consider more explicitly the spatial distribution of Karoo Hoogland should look to other revenue service provision. generating activities to supplement its income. Since the existing population in the municipal area is Stagnating Small Towns , which are mainly in the primarily poor and under-resourced, this alternative Karoo and Namaqua Districts where the erosion of source of income would probably be best raised from

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the economic base of the area has resulted in severe outside. This can come through a form of levy on contraction of the local economies. These areas tourism activities, tolls, or other fund-raising initiatives have been the source of out-migration to other that can help to bring both attention to the centres in the Northern Cape and other parts of development needs of the area, as well as generating South Africa. Interestingly, the report points out that more interest in the activities surrounding or internal a significant number of people continue to reside in to the towns. these towns and typically these populations have shown an increasing dependence on remittances and The document, however, points to the area along the social grants. Levels of affordability for services have west coast between Alexander Bay and Hondeklip been falling threatening the sustainability of local Bay, where it sees significant potential for mariculture government structures and systems. This will and related industry development, based on the inevitably force a consideration of the options on the adjacent marine resource. The area is also the part of government in so far as a future level of location of the Ibhubesi natural gas field, which, if service provision is concerned exploited, could be landed on-shore in the Northern Cape either for transport by pipeline to the Western Land Reform Areas , which have resulted from land Cape and/or Gauteng as part of the development of a restitution and land re-distribution cases that have national gas grid. been settled where people have moved back onto ancestral and other land. In addition, land tenure and The PGDS notes another special resource area along ownership arrangements have changed in the former the Orange River, where it views the expansion of Act 9 areas. In most cases, this has led to the need irrigated agricultural production possible, based on to provide services in previously under or non- new water allocations. A third special resource area serviced areas. From a spatial development are the small number of major eco-tourism and perspective the locality of these areas will be a critical conservation initiatives around the Kgalagadi determinant of their future viability. Most of them are Transfrontier Park, the Ai Ais-Richtersveld in areas in relatively close proximity to the Kimberley- Transfrontier Park, the Bushmanland Conservation Postmasburg and Upington areas. In as much as this Initiative, and the expanded Namaqua National Park provides proximity to economic activity, this is and adjacent Marine Protected Area. beneficial. However, in many cases the economic potential of the land in question is inadequate as a

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source of economic livelihoods and this will have to be addressed in any consideration of future infrastructure investment and development expenditure.

Development Corridors and Special Resource Areas. Within the province, the PGDS identifies four discernible development/transport corridors. First, is the corridor from Springbok through Upington to Kimberley (and the Free State and Gauteng), which links the major economic centres in the province. The second corridor links Namibia to Upington, passing through De Aar to the Eastern Cape. The third corridor links Gauteng through the North West province to Kimberley and Cape Town. A fourth corridor links Cape Town through Springbok in Namaqualand to Namibia and potentially Angola. While these corridors are regarded as vital lifelines from a transport perspective, the PGDS regards each area as having relatively high economic development potential, which it feels could benefit the region enormously in terms of their proximity to established related transport infrastructure, e.g., airports and rail lines. Western Cape Provincial Growth The Western Cape Provincial Growth and The WCPGDS holds little economic prospects for and Development Strategy Development Strategy identifies four spatial Karoo Hoogland Municipality, other than the N1 components which are key areas of economic and highway passing the Municipality in the south, being (Plan 9: Western Cape PGDS) growth opportunity in the province: the main link between Cape Town and Sutherland.

1. Regional nodes – Saldanha/Vredenburg and

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Southern Cape 2. Regional development corridors: - Minor Regional Development Corridor Olifants River Valley - Major Regional Development Corridor Breede River Valley 3. Regional transport corridors: - R27 and N7 4. Leader Towns

The PGDS further indentifies 5 different investment categories for the towns in the province based on growth potential (to ensure high leverage for expenditure) and need (to ensure greatest social benefit including:

Town Investment - High development potential and low need

Betty’s Bay, Bredasdorp, Brenton-on-Sea, Caledon, Franskraal, Groot Brak River, Hawston, Herold’s Bay, Jacobsbaai, Jamestown, Keurbooms River, Kylemore, Langebaan, Malmesbury and Moorreesburg

Social investment - Low need and high development potential

Bitterfontein, Bot River, Calitzdorp, Clanwilliam, De Doorns, De Rust, Doringbaai, Dysselsdorp,

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Eendekuil, Elandsbaai, Friemersheim, Genadendal, Goedverwacht, Gouda, Graafwater

Social and town investment -High development potential and high need Cape Town, Ashton, Beaufort West, Ceres, Elim, Franschhoek, Gansbaai George, Grabouw, Hermanus, Kalbaskraal, Klapmuts, Knysna, Oudtshoorn, Paarl, Plettenberg Bay

Leader Towns - Highest growth potential

Cape Town, Beaufort West, George, Hermanus, Knysna, Malmesbury, Mossel Bay, Oudtshoorn, Paarl, Stellenbosch, Swellendam, Vredenburg, Saldanha, Vredendal, Wellington, Worcester

Minimal Investment - Low development potential and low need Agulhas/Struisbaai, Albertinia, Arniston, Aurora, Barrydale, Bonnievale, Buffelsbaai, Citrusdal, Darling, Dwarskersbos, Ebenhaeser, Gouritsmond, Greyton, Hopefield, Jongensfontein Provincial Land Transport In the document it says that, “embedded in the Again, this does not address the Karoo Hoogland Framework Final Draft, 2003 national and provincial programme on sustainable Municipality and its development needs, which will rural development and urban is a call for our rely, in the future, on the state of the access roads and inter-leaders that run through or to the towns, department to respond accordingly. In responding which are “turn-offs” from the key route between we must effectively address the following needs of Cape Town and Johannesburg. Interestingly, it our people: points to the need for land strategies in the Spatial

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• rural land transport; Framework to be described in terms of projects and • accessibility of communities; schedules for the various economic sectors (e.g. Infrastructure, Services, Education, Housing, Health • empowerment of the historically etc). It states that in this way the spatial framework disadvantaged; will become a list of projects and budgets linked to • road safety; budgets for timeous implementation at the local or • improving the services provided by the taxi provincial level. Only with inputs from the local industry; transport planning process, can the integration of • supporting private entities; transport and land use planning be enhanced. The • Karoo Hoogland Municipality should direct attention ensuring interaction with stakeholders. to the key roads within its boundaries and the need to develop these in the interest of creating local At present, the Provincial Spatial Framework is being economic development opportunities for its compiled. The framework will focus on Development population. areas in existing towns and the agricultural areas as follows: • agricultural development along the Vaal and Orange Rivers; • infrastructure for fishing activities along the Port Nolloth coast; • mining activities in the Kgalagadi District Municipality; and • game farming in the area of the Van der Kloof Dam, Phillipstown, Colesberg and Norvalspont.

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18.4 Alignment with district development perspectives

DISTRICT LEVEL Policy/Legislation Description Implications /Strategies Namakwa District Following from the PGDS is the Namakwa District Municipality In the main, however, the document has very little to say for Municipality Local Local Economic Development Strategy (2009), which is a marginalised towns such as Williston and Fraserburg, with a limited Economic comprehensive plan (216 pages) relating to the opportunities for focus on developments that can realistically take place within the Development development in the District, focusing on the region’s comparative region’s space. Strategy (2009) advantages and the need to adopt strategies that can maximize the benefits for the citizens of the District. Very few of these projects are relevant to the Karoo Hoogland Local Municipality, which again speaks to the need for the The SWOT analysis shows potential for energy production, Municipality to focus on (a) basic service delivery, and (b) diamond mining and beneficiation, scientific research and economic development through other means, either outside development, particularly in the fields of biodiversity and astronomy funding of development activities or encouraging more focus on the (star gazing) and tourism and conservation initiatives. Value-chain tourism traffic that may flow from leader routes from other areas, development in the mining, mariculture, research and development like the N1 and other cross-route channels. and tourism industries can be used to expand productivity within the district. Projects that it felt may be developed in the District include: • Agricultural potential projects: o hoodia farming and processing (manufacturing); o expansion of mariculture projects; o hydroponic production (Orange River area); o organic farming production (Orange River area); o skills, facilities and service provision for small emerging farmers (CASP/LRAD); and o Working-for-Water bi-products (e.g. charcoal, biomass).

• Mining potential projects: o One-Stop Mining Centre;

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DISTRICT LEVEL Policy/Legislation Description Implications /Strategies o copper beneficiation and products (manufacturing); and o diamond cutting and polishing.

• Manufacturing: o recycling depot(s); and o manufacturing linked to mining, agro-tourism, energy and space opportunities.

• Tourism potential projects: o cultural villages and events – N7 Tourism Hub (north/south); o techno-tourism (space, energy); o eco-tourism; o flower mapping (can link with biodiversity research); and o Tourism Skills Institute.

• Transport and Communication potential projects: o upgrade of roads ; and o increase in transport services in NDM.

• Energy Production: o Wind o Solar o Natural Gas o Wave o Biogas

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DISTRICT LEVEL Policy/Legislation Description Implications /Strategies Namakwa Integrated The Namakwa strategy is based on national policies, such as the The following two key performance areas have a spatial dimension Development Plan National Spatial Development Plan and the Regional Industrial and therefore considered applicable: (2006-2011) Development Strategy, and was further guided by the Northern Cape Provincial Growth and Development Strategy. Consultation 1. Basic Service Delivery and Infrastructure: Plan: District with stakeholders at all levels resulted in two very distinct Development development possibilities: • Maintenance and upgrading of existing road infrastructure. Strategy • Plan and improve bulk water supply to municipal areas 1. The Namakwa District is the only district in the Northern (Hantam, Kamiesberg, and Richtersveld). Cape with a major stretch of coastline for development; • Housing – unlock projects and addressing existing 2. The Orange River presents the District with unique backlog. development potential and this needs to be fully exploited. • Eradication of the bucket system at the end of 2007. • Upgrading and maintenance of existing municipal The main strategic intervention areas identified for the Namakwa infrastructure. District were: 2. Local Economic Development: • improve economic development. • maintain and upgrade road infrastructure. • Identification of mega development projects and • improve service delivery in terms of housing, water, implementation thereof. sanitation, electricity. • Implementation of project identified in the PGDS/ASGI-SA. • ensure financially viable municipalities. • Beneficiation of raw minerals products. • Development of West Coast gas fields and coast line. The following long term development targets were set for the • Mari culture expansion. Namakwa District: • Maximum utilisation of the Orange River (e.g. dam, water rights). • to construct a dam in the lower Orange River before 2014; • SKA (square kilometre array)/DSNA. • to establish and implement an operational Mariculture Park before 2010; • to increase road maintenance funding and implementation of a structured Road Maintenance Plan before 2010; and • to develop the human potential through a Training-

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DISTRICT LEVEL Policy/Legislation Description Implications /Strategies Retaining Plan before 2010.

Namakwa Growth & The Namakwa District Growth and Development Strategy emerged The NDGDS focuses on the following sectors for development: Development from a Presidential Directive (2007) asking each of the 52 District 1. Tourism Strategy, 2009 municipalities to develop such a strategy. This pronouncement a. Unique geography and vegetation was made against the backdrop of issues identified through b. Eco-tourism ASGISA, which pointed to the need for increasing the levels of c. Adventure tourism growth, investment, job creation and people-centred development. d. Mining tourism e. Stargazing and astronomy f. Coastal tourism g. Cultural tourism 2. Fishing and Mariculture a. Rejuvenating the fishing industry b. Promoting mariculture as an industry 3. Manufacturing strategy a. Implementing a strategy in line with the RIDP b. Producing input to the mining and agricultural industries c. Mineral beneficiation d. Mariculture Park e. Agro-processing f. SME development g. Financial support to SMEs h. Finding solutions to making finance more accessible to SMEs by working with banks i. Developing a local Enterprise Development Fund j. Promoting non-financial support mechanisms for SMEs k. Developing incubators

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DISTRICT LEVEL Policy/Legislation Description Implications /Strategies l. Working more closely with SEDA m. Developing business skills and access to training 4. Agriculture Strategy a. Transfer 30% of agricultural land to BEE farmers b. Involve 30 upcoming farmers in the Comprehensive Agriculture Support Programme (CASP) c. Arrange a land-care workshop in the region d. Promote an integrated food security programme 5. Energy Strategy a. Wind energy programme b. Nuclear energy and gas developments 6. Safety and Liaison Strategy a. Deal with crime and community safety 7. ICT Strategy a. Develop a BPO sector strategy b. Improve ICT as an enabler for business development in the region c. Promote “e-government” 8. Social Sector Strategy

18.5 Alignment with local development perspectives

LOCAL LEVEL Policy/Legislation Description Implications /Strategies Alignment with Due to the location of the Municipality adjacent to Kareeberg and Surrounding the potential spill-over from tourism from that Municipality’s visitors

RURAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK/LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

LOCAL LEVEL Policy/Legislation Description Implications /Strategies Municipalities to the telescope, (where tourists may wish to continue north after visiting the Sutherland telescope or SKA development), there may be a need to develop the Spatial Plan with a view to promoting a northward passage to Upington along roads passing through Kareeberg (which would require tarring).

To a more limited extent, the Municipality could be linked to Kai Garib in the Siyanda District due to the R27 route to Upington from Cape Town. Planning to develop the route from a tourism perspective may be very advantageous for Karoo Hoogland.

RURAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK/LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

18.6 Other initiatives

18.6.1 Square Kilometre Array (SKA)

The Karoo Array Telescope (MeerKAT) project involves the construction of a world-class radio telescope, which is being built by the Department of Science and Technology and the National Research Foundation near the towns of Carnarvon and Williston. The construction of the SKA is expected to cost about 1.5 billion Euros. The operations and maintenance of a large telescope normally cost about 10% of the capital costs per year. This means the international SKA consortium, if approved, will be spending approximately 100 to 150 million Euros per year on the telescope. It is expected that a significant portion of the capital, operations and maintenance costs would be spent in the host country, but not necessarily in Karoo Hoogland . South Africa's Astronomy Geographic Advantage Act (2007) declares the entire Northern Cape Province, with the exception of the Sol Plaatje Municipality (Kimberley) as an astronomy advantage area. Within that, an area of 12.5 million hectares is the main protected area - or radio astronomy reserve - for the SKA. This area is also referred to as the Karoo Central Astronomy Advantage Area.

Other benefits of the proposed SKA South Africa site include:

• low levels of radio frequency interference and certainty of future radio quiet zone; • very little light pollution; • basic infrastructure of roads, electricity and communication in place; • ideal geographical location, sky coverage and topography; • safe and stable area with very few people and no conflicting economic activities; • required land, labour and services available and very affordable; • excellent academic infrastructure to support SKA science and technology; and • the astronomical "richness" of the southern skies and strong tradition of astronomy.

Hosting the SKA in South Africa will boost the development of high level skills and cutting edge technology infrastructure in Africa, and will also attract expertise and collaborative projects to the continent. In contrast, however, the limitations for development in terms of the area declared an advantage area could have long-term implications for the region. In particular, concerns may be raised later where light, population density, etc., may outstrip that of the SKA requirements. Clarity around the kind of academic infrastructure required to support SKA science and technology would also need to be unpacked and understood in terms of the local population’s access to this education and how this will be facilitated at a provincial or national government level, wherever such education or training may take place. Certainly, the local population, through a proper academic selection process, should have first right of reservation of those academic opportunities.

RURAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK/LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

18.6.2 SKA Development implications

Once an area has been declared an astronomy advantage area, measures for protection from detrimental radio interference will be applied as provided in the regulations. Protection levels shall be enforced on any new radio frequency service operating within specific frequency ranges and existing radio frequency services with the proviso that concessions may be granted.

The implementation of protection will be carried out in two phases:

1. Existing transmissions need to be authorised by the management authority, including any existing new requirements for transmission or upgrading. 2. An ongoing process to deal with new requirements and upgrading of radio frequency.

Karoo Core Radio Astronomy Advantage Areas Regulations

1. Radio communications with transmitters located within the Karoo Core Radio Astronomy Advantage area which operate within the frequency band from 70 MHz to 25.5 GHz are declared activities that may only be undertaken as prescribed in these regulations. 2. No fixed transmitting stations operation within the frequency spectrum from 70 MHz to 25.5 GHz maybe located in the Karoo Core Radio Advantage Area. 3. Any existing transmitter stations operating within the frequency spectrum from 70 MHZ to 25GHz within the Karoo Core Radio Advantage Area will have to be relocated to a location outside the Karoo Core Radio Astronomy Advantage Area.

Karoo Central Radio Astronomy Advantage Areas Regulations

1. Radio communications with transmitters located within the Karoo Core Radio Astronomy Advantage area which operate within the frequency band from 70 MHz to 25.5 GHz are declared activities that may only be undertaken as prescribed in these regulations. 2. Frequency bands within the radio astronomy band from 70 MHz to 25.5 GHz to be authorised for radio communication within the Karoo Central Radio Astronomy Advantage Area will be determined by the management authority in consultation with the entities involved according to prescribed procedures. 3. The geographical extent of the Karoo Central Radio Astronomy areas are defined in the declaration are the areas beyond the declared Karoo Core Radio Astronomy Advantage Area and within the outer boundaries of the areas referred to as Karoo Central Radio Astronomy Areas 1, 2 and 3: ( See Plan 11: Square Kilometer Array)

Karoo Central Astronomy Radio Astronomy area 1 shall apply to the frequency band 70 to 1710 MHZ. Karoo Central Astronomy Radio Astronomy area 2 shall apply to the frequency band 1710 to 6000 MHZ. Karoo Central Astronomy Radio Astronomy area 3 shall apply to the frequency band 6000 MHz to 25.5 GHZ.

RURAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK/LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

Karoo Coordinated Radio Astronomy Advantage Areas Regulations

1. Radio communications with transmitters located within the Karoo Coordinated Radio Astronomy Advantage area which operate within the frequency band from 70 MHz to 6000 MHz are declared activities that may only be undertaken as prescribed in these regulations. 2. The geographical extent of the Karoo Coordinated Radio Astronomy Advantage areas are defined in the declaration and are the areas: Between Karoo Central Radio Astronomy area 1 outer boundary and Karoo Central Radio Astronomy area 1 outer boundary for the frequency band from 70 to 1710 MHz and for transmissions with an effective radiated power exceeding 60dBm. Between Karoo Central Radio Astronomy area 2 outer boundary and the borders of the Northern Cape, excluding Sol Plaatje, for the frequency band from 1710 to 6000 MHz and for transmissions with an effective radiated power exceeding 60dBm.

18.6.3 South African Large Telescope (S.A.L.T) Development Implications

Once an area has been declared an astronomy advantage area for the purpose of optical astronomy and related scientific endeavours, it will be protected from detrimental optical interference.

Core Optical Astronomy Advantage Areas

1. Astronomical Activities on the site and adjacent areas within 3 kilometres radius are controlled by the operating institution, with the adjacent area covered by cooperative agreements. 2. Activities of those admitted to the site will e under the control of the management authority in coordination with the operating institution, these activities shall include but not be limited to- (a) Light emissions (b) Any activity that produces dust, smoke or equivalent pollution s may be determined by the management authority. 3. For the protection of optical astronomy, no additional outdoor lighting may be may be installed in the core astronomy advantage area without the permission of the management authority in coordination with the operating institution. 4. Monitoring of sky brightness and transparency will be carried out on the observing plateau of the site, using the 0.5m telescope and photometer and a standard telescope provided through the International Dark-sky Association

Central Optical Astronomy Advantage Areas

1. All developments including industrial, domestic, sporting, cultural and tourism shall be subject to standards determined by the management authority to assess potential impact on the observing conditions at the core site.

RURAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK/LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

2. All new outdoor light fittings and fixtures to be converted to lower power, full cut-off devices so as to minimise night sky pollution. 3. The lighting should not permit more than 0.8% of the total flux to be emitted in the upper hemisphere for illuminations less than 15000 lumens. 4. Outdoor light fixtures or arrays of light fixtures, emitting more than 80 lumens should not emit more than 0.8% of the total flux in the upper hemisphere. 5. Lighting should be low pressure sodium. 6. Conversion of existing outdoor lighting facilities will be coordinated with the management authority through the relevant municipalities. 7. Open cast mining is prohibited. 8. Other mining and constructing activities shall be agreed to with the management authority after the receipt of assessment. 9. All outdoor light fittings and fixtures to be converted to full cut off devices conforming in the case of street lighting to illumination levels higher than those specified by SANA 10998-1, so as to minimise night sky pollution.

Coordinated Optical Astronomy Advantage Areas

1. Municipalities shall develop plans to reduce lighting by moving to lower power, high efficiency public lighting with lower impact on sky brightness. 2. Municipalities shall develop plans to minimise external sporting, cultural and advertising lighting by using the full cut off fixtures. Billboards and structures may not be lit from below if more than 5% of the light will reach the sky. 3. The management authority and Municipality shall develop regulations requiring commercial and security lighting to use cut-off fixtures, in cooperation with the management authority. 4. The management authority and municipalities shall develop regulations requiring commercial and security lighting to use cut-off fixtures, in cooperation with the management authority. 5. The management authority and municipalities shall develop plans to minimise large scale dust and smoke pollution that might reach the Sutherland Core Optical Astronomy Advantage Area.

18.6.4 Succulent Karoo Ecosystem Programme (SKEP)

The purpose of the Karoo Succulent Ecosystem Programme (SKEP) is to provide guidelines for the conservation of the biome known as the Succulent Karoo. This biome covers approximately 116 000 km² and stretches from the south-west to the north-west of South Africa and southern Namibia. It is considered an international biodiversity hotspot, comprising a diverse range of flora, reptiles and invertebrates, many of which are endemic to the region. However, only 3.5% of this biome falls under formal conservation areas and there is pressure on the environment from humans in the form of mining, crop agriculture, ostrich farming, overgrazing, illegal collection of fauna and flora, and climate change. In response to these threats, the SKEP programme was developed.

RURAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK/LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

One of the outcomes of the programme was the delineation of nine geographic priority areas within the Succulent Karoo biome. The delineation process undertaken was as follows, ”These areas were delimited based on agglomerations of high irreplaceability planning units (few conservation options), medium to high land-use pressures, and the incorporation of spatial components of key ecological processes. Where the priority areas bordered one another the boundaries were defined on the basis of biotic discontinuities, e.g. fundamental differences between the biota of the sandy coastal plain compared to the granite Namaqualand uplands. Within each of these geographic priority areas, finer scale conservation planning will be required to guide local land-use planning and decision-making and for reserve design.”

These 9 geographic regions are listed as follows: (Plan 12: SKEP)

1. Bushmanland Inselbergs 3. Central Breede Valley 4. Central Little Karoo 5. Central Namaqualand Coast 6. Greater Richtersveld 7. Bokkeveld-Hantam-Roggeveld 8. Knersvlaktes 9. Namaqua Uplands 10. Sperrgebiet

A portion of the Karoo Hoogland is covered by the Bokkeveld-Hantam-Roggeveld geographic priority area and must be considered in terms of planning and conservation initiatives.

18.6.5 Namakwa District Biodiversity Sector Plan

It is important to ensure that long term environmental sustainability is promoted through the planning process. The biodiversity principle and land use guidelines proposed for Karoo Hoogland in terms of the Namakwa District Biodiversity Sector Plan 2008 are therefore supported with regard to long term sustainable planning (Plan 13: Regional Critical Biodiversity Areas).

The Biodiversity Sector Plan, 2008 identifies Critical Biodiversity Areas (CBA’s) in terms of the landscapes terrestrial and aquatic features that are critical for retaining biodiversity. The categories and recommended land use activities are briefly discussed hereunder. (Plan 14: Critical Biodiversity Areas)

At present, these are broad advisory statements to guide planners and provide better informed Spatial Development Frameworks and Integrated Development Plans. The situation on the grounds should still be verified by an ecologist before a decision on land use is taken.

RURAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK/LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

Table 10: Critical Biodiversity Areas Land Use Biodiversity criteria Land Management Objective Recommended appropriate land use Category PA: Protected 1. Protected areas (PA's) are recognised 1. Natural landscapes to be 1. Conserve landscapes where Areas entities in the Protected Areas Act and managed in order to biodiversity conservation is a primary include South African National Parks, maintain their natural management objective. Northern Cape Provincial Nature state with limited or no 2. Protected Areas: Reserves and Municipal Reserves. biodiversity loss. - PA’s to be managed as such with a management plan, a designated 2. Conservation areas (CA’s) are not management authority and recognised in the Protected Areas Act appropriate management (e.g. conservancies, private nature resources such as budget and reserves). staff. - Private land preferably to be designated in some way e.g. stewardship agreements with audited management plan. 3. Livestock: - Preferably no livestock grazing. Grazing by indigenous ungulates permitted. 4. Tourism: - Suitable for tourism development subject to EIA and provided impact area does not fall into the CBA1 category. 5. Other: - Strictly no mining, agricultural or urban development. Hard development is permitted within protected areas subject to an EIA and impact area does not fall within a CBA1 area. - Suitable for scientific research, religious ceremonies and environmental education. - Priority areas for restoration and rehabilitation. CBA1: Terrestrial CBA’s: 1. Natural landscapes are to 1. Conservation landscape with Irreplaceable 1. Critical Vegetation Types: be managed to maintain in potential multiple uses where Sites ecosystem status – critically a natural state with biodiversity conservation is one of the endangered ecosystems. biodiversity loss. primary management objectives. Any area that is 2. Critical Terrestrial Habitats: 2. Protected Areas: irreplaceable in experts areas. - Suitable and a priority for statutory terms of 3. Irreplaceable Sites: Bokkeveld protected area development. meeting Cape fine-scale plan. - Private land preferably to be biodiversity 4. Critical sites for species. designated in some way e.g. pattern targets. stewardship agreements with i.e. if these Aquatic CBA’s: audited management plan. areas are not 1. Critical Aquatic Habitats (fine- 3. Livestock: retained in a scale assessment): Bokkeveld - No permanent livestock grazing. natural state critical wetlands and rivers. Seasonal grazing permissible. then 2. Critical Aquatic Habitats (fine- - Strictly no kraals, stock posts or conservation scale assessment): Lower artificial water points. targets will not Orange River experts areas. - Maintain stock within be met. 3. Critical Aquatic Habitats (fine- recommended stocking rates. scale assessment): Kamiesberg - Adopt and implement the Grazing These are core wetland study. Management Guidelines biodiversity developed for the NDM. areas either 4. Tourism: with the highest - No large scale or intensive tourism biodiversity development or construction of value (species permanent tourism infrastructure. richness, - Suitable for scientific research. endemism, 5. No biodiversity offsets possible for unique developments that result in the habitats, etc.) transformation of natural habitat (e.g. or areas that cropping and mining) irrespective of

RURAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK/LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

Land Use Biodiversity criteria Land Management Objective Recommended appropriate land use Category have been so anticipated restoration success. transformed to 6. Priority areas for restoration and other land uses rehabilitation. (mining and croplands) that all of what remains is required to meet conservation targets.

The most important areas for biodiversity conservation in the Municipality.

CBA2: Terrestrial CBA’s: 1. To be managed to 1. Multi use landscapes where Important 1. Critical Vegetation Types: maintain near natural biodiversity conservation is preferred Areas Ecosystem Status – Endangered landscapes with some but is not the only land use activity. and Vulnerable Ecosystems. loss in ecosystem 2. Biodiversity compatible land uses Other areas 2. Important Terrestrial Habitats: integrity and strongly encouraged and industries known to be of Quartz Patches. functioning. encouraged to adopt and implement high 3. Important Terrestrial Habitats: industry accepted biodiversity biodiversity South facing slopes. management plans. value. 4. Important Terrestrial Habitats: 3. Protected Areas: Kloofs. - Suitable and a priority for statutory Important areas 5. Important Terrestrial Habitats: protected area development. for ecological Riverine Rabbit. - Private land preferably to be processes and 6. Important Terrestrial Habitats: designated in some way e.g. climate change Experts Areas. stewardship agreements with adaptation. audited management plan. Aquatic CBA’s: 4. Livestock: 1. Important Aquatic Habitats (fine- - Stock farming permissible. scale assessment): Lower - Adopt and implement the Grazing Orange River Experts Areas. Management. Guidelines 2. Important Aquatic Habitats (fine- developed for the NDM. scale assessment): Kamiesberg 5. Tourism: wetland study. - No large scale or intensive tourism development or construction of permanent tourism infrastructure. - Suitable for low impact recreation tourism and construction of temporary infrastructure, subject to an EIA. 6. Other: - Suitable for scientific research, religious ceremonies, environmental education. - Restrict further expansion of surface-mining, agricultural crops and urban development – i.e. avoid further loss of natural habitat and where possible utilise existing transformed or degraded areas for hard developments. 7. Biodiversity offsets required where development impacts on land management objective. ESA: 1. Biodiversity Corridors 1. To be managed to 1. Multi use landscapes where land- Ecological 2. Richtersveld Springs maintain near natural use management focuses on Support Areas 3. Kamiesberg wetland buffer areas landscapes with maintaining connectivity within the 4. Bokkeveld critical wetland and minimal loss in natural landscape. Areas meeting river buffers ecosystem integrity 2. Biodiversity compatible land uses ecological 5. Wilderness areas (not included) and functionality. strongly encouraged and industries

RURAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK/LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

Land Use Biodiversity criteria Land Management Objective Recommended appropriate land use Category process targets 2. Spatially explicit encouraged to adopt and implement or achieving corridors must be industry accepted biodiversity biodiversity managed to maintain management plans persistence function and structure, 3. Protected Areas: objectives. especially for aquatic - Priority areas for the promotion of systems. stewardship. Areas not 3. To be managed to 4. Livestock: explicitly maintain near natural - Stock farming permissible. targeted for landscapes with - Adopt and implement the Grazing biodiversity minimal loss in Management Guidelines pattern or ecosystem integrity developed for the NDM. process, but and functionality. 5. Tourism: that support 4. Buffers to be managed - Suitable for tourism development. key resources to limit transformation, 6. Other: (e.g. water) or with particular - Suitable for scientific research, features in the emphasis on religious ceremonies, landscape maintaining ecological environmental education. whose basic processes that require - Where possible, restrict further structure and large areas. expansion of surface mining, ecological agricultural crops and urban function require development – i.e. avoid further protection such loss of natural habitat and where as large areas possible utilise existing with no transformed or degraded areas for permanent hard developments. human 7. Biodiversity offsets are required structures where development impacts on land (roads, housing management objectives. etc.), away from stock posts for maintaining large-scale ecological processes such as free ranging wildlife. ONA: Other 1. All remaining natural vegetation. 1. Functional landscapes: 1. Production landscapes where Natural Areas manage land to land use management focuses maintain basic on maintaining connectivity All remaining ecosystem processes within the natural landscape. natural areas despite expecting 2. Biodiversity compatible land containing significant loss in uses strongly encouraged and vulnerable and natural vegetation industries encouraged to adopt least cover. and implement industry threatened 2. Biodiversity maintain in acceptable biodiversity vegetation. critical patches and management plans. ecosystem corridors. 3. Livestock production should 3. Management adopt and implement “Grazing guidelines are Guidelines” development for the dependent on specific NDM. features such as 4. Development of extensive vegetation type status tourism facilities (e.g. visitor’s and special species or centres, villages). habitats. These are 5. Transformation by mining, often protected by agricultural or urban specific legislation development conditionally such as that relating to allowed subject to EIA. the maintenance of 6. Developments do not necessarily riparian buffers. require biodiversity offsets.

RURAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK/LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

19 Spatial analysis and implication

19.1 Regional context

From a regional perspective Karoo Hoogland is located in the southern part of the Northern Cape and is bordered by the Western Cape Province on its southern borders. To the north it abuts the Hantam municipal area. It is far removed from large economic centres and metropoles as shown in the table below:

Table 11: Regional Context Urban Centres Distance from Williston (approximate) Main centres Springbok 416 km Upington 385 km Kimberley 563 km Metropoles Cape Town 447 km Johannesburg 1050 km Pretoria 1099 km Other towns Fraserburg 98 km Sutherland 144 km Calvinia 129 km Beaufort West 235 km Laingsburg 266 km (Source: www.saexplorer.co.za/south-africa/distance/travel_distance_calculator.asp)

The towns of Karoo Hoogland are fairly isolated from other major centres that offer a larger variety of functions and services such as Upington and Springbok. Kimberley is the capital and government seat of the Northern Cape Province and is located approximately 563 km from Williston (See Plan 15: Regional Linkages) .

• Karoo Hoogland has no existing airport facilities. The nearest national and international airport is Cape Town International. • The closest major port is Saldanha Bay in the Western Cape and the closest small scale harbour is Hondeklipbaai along the west coast. • The N1 bypasses Karoo Hoogland to the south with a direct link, the R354 tarred surface, linking it to Sutherland. The R63 tarred surface is the connection between Williston, Calvinia and Carnarvon. Approximately 80% of roads within Karoo Hoogland have gravel surfaces. • There is a railway connection linking Williston with Calvinia in the west and Carnarvon in the east.

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Spatial Implication

The economic development of Karoo Hoogland depends substantially on its regional accessibility via road and railway. Economic development is particularly constrained by the lack of tarred roads with 80% of the roads currently having gravel surfaces. Large distances between local towns and major economic centres (Kimberley and Cape Town) reduce the competitiveness of this region.

The spatial implication of the remoteness is that people of Karoo Hoogland travel far distances to educational and health facilities, shopping centres and markets, which is costly and tedious and results in expenditure outside the Karoo Hoogland economy. Other centres in the country are also more attractive in terms of the conveniences which they offer.

19.2 Environment

19.2.1 Climate

Karoo Hoogland is characterised by cool summer and extremely cold winter temperatures with temperature fluctuations that vary from an average low of 3 ⁰C to an average high of 20.25˚C. In Sutherland, sub-zero temperatures are often experienced with frost occurring on an average of 88 nights per year. (Karoo Hoogland Local Municipality IDP, 2009-2011)

Sutherland is situated in the Roggeveld mountain range at a height of 1 450 m above sea level on the south-western escarpment of the inland plateau. At this height the area is exposed to all the cold air coming from the south-west. Due to the low moisture levels and thin air, heat radiation at night is high. The heavy cold air flows down to the lower valley where Sutherland is situated. Sutherland is regarded as the coldest place in South Africa.

Rainfall occurs mostly in the summer with between 100-300 mm expected per year. (Namakwa Biodiversity Plan, 2008) (Plan 16: Annual Rainfall)

Table 12: Average Annual Rainfall Average Rainfall (mm) Area (ha) % 0 0 0

100-200 2 076 348 69.12

200-300 662 380 22.05

300-400 254 757 8.48

400-600 10 412 0.35

TOTAL 3 003 897 100 DISCLAIMER: In terms of the municipal are (ha), it must be noted that the source data collected from the Municipal Demarcation Board differs from the sourced data provided by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry

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±70% of Karoo Hoogland has an average annual rainfall of between 100-200 mm; ±22% of the area has an average annual rainfall of between 200-300 mm.

Spatial Implicati on

Climate change impacts significantly on settlement planning and population development in the Northern Cape.

Notwithstanding the substantial uncertainties around rainfall projects, there is a tendency to suggest a decrease in rainfall over the western part of southern Africa in the coming decades. Based on these projections, the most severe impacts are likely to occur in this region, where small towns and subsistence farmers are most vulnerable. Available literature suggests that it would be prudent to account for climate change in water resource planning to meet the development objectives of this region.

Water is a limiting resource for development in South Africa and a change in water supply could have major implications in most sectors of the economy, especially in the agriculture sector. Factors that contribute to vulnerability in water systems in southern Africa include seasonal and inter-annual variations in rainfall, which are amplified by high run-off production and evaporation rates.

With this in mind, the adaptive capacity of small towns in Karoo Hoogland to climate variability, specifically drought, must be considered.

From an analysis of climate data and projections for the Northern Cape, an increase in temperature over the entire region can be expected. With this, an increase in evaporation could be expected. However, no clear trends for rainfall in this region can be attributed to climate change. What can be observed, however, is that with climate change rainfall is likely to change and become variable.

Recommendations:

• Given the possible implications of climate change on local water resources, it is important that the impact be monitored as a precautionary measure. • Strict groundwater management systems should be put in place, with early warning mechanisms to report depleted groundwater reserves. • A climate change awareness programme should be developed. • Aggressively investigate the possibilities of alternative water resources. • Reduce water losses in distributing and storage of water. • Training and capacity building programmes to communities to ensure effective water usage. • Training for farmers to prevent bad farming practices that contributes to desertification

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Climate conditions for Fraserburg are discussed in more detail below:

Fraserburg

Figure 2: Average temperatures

35 30 25 20 15 Mak 10 Min 5 0 -5 Jan Maart Mei Jul Sept Nov Ave Temperature (1960 - 2007)

Source: Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, SA Weather Bureau.

Evident from the figure above is that the maximum average day temperature (30.9 ⁰C) is in January and the minimum average night temperature (-0.5 ⁰C) is in July.

Figure 3: Average rainfall

45 40 35 30 25 mm 20 15 Series1 10 5 0 Jan Maart Mei Jul Sept Nov Average Rainfall (1960 - 2007)

Source: Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, SA Weather Bureau.

RURAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK/LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

Fraserburg is situated within a summer rainfall region with an average of 203mm per year. The highest rainfall is in March (38.6mm) and lowest in August (7.9mm).

Figure 4: Wind rose diagram

The dominant wind direction is from a south-easterly direction (35%) and an average of 28.7% of all winds are calm.

19.2.2 Topography

Table 13: Slope Analysis Slopes (%) Area (ha) %

0-9 2 892 556 96.52

9-15 88 008 2.94

15-25 16 280 0.54

>25 99 0

TOTAL 2 996 943 100 Source: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry DISCLAIMER: In terms of the municipal area (ha), it must be noted that the source data collected from the Municipal Demarcation Board differs from the sourced data provided by Enpat 2001

RURAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK/LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

Topographical Features

• The greater extent of the Municipality consists of a flat, undulating landscape dotted with mesas. (Plan 17: Slope Analysis) • 96.52% of the total topography of the region has a gradient of less than 9%. • The Bokkeveld-Hantam-Roggeveld corridor traverses the southern part of the Karoo Hoogland region, encompassing Sutherland. • Numerous non-perennial streams traverse the Municipality however there are no perennial rivers in the Karoo Hoogland municipal area. • Runoff is generally high after heavy rainfall.

Spatial Implication - Basic Management Guidelines

• Land where the gradient is steeper than 20% is not suitable for development in terms of environmental regulations and guidelines. • The provision of engineering services is expensive in areas with steep slopes. • Areas presenting topographical constraints should be carefully assessed in any land use management decision. • Environmental legislation requires the protection of granite or rocky outcrops due to the diverse and sensitive vegetation types associated with these features. • Areas regarded not suitable for development due to topographical constraints should form part of a municipal open space system.

19.2.3 Geology

Table 14: Geology Types Geology Area (ha) % Adelaide 1 792 657 59.65 ECCA 986 176 32.82 Suurberg, Drakensberg, Lebombo 226 355 7.53

TOTAL 3 005 188 100 (Source: Council for Geoscience) DISCLAIMER: In terms of the municipal are (ha), it must be noted that the source data collected from the Municipal Demarcation Board differs from the sourced data provided by the Council for Geosciences

Geology Types

The most dominant geology type in the Karoo Hoogland (approximately 60%) is Adelaide, followed by ECCA at approximately 33%. The Suurberg, Drakensberg, Lebombo Group constitutes only 7% of the geological make-up (See Plan 18: Geology).

100

RURAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK/LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

The Adelaide Group comprises of mudstones and sandstones and requires standard foundation for building construction, but can have fabric, requiring deeper foundations to competent materials.

The Ecca Group was deposited in a marine environment and comprises of selected intrusive dykes/sills which can be expected, with associated increase in clays and shrink-&-swell properties.

Spatial Implication - Basic Management Guidelines

• Caution must be taken when developing on less ideal geological terrain with specific reference to risks and costs. • From a geological perspective “no development areas” include areas affected by undermining, dolomite and areas where heavy clays are present. These features are not present in Karoo Hoogland. • Areas underlain by geology types not suitable for development must be excluded from development and included into a conservation zone or an open space system.

Any township development should be headed by a geotechnical investigation to determine whether the soils are likely to cause foundation problems, especially when densification or multiple storey development is proposed which impact heavily on underlying soils.

Economic Geology

Economic geology is concerned with earth materials that can be used for economic and/or industrial purposes. These include precious and base metals, non-metallic mineral, construction grade stone, petroleum minerals, coal and water. (Wikipedia, 2010, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_geology ) (See Plan 19: District Economic Geology).

The economic geology of Karoo Hoogland is briefly discussed below: (See Plan 20: Economic Geology).

The geological composition does not allow for numerous mining opportunities. The only identified mining area is along the southern boundary of Karoo Hoogland and a central portion between Williston and Fraserburg, where uranium deposits are found. Limited gypsum deposits are found in the northern part of the Municipality and to the west of Sutherland (Plan 21: Mining Land).

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Other economic geological resources include:

• Molybdenum is to be found with uranium – molybdenum lubricants are for the use of any mechanical moving part to reduce friction, reduce wear and tear, is heat and water resistant, maintains a constant velocity, results in smooth running parts and eliminates squeaking. • Copper and silver are to found on Klein Witkraal op Kapgat 724, Klein Kookfontein 137, Droogfoots Fontein 356 and Arbeiders Fontein 150. • Calcite is found on the farms Annex Kransfontein 721 and Arbeiders Fontein 150. Calsite is use in cements and mortars, production of lime, limestone is used in the steel industry; glass industry, ornamental stone, chemical and optical uses and as mineral specimens. • Aggregate and building material are to be found on the farms Brassefontein 371 and Wit Klip 372.

Scattered fossil remains form part of the geological composition and is an important attraction to those intrigued by dinosaurs and prehistoric life and therefore a meaningful contributor to the local economy. Therapsida , one of the earliest land animals left tracks in the mudstone near Fraserburg. Archaeological evidence indicates that species such as Diictoton and Bradysauras once lived in this area.

19.2.4 Agriculture potential

Agricultural Land Capability

Table 15: Agricultural Land Capability Categories Category Area (ha) % Non-arable, low potential grazing land 2 517 908 83.79 Non-arable, low to moderate potential 0 0 grazing land Non-arable, moderate potential grazing land 0 0

Wilderness 487 281 16.21 Water 0 0 TOTAL 3 005 189 100 (Source: Enpat 2001) DISCLAIMER: In terms of the municipal area (ha), it must be noted that the source data collected from the Municipal Demarcation Board differs from the sourced data provided by Enpat 2001

Karoo Hoogland consists largely of non-arable, low potential grazing land (approximately 84%) and is ideally suited for sheep farming. There is no arable land in this region largely due to the scarcity of water combined with the soil conditions. (Plan 22: Agricultural Land Capability)

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Agricultural Soil Potential

Table 16: Agricultural Soil Potential Categories Category Area (ha) % Soils of poor suitability for arable agriculture 187 149 6.24 where climate permits Not suitable for agriculture or commercial forestry, suitable for conservation, 773 741 25.81 recreation or water catchments Soils not suitable for arable agriculture, suitable for forestry or grazing where 1 679 192 56.03 climate permits Soils highly suited to arable agriculture 43 693 1.46 where climate permits Soils of intermediate suitability for arable 149 800 5 agriculture where climate permits Water bodies 0 0 No dominant class 163 508 5.46 TOTAL 2 997 083 100 (Source: Council of Geoscience) DISCLAIMER: In terms of the municipal are (ha), it must be noted that the source data collected from the Municipal Demarcation Board differs from the sourced data provided by Enpat 2001

Accordingly, 56% of the total municipal area is suitable for forestry or grazing where the climate permits. Only 1.5% of soils in the region are highly suitable for arable agriculture. (Plan 23: Agricultural Soil Potential)

Table 17: Soils highly suited to arable agriculture where climate permits

FARM NAME PORTION AREA (Ha) FARM NAME PORTION AREA (Ha)

RE/36 281.6774121 ENGLISHMANS KRAAL 59 3/59 300.8218344 TONTELBOSCH KOLK 35

WYGE-VLAKTE 375 300 203.3234044 DE BAD NO. 155 3/84 111.6527877 375 39.68716629 BRUINSKOP 114 4/114 397.124722 WITFONTEIN 299

STINKFONTEIN 461 381 642.1676871 PAARDE GRASS VALLEY 241 4/241 14.19125447 1/1 82.26619629 TABAKS FONTEIN 242 4/242 0.697080431 WELTEVREDEN 2

WELTEVREDEN 2 3/1 117.5087409 HOL PADS KEEGTE 32 4/32 37.12547149

BRUINSKOP 114 1/114 630.110089 GRASVLAKTE 1162 4/376 382.2830363

SPRINGERSBAY 155 1/115 67.91904411 LANG KUILEN 142 5/142 78.55085684

PAARDE KRAAL 141 1/141 691.877542 LEKKERLEG 179 5/179 229.1181899

LANG KUILEN 142 1/142 2.575301603 PAARDE GRASS VALLEY 241 5/241 119.5534561

ELIAS ZYFER 144 1/144 88.84885791 HOL PADS KEEGTE 32 5/32 32.74320676 1/148 15.6457064 LEKKERLEG 179 6/179 40.79537142 ZAK-FONTEIN 148

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FARM NAME PORTION AREA (Ha) FARM NAME PORTION AREA (Ha)

KAFFERS KRAAL 149 1/149 7.407285217 PAARDE GRASS VALLEY 241 6/241 30.43777602

WINDHOEK 168 1/168 65.88288164 LANGERKUILEN 6/337 478.6473929 1/175 21.60972579 LEKKERLEG 179 7/179 37.53094699 GOEDEVERWACHTING 175

AMANDELBOOMS WINKELHAAK 176 1/176 0.424862669 PAARDE GRASS VALLEY 241 7/241 44.24328218 1/179 322.5889956 TABAKS FONTEIN 242 7/242 1.011145919 LEKKERLEG 179

PAARDE GRASS VALLEY 241 1/241 505.4358469 LANGERKUILEN 7/337 933.9283355

TABAKS FONTEIN 242 1/242 21.5195411 LANG KUILEN 142 8/142 36.36393162

STOFKRAAL 243 1/243 594.7488858 PAARDE GRASS VALLEY 241 8/241 12.05651809

JACKKALSFONTEIN 247 1/247 494.6731352 LANGERKUILEN 8/337 69.40147261

KERK PLAATS 251 1/251 484.8438984 KARREEKAP 112 RE/112 15.60321483

LEENDERTS RIVIER 272 1/272 318.4995033 ELIAS LEEGTE 113 RE/113 360.3085871 1/277 342.0251264 BRUINSKOP 114 RE/114 485.5996172 SEEKOEIGAT 277

RIET POORT 275 1/279 637.3891371 SPRINGERSBAY 115 RE/115 486.4413395 1/299 1020.547686 LEEUW KRANTZ 134 RE/134 52.08272272 NELLS WERFE 376

GROOTWAMAKERSVLEI 304 1/304 275.5781998 KLIP DRIFT 139 RE/139 844.3182737

GOEDEVERWACHTING 305 1/305 333.1077752 PAARDE KRAAL 141 RE/141 368.3728958

ZAAIFONTEIN 322 1/322 138.041915 ELIAS ZYFER 144 RE/144 93.92916894

DE KRUIS VAN BLOEM FONTEIN 323 1/323 405.2698916 ZAK-FONTEIN 148 RE/148 983.7081796

LUDIGS GRAF 324 1/324 76.19825896 KAFFERS KRAAL 149 RE/149 589.9922455 1/37 52.14525095 VLOKS WERVEN 152 RE/152 258.3317996 ENKEL-DOORN SOUTH 37

GRASBULT 381 1/373 61.02018814 PALMIET-FINTAIN 171 RE/171 38.60982724

DAMS FONTEIN 396 1/396 117.5685115 DE KRUIS 174 RE/174 178.4615843 1/500 271.2218266 GOEDVERWACHTING 175 RE/175 92.18280642 WALKRAAL A 500 AMANDELBOOMS 1/59 1811.274364 RE/176 60.87885143 ENGLISHMANS KRAAL 59 WINKELHAAK 176

GRAS KRAAL 83 1/83 271.6938281 LUNS KLOOF 177 RE/177 0.08388192

BRUINSKOP 114 2/114 46.98214119 LEKKERLEG 179 RE/179 89.64540638 2/142 209.3578412 PAARDE GRASS VALLEY 241 RE/241 38.53100508 LANG KUILEN 142

WALKRAAL 147 2/147 270.3095526 STOFKRAAL 243 RE/243 337.1488654 2/149 799.6911008 SEEKOEIGAT 277 RE/277 411.5852754 KAFFERS KRAAL 149

WINDHOEK 168 2/168 365.0713654 RIET POORT 75 RE/279 393.9830294 2/174 41.8618687 NELLS WERFE 376 RE/299 385.1221853 DE KRUIS 174

AMANDELBOOMS WINKELHAAK 176 2/176 23.61255141 GROOTWAMAKERSVLEI 304 RE/304 2034.59131

PAARDE GRASS VALLEY 241 2/241 197.0270718 GOEDVERWACHTING 305 RE/305 525.973393

TABAKS FONTEIN 242 2/242 21.42970055 ZAAIFONTEIN 322 RE/322 294.4326314 DE KRUIS VAN BLOEM 2/243 235.5986922 RE/323 331.0088162 STOFKRAAL 243 FONTEIN 323

JACKKALSFONTEIN 247 2/247 424.3618814 LUDIGS GRAF 324 RE/324 510.7611208

RIET POORT 275 2/279 225.6337738 MOSQUITO KRAAL 33 RE/33 1288.746887

NELLS WERFE 376 2/299 553.3817933 RIETPOORT 330 RE/330 39.50719658

GROOTWAMAKERSVLEI 304 2/304 16.57645723 ROBERTSKRAAL 331 RE/331 618.3628576

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FARM NAME PORTION AREA (Ha) FARM NAME PORTION AREA (Ha)

GOEDEVERWACHTING 305 2/305 80.18914626 GROF GESCHUD 34 RE/34 1012.366754

HOL PADS KEEGTE 32 2/32 3.267811419 NELS KOP SOUTH 245 RE/35 381.7688639 2/346 77.23156159 ENKEL-DOORN SOUTH 37 RE/37 250.5548412 BOSHOF 346

ENKEL-DOORN SOUTH 37 2/37 63.08489025 WIT KLIP 372 RE/372 1323.6912 2/376 260.9710746 GRASBULT 381 RE/373 1736.433107 GRASVLAKTE 1162

ENGLISHMANS KRAAL 59 2/59 0.545570986 WATERFALL 398 RE/398 6.07388879

GRAS KRAAL 83 2/83 6.968921703 SLINGERS FONTEIN 491 RE/491 754.9980266

BRUINSKOP 114 3/114 553.6418486 LANGKUILEN 494 RE/494 215.0739037

PAARDE KRAAL 141 3/141 16.7119885 WALKRAAL A 500 RE/500 414.7420536

LANG KUILEN 142 3/142 146.5245755 FARM 503 RE/503 132.8765781

WINDHOEK 168 3/168 32.35881507 ENGLISHMANS KRAAL 59 RE/59 134.3069945 3/174 7.293127938 GRAS KRAAL 83 RE/83 324.5271826 DE KRUIS 174

LEKKERLEG 179 3/179 120.4967135 DE BAD NO. 155 RE/84 3025.92373 3/241 19.69333907 GOEDVERWACHTING 305 3/305 438.3412801 PAARDE GRASS VALLEY 241

TABAKS FONTEIN 242 3/242 15.47526741 ENKEL-DOORN SOUTH 37 3/37 20.89162978

MATJES VALLEY 245 3/245 71.11006005 GRASVLAKTE 1162 3/376 131.7865513

The agricultural potential of land in Karoo Hoogland allows for livestock (sheep, goat and a few cattle). Criteria for identifying prime and unique agricultural land: (Department of Agriculture, www.agis.agric.za – June 2010)

• absence of restrictions on cultivation (i.e. slopes and distance from watercourses). • present irrigation (land under permanent or seasonal irrigation is deemed to qualify as prime agricultural land). • moisture availability. • the scarcity factor. • soil type, soil texture and soil depth (soil depths deeper than 750mm within access of a water source need to be regarded as worthy of protection as a scarce resource).

These criteria are used as guidelines when evaluating an area. Areas that do not meet the criteria are not automatically available for development or change in land use i.e. areas with a low potential for crop production might have a high potential for grazing, making it an area of high agricultural value.

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Spatial Implication

• It is important to classify, map and protect high potential agricultural land for agricultural production purposes only. • The soil potential map should be used as a land use management guideline only. Site specific information needs to be acquired in determining the agricultural potential of any land parcel. • The specific situation or scenario of each application is also considered, i.e. size of area, availability of water, economic viability and sustainable agricultural use and external factors such as political influences, development trends etc. • Land under permanent or seasonal irrigation should be regarded as high potential agricultural land and be managed accordingly. • The protection of agricultural land against uncontrolled “urban sprawl” and “leap frog” development is essential. • Fragmentation of farms should be prevented. Each subdivided portion should remain an economical viable agricultural farming unit. • The potential of agricultural land should be carefully assessed prior to the subdivision or change thereof to any other land use. • Currently the retention of productive agricultural land is administrated through the Subdivision of Agricultural Land Act, 1970 (Act 70 of 1970) which controls the subdivision of agricultural land and its use for purposes other than agriculture.

19.2.5 Conservation areas

The only statutory protected area of Karoo Hoogland is the Tanqua Karoo National Park, of which only 0.24% is located within the municipal boundary (Plan 24: Conservation Areas). The park was established in 1986 and has been enlarged to incorporate new farms along its boundary. It experiences both summer and winter rainfall. Current threats include alien plants located upon the newly acquired sections. (Source: Namakwa Biodiversity Sector Plan, 2008)

The Karoo Hoogland Local Municipality contains 14 of the 93 recognised vegetation types found in the Namakwa District Municipal area, three of which are entirely endemic to the Municipality.

This municipal region is home to a wide variety of bulbous species and contains a host of other charismatic plants, including:

• Indigenous rye grass ( Secale strictum subsp.africanum ) which is classified as Critically Endangered in the Red Data Plant List. There is some experimentation to try and domesticate this unique grass. This species could become a significant global food crop in the future and it occurs only in the Karoo Hoogland.

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• It is the only plant species within the whole Namakwa District Municipality and Karoo ecosystems that has good potential to become a commercial grain food crop and is therefore a very special species indeed. (Namakwa Biodiversity Sector Plan, 2008) • Daubenis ( Daubenya aurea ) which is a bulb plant bearing golden yellow flowers at ground level and which is restricted to the Roggeveld Mountains is classified as Vulnerable in the Red Data Plant List. • Roggeveld Koekoemakranka ( Gethyllis roggeveldensis ) is restricted to this municipal area but little is known about this plant’s distribution and habitat.

Ten plant species are considered Threatened and four Near-threatened in the Red Data list, as indicated in the Namakwa District Biodiversity Plan, 2008. It is anticipated that an updated Red Data list will become available during 2010 and this should be consulted in the review of the SDF.

The region also contains populations of the severely threatened Riverine Rabbit and the Visagies Golden Mole, which are entirely unique to the area. Both of these are included in the Red Data List and are two of the ten most threatened faunal species in South Africa. Our faunal features include rare nomadic larks and a remarkable diversity of insect life which act as key pollinators for the regions many bulbous plants.

Spatial Implication

The incursion of alien plants along water courses is a major threat to the health of the ecosystem in Karoo Hoogland. Effective control and eradication strategies are required to mitigate the loss of water and ecosystem integrity that results from the continual encroachment of invasive species. The Municipality has recognised the importance of this and has planned projects for the removal of the alien Prosopis tree but it is vitally important that these eradication projects are implemented.

Effective veld management plans and practices, in particular around catchment areas located in the high-lying regions of the Roggeveld mountains, are critical if sustainability of land use is to be achieved in the Karoo Hoogland municipal area.

19.3 Demographic characteristics

Statistics SA Census 2001 and the Statistics SA Community Survey 2007 are currently the only two official population data sources used for planning purposes.

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19.3.1 Population size

Figure 5: Population Distribution in the Namakwa District per Municipality Population distribution 0.99% 10.39% 10.85% Richtersveld 8.18% Nama Khoi Kamiesberg

15.97% Hantam 42.97% Karoo Hoogland Khai Ma 10.65% DMA

(Source: Statistics SA Census 2001 & Community Survey 2007)

The 2007 Community Survey confirms the following statistics:

• The total number of households in Namakwa District Municipality is 36 437. • 8.18% of the Namakwa population is located in the Karoo Hoogland Local Municipality. • Households are mainly located in the towns of Williston, Fraserburg and Sutherland. • Approximately 31% of the population of Karoo Hoogland is resident in rural areas in comparison with a high concentration of urban dwellers which constitute 69% of households.

Figure 6: Households per town Households per town

648 Williston 1030 Fraserburg 544 Sutherland Rural Areas 1051

(Source: Statistics SA Census 2001)

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Figure 7: Population Comparison 2001 vs. 2007 Karoo Hoogland Population Comparison 2001 vs 2007 12000

10000

8000

6000 Census 2001

Population 4000 Community Survey 2007

2000

0 Karoo Hoogland

(Source: Statistics SA Census 2001 & Community Survey 2007)

There is a slight decrease of 93 people in the population statistics when viewed over the six year period from 2001 to 2007.

19.3.2 Population dependency ratio

Figure 8: Employment Status per person Employment Status

2375 Employed 2933 Unemployed Economically inactive

1171

(Source: Statistics SA Census 2001

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Figure 9: Employment status comparison 2001 vs . 2007 Karoo Hoogland Municipality Employment Status Comparison

3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

Number ofNumberIndividuals Census 2001 0 Community Survey 2007

Employment Status

(Source: Statistics SA Census 2001 & Community Survey 2007)

• The dependency ratio (% economically inactive people depending on the economically active people) for Karoo Hoogland was ±68 % in 2001. • Unemployment is an ongoing concern in the Karoo Hoogland Municipality in spite of the decrease indicated in the 2007 Community Survey figures. The distortion of the figures can be ascribed to additional categories surveyed, namely unspecified and institution in 2007. • High unemployment is a serious concern as it leads to so cio-economic problems such as alcohol abuse, crime, early pregnancy, etc. • The Karoo Hoogland IDP 2001 -2005 identifies 40.2% of the total households in Karoo Hoogland as receiv ing subsidies for basic services. • Currently, the unemployed and economically inactive sector makes up 57% of the population but the portion of this sector which is indigent is not identified in the current IDP 2009-2011.

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19.3.3 Employment s ector

Figure 10 : Employment Distribution per Person Industry & population

Private Households

Community; social and personal …

Transport; storage and … Population Construction

Manufacturing

Agriculture; hunting; forestry and …

0 200 400 600 800 100012001400

(Sou rce: Statistics SA Census 2001)

Figure 11 : Employment sector comparison 2001 vs . 2007 Karoo Hoogland Municipality Employment Sector Comparison

1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200

Number of Individuals of Number 0 … … … … … … … Census 2001 Community Survey 2007 Financial Construction Other and Other not Undetermined Manufacturing Electricity; gas and Wholesaleand retail Agriculture;hunting, Mining andMiningquarrying Transport,storage and Community; social and Employment Sector

(Source: Statistics SA Census 2001 and Community Survey 2007)

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• In 2001, the majority of the population was involved in agricultural activities followed by community (social and personal services) and private households and to a lesser extent wholesale and retail trade. • From 2001 to 2007, an alarming decrease is reflected in the agricultural sector with manufacturing showing only slight compensation for this.

19.3.4 Household income

Table 18: Household Income Income Level (monthly) Population Number

No income 102 R 1 - R 400 976 R 401 - R 800 758 R 801 - R 1600 359 R 1601 - R 3200 273 R 3201 - R 6400 232 R 6401 - R 12800 157 R 12801 - R 25600 35 R 25601 - R 51200 23 R 51201 - R 102400 10 R 102401 - R 204800 3 R 204801 or more 5 (Source: Statistics SA Census 2001)

• Current confirmed figures indicate 40.2% of households are considered indigent (Source: Karoo Hoogland IDP 2001-2005). • The high poverty level directly affects the Municipality’s financial ability to provide and maintain services. • Main sources of income are the agricultural sector throughout the entire municipal area and tourism predominantly in Sutherland. • Commercial farmers depend on income generated from their farms, while others make a living by rendering services to the agricultural sector. • Many residents depend on government grants, while others earn a living by providing housekeeping or gardening services.

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19.3.5 Population age and gender composition

Figure 12: Age and Gender per person 600 400 200 Male 0 Female

(Source: Statistics SA Census 2001)

• The gender ratios are almost equal, at 52.4% female and 47.6% male. • The younger age structure implies a population explosion resulting in additional strain on social and engineering infrastructure (i.e. health care facilities, schools, water, sanitation, electricity etc.). • A fairly young population requires skills development programmes matched with appropriate jobs to ensure that this group does not immigrate to other parts of the country in search of tertiary education and employment or rely on grants to survive.

Figure 12: Age trend 2001 to 2007 Karoo Hoogland Municipality Age Trend

80 - 84 70 - 74 60 - 64 50 - 54 40 - 44 Age 30 - 34 Community Survey 2007 20 - 24 Census 2001 10-14 0-4 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Census 2001 vs Community Survey 2007

(Source: Statistics SA Census 2001 and Community Survey)

• 62.9% of the population, numbering 6 551 people, of Karoo Hoogland is in the age group 15-64 and is therefore able to contribute to the economic base of the Municipality. • The decrease in the younger age groups, aged 0-9, may result in a further population decrease over the next few years.

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19.3.6 Impact of HIV/Aids

South Africa

According to projections, about 5.4 million people out of a total of nearly 48 million South Africans were HIV positive in the middle of 2006, giving a total population prevalence rate of a little over 11%. Around 600 000 are sick with AIDS (11% of the HIV infected) (Source Demographic Impact of HIV/Aids in South Africa: National and Provincial Indicators for 2006)

Northern Cape

Table 19: Northern Cape HIV/AIDS statistics Whole population 7% 1. The NC has the lowest number of HIV Antenatal cline estimate 21% positive people living in any single Adults (ages 20-64 12% province (67 000). 2. Around 7% of the population and one in People living with HIV 67 000 every 10 adults are estimated to be HIV New HIV infections (over the year) 7 000 positive in 2008. AIDS deaths (over the year) 4 000 3. The epidemic in the NC has not reached a mature phase yet and is still growing Total people in need of ART (mid- 11 000 with new infections almost double the year) number of Aids related deaths. Total people accessing ART (mid- 6 000 4. An estimated 11 000 people are in need year) of antiretroviral treatment in 2008 with around 53% having taken up treatment. Accumulated Aids deaths 22 000

New infections per day 19 New deaths per day 11 Source: Summary of Provincial HIV/Aids Statistics for South Africa: Nathea Nicolay, Metropolitan, October 2008.

Namakwa District

The total population of Namakwa District is estimated at ±125 000 people, 5% of the total population has HIV/AIDS, growing rapidly - in 2007, 5.1% of the population was infected, which is an 8.68% increase from 2006.

According to the Northern Cape Antenatal HIV & Syphilis Sero-Prevalence Survey, in 2008 the HIV prevalence amongst pregnant women attending antenatal care in Namakwa decreased significantly from 7.3% in 2007 to 2.2%. This indicates a very low HIV prevalence amongst pregnant women.

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Karoo Hoogland Municipality

According to the HIV/Aids statistics above, 11 persons die per day in the Northern Cape. This rate is projected for Namakwa District Municipality and for Karoo Hoogland Local Municipality according to the % of people living in Namakwa District and the % thereof living in Karoo Hoogland.

11.65% of the people in the Northern Cape live in Namakwa District Municipality. 8.18% of the people in Namakwa District live in Hantam Municipality.

Projections:

330 (11 x 30) persons die each month in the Northern Cape. 38 (330 x 11.65%) persons die each month in Namakwa District Municipality. 3 (38 x 15.97%) persons die each month in Karoo Hoogland.

Karoo Hoogland Municipality has to make provision for the effects of HIV/Aids with regard to lowered productivity, increased need for health services, increasing number of orphans, cemetery sites, etc. Other challenging health issues include Tuberculosis and substance abuse.

Mortality rate

38 deaths were recorded in hospitals during the 2009-2010 period, which equates to 0.33% of the total population. The cause of death is unknown.

Spatial Implication

The three main towns of Karoo Hoogland all have an indigent population comprised as follows:

Williston: 48.5% Fraserburg: 41% Sutherland: 41%

This provides a clear indication that the poverty stricken population of the Karoo Hoogland Municipality is equally distributed amongst the three settlements.

High unemployment levels, low income and the high number of indigents render the Municipality unable to generate sufficient financial resources for the adequate provision of services. The spatial implication thereof is that the planning for provision of basic services must be driven by densification, sustainability and cost-effectiveness.

The high levels of unemployment and resultant social problems such as alcohol and drug abuse and the increase in crime and domestic violence need to be addressed in the disadvantaged areas.

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Social information programmes are needed to address HIV/AIDS and the high rate of teen pregnancies. A municipal condom distribution project could be considered to promote “prevention” awareness. Economic opportunities need to be identified in close proximity to disadvantaged areas.

Community upliftment and skills development programmes, social support structures, food security (soup kitchens) and proper health care facilities need to be prioritised in disadvantaged areas by clustering these in multi-purpose community centres.

19.4 Movement and linkages

Movement linkages in Karoo Hoogland are indicated in the table below:

Table 20: Distances and Travel Times Access Distance (km) Travel Time Road Status (min) Williston – Fraserburg 100 75 Gravel surface (R353) Williston – Sutherland 182 136 Gravel surface (R353 & R356) Fraserburg - 82 62 Gravel surface (R356) Sutherland Note: Travel time is calculated by using an average travel speed of 80km/h on gravel roads and 120km/h on tar roads.

In terms of Stats SA, 2001, the usage of different modes of transport in Karoo Hoogland is indicated in the table below:

Table 21: Modes of Transport per person Modes of transport People % On foot 4469 42.49 By bicycle 86 0.01 By motorcycle 19 0.01 By car as a driver 490 0.04 By car as a passenger 243 0.02 By minibus / taxi 59 0.01 By bus 30 0.01 By train 10 0.01 Other 27 0.01 Not applicable 5084 57.39 (Source: Statistics SA Census 2001)

• The main mode of transport is walking, with approximately 42% of the population commuting to work or school by foot.

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• Since 2001, the Department of Transport has developed a strategy called the Shova Kalula Bicycle Project (2007), which aims at addressing transport challenges in rural communities by distributing bicycles. It is anticipated that the number of bicycle users has increased since the inception of the Shova Kalula Bicycle Project. • Passenger vehicles are the next most common mode of transport in Karoo Hoogland. • Taxis operate within the municipal boundary in the informal sector on a very small scale. • Due to the lack of major routes in Karoo Hoogland, external thoroughfare will be limited to the R63 (Calvinia, Williston, Carnarvon) and the main tarred road linking Sutherland to the N1 (Cape Town – Johannesburg route).

Spatial Implication

Given the challenging transport situation, both in terms of distance between towns and the state of roads, which are 80% gravel, attention must be given to reducing travel times to limit the frustrations of local residents and to attract tourists and investors. Upgrading of existing transport routes is essential for the future economic development of this region.

Furthermore, each of these towns should be developed as a fully functional, self-sufficient service node to limit the need to travel from town to town.

With increased economic growth in the region, facilitated by improved roads, attention can be given to improving public transport facilities.

The provision of public transport services as addressed in the Provincial Land Transport Framework does not address the Karoo Hoogland Municipality and its development needs, which will rely, in the future, on the state of the access roads and inter-leaders that run through or to the towns which are turn offs from the key route between Cape Town and Johannesburg.

The Karoo Hoogland Municipality should direct attention to the key roads within its boundaries and the need to develop these in the interests of the local economic development opportunities available to its population.

19.5 Development trends

19.5.1 Structuring elements

There are numerous factors that influence where and how people settle and organise themselves in space. The following structuring elements impact directly on the formation and development of settlements in South Africa:

• environmental factors such as resources, climate, landforms (topography) and water features i.e. agriculture, availability of minerals and metals. • spatial characteristics and location of, for example, the distance between activities, i.e. where people stay and where they work.

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• other factors including cultural factors, economies of scale, political and economic systems.

The following structuring elements mainly influenced the spatial form of Karoo Hoogland Municipality as it exists today:

Past Political Ideologies

During the apartheid era “Rural Coloured Reserves” were created on land that was not considered valuable agricultural or mining land.

Main Roads

The N1 (Cape Town – Johannesburg) passes the area to the south with a link road to the R354 to Sutherland. The R353 gravel road is a second link to the N1 from Fraserburg to Leeu Gamka. These arteries played an important role in the development of towns located along these routes.

Rivers

There are no perennial rivers traversing the Karoo Hoogland Municipality. Non-perennial watercourses, such as the Sak River passing through Williston, Sout River passing through Fraserburg and the Dorp River passing through Sutherland play an significant role in the formation of these towns.

Climate

Low rainfall and restricted water resources confine economic opportunities for extensive agriculture. A further decrease in rainfall resulting in a significant decrease in livestock carrying capacity of agricultural land will necessitate the investigation of alternative economic opportunities.

19.5.2 Land use and settlement patterns

Municipal Land Cover

The different land cover categories for Karoo Hoogland, are indicated in the table below: (Plan 26: Municipal Land Cover)

Table 22: Land Cover Land Cover Category ha % Bare rock and eroded land 1 980 0.0661 Bare rock and soil 14 194 0.4736 Built up land : commercial 10 0.0003 Built up land : residential 339 0.0113

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Land Cover Category ha % Cultivated land : commercial 7 620 0.2543 Degraded : shrub land and fynbos 76 0.0025 Indigenous forest 27 0.0009 Shrub land / fynbos 2 946 609 98.3236 Thicket and bushland 7 498 0.2502 Waterbody 3 259 0.1088 Wetland 15 236 0.5084 TOTAL 2 996 848 100% (Source: Namakwa District Biodiversity Plan, 2008) DISCLAIMER: In terms of the municipal are (ha), it must be noted that the source data collected from the Municipal Demarcation Board differs from the sourced data provided by Namakwa District Biodiversity Plan, 2008

The majority of Karoo Hoogland is covered by shrub and fynbos (98%), followed by wetlands (0.5%) and then bare rock and soil (0.47%). The built up areas cover 0.01% of the municipal area.

Land Use Analysis

Herewith a broad land use breakdown per settlement:

1. Williston

In 1845, Johann Heinrich Lutz established a mission station at Amandelboom. In 1833 this settlement was renamed Williston in honour of the British Cape Colony Colonel Secretary, Colonel H Williston.

The residential areas of Williston can be divided into separate segments due to the locality of certain land uses, hindrances and main routes. The low density residential component is situated in the western area of the town and this portion is situated directly west of the CBD and also includes zonings such as churches and schools. This area is bordered by existing sports facilities and a golf course and in the south by a railway line and station.

Directly north east and south east of the CBD another low density residential component exists. This area is bordered to the east by the flood valley of the dry riverbed which divides the town into two clear segments. This dry riverbed carries a high flood risk which must be borne in mind for future developments.

Amandelboom lies directly to the east of the dry riverbed and forms the eastern segment of Williston. The residential development in Amandelboom is formed around the school, sports facilities and cemetery. It also consists of varying density residential developments.

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The intersection between Reinecke and Lutz can be seen as the centre of the CBD with development spreading along these two routes.

Local dry streams traverse the whole of Williston and, to a certain extent, pose a restriction on future development. (Plan 27 & 28: Land Uses Williston 1 & 2)

Welcome to Town Williston town from a distance

WILLISTON

Main road from Carnarvon to Calvinia Main Road with Business Activity

2. Sutherland

Sutherland was established in 1858 by the Reverend Henry Sutherland. Rev Sutherland was a minister who visited the area annually and who decided to start a congregation in 1855. By 1858 30 plots had been sold and the settlement of Sutherland was born.

The residential component of Sutherland is not clearly divided into two settlements by virtue of any identifying landmarks, but there is a visible difference between the northern and southern residential areas.

The southern segment is characterised by low density residential areas surrounding the CBD. Several, clearly defined, differing land uses are scattered throughout and around this southern segment. The southern residential component is bordered by a dry riverbed to the east which is also susceptible to flooding.

The northern residential segment of Sutherland is characterised by high density residential development and a local storm water sluice traverses this area. The area to the far north is clearly demarcated by a koppie which lies to the north-west and the main road (R354) to the east.

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The CBD is centrally located between the southern and northern sections of town and emanates from the intersection between the R354 to Calvinia to the north and Matjiesfontein to the south and the R356 to Fraserburg. (Plan 29 & 30: Land Uses Sutherland 1 & 2)

Church in Sutherland Sutherland Hotel

SUTHERLAND

Municipal Offices Primary School

3. Fraserburg

The town of Fraserburg was established in 1851 and was named after Reverend Fraser and a church elder, Meyburg. It was originally established on the farm, Rietfontein.

The residential component of Fraserburg is comprised of low density erven around the CBD in the southern section of the town. The portions to the south and east of the main road are of a lower density than those to the north and west. The largest of these erven borders the agricultural holdings.

Several different land uses are identified in the CBD in this segment of town. This area is bordered by the golf course and in the south and south west by low lying areas characterised by flooding.

The residential area in the northern segment of Fraserburg is in a crescent shape surrounding central land uses which include the school, church and cemetery. This area is also characterised by a low density residential component with some higher density erven in the northern portion.

The CBD of Fraserburg was established one block from the main road, Voortrekker Street. The area surrounding the town hall can be seen as the centre of the CBD area. (Plan 31 & 32: Land Uses Fraserburg 1 & 2)

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Guest House in Town Banking Facilities

FRASERBURG

Public Library Municipal Offices

Social Services

Table 23: Social Infrastructure Williston Sutherland Fraserburg Crèche 1 1 1 Primary school 1 1 1 Secondary school 1 1 1 Private school 1 1 Police station 1 1 1 Hospital Clinic 1 1 1 Mobile clinic 1 1 Libraries 1 1 1 Cemeteries 2 2 2 Sports & recreation 1 3 (Source: Karoo Hoogland IDP 2001-2005) Note: All cemetery sites in Karoo Hoogland have permits.

19.5.3 Proposed future projects/land uses

From the projects identified in the Phase 1, the following are considered notable from a land use perspective.

Table 24: Funded Projects & Location Projects Location 225 sites to be serviced and top structures to Fraserburg be erected. Rectification of 167 houses.

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Projects Location Develop 200 erven and build 100 houses. Williston Rectification of 80 houses. Develop 200 erven. Sutherland Rectification of 150 houses. Oxidation ponds. Williston & Sutherland New reservoir. Sutherland EIA studies for identification of new cemetery Williston & Fraserburg sites. Community computer training centre. Sutherland Stage and amphitheatre. Fraserburg Nature reserve. Williston Astronomy themed miniature golf. Sutherland Community centres. All wards (Source: Karoo Hoogland IDP, 2009-2011)

The location of new land uses and projects requires careful planning, firstly, to ensure effective and sustainable human settlements and secondly, to conserve the environment. From a planning perspective the following criteria needs to be considered for identifying specific locations:

Housing units : availability of bulk services, ownership of land, access to social amenities and economic opportunities, integration with urban structure.

Community centres : as these provide a variety of services to a number of residential communities, they should be easily accessible to these communities, preferably on a main thoroughfare in close proximity to public transport stops.

Business development centres : the same criteria as for a community centre are applicable.

New cemetery sites : cemeteries should not be located near riverbanks, springs or boreholes used by the communities as potable water. Inappropriately located cemeteries could impact on the water quality, causing health problems such as diarrhoea. Cemeteries located in areas with unstable riverbanks, erodible soils, unstable slopes or floodplains could be damaged through floods or heavy rainfall and storms.

Nature reserves: should ensure that the natural landscape is managed in such a way that the natural state is maintained with limited or no biodiversity loss.

Astronomy themed miniature golf: ensure compliance with the Astronomy Geographic Advantage Act, 2007 which provides for, amongst others, the preservation and protection of areas that are uniquely suited for optical and radio astronomy. In addition, general guidelines for golf courses should be adhered to such as the following:

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o Compliance with department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) and other relevant authority regulations for such developments. o The water demand for the golf course should be in accordance with the Municipality’s water services plan and that there is no risk of stress being placed on the municipal water supply. o The area where the golf course will be located is not high or medium value agricultural land as defined by the Department of Agriculture. o The golf course will not negatively impact on habitats or ecosystems that are defined as being of critically endangered status in terms of the National, Provincial and Municipal Biodiversity Assessment or Plans and/or applicable fine-scale biodiversity plans.

19.5.4 Vacant land analysis

Vacant land parcels is a common feature throughout the Karoo Hoogland Municipal Area and could ideally be used as a catalyst for densification, integration and mixed land use orientated development in both the residential and typically non-residential earmarked areas.

1. Fraserburg

Fraserburg has a large number of vacant land parcels. These land parcels are well diversified and scattered throughout Fraserburg providing the opportunity for mixed use and residential developments.

2. Sutherland

Sutherland has a few vacant erven, mainly located in the eastern part of town. Accessibility and visibility of these erven are determining factors of its future development potential.

3. Williston

Williston favours very few to no vacant land parcels and the harsh topography of the immediate surroundings renders the area less suitable for future development prospects.

From the Public Participation Initiative it was indicated that potential to expand in the Karoo Hoogland is very limited and that vacant land parcels in town be developed fully prior to considering development on alternate land parcels.

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19.5.5 Urban-rural spatial relationship

The three main towns of Karoo Hoogland are basically rural service centres which provide services to the surrounding farming community. All three towns have similar levels of development in terms of infrastructure and facilities offered with the only distinction between them being that Williston is the main seat of the Municipality.

It is important that all three towns within the Municipality are developed to the same level of infrastructure to service their communities with additional capacity to accommodate tourism- related ventures. From a tourism perspective, it is essential that all three towns are developed and promoted as an entity (tourism route) to link spatially with surrounding municipalities. Currently these three towns do not share an economic link.

In order to strengthen the urban-rural relationship it is critical to comply with the principles of the National Development Perspective, whereby economic development opportunities should be channeled into activity corridors and nodes. Strict regulations need to be developed for settlement on land that is made available for emerging farmers.

19.5.6 Heritage features

National Heritage Resources Act, 1999 (Act 25 of 1999), provides for the establishment of the South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA), and a Provincial Heritage Resources Authority in each province, which replaced the National Monuments Council (NMC). The Northern Cape Heritage Resources Authority is Ngwao Boswa Kapa Bokoni (Heritage Northern Cape), commonly known as Boswa. SAHRA and Boswa are obliged to identify those places that respectively have special national and or provincial significance in terms of heritage assessment criteria. A heritage resource is protected by law from certain actions (alteration, subdivision, and change in land use) without the necessary consents from relevant authority (Plan 33: Heritage Sites District Context & Plan 34: Heritage Sites).

In terms of types of protection of heritage resources, the well-known category of ‘national monument’ has replaced or modified by a category of ‘provincial heritage site’ for sites of outstanding national importance. The new scope of the act allows members of the public to identify places with qualities that are of special national or provincial significance to be declared national or provincial heritage sites.

In Karoo Hoogland there are several identified heritage sites with one heritage house identified in Sutherland. Fraserburg has a heritage grid in the town which consists largely of heritage houses and the Parsonga Church. Williston has in excess of 10 houses identified with heritage characteristics and the bulk of these are the corbelled houses which are unique to this area .

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19.6 Economic activity

The main economic sectors of Karoo Hoogland are:

• Agriculture • Tourism • Mining potential

19.6.1 Agriculture

Due to the lack of arable land and given the generally poor soil conditions, this area is ideally suited for grazing. The lack of perennial water also makes this area unsuitable for large scale irrigation farming. As a result, the main source of agricultural income in the area is from sheep farming which is also the main economic driver in Karoo Hoogland.

A possible future economic consideration for Karoo Hoogland should therefore be beneficiation of raw materials, e.g., meat production, wool processing.

The climate of Sutherland is ideally suited for tulip growing and the cultivation opportunities should be exploited for supply to local and international markets.

The climate and carrying capacity of land in the Karoo Hoogland does not allow for high potential agricultural activity and transport costs do not justify any attempt to farm products other than the existing successful ones (Public Participation Initiative).

19.6.2 Tourism

Tourism is not considered as a sector on its own, however it spans across different economic sectors ranging from accommodation, catering, retail, manufacturing (arts & craft), transport and communication, etc.

Each of the three main settlements offers unique tourism attractions, namely:

• Sutherland is the home of the South African Largest Telescope (SALT) and this coupled with the clear, night skies makes this area very attractive to star gazers and astronomers. • Fraserburg, in addition to its Heritage grid and numerous historical sites, is home to the spectacular paleo surface which was deposited some 250 million years ago. • Williston also has heritage significance and boasts the Corbelled houses unique to this region. In addition, it has an interesting “tombstone route” which has become a form of folk art.

In order to promote the economy through capacity building initiatives, it is necessary that the training initiatives correlate with the existing economic sectors mentioned above.

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19.6.3 Mining potential

Currently there is no active mining activity in the Karoo Hoogland municipal area and there are no individuals employed in the mining sector according to the Statistics SA Census of 2001 and the Community Survey of 2007.

However, vast areas of uranium deposits have been identified in the southern area of the Municipality and uranium permits have been sold to overseas mining conglomerates. With this huge uranium potential, there is little doubt that with proper planning the mining industry in this area could become a major employer in years to come.

The Public Participation Initiative indicates that although Sutherland has a healthy tourism sector, guest houses in Williston and Fraserburg do not have tourists. It was indicated that some guest houses have not housed tourist for up to six months (Public Participation Initiative).

Spatial Implication

It is of utmost importance that the mobility links between areas with low and higher economic potential be strengthened. As mentioned previously, the towns of Karoo Hoogland previously developed tourism strategies independent of each other. It is essential that a combined tourism strategy is identified with a possible tourist route between the three towns which all have unique tourism features.

The three towns mentioned must be able to absorb the impact of and cope with the influx of tourists whether of a “stop and drop” nature or longer-term visit by upgrading accommodation, services and infrastructure.

If one considers the future mining potential of this area through the exploitation of the identified uranium deposits, it is important to realise that this may have a negative environmental implication.

19.6.4 Investment patterns

Distinction is made between urban and rural investment patterns in terms of funded municipal and multi-sectoral projects:

Table 25: Investment patterns Rural Urban Municipal (MIG) 0 ±R 6,300 000 Multi-sectoral ±R1,300 000 ±R9,000 000 Total R1,300 000 ±R15,300 000 (Source: Karoo Hoogland budget, 2010/2011)

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It is evident from the Karoo Hoogland IDP 2010/2011 that several more projects have been identified for the municipal area than is depicted in the table above. However at the time of this report no funds had been obtained for the implementation of these projects. Table 15 above depicts only projects for which funding has been approved for the financial year of 2010/2011.

The funds granted from the Municipal Infrastructure Grant are allocated to the upgrade of the water network at Fraserburg, which amounts to R6,300 000. The total amount was put aside for the completion of this project.

The multi sectoral funds of R10,300,000 are allocated to all three towns in the municipal area as well as some funds for the rural areas of the Karoo Hoogland. The projects identified in the area are as follows:

• Curbing project in all three towns – R600 000 • Upgrade of Berg Street in Williston – R1,500 000 • Upgrade of Fraserburg electricity network – R1,300 000 • Housing project (servicing of stands) in Fraserburg – R5,600 000

In addition to the above, the project for the oxidation pond in Sutherland is still in process and will be completed in August 2010. The funds for this project are an overflow of the 2009/2010 financial year.

An amount of R1,300 000 is allocated for the eradication of the Prosopis trees in the rural area. This project is an ongoing project that will assist in the creation of job opportunities in the Karoo Hoogland Municipal area.

Further money needed for the allocation to urban areas will mainly include the upgrade, extension and maintenance of engineering infrastructure (water, sanitation, roads, electricity, refuse sites, etc.) and provision of social infrastructure requirements (community halls, sports facilities, etc.) and projects to promote local economic development.

It is evident that substantially more money is allocated to the towns of Karoo Hoogland than the rural parts. Municipal funds allocated to rural areas are for removal of the alien Prosopis trees.

Municipal funds allocated to urban areas includes the upgrade, extension and maintenance of engineering infrastructure (Fraserburg water network, oxidation ponds for Williston and Sutherland and upgrade of streets in all wards) and provision of social infrastructure requirements (housing issues addressed in Fraserburg). A substantially smaller amount is allocated to promote local economic development (upgrade of the learner hostel and provision of a community computer training centre in Sutherland).

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External funded projects are all related to engineering infrastructure, specifically the upgrading of waste water treatment works in Sutherland, rehabilitation of the water network in Fraserburg and oxidation ponds in Williston.

19.7 Infrastructure

Statistics SA Census 2001 and the Community Survey 2007 are used as data sources, unless more recent statistics are available from the Karoo Hoogland IDP 2009-2011.

19.7.1 Water

• There are no perennial rivers in Karoo Hoogland and groundwater is the main water source for this region. • There are 12 groundwater sources in Karoo Hoogland with zero surface water sources. • Water is a scarce commodity in Karoo Hoogland and effective water management must be a priority. • All three main settlements in Karoo Hoogland have internal reticulation networks. • The scarcity of water in South Africa must be addressed at a national level and could be addressed through desalination plants along the coast and a possible lower Orange River dam. (Plans 35 & 36: Water Infrastructure and Water Bodies)

Table 26: Water Access per household in 2001 % of Williston Sutherland Fraserburg Total Total Piped water inside dwelling 317 283 114 714 43% Piped water inside yard 358 354 83 795 48% Piped water on community

stand: distance less than 5% 4 1 69 74 200m from dwelling Piped water on community

stand: distance greater 1% 6 0 9 15 than 200m from dwelling Borehole 2 0 10 12 1% Spring 0 0 2 2 0% Rain-water tank 0 2 0 2 0% Dam/pool/stagnant water 0 0 3 3 0% River/stream 0 0 4 4 0% Water vendor 0 0 0 0 0% Other 16 6 0 22 1% Not applicable (homeless) 0 0 0 0 0% (Source: Statistics SA Census 2001)

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Figure 14: Access to water comparison between 2001 and 2007 Access to water

1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 2001 … … … 2007 Number ofNumberhouseholds Other Spring Borehole Dam/pool Piped water Piped water Piped water Piped River/stream Water vendor Water Rain water Raintank Source of water

(Source : Statistics SA Census 2001 and Community survey 2007)

• Since 2001, provision of water in Karoo Hoogland has been successfully met with piped water inside the property (either inside a dwelling or inside a yard) showing a substantial increase.

19.7.2 Sanitation

Table 27: Sanitation Access per household in 2001 % of Williston Sutherland Fraserburg Total Total Flush toilet (connected to 30% sewerage system) 214 74 285 573 Flush toilet (with septic tank) 208 232 18 458 24% Chemical toilet 5 0 0 5 0% Pit latrine with ventilation (VIP) 1% 0 1 21 22 Pit latrine without ventilation 2 15 1 18 1% Bucket latrine 272 318 208 798 42% None 2 4 14 20 1% Not applicable 0 0 0 0 0% (Source: Statistics SA Census 2001 )

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Figure 15 : Access to sanitation comparison between 2001 and 2007

1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Number of Numberhouseholds

Source : Statistics SA Census 2001 and Community survey 2007

• In 2001, 22 households h ad access to VIP toilets and 1 037 households (55%) ha access above VIP standards. • In 2001, 44% of households had access to below VIP standards, 7 the bucket system and 20 households ha d no access to sanitation facilities. Sanitation Infrastructure) • A large percentage of households have access to flush toilets connected to the sewerage sys tem. At the time of the Community Survey in 2007, there were a small number of buckets in use. • However, currently the bucket system has been completely eradicated and all households in Karoo Hoogland have access to sanitation that meet or exceed basic sanitation standards.

Table 28 : Status of oxidation ponds Design Average License License Town Capacity flow Status Expired Discharge undetermi undetermi ELU1804B Frazerburg ned ned 31-12-2003 into the field 0.19Ml/da Sutherland y 0.19Ml/day ELU1803B 31-12-2003 into the field 0.17Ml/da Williston y 0.17Ml/day ELU1802B 31-12-2003 into the field Source: Department of Water Affairs Northern Cape

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19.7.3 Electricity

• Electricity is provided by Eskom to Karoo Hoogland Municipality • 87% of households have electricity.

Table 29: Electricity Provision per household Electricity Gas Paraffin Candles Solar Other Williston 674 0 2 26 1 0 Sutherland 608 2 2 27 1 4 Fraserburg 358 0 3 185 - - Total 1640 2 7 238 2 4 (Source: Statistics SA Census 2001)

Figure 16: Access to electricity for lighting comparison between 2001 and 2007

Source : Statistics SA Census 2001 and Community survey 2007

Provision of electricity for lighting purposes has shown an increase from 2001 to 2007 and only candles, and to a lesser extent solar power, are alternative sources at this stage. (Plan 38: Electrical Infrastructure)

19.7.4 Waste management

• Wards 1 and 2, Williston and Fraserburg respectively, have 100% access to waste management services. • Ward 4, Sutherland has just below 50% access to waste management services with no waste management services in the rural areas. • Projects for the upgrading of refuse removal sites in all main settlements have been identified.( Karoo Hoogland IDP, 2001-2005) (Plan 39: Landfill Sites)

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Table 30: Status of landfill sites Nr Town Permit no Permit Holder Status 1 Sutherland Not permitted Operating 2 Fraserburg P318 Municipality of Fraserburg Operating 3 Williston Not permitted Operating Source: Namakwa District Municipality

19.8 Land ownership

Property ownership and land tenure are key elements in land use management in that it will reveal the right the holder of the land has and therefore the procedures the holder of the land has to follow to effect land use change. In areas where private ownership is the predominant form of land ownership, land use regulation and tenure are two separate but linked processes. Where land is held in communal ownership, land use rights and tenure are closely linked.

19.8.1 Land tenure and ownership

The ownership of land in Karoo Hoogland is as follows:

1. Most land in Karoo Hoogland is privately owned and is use mainly for commercial farming purposes. 2. Transnet owns a small percentage of land to the south of Sutherland. 3. Municipal owned land also constitutes a small percentage of the total area and is scattered throughout the region. (Plan 40: Land Ownership)

The table below reflects home ownership and tenure:

Figure 17: Home Ownership & Tenure per household 80 60 40 20 0 Census 2001 Owned Owned Rented Occupied Other CS 2007 and fully but not rent-free paid off yet paid off

(Source: Community Survey, 2007)

• 18% of Karoo Hoogland households currently occupy homes rent-free. • Almost 65% of households own and have paid off their homes.

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19.8.2 Municipal land

Municipal property is preferred for affordable housing provision, because the purchase and transfer of privately owned land is often both tedious and expensive.

The following farm portions are owned by Karoo Hoogland Municipality:

Table 31: Municipal Property Property Description Size (ha) Re/83 Graskraal 4 595 1/175 Wagen Drift 35 Re/265 Verjaagfontein 4 731 2/32 79 1/40 Body Zyn Dam 2 779 Re/55 De Riet 8 379 1/57 Erfdeel 5 191 3/174 Lange Huis 15 2/34 Piet Kuil 981 1/55 Kleinfontein 1 992 1/41 Eendekuil 1 920 2/163 Jongenshoek 1 005 Total 31 702 (Source: Karoo Hoogland Municipality Valuation Roll)

Municipal land in Karoo Hoogland is rented to emerging farmers, better known as municipal commonages. This land is intended for communal farming activities, supported by the Comprehensive Agricultural Support Programme (CASP).

In the current political and economic climate, it is especially important as a method of bringing previously disadvantaged local people into the farming sector. Commonage land is mainly used for livestock farming.

19.8.3 Land reform

The democratic government in 1994 opted for a three-pronged land reform policy to redress the historical injustice of land dispossession, denial of access to land and forced removals: (Plan 41: Land Reform District Context)

1. Land Restitution to restore land or provide financial compensation for people dispossessed of the land after 1913 2. Land Redistribution 3. Land Tenure reform

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Land Restitution

The Restitution of Land Rights Act, applicable in both rural and urban areas, addresses the restitution of land rights lost by any South African as the result of racially discriminatory laws passed since 1913, to establish a Commission on Restitution of Land Rights and a Land Claims Court.

The Act invites persons or communities who lost their property as a result of apartheid laws after 1913 to submit claims for restitution or compensation. The cut-off date was March 1999.

Land Redistribution

Land redistribution is about making land available for:

• agricultural production • settlement and • non-agricultural enterprises

a) The Settlement Land Acquisition Grant (SLAG)

SLAG was a R16 000 cash grant for which poor and landless black South Africans could form a group to apply to buy and develop farm land.

b) Land Re-distribution for Agricultural Development (LRAD)

The SLAG programme ended in 2000, and the LRAD was introduced later that year. Its major difference from SLAF was that beneficiaries do not have to be poor to apply for the minimum of R20 000 land grant and those who have more savings can raise bigger loans.

Land Tenure Reform

Laws were introduced after 1994 to give people security of tenure, over houses and land where they work and stay (especially farm workers and labour tenants).

Land Reform Projects and Land Claims in Karoo Hoogland are indicated on Plan 42: Land Reform . Land claim status and information related thereto may be outdated and must be verified with the Land Claims Commissioner.

There are currently three farms in Karoo Hoogland which have been transferred to communities. The affected farms are:

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• Verjaagfontein 265 situated on the R353 between Williston and Fraserburg; • Klipfontein 434 situated to the west of the R353 from Fraserburg to Leeu Gamka; and • Kuilenburg 96 traversed by the R356 from Sutherland to Fraserburg.

Spatial Implication

People have moved back onto ancestral and other land which resulted from land restitution and land re-distribution cases that have been settled. In most cases, this has led to the need to provide services in previously under or non-serviced areas.

From a spatial development perspective, the locality of these areas will be a critical determinant of their future viability. Areas close to economic activity are beneficial, but in many cases the economic potential of the land in question is inadequate as a source of economic livelihoods

In addition to the considerations above, strict settlement regulations need to apply to land that is purchased by government and made available to emerging farmers. In this regard, specific reference must be made to number of families allowed on a farm.

20 Relationship between IDP and Current Reality

20.1 Relationship between spatial issues and vision

The following issues and opportunities are evident from the spatial analysis:

1. Karoo Hoogland is fairly removed from economic centres and metropoles such as Cape Town, Johannesburg and Pretoria. 2. It is important to account for climate change in water resource planning to meet the development objectives of the region. A further expected water shortage in an already water scare area require smarter settlement planning and resource management techniques. 3. Karoo Hoogland has limited mining potential, other than the uranium deposits located along the southern boundary and central between Williston and Fraserburg. 4. The Municipality consists largely of non-arable, low potential grazing land ideally suited for sheep farming. Small patches of soils highly suited to arable agriculture occur along the R353 and around Fraserburg, soils of intermediate suitability for arable agriculture are located in the northern part of the Municipality. 5. Karoo Hoogland has a unique environment in terms of its biodiversity (plants species endemic to the area) and landscape (wide open spaces, lack of air pollution and cloudless nights, ideal for sky watching) that attracts tourists and nature lovers. 6. The Bokkeveld-Hantam-Roggeveld geographic region traverses the Municipality in the south-western part. This is an important conservation area consisting of various critical biodiversity areas.

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7. Spatial initiatives need to plan for a population characterised by a high unemployment level, low household income, high dependency ratio, a fairly young age structure and few tertiary qualified people. Land use planning needs to attend to: - the provision of engineering services considering that the costs cannot be recovered, - social infrastructure and services need to be accessible and efficient due to an expected increase in social problems and - reduce travel time between employment areas and place of residence considering most people travel to work or school by foot. 8. The distance between towns and the state of roads is a frustration to local residents as well as to tourists and investors that visit the Municipality. Traffic is limited to the R63 tar road between Calvinia, Williston and Carnarvon. 9. The majority of people in Karoo Hoogland walk to work or school. Existing public transport (taxi’s) operate informally within the Municipality on a very small scale. 10. Karoo Hoogland’s spatial structure as it exists today is the result of nodal development at main road intersections, limited railway infrastructure and climate conditions offering restricted agricultural possibilities due to low rainfall. 11. The legacy of apartheid is evident in the towns of Karoo Hoogland indicating a visible separation between advantaged and disadvantaged areas. 12. The availability and capacity of engineering and social infrastructure is critical for existing or new development in Karoo Hoogland. A sustainable water source (quantity and quality) hinders further development, sanitation access need to be improved and the provision of electricity is problematic in rural areas. 13. Large farm portions owned by the Municipality are made available to emerging farmers. These areas need to be well managed to ensure sustainable communities, i.e., impose grazing management guidelines, capacity building programmes, settlement densities and the provision of services and business support.

Key perspectives transpiring from the institutional analysis and relevant to Karoo Hoogland Municipality are:

1. A balance must be reached between basic service delivery on the one hand and stimulating economic development on the other to help to pay for these services – GEAR. 2. The goals of integration, sustainability and development are challenged by the need to rely on outside investment, as well as integration with other municipalities and districts to align development with stronger regional initiatives elsewhere – ISRDS. 3. Karoo Hoogland’s approach to development should be creative by focusing on space research and historical value of the settlements, also include tarred and untarred roads and the natural vegetation that is unique to the arid environment. 4. The first leg of the CRDP strategy is to ensure that economic and social development infrastructure takes place in rural communities with projects such as agrarian transformation and rural development.

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5. The PGDS recognizes that Karoo Hoogland does contain a development node of importance (Sutherland), but it is also a region that requires stabilisation of its resource base to serve the existing population. 6. The Provincial Land Transport Framework, 2003 does not address Karoo Hoogland’s development needs, which is to have proper access from the key routes such as the road between Cape Town and Johannesburg. 7. Numerous projects have been identified in the Namakwa District Local Economic Development Strategy (2009), very few of these projects are relevant to the Karoo Hoogland. 8. Key interventions or development targets identified in the Namakwa District IDP, other than basic service delivery, are the implementation of a Road Master Plan and the SKA project. 9. The NDGDS focuses on tourism, fishing and mariculture, agriculture, energy, safety and liaison, ICT and social strategies.

There are thus three key perspectives underlying the institutional analysis of Karoo Hoogland:

1. The need to develop the economy for the benefit of its residents and to alleviate the societal problems, such as substance abuse and problems among youth, as well as to provide it with its basic needs; 2. The need to manage the resources of the area in order that these are sustainable for future generations that may choose to stay there; and 3. The need to protect natural resources, which if over-exploited, may result in damage to other biospheres and irreversibly upset the ecology of the environment.

Relationship with IDP

The IDP for Karoo Hoogland is aimed at achieving the main goals of service delivery and dealing with the backlog of housing and access to water. The focus on additional economic activities, primarily based on the tourism potential of the area, is a more viable approach to improve the local economy than to try to build the supply from within existing structures.

The 2010/11 IDP outlines a long list of projects that address these issues; the question remains, however, whether the projects, particularly those aimed at economic development and job creation, are feasible, given both the capacity and infrastructure of the towns within the Municipality.

Karoo Hoogland suffers from poor infrastructure and the lack of good tarred roads, which inhibits local economic development. There is also a backlog of service delivery associated with housing and health, all of which impact on the region’s social fabric, which is regarded as worrisome due to the high rate of substance abuse and the number of troubling youth issues. It can be argued that the acceleration in one objective, e.g., economic development, can help to obviate the challenges in the other, e.g., alcohol abuse and teen pregnancies, but each requires a firm development thrust to have a corresponding impact.

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Karoo Hoogland lies in a uniquely difficult development position. It is remote, has insufficient resources to adequately provide basic services to its existing population, while at the same time the surrounding environment holds little potential for development other than tourism and agriculture.

21 Strategic Development Concept

The strategic development concept for Karoo Hoogland, which is elaborated on in Phase 3, should be based on nodes, corridors and precincts. The aim is to reconstruct and integrate the urban and rural landscape of Karoo Hoogland into a more rational, cost effective and manageable structure.

21.1 Nodal development

Sutherland , to its credit, is favoured as a strategic node due to the existence of the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT), which is the largest single optical telescope in the southern hemisphere. The region was selected because of its clear and dark night skies, due to its remote and arid location. Its altitude of over 1400 metres above sea level also makes it one of the coldest areas in the country, with winter snow a frequent occurrence. Both of these attributes make Sutherland an attractive tourist destination and have resulted in more tourism opportunities than in other areas.

Unfortunately, Williston does not have the same to offer and is further disconnected from the rest of the Municipality by the lack of tarred roads reaching it from the south and not having much to recommend it other than its German mission heritage, which resulted in some interesting architecture (corbel houses) and unusual looking tombstones in the local cemetery.

Fraserburg , like Williston, has an interesting settlement history, which makes the town more attractive from an architectural standpoint, but it is also far from the main cities, presenting a sense of sereneness and a feeling of “getting away from the crowds.” It borrows from its sister city, Sutherland, offering dark skies and sparkling lights. Unfortunately, however, Fraserburg is a town that must be a destination on its own, as it does not feature on any main or even secondary route to any place of consequence.

Neither Williston nor Fraserburg would be regarded as strategic development areas as they would have little potential to contribute significantly or even marginally to the GDP of the country. There would thus be little likelihood that the Province or the District would support any capital-intensive development projects that could lead to significant economic development and job creation. In this regard, while certain policies were conceived to advance the development of disadvantaged communities, this is not likely to be extended to these two marginalized communities. Overall, however, the municipal area is also not likely to be a part of any government-led industrial development strategy or programme, nor any agricultural initiatives due to the scarcity of water. Development of a catalyst nature is most likely to be associated with the private sector, leaving the Municipality to concentrate on the delivery of basic services.

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21.2 Corridor development

The main towns of Karoo Hoogland lie on no real important corridors, other than the minor one leading from Calvinia to Carnarvon and then to nowhere significant, and the route to Sutherland. In order to develop an integrated approach to the municipal area, it may be worth considering connecting roads that may lead to a tourism strategy linked to the mutual histories of the towns

In fact, the development orientation of the Municipality needs to be more closely aligned with the “corridors of development” identified in the IDP of the District. Possibly, more direction and strategic planning needs to take place with other municipalities and the District to better enhance Karoo Hoogland’s strategic position.

21.3 Precincts

Precincts are areas with common identifying characteristics and usually have a homogenous land use associated with it. They comprise medium to large sections of the spatial environment, i.e., mixed land use districts, neighbourhood districts, industrial districts, agricultural districts, institutional districts, office districts and historical precincts.

22 Phase 2 synopsis

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KAROO HOOGLAND MUNICIPALITY PHASE 2 SUMMARY TABLE - SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF CURRENT REALITY

VISION: KEY RELATIONSHIP ASPECTS (FROM BETWEEN IDP & NO PHASE 1) SPATIAL INSTITUTIONAL CURRENT REALITY OPPORTUNITIES LIMITATIONS PERSPECTIVES IMPLICATION ISRDS - the goals of integration, sustainability and development are challenged by the need to rely on outside investment as well as integration with other municipalities and districts to align development with stronger regional initiatives elsewhere. The Provincial Land While the IDP SUSTAINABLE Transport identifies a number 1 ECONOMIC Framework (2003) of projects aimed at GROWTH does not address economic Karoo Hoogland's development and job development needs, creation, one must which is to have Lack of funding question the proper access from from external feasibility of these key routes such as departments for given the capacity the road between road infrastructure and infrastructure of Limited water Cape Town and and bulk services the towns within the resource. Limited Johannesburg. hinders economic municipality. infrastructure and Namakwa District development and Backlogs in housing poor roads. Local Economic steers the and service delivery, Agriculture and Limited resources Development municipality poor infrastructure beneficiation of for training / Strategy (2009) towards private and a lack of tarred agricultural products skilling in identifies very few sector partnerships roads all inhibit local (wool processing, beneficiation projects relevant to to obtain economic tanning of hides, etc) industries. Karoo Hoogland. investment. development.

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KAROO HOOGLAND MUNICIPALITY PHASE 2 SUMMARY TABLE - SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF CURRENT REALITY

VISION: KEY RELATIONSHIP ASPECTS (FROM BETWEEN IDP & NO PHASE 1) SPATIAL INSTITUTIONAL CURRENT REALITY OPPORTUNITIES LIMITATIONS PERSPECTIVES IMPLICATION ISRDS - the goals of integration, sustainability and development are challenged by the need to rely on outside investment as well as integration with other municipalities and districts to align development with stronger regional initiatives elsewhere. The Provincial Land Transport Framework (2003) does not address Lack of tourism Karoo Hoogland's facilities and development needs tourism guides. which is to have Lack of funding The IDP recognises Previously proper access from from external that tourism separate tourism key routes such as departments for development has policies for each the road between road infrastructure great potential in this settlement Cape Town and and bulk services area but is limited by (Sutherland, Johannesburg. hinders economic poor infrastructure, Williston and Namakwa District development and bad roads, a lack of Exploit tourism Fraserburg). Local Economic steers the tourism facilities and opportunities (Karoo Limited Development municipality lack of support from Hoogland Tourism infrastructure. Strategy (2009) towards private provincial and Route, Edu-Tourism Distance between identifies very few sector partnerships national government Route, Gateway to the towns and the poor projects relevant to to obtain in resolving these Universe) condition of roads. Karoo Hoogland. investment. issues.

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KAROO HOOGLAND MUNICIPALITY PHASE 2 SUMMARY TABLE - SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF CURRENT REALITY

VISION: KEY RELATIONSHIP ASPECTS (FROM BETWEEN IDP & NO PHASE 1) SPATIAL INSTITUTIONAL CURRENT REALITY OPPORTUNITIES LIMITATIONS PERSPECTIVES IMPLICATION The IDP recognises the need for community ACTIVE COMMUNITY 2 involvement in future PARTICIPATION projects but does not Establish MPCC's to currently have the create a resources to communication forum. Lack of funding. None None establish MPCC's. GEAR - a balance must be reached between basic service delivery and stimulating economic development to help pay for these services. The PROVISION OF PGDS recognises The IDP aims to 3 BASIC SERVICES that Karoo Hoogland address existing does contain a housing and service development node delivery backlogs as Lack of a (Sutherland) but that Lack of funding well as the lack of a sustainable water it is also a region from external sustainable water source. that requires departments for source. Karoo Lack of funding. stabilisation of its road infrastructure Hoogland currently Lack of capacity in resource base to and bulk services has poor Address housing and existing services serve the existing hinders economic infrastructure and a service backlogs. infrastructure. population. development. lack of good roads.

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KAROO HOOGLAND MUNICIPALITY PHASE 2 SUMMARY TABLE - SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF CURRENT REALITY

VISION: KEY RELATIONSHIP ASPECTS (FROM BETWEEN IDP & NO PHASE 1) SPATIAL INSTITUTIONAL CURRENT REALITY OPPORTUNITIES LIMITATIONS PERSPECTIVES IMPLICATION

Establish a social infrastructure to FOCUS ON address the needs of 4 DEVELOPMENT OF residents (MPCC's, The IDP identifies LIFE SKILLS social development projects aimed at programmes, improving social community centres for Limited funding infrastructure but training and skills and lack of existing these are limited by development). facilities. None None lack of funding.

The IDP highlights Limited funding. the worrisome rate of Strain on existing substance abuse health facilities due and the number of to high rate of troubling youth HIV/AIDS and issues. Economic Tuberculosis, development and job teenage creation may assist CREATE A SAFE pregnancy and in reducing these 5 AND HEALTHY substance abuse. problems but ENVIRONMENT High poverty currently this is not Provide health facilities levels. None None the focus of the IDP. Limited resources. High crime rate linked to alcohol The IDP highlights and drug abuse the crime rate and that exists in these the issues of settlements due to troublesome youth Provide a police high but is limited by lack presence in all unemployment of funding to alleviate settlements. rates. None None these problems.

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CHAPTER 4

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23 PHASE 3

The purpose of this chapter is to sketch the desired spatial pattern for Karoo Hoogland Local Municipality taking into account the provisions of its Integrated Development Plan, the institutional requirements of different government spheres (institutional analysis) and the inherent spatial opportunities the municipality offers.

This section endeavors to develop:

1. Spatial goal and objectives 2. Spatial strategies 3. Strategic development concept 4. Priority intervention areas

As indicated in the previous sections, other than Sutherland, Karoo Hoogland hosts few towns with an economic base from which to grow. In most cases, Karoo Hoogland must consider its limited resources, particularly water, in terms of its scope for development. Clearly, the municipality simply does not have funds at its disposal to catalyse substantive economic development. Investment in the region’s resources thus tends to fall upon existing or external commercial stakeholders who compete with the existing communities for the limited resources of the municipality to supply them with electricity, sanitation, water, etc., to make their business investments viable. While this typically results in much needed job creation, as a result of the new economic developments, it leaves the municipality with an increasing backlog of housing, basic services, etc., to fulfill the needs of its population.

Alongside these challenges are the biodiversity imperatives of the region, which restrict development in tourism, mining and agriculture. This chapter therefore looks at the overall spatial pattern of the municipality, given its strengths and opportunities, and makes recommendations that take into account the underlying threats and weaknesses in its developmental options. The proposed set of project priorities will lend themselves to facilitating the best possible development scenario for the municipality, given the limited financial resources available to it. Some possible solutions to overcoming the challenges faced by these potential developments will also be offered.

For purposes of clarity, the municipality’s spatial goals and objectives are restated here:

24 Spatial goal & objectives

Karoo Hoogland Municipality needs to organise and manage its people, resources and infrastructure in such a manner as to ensure a safe, healthy, sustainable and economically viable environment.

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Figure 18 : Organisation

Infrastructure People

Resources

The spatial vision describes what Karoo Hoogland Municipality wants to achieve with the physical environment in the long term. The vision must therefore be based on a desired, yet realistic future state.

24.1 Spatial goal

“To optimally develop our inherent economic opportunities such as our natural beauty and clear night skies , to protect and utilis e our rich and diverse natural and cultural heritage for the enjoyment of all and to develop sustainable settlements where residents can lead enriched, healthy and convenient lives”.

24.2 Spatial objectives

The development objectives derived from the municipality’s spatial vision include:

• To exploit economic opportunities in a sustainable manner; • To protect the sensitive natural environment and resources from inappropriate and opportunistic development; and • To create sustainable urban and rural settlements.

Spatial strategies th at can facilitate the achievement of these goals and objectives are set forth in the next section.

24.3 Spatial strategies

The spatial strategies indicate how the objectives can be achieved through a series of interventions that are designed to address the op portunities in the municipality.

Spatial strategies can address different facets of a region’s development. These are captured in the table below:

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Figure 19: Spatial Strategies

Exploit economic opportunities

•Strengthen mobility & economic links between Sutherland, Fraserburg and Willison •Development of cross border Tourism Corridors •Promote development of Sutherland astronomy tourism hub •Support sustainable mining exploration •Promote renewable energy generation

Create sustainable urban and rural settlements

•Strengthen hierarchy of activity nodes •Eradicate basic services backlogs •Conservation of ground water as raw water supply

Protect the natural and built environment

•Conservation of natrual environment •Protection of heritage features

25 Strategic Development Concept

The Strategic Development Concept identifies how the spatial form of Karoo Hoogland Municipality should be shaped, based on the identified spatial objectives and strategies. The strategic development concept is basically informed by the following:

25.1 Structuring elements

Structuring elements, to a large extent, dictate the location of development and direction for growth.

(Refer to Plan 43: Karoo Hoogland Structuring Elements)

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Table 32: Karoo Hoogland Structuring Elements Spatial Element Specific Character Location Implications for Development Existing Physical Mountains Baster, Roggeveld, Escarpment view, too Natural elements that Kamsberg and steep for development, cannot be moved or Nuweveldberge environmental sensitive changed Rivers Vis River West, Riet, Risks of flooding, Sout, Sak and Renoster environmental sensitive Rivers areas, potential for arable agriculture if water is available Wetlands Non-perennial pans No development areas located in the north western part Conservation Areas Tankwa Karoo National Restricted development Park

Existing major Main Roads R63, R353, R356, R354 Restricted access due movement infrastructure to poor road conditions playing a vital role in Railway lines and Calvinia – Williston – Improve mobility commuting goods and stations Carnarvon rail links and services between towns station in Calvinia and on a regional level Airfields Airfield in Sutherland Improve mobility

Built-up areas Existing settlements Fraserburg, Sutherland Focus development to and Williston towns Development areas None None

At the outset, it should be stated that any further growth to the towns in the region will need to be predicated on the supply of water. In this regard, both Fraserburg and Williston are likely to have significant limits to their expansion potential and thus will need to contain their development plans to limit expansion or additional demand for water.

25.2 Development opportunities

Key areas of opportunity that transpired from the institutional and contextual analysis are:

• Tourism development through improved road linkages and marketing techniques. • Agricultural development through diversification and beneficiation of agricultural products. • Possible mining development (uranium, gypsum and gas/oil), if proven to be feasible.

25.3 Rural environment

The rural environment is not a “development area”, so the interventions in this area should be minimised to:

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• Utilising high potential agricultural land to promote intensive agriculture and environmental assets to promote tourism; • Creating rural service centres where rural communities can access day-to-day services and to provide housing opportunities for people who are involved in the rural economy; and • Ensure sufficient linkages between the rural and urban environments.

A Macro Strategic Development Concept is developed for Karoo Hoogland for the entire Municipality and Micro Strategic Development Concepts for the respective nodal points.

26 Macro Strategic Development Concept

The development rationale for Karoo Hoogland is based on:

• Nodal development • Corridor development • Tourism development • Environmental conservation • Mining development • Agricultural development

26.1 Nodal development

Refer to Plan 44: Karoo Hoogland Macro Strategic Development Concept

Settlements can be classified into various functionality types according to the number and types of commercial, industrial and service functions provided by each.

The towns of Karoo Hoogland are classified into the following functionality type:

Table 33: Functionality type Activity nodes: Sutherland, Williston, Fraserburg

Although the three towns have more or less the same population size and provide similar services and functions to their surrounding areas, Sutherland is identified as an astronomy hub that should focus on tourism. Sutherland is strategic located in proximity of the N1 and the Cape Town metropole.

Williston is strategically located on the R63 road and is identified as the administration centre of Karoo Hoogland. Further growth and development of Williston will significantly depend on the realisation of the SKA project. The development of Fraserburg depends on the possibility of uranium mining in the area and the improvement of road access.

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The aim should be to attract private and public investments to these nodes to increase economic and social opportunities, to aggressively market the cultural-historical importance of these towns and to provide an effective service to the surrounding rural areas and to tourists.

These nodes need to form the focus areas to which catalyst development projects are directed providing for sustainable communities involving:

• Urban renewal initiatives and economic regeneration; • Human resources development; • Neighbourhood development; • The upgrading and restructuring of engineering and social infrastructure; • Urban management; and • Transportation and roads.

26.2 Corridor development

Corridor development in Karoo Hoogland does not necessarily imply that development is supported along identified corridors, but rather that these routes should function as regional linkages with the focus on transport mobility.

Urban development should be focused within the urban edges of identified nodes. Refer to Micro Strategic Development Concepts for more detail regarding land use proposals.

The identified transport corridors include:

1. Calvinia-Williston-Carnarvon corridor consisting of the R63 tar road and railway link between Carnarvon, Williston, Calvinia and to the N7. 2. Sutherland-Matjiesfontein-N1 corridor consisting of the R354 tar road linking Sutherland with the N1 highway via Matjiesfontein, which is the main link between Karoo Hoogland and Cape Town.

North-south integration between the two corridors is recommended through improved road linkages between:

• Sutherland and Calvinia by tarring this section • Sutherland and Fraserburg by tarring the R356 road • Fraserburg and Williston by tarring the R353 road (approximately 35km) • Sutherland and Williston by upgrading this section

Improved connectivity within Karoo Hoogland Municipality will improve its regional accessibility which is important to:

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- unlock the tourism potential - ensure functional urban and rural integration - to enhance inter and intra municipal accessibility

Connectivity between the nodes and rural areas needs to be improved to ensure accessibility to goods and services provided at these nodes.

26.3 Tourism development

Opportunities exist for tourism facilities and should be developed as such. Each of the three towns offers unique tourism attractions, namely:

1. The town of Sutherland is the home of the South African Large Telescope (SALT) which makes it popular to star gazers and astronomers. SALT is situated ±15 km out of town on the R356 road to Fraserburg. Sufficient accommodation facilities need to be provided to tourists visiting Sutherland.

Cluster of domes near Sutherland – Photo taken by W Koorts

Salpeterkop – photo taken by W. Koorts

2. Fraserburg is home to the spectacular paleo surface and attracts archeologists and those intrigued by dinosaurs and prehistoric life. The paleo surface is situated on the farm Gansfontein, approximately 5km out of town. The paleo surface needs to be protected and marketed as a tourist destination.

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Example of a Corbel house in the park opposite the Paleo Surface Old Rectory Museum

3. The town of Williston has heritage significance and is known for the Corbelled houses located in the region, the “tombstone route” linking the farms of Koega, Oest and Dassiekloof and the Meerkat site to the north east.

Photos of the Meerkat Site

The Roggeveld, Kamsberg and Nuweveld mountains are ideal for eco- and adventure-tourism. Numerous guest farms are situated in the Roggeveld Mountains indicating the popularity of this area to tourists as it offers unique natural flora and spectacular views.

The tourism of Karoo Hoogland should be promoted and marketed through a well-developed tourism strategy. Such a strategy should focus on the inherent tourism potential of the three towns, tourism attractions in their surrounds and proper tourism routes linking these tourist attractions.

More importantly for this strategy to succeed is that the roads be improved between the towns, proper signage be erected on the roads and that sufficient infrastructure be developed in the towns, i.e., tourist accommodation, restaurants, internet facilities, etc.

Tourism routes/corridors

• Nieuwoudtville-Calvinia-Sutherland is identified as an eco-tourism corridor.

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• Sutherland-Fraserburg-Williston is identified as the Highlands Tourism Corridor – it is essential that the unique features of the different towns be combined into one strategy. For example edu-tourism should focus on the geology and paleontology at Fraserburg, astronomy and biodiversity at Sutherland and radiology and cultural tourism at Williston.

• “Walking with Ancestors” is an important tourism initiative and enjoys high priority.

The most suitable form of tourism in rural areas is eco-tourism which aims to balance the needs of people with the need to protect the environment. It is low impact tourism, which means that it aims to disturb the environment as little as possible.

Refer to Land Use Management Guidelines in Phase 4

26.4 Environmental conservation

The environmental conservation zone should include all ecologically sensitive natural open spaces with conservation value i.e. mountain ranges, proclaimed nature reserves, conservancies, river environments, wetlands, biodiversity corridors etc.

The following areas form part of the environmental conservation zone:

1. The Bokkeveld-Hantam-Roggeveld corridor including the Bokkeveld-, Hantam-, Roggeberge, Kamsberg and Basterberge forming a continuous ecological unit that is situated in the southern part of the Municipality. This corridor also includes the Tankwa National Park to the north. 2. Mountainous areas along the southern boundary stretching from Kamsberg to the Nuweveldberge, linking with the Karoo National Park to the south east. 3. Major river systems include the Vis-, Riet-, Sout- and Sak Rivers, which flow periodically every few years. Rivers and associated riparian vegetation form important biodiversity corridors and should therefore be protected from human settlement. 4. The wetlands in the northern part of the Municipality that links with the Sak River. 5. A biodiversity corridor linking mountainous areas between Williston and the Meerkat/SKA Site, continuing into Kareeberg Local Municipality. 6. Fraserburg and surrounding area due to distribution of Riverine Rabbits.

Refer to Land Use Management Guidelines in Phase 4

26.5 Mining development

The mining industry in Karoo Hoogland could become an employer in years to come, considering the huge uranium deposits. Possibilities of uranium mining have been identified, mainly in the southern part of the Municipality:

1. South-east (Damfontein se River) and south west of Fraserburg (Klein Riet River)

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2. South-east of Sutherland, close to Salpeterkop and on the banks of the Riet River

Other mining opportunities include:

- Copper and silver are found on Klein Witkraal op Kapgat 724, Klein Kookfontein 137, Droogfoots Fontein 356 and Arbeiders Fontein 150. - Calcite is found on the farms Annex Kransfontein 721 and Arbeiders Fontein 150. - Aggregate and building material is found on the farms Brassefontein 371 and Wit Klip 372.

Refer to Land Use Management Guidelines in Phase 4

26.6 Agriculture

The larger extent of Karoo Hoogland consists of agricultural land with low potential grazing mainly used for sheep and game farming. There is an increasing interest in commercial game farming, hunting safaris and holiday farms in the municipal area.

Only 1.5% of soils are highly suitable for arable agriculture, where climate permits. Possibilities for small-scale intensive irrigation farming exist on the banks of the Sak, Riet, Sout, Brak and Damfontein Rivers.

26.6.1 Comprehensive Rural Development Programme

The key thrust of the Comprehensive Rural Development Programme (CRDP) is an integrated programme of rural development, agrarian change and land reform. The vision of the CRDP is to create vibrant, equitable and sustainable rural communities and to improve the livelihoods of the rural poor and to revitalise and develop rural towns.

Figure 20: Comprehensive Rural Development Programme

CRDP

Agrarian Rural Transformation Land Reform Development

Land Tenure Infrastructure Agri -industries Reform

Land Agri -villages Redistribution

Land Restitution

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26.6.2 Rural development

With regard to rural development in Karoo Hoogland the following is proposed:

1. Development of human resources – capacity building and skills development in livestock farming, game farming, tourism, possible mining and arable agriculture. 2. Development and upgrade basic infrastructure – focus on farmers and farm workers living on privately owned farms or subsistence and emerging farmers located on commonage land owned by the Municipality.

26.6.3 Agrarian transformation

Little attention has been paid to the value chain through which agricultural commodities and products reach the final consumers within the country and abroad. This neglect results in enormous potential losses of value added and employment opportunities. Agro-industries in Karoo Hoogland should focus on:

• Development of supply chains for primary agricultural product to increase efficiencies to main markets in to the key economic centres i.e. Kimberley, Johannesburg, Cape Town • The possibility of growing and processing ‘indigenous rye grass’, which occur only in Karoo Hoogland, to become a commercial grain food crop. • Organic farming – the Organics SA organisation claims that it is inundated with enquiries from restaurants, supermarkets, wholesalers and food processing businesses wanting to know where they can source supplies of organically produced foodstuffs and vegetables. • The Working for Water Programme has added a Secondary Industries Programme to add value to Alien Invasive Plants clearance, in particular Prosopis. The cutting of Prosopis trees is taking place around Fraserburg and Williston.

26.6.4 Land reform

Status Quo

Surplus Peoples Project (SPP) is the organisation appointed to facilitate land reform processes in Namakwaland and according to the Annual SPP Report (2009) the following is noted for Karoo Hoogland Municipality:

• Applications were submitted by the Sutherland Emerging Farmers Association (EFA) for additional commonage land on the farms Jackalsvalley (2005ha), Nooitgedacht (6000ha), Beerfontein (6000ha) and Huiseman (2500ha). These applications are still in process. • Commonage land ( ±21 236ha) around the towns of Williston, Sutherland and Fraserburg, is mainly used by emerging farmers for sheep farming; other activities include, vegetables, poultry, pig farming and tourism. • Four farms have been transferred to the community.

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Locational criteria

The following locational criteria are considered important in identifying areas for land reform purposes:

1. Ownership and land prices; 2. Resource potential (agricultural potential, mineral deposits, tourism potential etc.); 3. Available infrastructure on the land i.e. water, fencing, roads, shelter; and 4. Proximity of the market.

Proposals

The following areas are considered suitable for land reform projects.

• Small land parcels located along the R353 and around Fraserburg consisting of soils that are suitable for arable agriculture, if water is available. • Land along the southern boundary, around Sutherland and a band to the north of Fraserburg where uranium deposits can be exploited. This may offer mining possibilities to small-scale mining companies. • Municipal and commonage land around the towns of Williston, Sutherland and Fraserburg.

Land reform success

In order to make a success of land reform, the following should be noted:

• The development of management skills must form an integral part of all projects, especially if lower rainfall is expected that will result in a decrease in livestock carrying capacity. • Focus must be on commercial ventures, rather than subsistence farming due to the importance of the agricultural sector in Karoo Hoogland. • A feasibility or land potential study needs to be undertaken prior to purchasing land for land reform purposes. • Access to agricultural support programmes are important i.e. Comprehensive Agricultural Support Programme (CASP), Land Care Programme, Land Redistribution for Agricultural Development Programme (LRAD), Household Food Production, Food Security and Starter Packs and Irrigation, Rehabilitation and Development Programme.

26.7 Planned projects

26.7.1 Wind farm

Two separate wind farms are proposed: ( Refer to Plan 44: Karoo Hoogland Macro Strategic Development Concept)

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a) Roggeveld Wind Farm development is proposed in the Roggeveld Mountains.

The facility will utilise wind turbines to generate electricity that will be fed into the Nation Power Grid. The facility will have an energy generation capacity of up to 750MW and will consist of the following:

• ± 250 wind turbines • electrical connections • substation (single storey of approximately 2500m² in size) • access roads and site access and • additional project infrastructure b) Suurplaat Wind Energy Facility lies 50km south-east of Sutherland and 41km north of the N1 national road.

The study area measures approximately 10 874 hectares. The electricity generated will be fed into the National Power Grid and will consist of 140 wind turbines and associated infrastructure (i.e. substations, access roads and distribution power lines.

26.7.2 Gas exploration

Gas exploration is currently being investigated in close proximity to Fraserburg. The extent and location of the project is yet to be confirmed. 27 Departure points

The purpose of this section is to estimate

1. the need for land (ha) for housing development, 2. the demand for social infrastructure facilities; and 3. engineering services (water, sanitation and electricity)

27.1 Methodology

The following basic steps were followed to estimate the demand for these facilities:

• Population and household projections to determine the number of people that needs to be planned for during the planning horizon 2010-2030, based on Stats SA 2001 and the 2007 Community Survey. • Apply a density of 10-15 dwelling units per hectare to the projected households to determine the land required for housing. • Apply the standards contained in the “Guidelines for Human Settlement Planning and Design” (known as the Red Book) to the projected population and households to determine:

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- the need for social infrastructure facilities and - the need for engineering services (water, sanitation and electricity)

Table 34: Population and household projections Karoo Hoogland 2001 2007 Increase over 6 years (%) Annual increase (%) Total Households 3168 2982 -5.9% -0.98% Total Population 10513 10420 -0.9% -0.14%

27.2 Limitations and assumptions

The methodology has the following limitations:

• The projections are based on two data sources only, being Stats SA 2001 and the Community Survey 2007 and therefore not necessarily accurate. • It is accepted that the % increase/decrease in households for the entire municipality during the period 2001-2007 (-5.9%) is the same for each town and the rural area (equating to an annual decrease of 0.98%) • It is accepted that the % increase/decrease in population for the entire municipality over the period 2001-2007 (-0.9%) is the same for each town and the rural area (equating to an annual decrease of 0.14%) • The increasing impact of HIV/Aids and related deaths on population growth after 2007 has not been included in these projections. • Migration trends and associated population figures are difficult to determine and not readably available. • The attractiveness of Karoo Hoogland in terms of future economic development and associated employment opportunities is not considered in these projections.

Cognisance should be taken, this is essentially a quantitative assessment, and therefore, does not achieve a qualitative assessment, which relates to the realism of meeting determined needs.

27.3 Sutherland

Table 35: Sutherland Land demand Sutherland 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Projected households (-) 0.98% households 582 554 527 502 478 Projected housing demand houses 240 -28 -27 -25 -24 Land size (@15du/ha) ha 16 -1.9 -1.8 -1.7 -1.6 Location (see plan) A B C D E

Projected population (-) 0.14% 1957 1943 1930 1916 1903 Social infrastructure Existing 2010 Required Crèche/nursery school 1/5000 pers. 0 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Primary schools 1/3000 pers. 1 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

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Sutherland 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Secondary schools 1/6000 pers. 1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Tertiary facilities No specs 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mobile clinics 1/5000 pers. 0 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Clinic 1/5000 pers. 0 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Hospitals No specs 1 Projected population (-) 0.14% 1957 1943 1930 1916 1903 Libraries 1/5000 pers. 0 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Community centres 1/10000 pers. 0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Religious centres 1/2000 pers. 4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Municipal offices/pay points 1/50 000 pers. 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fire stations 1/60 000 pers. 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Post office 1/11000 pers. 1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Police station 1/25000 pers. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Sports facilities 1

27.3.1 Interpretation of Table 35

Housing

• Currently the housing backlog stands at 240 houses requiring ±16ha of land to be developed at a density of 15 units/ha. • No provision is made for additional houses due to a negative population growth between 2001 and 2007.

Social infrastructure

• Currently there is no shortfall of social infrastructure facilities.

Table 36: Sutherland Infrastructure demand Sutherland 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Projected housing demand 240 -28 -27 -25 -24 Bulk water & sanitation Water demand - high income 1250l/stand 300000 -35000 -33750 -31250 -30000 Water demand - low income 750l/stand 180000 -21000 -20250 -18750 -18000 Existing capacity Additional bulk required Electricity demand

Electricity demand-average household 1100kWh/month 264000 -30800 -29700 -27500 -26400

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27.3.2 Interpretation of Table 36

Bulk water & sanitation

• An additional 0.18 Ml/day is required to service the immediate housing backlog of 240 houses – 2010 (at 750l/day).

Electricity

• The immediate electricity demand for 240 houses is 264000kWh/month – 2010.

27.3.3 Development phases

Table 37: Sutherland Proposed Development Phases Sutherland Land Road Land Identified Linkages Development Plan Housing Required on Plan and Phase Period Notation Demand (Hectares) (Hectares) Upgrades A Current backlog A 240 16 26 1 B 2011-2015 - - - - 2 & 3 C 2016-2020 - - - - 4 D 2021-2025 - - - - - E 2025-2030 - - - - -

Phase A is the eradication of the existing housing backlog of 240 houses.

• Development Phase A requirements will be met by utilising 7 hectares of densification land (14 hectares at 50% utilisation) and 19 hectares of new development land. • Due to the negative growth forecast, no future provision is being made for housing.

Should this negative growth forecast be reversed, an additional 8 hectares of new development land is available. No further phases have been identified due to the negative population growth rate.

Road linkages and road upgrades are prioritised on Plan 46: Sutherland Micro Strategic Development Concept. It must be stressed, however, that although new road linkages and upgrades are discussed, it should remain a priority of the municipality to maintain all existing roads.

In considering proposed future expansion and densification to cater for calculated housing growth, an escalation in the demand for bulk water, sewer and electrical services must be taken into account. Table 36 highlights the demand for bulk infrastructure.

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27.4 Fraserburg

Table 38: Fraserburg Land demand Fraserburg 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Projected households (-) 0.98% households 518 493 469 447 425 Projected housing demand houses 340 -25 -24 -22 -22 Land size (@15du/ha) ha 22.7 -1.7 -1.6 -1.5 -1.5 Location (see plan) A B C D E

Projected population (-) 0.14% 2373 2356 2340 2324 2307 Social infrastructure Existing 2010 Required Crèche/nursery school 1/5000 pers. 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Primary schools 1/3000 pers. 1 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Secondary schools 1/6000 pers. 1 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Tertiary facilities No specs 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mobile clinics 1/5000 pers. 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Clinic 1/5000 pers. 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Hospitals No specs 1 Libraries 1/5000 pers. 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Community centres 1/10000 pers. 0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Religious centres 1/2000 pers. 3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 Municipal offices/pay points 1/50 000 pers. 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fire stations 1/60 000 pers. 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Projected population (-) 0.14% 2373 2356 2340 2324 2307 Post office 1/11000 pers. 1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Police station 1/25000 pers. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Sports facilities 3

Housing

• Currently the housing backlog stands at 340 houses requiring ±23 ha of land to be developed at a density of 15 units/ha. • No provision is made for additional houses due to a negative population growth between 2001 and 2007.

Social infrastructure

• There is no shortfall of social infrastructure facilities.

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Table 39: Fraserburg Infrastructure demand Fraserburg 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Projected housing demand 340 -25 -24 -22 -22 Bulk water & sanitation Water demand - high income 1250l/stand 425000 -31250 -30000 -27500 -27500 Water demand - low income 750l/stand 255000 -18750 -18000 -16500 -16500 Existing capacity Additional bulk required Electricity demand

Electricity demand-average household 1100kWh/month 374000 -27500 -26400 -24200 -24200

27.4.1 Interpretation of Table 39

Bulk water & sanitation

• An additional 0.25 Ml/day is required to service the immediate housing backlog of 340 houses – 2010 (at 750l/day).

Electricity

• The immediate electricity demand for 340 houses is 374000kWh/month – 2010.

27.4.2 Development phases

Table 40: Fraserburg Proposed Development Phases Fraserburg Land Road Land Identified Linkages Development Plan Housing Required on Plan and Phase Period Notation Demand (Hectares) (Hectares) Upgrades A Current backlog A 340 22.7 26 1 B 2011-2015 - - - - 2 & 3 C 2016-2020 - - - - 4 D 2021-2025 - - - - - E 2025-2030 - - - - -

Phase A is the eradication of the existing housing backlog of 340 houses.

• Development Phase A requirements will be met by utilising 8 hectares of densification land (16 hectares at 50% utilisation) and 18 hectares of new development land. • Due to the negative growth forecast, no future provision is being made for housing.

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Should this negative growth forecast be reversed, an additional 3 hectares of new development land is available. No further phases have been identified due to the negative population growth rate.

Road linkages and road upgrades are prioritised on Plan 48: Fraserburg Micro Strategic Development Concept. It must be stressed, however, that although new road linkages and upgrades are discussed, it should remain a priority of the municipality to maintain all existing roads.

27.5 Williston

Table 41: Williston Land demand Williston 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Projected households (-) 0.98% households 610 581 553 526 501 Projected housing demand houses 300 -29 -28 -27 -25 Land size (@15du/ha) ha 20.0 -1.9 -1.9 -1.8 -1.7 Location (see plan) A B C D E

Projected population (-) 0.14% 2801 2781 2762 2743 2724 Social infrastructure Existing 2010 Required Crèche/nursery school 1/5000 pers. 0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 Primary schools 1/3000 pers. 1 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 Secondary schools 1/6000 pers. 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Tertiary facilities No specs 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mobile clinics 1/5000 pers. 0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 Clinic 1/5000 pers. 2 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 Hospitals No specs 0 Libraries 1/5000 pers. 0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 Community centres 1/10000 pers. 3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Religious centres 1/2000 pers. 7 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 Municipal offices/pay points 1/50 000 pers. 2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Fire stations 1/60 000 pers. 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Post office 1/11000 pers. 1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 Police station 1/25000 pers. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Sports facilities 3

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27.5.1 Interpretation of Table 41

Housing

• Currently the housing backlog stands at 300 houses requiring ±20 ha of land to be developed at a density of 15 units/ha. • No provision is made for additional houses due to a negative population growth between 2001 and 2007.

Social infrastructure

• There is a need for a crèche/nursery school. • No demand for other social infrastructure facilities.

Table 42: Williston Infrastructure demand Williston 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Projected housing demand 300 -29 -28 -27 -25 Bulk water & sanitation Water demand - high income 1250l/stand 375000 -36250 -35000 -33750 -31250 Water demand - low income 750l/stand 225000 -21750 -21000 -20250 -18750 Existing capacity Additional bulk required Electricity demand

Electricity demand-average household 1100kWh/month 330000 -31900 -30800 -29700 -27500

27.5.2 Interpretation of Table 42

Bulk water & sanitation

• An additional 0.22 Ml/day is required to service the immediate housing backlog of 300 houses – 2010 (at 750l/day).

Electricity

• The immediate electricity demand for 300 houses is 330000kWh/month – 2010.

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27.5.3 Development phases

Table 43: Williston Proposed Development Phases Williston Land Road Land Identified Linkages Development Plan Housing Required on Plan and Phase Period Notation Demand (Hectares) (Hectares) Upgrades A Current backlog A 300 20 20.5 1 B 2011-2015 - - - - 2 & 3 C 2016-2020 - - - - 4 & 5 D 2021-2025 - - - - - E 2025-2030 - - - - -

Phase A is the eradication of the existing housing backlog of 300 houses.

• Development Phase A requirements will be met by utilising 3.5 hectares of densification land (7 hectares at 50% utilisation) and 17 hectares of new development land. • Due to the negative growth forecast, no future provision is being made for housing.

Road linkages and road upgrades are prioritised on Plan 50: Williston Micro Strategic Development Concept. It must be stressed, however, that although new road linkages and upgrades are discussed, it should remain a priority of the municipality to maintain all existing roads.

General Remarks

• The towns of Karoo Hoogland may not qualify for a certain facility in terms of its population size and prescribed standards for social services. • The reality however is that the towns are situated far apart and due to lack of transport services necessitate the provision of certain services • The proportionate increase in the rural population and expected increase in rural-urban migration will put additional strain on existing engineering and social infrastructure facilities in towns. • There may not be a need for social infrastructure facilities in terms quantity, but a need for the improvement or upgrade of existing facilities. • A shortage of medicine and qualified personnel, limited funding and lack of maintenance of buildings and equipment are common problems experienced by health care facilities.

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• Other factors such as the learner-teacher ratio (1 teacher: 40 learners), the condition of schools and the availability of teaching materials/equipment may also be hampering the delivery of education to communities.

28 Micro Strategic Development Concept

Micro Strategic Development Concepts are formulated for the three nodes:

• Sutherland • Williston • Fraserburg

The key objectives of the micro strategic development concept is to achieve objectives such as functional integration of different neighbourhoods (communities), improved access to social amenities and work opportunities and optimising existing infrastructure and engineering services

These objectives can be achieved by applying the following tools.

28.1 Spatial planning tools

The spatial planning tools most appropriate to municipalities such as Karoo Hoogland tend to require more attention to curbing urban spread, which enables the municipality to maximize economies of scale in the distribution of basic services.

Table 44: Spatial planning tools Tool Definition Location Why Urban edge The urban growth boundary As indicated on Micro A major spatial problem indicates the interface between Development Concept is uncontrolled, low- (Refer to urban and rural environments. It Plan density sprawling of guidelines in therefore indicated the area where settlements into the Phase 4) urban growth should not be surrounding rural area. allowed This has a number of disadvantages: • It results in a settlement pattern that has neither urban nor rural advantages. • In terms of infrastructure investment it is impossibly expensive to serve. • It could compromise valuable natural

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Tool Definition Location Why environments and high potential agricultural land Densification Densification is the process As indicated on Micro Densification creates whereby densities, i.e. the number Development Concept more compact of dwelling units per hectare, Plan environments that increase in a planned and improve access to work, sustainable manner. services. It also It can take place by means of: provides for more • Apartment buildings (flats) efficient use of • Cluster housing (group housing) infrastructure • Subdivision and second dwelling

Infill/Extension Is the process whereby vacant As indicated on Micro Infill development land, within the urban edge, is Development Concept creates more compact used for infill development. Plan environments that It can take place by means of: improve access to work, • Development of vacant erven services. It also that are already surveyed provides for more • “Greenfields” development, efficient use of being the natural extension of infrastructure town. Mixed use The mixing of different land uses As indicated on Micro Nodes are important within a specific location or Development Concept urban elements which precinct. Mixed uses can comprise Plan can be used to a combination of residential restructure areas where (mostly higher density residential), activity is disperse and businesses, offices and community where there is no sense facilities. Mixed uses can either of place legibility or comprise different land uses on special focus. different erven but within the same locality or mixed use in the same building

28.2 Sutherland

Sutherland experienced growth during recent years. Small businesses established along Piet Retief and Sarel Cilliers Streets and an increase in short-stay accommodation developments (guest houses) are noted. Residential densification through subdivisions (minimum erf size of 1000m²) is evident throughout Sutherland.

28.2.1 Structuring elements

The following structuring elements play a significant role in the existing and future development of Sutherland (Refer to Plan 45: Sutherland Structuring Elements)

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Table 45: Sutherland Structuring Elements Sutherland developed around the intersection between R356 to Fraserburg and R354 to Calvinia in the north and Matjiesfontein Movement infrastructure in the south. Main roads through Sutherland provide good access and visual exposure to adjacent land uses. Sutherland has little available land for extension in any direction due to the surrounding mountainous areas, koppies, the Dorp Physical natural elements River and its tributaries traversing town, which is subject to flooding after heavy rainfall. The oblong north-south configuration of Sutherland can be ascribed to these natural elements. The built-up area of Sutherland will largely dictate the location of future land uses. Business uses tend to locate around the R353 and R356 intersection, higher density subsidised housing occurs to the north, with lower residential densities to the south. The Built-up area golf course is situated further south, industrial development and oxidation ponds are located to the south east.

The observatories outside Sutherland further restrict development within the town due to the possible negative impact it could have on air and light quality.

See Plan 46: Sutherland Micro Strategic Development Concept

28.2.2 Mixed use

The focus of this precinct must be to confine and protect economic development by creating an enabling environment.

• Support and promote mix use developments within the mix use area including business, offices, community facilities and social services. • Support and promote residential densification. • Support facilities that attract expenditure from the increasing traffic flow on the main roads. • Limit informal trade to predefined and allocated areas • Improve accessibility and functionality of the mixed use precinct through the provision of proper road linkages and pedestrian friendly areas.

The grid road network of Sutherland provides good access to the business strip that developed along the main access road. This presents an ideal opportunity to confine mixed land uses, improve legibility and initiate urban renewal strategies.

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28.2.3 Residential development

Residential extension and infill development is proposed to the north, centre and south of town. Residential densification is encouraged between the mixed use precinct and secondary school. The development of a residential component as part of the golf course is currently being investigated.

28.2.4 Industrial development

Non noxious industries should be limited to dedicated area due to the possible negative impacts it could have on the observatories in terms of air and light pollution.

28.2.5 Urban agriculture

Support small scale agricultural opportunities within this area i.e. communal food gardens.

28.2.6 Open space

The Dorp River, its tributaries and associated riparian vegetation and surrounding mountainous areas are environmentally sensitive with conservation value.

28.2.7 Sports and recreation

The sports fields are located to the south and north of town which are easily accessed by all communities. The location of these facilities will not hamper any integration efforts.

It is proposed that the existing facilities be improved and developed rather than to identify new areas for recreational purposes. The upgrade of the Rebelskop sports facilities is a priority and an outdoor community recreational facility is proposed for Sutherland.

28.2.8 Tourism and accommodation

Sutherland has insufficient short-stay accommodation facilities to cater for larger tourist- and school groups that visit SALT. Tourist accommodation and associated amenities is supported in town and on surrounding farms. A tourist attraction centre (community science and technology centre) is planned in the centre of town. The aim is to provide employment opportunities and to train local people to perform basic maintenance tasks on the telescopes. This centre should provide good restaurants, local curios and an information centre with internet facilities etc.

28.2.9 Other land uses

Oxidation ponds

Upgrade oxidation ponds and internal sewerage reticulation networks.

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Landfill Site

Upgrade and licensing of landfill site.

28.3 Fraserburg

A notable trend in Fraserburg is the increase in holiday homes. City dwellers tend to purchase residential properties in rural towns such as Fraserburg in order to escape the urban “rat race” and to enjoy the peace and tranquility of the Karoo.

28.3.1 Structuring elements

The following structuring elements play a significant role in the existing and future development of Fraserburg. (Refer to Plan 47 Fraserburg Structuring Elements)

Table 46: Fraserburg Structuring Elements Fraserburg developed around the convergence of the R353 to Williston in the north and Leeu Gamka in the south and the Movement infrastructure R356 to Sutherland in the west and Loxton in the east. Main roads through Fraserburg provide good access and visual exposure to adjacent land uses. The Sout River passes Sutherland to the east curbing natural extension in that direction. The low-lying areas to the south and Physical natural elements south east in proximity of the golf course are subject to periodic flooding. Further extension to the north is limited by mountainous areas that present steep slopes. Fraserburg consists mainly of residential with various densities, a CBD which developed around the R353 and R356 Built-up area intersection, a golf course to the south, informal settlement and oxidation ponds to the far north and sports fields in the northern and southern part.

28.3.2 Mixed uses

The focus of this area must be to confine and protect economic development within a heritage sensitive area.

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• Improve accessibility and functionality of the mixed use precinct through the provision of proper road linkages and pedestrian friendly areas.

The grid road network of Fraserburg provides good access to the business strip that developed along the main access road. This presents an ideal opportunity to confine mixed land uses, improve legibility and initiate urban renewal strategies.

28.3.3 Residential development

Residential extension is proposed on the land situated between the more established part of town and Amerville. This presents an ideal opportunity to integrate the northern and southern sections of Fraserburg. Formalisation is a priority in the northern part of Amerville.

Residential densification is suggested in the area to the south of the main road consisting of very large erven.

28.3.4 Industrial development

Industrial development is not prominent in Karoo Hoogland Municipality. Industrial type developments should be supported adjacent north of the show grounds.

28.3.5 Heritage area

As part of the need for economic revitalisation this heritage area must be developed in such a manner that the heritage elements remain. Development should focus on the enhancement and sustainability of the heritage qualities of the node.

The heritage area needs to be developed in accordance with an approved heritage protection framework containing guidelines for development and alterations to existing buildings.

28.3.6 Open space

The Sout River, its tributaries, flood plain areas located to the south and south-east of town and the undevelopable mountainous areas to the north must form part of a continuous open space system forming of the broader municipal open space system.

These areas are considered environmentally sensitive with conservation value.

28.3.7 Sports and recreation

The sports facilities of Fraserburg are located in the southern (golf course), central and northern parts of town (Amerville) and are easily accessible to communities. It is proposed that the existing facilities be improved and developed rather than to identify new areas for recreational purposes. The upgrade of the sports facility in Amerville is a priority.

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28.3.8 Tourism and accommodation

It is suggested by the community that a tourist attraction centre be developed between Amerville and Fraserburg. The museum needs to be upgraded.

28.3.9 Other land uses

Oxidation ponds

Phase 2 of oxidation ponds and internal sewerage reticulation networks.

Landfill Site

The land fill site needs to be upgraded.

Cemetery

A cemetery site is proposed adjacent south of the show grounds. The necessary professional studies need to be conducted to determine the feasibility of this area for purposes of a cemetery.

28.4 Williston

28.4.1 Structuring elements

The following structuring elements play a significant role in the existing and future development of Williston. (Refer to Plan 49: Williston Structuring Elements):

Table 47: Williston Structuring Elements The main R63 and R353 routes divide Williston into clear segments. Business uses tend to be located at the intersection Movement infrastructure of these main roads. The railway line and station restricts natural future development to the south. The Sak River passes Williston in the south. A tributary of the Physical natural elements Sak River divides the town into two segments. Development on the riverbanks should not be allowed due to the risk of flooding. An east-west ridge hampers development in a northerly direction. The CBD developed around the intersection between Lutz and Reinecke Streets, higher density subsidised housing is to be found in the eastern part and lower density development in the Built-up area western part of town. A golf course and sports fields are located to the west, industrial type uses to the south of the railway line and station as well as along the main road. Oxidation ponds are

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to be found to the south on the banks of the Sak River.

28.4.2 Mixed use

A mix of retail, commercial, office, residential and institutional uses should be developed within a well defined grid around the intersection of the R353 and R63 road as these roads provide good access and visual exposure to passing traffic and local communities.

The focus of this area must be to confine and protect economic development within the mixed use precinct and to:

• Support and promote mix use developments including business, offices, community facilities and social services. • Support and promote residential densification. • Support facilities that attract expenditure from the increasing traffic flow on the main roads. • Improve accessibility and functionality of the mixed use precinct through the provision of proper road linkages and pedestrian friendly areas.

The extension of the neigbourhood centre of Amandelboom should be confined to the street block located adjacent east of the cemetery site.

28.4.3 Residential development

Residential infill development must be supported between to the south of Amandelboom and the mixed use precinct. Densification should be permitted in the lower density areas located in the western part of Williston, in proximity to the CBD, schools and sports fields.

28.4.4 Industrial development

Industrial uses should be located to the south of the railway line in proximity of the railway station. This is to minimise the possible negative impacts on residents.

28.4.5 Open space

The Sak River, its tributaries and the undevelopable mountainous areas to the north must form part of a continuous open space system that forms part of the broader municipal open space system. These areas are considered environmentally sensitive with conservation value.

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28.4.6 Sports & recreation

Sufficient sports and recreation facilities exist in Williston. It is proposed that the existing facilities be improved and developed rather than to identify new areas for such purposes. The sports facility in Amandelboom requires upgrade.

28.4.7 Tourism and accommodation

The following tourism attractions require attention:

• The museum needs to be upgraded • Development of Williston Nature Reserve and associated tourist facilities

Williston museum - Photo taken by J. Amira

28.4.8 Other land uses

Oxidation Ponds

Upgrade oxidation ponds and internal sewerage reticulation networks. Landfill Site

Upgrade and licensing of landfill site is urgently required.

Medical centre

A medical centre is proposed to the west of the cemetery site in Amandelboom and a Thusong Service Centre south thereof.

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29 Intervention areas

Intervention areas are seen as those areas that require internal or external assistance to prevent further deterioration or to maintain or to improve the current state of affairs.

Karoo Hoogland Hantam Municipality needs to focus on:

(a) basic service delivery, (b) economic development by focusing on space research (SKA and SALT) and historical value of settlements and (c) the conservation of the natural vegetation that is unique to the arid environment.

The focus on economic development, primarily based on the tourism potential of the area, is a more viable approach to improve the money supply into towns than to try to build the supply from within. The Municipality should direct attention to the key roads within its boundaries for these to be developed in the interest of the local economic development opportunities available to its population.

Distinction is made between Priority Investment Areas, including those areas that require capital investment and Policy Intervention Areas, being those areas that need to be regulated through strict management guidelines to achieve desirable outcomes.

29.1 Priority investment areas

The towns of Karoo Hoogland are the priority investment areas as these are the places where the people are concentrated.

29.1.1 Investment requirements

The following 3 investment requirements are identified:

Priority 1: Investment in infrastructure to provide a basic level of infrastructure services

This investment entails the provision of a basic level of infrastructure services in an area, independent of the growth potential of the area or town: 1. The provision of a basic level of services in all towns. 2. To develop basic services in rural areas (farms). 3. There is a need for a total of 880 houses, with Fraserburg needing 340, Williston 300 and Sutherland 240, with the biggest need for subsidised housing in Fraserburg, followed by Williston and Sutherland. 4. Community facilities in Sutherland to cater for visiting school groups and tourists. 5. Roads between the towns need to be upgraded or tarred.

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Priority 2: Investment in human capital to promote economic growth

This investment refers to the development of human and social capital in order to promote and grow the economic potential of the individual.

This strategy needs to be aligned with the capacity building and training initiatives identified for the CRDP focus areas.

• A community computer training centre is suggested for Sutherland

Priority 3: Investment in human capital to promote general welfare

This investment refers to the support given to vulnerable groups and communities, as well as the development of basic life skills to:

• Improve primary health care in all towns. • Ensure food security, especially for the elderly and infants – promote the establishment of community gardens in all towns. • Development of life skills in the most important areas. • Increase access to government services throughout the municipal area through Thusong Service Centres in all towns.

29.1.2 Strategic areas for Thusong Service Centres

Definition

Thusong Service Centres are one-stop, integrated community development centres , with community participation and services relevant to people’s needs. They aim to empower the poor and disadvantaged through access to information, services and resources from government, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), parastatal, business, etc. enabling them to engage in government programmes for the improvement of their lives (Source: http://www.thusong.gov.za/about/what/index.htm).

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Figure 21: The Six-Blo ck Service Model

1. Government social and administrative services

•Grants •Personal documents •Housing applications

2. Office services

•Phone, fax, scan, copy, print •Desktop publishing •Postal services

3. Education and skills development services

•Adult basic education and training •Further education and training •Specialised training

4. Local Economic Development (LED) services

•Small business advice and development

5. Business services and community opportunities

•Small, medium and micro enterprises •Other private sector services such as retail and ATMs

6. Information and communication activities

•Government information and on -site guidance regarding services •Community information and awareness

The infrastructure is influenced by the services offered, population size and distances between access points in an area. This results in the establishment of hub centres which offer permanent services including, government, economic, community and private sector services, education and skills development, telecommunication, communication and information. Satellite centres and mobiles which are extensions of the hub centre offer some of the above services according to demand.

It is suggested that a satellite service centres be provided in Sutherland , Williston and Fraserburg. These centres should be easily accessible to communities, preferably on a main thoroughfare in c lose proximity to public transport stops.

29.2 Policy intervention areas

Generally, a policy is required for an area where the potential exist that undesirable circumstances may be created. A policy is developed to provide clear guidelines as to what is desirable and intended for a certain area/s.

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The following areas in Karoo Hoogland Municipality may require policy intervention:

1. Proposed heritage areas/sites in the towns of Fraserburg and Williston. 2. The protection of the paleo surface near Fraserburg. 3. Development types in Sutherland considering the proximity of the observatories. 4. A policy for the subdivision of farm portions to prevent the creation of uneconomical farming units. 5. A densification policy indicating the type of residential densities (units/ha) applicable to certain urban areas. 6. Land use management guidelines in the Bokkeveld-Hantam-Roggeveld ecological corridor. 7. Biodiversity priority areas and environmentally sensitive areas require special intervention in order to maintain the environmental integrity of Karoo Hoogland. 8. A policy for the development of guest houses and guest farms.

30 Phase 3 synopsis

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KAROO HOOGLAND PHASE 3 SUMMARY TABLE - DESIRED SPATIAL GOAL AND DEVELOPMENT PATTERN PROJECT ADDRESSING: STRATEGIC SPATIAL PROJECT NO DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM PROJECTS LOCATION STRATEGIES BENEFITS CONCEPT LINK SPATIAL SPATIAL OPPORTUNITIES LIMITATIONS

1 SPATIAL OBJECTIVE: EXPLOIT ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES Enhances access to R63 route to Strengthen Paving of northerly mobility & R353 and destinations economic R356 Routes and promotes links between linking nodal Improved road Length of road Sutherland, Sutherland, developments links would unlock requiring Fraserburg Corridor Roads Fraserburg at key towns Karoo tourism potential paving is long 1.1 and Williston Development upgrade and Williston on route Hoogland of region and costly Enhances nodal developments at Sutherland, Calvinia and Brandvlei; enhances Paving of regional R354 from accessibility Development Sutherland to through of cross Calvinia as improved road Length of border alternate Cape links; promotes Karoo road requiring Tourism Roads Town/Upington tourism Hoogland/ paving is long 1.2 Corridors Tourism Corridor upgrade route opportunities Hantam and costly Promote Develop Job creation development "Gateway to through of "Gateway the Universe" tourism to the Tourism development; Universe" Astronomy marketing improve Karoo 1.3 astronomy Tourism Zone Hub strategy standard of Hoogland None

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1 SPATIAL OBJECTIVE: EXPLOIT ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES tourism hub focusing on living astronomy- tourism & edu- tourism Could negatively effect Conservation Support Feasibility zone between sustainable study on Substantial Tankwa Karoo mining Mining uranium Fraserburg uranium deposits & Karoo 1.4 exploration Activity node development mining rural occur National Parks Visual impact; possible Promote Job creation, conflict with renewable Development sustainable Identified as nature energy of wind energy use of natural Suurplaat, suitable sites for conservation 1.5 generation Activity node Wind energy facilities resources Roggeveld wind farms initiatives

2 SPATIAL OBJECTIVE:CREATE SUSTAINABLE URBAN & RURAL SETTLEMENTS Providing a range of government, business, communication and Strengthen Development educational Sutherland, Bulk hierarchy of Nodal of Thusong services to Fraserburg, Infrastructure 2.1 activity nodes. Development Basic services service centres rural Williston Available land capacity

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1 SPATIAL OBJECTIVE: EXPLOIT ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES communities.

Sutherland identified as development node Urban renewal Contribute to in PGDS; closer to strategy to better range of N1, Cape Strengthen establish services metropole, not hierarchy of Nodal Urban Sutherland as offered to affected by SKA 2.2 activity nodes. Development renewal primary node region Sutherland advantage areas. None Improved "sense of place"; will enhance tourism appeal of towns; eliminates dysfunctional spatial development in the future by focusing business development within urban boundaries; Develop urban promotes Strengthen design developments Sutherland, hierarchy of Nodal Urban frameworks for that are within Fraserburg, 2.3 activity nodes. Development renewal nodes reasonable Williston

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1 SPATIAL OBJECTIVE: EXPLOIT ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES walking distance to public transport; enhances accessibility to public amenities and social facilities.

Address the Subsidised housing housing linked backlog; Inadequate to bulk available bulk bulk services Eradicate services services to Sutherland, capacity to basic services upgrades deliver basic Fraserburg, cater for 2.4 backlogs Activity Node Housing program. services. Williston Available land backlogs Develop a Will contribute Water to Nodes rely on Conservation Conservation sustainability boreholes as of ground and of nodes; Sutherland, only water water as raw Nodal Management ensure basic Fraserburg, source; scarce 2.5 water supply development Basic services Strategy water Williston ground water

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1 SPATIAL OBJECTIVE: EXPLOIT ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES Will contribute to Conservation Installation of sustainability of ground JoJo tanks to of nodes; Sutherland, water as raw Nodal harvest rain ensure basic Fraserburg, 2.6 water supply development Basic services water water Williston

3 SPATIAL OBJECTIVE: PROTECT THE NATURAL & BUILT ENVIRONMENT Development of conservation zone between Conservation Tankwa Karoo Eco-tourism, Rich biodiversity, of natural Conservation Environmental & Karoo sustainable job Karoo scenic 3.1 environment zone conservation National Parks creation Hoogland environment, None Development of Heritage tourism route as component of "Gateway to the Universe" Tourism Eco-tourism, strategy, sustainable job incorporating creation, Many heritage Protection of Fraserburg, protection of Sutherland, features found in heritage Conservation Williston and heritage Fraserburg, municipal area, 3.2 features zone Heritage Paleo surface. features Williston paleo surface None

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CHAPTER 5

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31 Phase 4

As demonstrated in previous sections, local economic development in the rural context includes diversifying the economic base, building backward and forward linkages, ensuring basic standards of health and safety through provision of basic infrastructure and services, maximising job creation and building on the inherent potential of local areas. Within the South African ISRDS, local economic development will be stimulated by enhancing synergy of investment and programmes within an area designated as a node. A single node cannot be larger than the regional authority. Several nodes will be clustered to maximise impact wherever possible.

For rural municipal areas, the path to economic development is usually encumbered by the need to use limited budgets to address the fulfillment of basic service needs first. While legislation also protects South Africa’s citizens, making it their right to have access to basic amenities and services, the distribution of these is bound to be imperfect. Thus, the legislation points to citizens having a choice to move to a region where such services are more accessible. By contrast, the policies also point to the need to prevent an urban migration and depopulation of rural areas, preferring to rather find mechanisms that will make these areas more attractive for residents to stay, both from an economic standpoint and in terms of their quality of life.

At a minimum, the region must provide for the necessary basic services, amenities, educational and social (health and safety) resources that can form the basis for a good standard of life for its citizens. In the 2010/11 IDP, the key interventions that are associated with this are:

• Lack of infrastructure for proper service delivery. • Roads linking the towns are all gravel and distances between towns are far (minimum 80km). • Towns are characterised by limited infrastructure development (gravel roads), low population density and serious levels of poverty due to limited job opportunities. • Biodiversity priority areas and environmentally sensitive areas require special intervention in order to maintain the environmental integrity of Karoo Hoogland. • There are currently 880 names on the housing waiting list for the municipal area. (Fraserburg 340, Williston 300 and Sutherland 240). • The severe levels of poverty and the resultant social problems such as alcohol and drug abuse and the increase in crime and domestic violence need to be addressed. • High levels of unemployment, low income and the high number of indigents render the municipality unable to generate sufficient financial resources for the adequate provision of services. • There are numerous problems linked to the youth of the community which need to be addressed, namely the high rate of teenage pregnancies, the lack of basic life skills, and the low levels of education and literacy. • Health issues need to be addressed, in particular the containment of the spread of HIV/Aids and Tuberculosis.

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The development plans for Karoo Hoogland Municipality have been aimed at achieving the main goals of service delivery and dealing with the backlog of housing and dealing with the high levels of poverty and social problems. The focus on economic development activities, primarily based on the tourism potential of the area, is also a more viable approach to improve the money supply into towns than to try to build the supply from within. There has not been enough focus, however, in the IDP KPA’s to generate sufficient tourism benefits to catalyse upstream or downstream economic developments.

In Phase 3, the report considered the desired spatial pattern of the Municipality, based on its spatial goals and objectives, to address some of these challenges. It also considered the types of strategies that may be most pertinent to achieving the Municipality’s goals and suggested a number of different approaches. This included the development of nodes and corridors, which could be enhanced through better-defined tourism, mining and agricultural strategies that can bolster economic development in the towns. In addition, the proposed strategies considered ways to ensure more satisfactory service delivery using better coordinated planning methods that will enable the towns to act more cohesively and inclusively and operate to the benefit of the whole population.

In the sections that follow, the report will consider how best to implement the spatial plan, strategies and projects, how to package and market the areas and towns, and the ways in which the impact of the interventions can be measured and evaluated to ensure that the desired outcomes are achieved.

32 Capital Expenditure Framework

The Capital Expenditure Framework (See Annexure A: Capital Expenditure Framework) is a tool to be used by the Municipality to realise all the ideas as conceptualised in the previous phases.

The main purpose of this framework is to:

• identify projects transpiring from the spatial objectives and strategies; • to allocate a cost and timing to identified projects; and • to identify a source of funding and implementation agent.

33 Implementation Policies

The following policies will assure the effective implementation of the Spatial Development Framework and it is fundamental that:

• The Comprehensive Rural Development Program (CRDP) align its strategies to these; and

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• A Land Use Management System incorporates these guidelines to ensure effective land use management in Karoo Hoogland.

33.1 Nodal policy

Nodes are locations of concentrated activity often associated with the presence of employment opportunities, residential development and supporting social infrastructure located on or adjacent to mobility roads and spines, and as such act as destinations for public transport.

Nodes can be classified into higher order nodes and local nodes depending on their function, size and economic growth potential. The nodal order will determine the development guidelines and management approach to each node.

The towns in Karoo Hoogland have more or less the same function and provide similar services to the surrounding rural areas. All three towns are categorised as activity nodes, however distinction is made to focus development in each town.

33.1.1 Nodal hierarchy

Table 48: Nodal classification Classification Characteristics Interventions Activity node * Sutherland • Strategically located in proximity to • Focus on tourism by providing astronomy centre the N1 and Cape Town sufficient tourist facilities and • Prominent tourist destination accommodation (observatories) • Restrict noxious developments • Provide basic level of services and in terms of light and air functions pollution • Significant heritage in terms of • Attract private and public architectural buildings investments • Protect the heritage significance of Sutherland • Promote urban renewal strategies • Increase economic and social opportunities • Focus development within urban edge Williston • Function as the administrative • Improve the provision of basic administrative centre of Karoo Hoogland engineering services centre • Good access via road and rail • Encourage tourism transport (not operational) development • Provide basic level of services and • Restrict further growth and

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Classification Characteristics Interventions goods development within urban edge • Improve main road sections through town Fraserburg – • The historic core of town has high • Protect the heritage heritage centre architectural value significance of Fraserburg • The paleo surface is near • Encourage tourism Fraserburg. development • Restrict growth and development within urban edge • Improve main road sections through town *In terms of the Northern Cape Provincial Growth and Development Strategy these nodes are identified as stagnating small towns . (Refer to Phase 2: Alignment with provincial perspectives)

33.1.2 Nodal interdependence

The location of Sutherland, on a strategic road heading north and linking with Calvinia may, however, improve the growth potential of the town if the R354 is paved. Likewise, the link from the N1 to Fraserburg and connecting to Williston and again going north on the R27 to Upington will provide these towns with important tourist traffic.

The important point is to ensure that nodal towns are accessible to rural communities and that they are sustainable in terms of the limited but crucial role they play in development. Corridor development therefore aims to improve people’s quality of life and access to economic opportunities.

33.1.3 Nodal development guidelines

It is for the Municipality to develop its nodes of importance with a view to finding ways to better share the advantages of the region through a more coordinated marketing and tourism plan. In addition, the Municipality should develop the main nodal towns, which may include all of the towns, Sutherland, Williston and Fraserburg, as complete, compact communities with a number of social, environmental, health and economic benefits, such as:

• Community benefits: Nodal developments encourage people to walk by placing shopping, services and housing in close proximity to one another. This revitalises community life by helping streets, public spaces and pedestrian-oriented retail to become places where people gather and shop. Enhancing neighbourhood life can boost the perceived security, too, of an area by increasing the number of people on the street.

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It also makes neighbourhoods more attractive to visit, providing tourists with a welcoming environment in which to dine, shop or stay over.

• Environmental benefits: Nodal development is compact development. It reduces sprawl and traffic, and preserves limited open spaces and environmentally sensitive areas. In addition, natural features can be integrated into nodal developments and used as recreation areas and greenways.

• Agricultural benefits: Compact development helps preserve important agricultural land and reduced development pressures on them.

• Public health benefits: With shops, services and housing in such close proximity to one another, nodal development helps make active transportation options like walking or biking more realistic for a broader range of community members. This helps reduce the number of automobile trips residents have to make and pedestrian-friendly environments are recognised as improving community health by making them more active and reducing obesity and stress.

• Economic benefits: Nodal development has substantial fiscal and economic benefits for municipalities, developers, community businesses and residents. By concentrating growth in areas that are already serviced with water and sanitation, municipalities are able to reduce infrastructure servicing costs, while diversifying and growing their tax base. For developers, nodal development can reduce the cost of infrastructure and increase the efficiency of land use.

33.2 Movement policy

Ideally a movement policy would promote the following:

1. Support public transport 2. Promote accessibility of communities to employment, recreation and social opportunities 3. Promote protection of mobility function of major arterials and roads 4. Ensure that the movement system directly links with, and is supported by, strong high intensity nodes and higher density residential development 5. To create an effective transportation corridor

A point of reference for Karoo Hoogland Municipality’s movement system is to ensure that its roads form part of the overarching Rural Transport Strategy for South Africa’s roads.

The movement system is seen as the key structuring elements within the Karoo Hoogland Municipal area to ensure functional urban and rural integration. The efficiency of the towns is directly related to the efficiency of the movement system. The movement policy focuses on:

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33.2.1 Regional linkages

• Ensure and maintain a high standard of regional accessibility (R63 and railway line). • Orientate regional access to the N1 main roads. • Encourage linkages between municipalities. • Promote and retain the mobility function of existing regional linkages (R63).

33.2.2 Internal municipal access

• Ensure and maintain a high standard of local access within the Municipality (R353) between Williston and Fraserburg and the R356 between Sutherland and Fraserburg. • Improve road access to strategic areas within the Municipality.

33.2.3 Road access in towns

• Roads need to be upgraded and maintained in accordance with the Micro Spatial Development Concept Plans. • Develop a clear road hierarchy for the towns of Sutherland, Williston and Fraserburg.

33.3 Urban edge policy

The objective of the Urban Edge is to contain urban sprawl and focus on infill and densification orientated development, thereby maximising the use of existing infrastructure.

Ideally the urban edge policy strives to ensure:

• Optimal utilisation of engineering services • Optimisation of public transport • Prevention of urban decay and promotion of urban integration • Promotion of opportunities for redevelopment • The conservation of environmentally sensitive areas • The protection of high-potential agricultural land • The creation of urban corridors along public transportation routes

Delineation of urban edges

The urban edge is a conceptual line that includes existing settlement footprints and provides for a projected future growth for the next 20 years. The alignment roughly follows movement infrastructure (roads, rail), natural physical elements (rivers, mountains) and the built-up areas.

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Description

The urban growth boundary indicates the interface between urban and rural environments. It therefore indicates the area where urban growth should not be allowed.

Locality

As indicated on Micro Spatial Development Concept Plan – Phase 3.

Objective

A major spatial problem is uncontrolled, low-density sprawling of settlements into the surrounding rural area. This has a number of disadvantages:

• It results in a settlement pattern that has neither urban nor rural advantages. • In terms of infrastructure investment it is impossibly expensive to serve. • It could compromise valuable natural environments and high potential agricultural land.

Guidelines

Land uses which can be allowed in the rural areas outside the urban edge will include, inter alia , the following:

• Extensive and intensive agriculture; • Conservation areas and nature reserves, tourism and related activities, i.e., accommodation establishments, guest houses, conference centres, tea gardens, craft markets, etc.; • Recreational facilities and venues, e.g., hiking, hunting, adventure sports, horse riding schools and stables, etc.; • Farm stalls, home industries and small-scale agri-industries, • Rural residential/agricultural holdings in specific areas; • Agri-villages or agricultural communities; and • Community facilities and business uses clustered in rural service centres/rural settlements.

33.4 Residential densification policy

Description

Densification is the process whereby densities, i.e., the number of dwelling units per hectare, increase in a planned and sustainable manner.

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Location (see Micro Concept Plans)

Densification should take place:

• Along main roads • In and around nodes • On the periphery of open spaces to increase surveillance

Proposed densification per town

• Sutherland – the total proposed densification area is approximately 14 hectares at 15 units per hectare. The proposed area is situated to the west of the proposed mixed use area. • Fraserburg - the total proposed densification area is approximately 16 hectares at 15 units per hectare. The proposed areas are situated to the east of the heritage area. • Williston – the total proposed densification area is approximately 7 hectares at 15 units per hectare. The densification areas are situated in the western part of the town.

Objectives of densification

Densification creates more compact environments that improve access to work, services and public transport. It also provides for more efficient use of infrastructure.

• Ensures a diversification of housing typologies. • Promotes adequate provision of social and economic amenities to ensure better quality of life. • New settlements/developments must promote the optimal use of infrastructure and resources. • Promote safety through design. • Reduce travel and transaction costs through appropriate infrastructure planning. • Rationalisation of housing patterns in relation to urban opportunities and public transportation.

Guidelines

The following matters should be taken into account when considering an application for a non- residential or higher-density residential land use within a residential area:

• Residential amenity should in general be protected, specifically, but not exclusively, from: - significant changes to traffic conditions in local streets including an increase in car parking demand; - noise, light or odours emitted from the site; and

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- disturbance associated with the hours of operation. • Low scale, non intrusive, non-residential uses should be permitted in residential areas, i.e., shopping facilities, home offices, home industries, etc. • Higher residential densities along main roads and around major nodes and employment areas should be promoted and actively supported. • The density of proposed and existing built-up areas should correlate with the availability of productive open spaces and public amenities in close proximity thereto, the higher the density/intensity of residential developments, the more productive open space and public amenities are warranted. • Areas designated for public use should be incorporated within high-density developments and larger public open spaces should be provided in close vicinity of these developments. • Medium-density residential development should promote a mixture of cluster housing. • Densification of existing residential areas should take place without compromising the quality of living principle.

33.5 Urban integration policy

Description:

Integration refers to the interdependence of urban functions and activities resulting from a fine- grained mix of land uses and/or income groups.

Location:

Integration should be concentrated:

• Along main roads to improve access to opportunities, services and facilities • Around public spaces in order to create spaces were social integration can occur

See Micro Concept Plans (Phase 3)

Planning efforts should strive to integrate:

• Williston – Amandelboom • Sutherland – north and south • Fraserburg - Amerville

Goals:

• To redress past spatial imbalances • Improve access to social economic and recreational opportunities services and facilities

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33.6 Infrastructure policy

The General Guidelines set out in the “Guidelines for Human Settlement and Design” are accepted as general policy for the development and provision of infrastructure within Karoo Hoogland Municipality.

Provision of engineering services

A stand or a portion of a stand within a proclaimed township and a new township development within an area, must be provided with the following essential municipal engineering services:

• Water supply • Sewerage disposal • Roads and storm water • Electricity supply

External services include the bulk supply of, for example, water and electricity by a water board, electricity supply authority or other body. Sewerage treatment works and waste disposal are usually the responsibility of the local authority. Link roads are provided by the local or provincial authority.

Internal services are the services provided by the developer throughout the township up to the boundary of individual erven. They include roads, storm water drainage, water, sewerage and electricity reticulation within the township. The cost of providing these services is added onto the cost of the land when a new township is developed.

Phasing of engineering services

A phased approach shall be followed in the provision of engineering services as indicated as areas A, B, C, D and E in the Micro Spatial Development Concept Plans. The phasing is based on the following priorities:

• The upgrade of existing engineering services in all towns to eradicate the backlog and simultaneously to rural areas that do not comply with basic service level standards. • Increase engineering capacities to provide for projected growth.

Payment of bulk contributions

The applicant shall pay to the municipality as a contribution towards the costs incurred by the municipality to install and provide the external engineering services or cause such services to be installed and provided:

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• an amount of money determined by agreement between the applicant and the municipality, • in the absence of agreement, an amount of money determined by the Appeal Board on the application by either the applicant or the municipality.

33.7 Heritage policy

The importance of national heritage to the socio-economic and sustainable development needs of a country cannot be over-emphasised as national heritage could be defined as the sum total of all the creativity in all its forms preserved, enhanced and handed over to future generations as a record of human experience and aspirations.

The aim of this policy is to take appropriate measures for the protection, conservation and preservation of tangible and intangible national heritage areas situated within its boundaries.

Section 31 of the National Heritage Resources Act requires that provision must be made for the designation of heritage areas to protect any place of environmental or cultural interest.

The Northern Cape Heritage Resources Authority (Boshwa) has identified the following areas as heritage conservation worthy areas:

• Fraserburg – the historic core of the town has high architectural value

Karoo Hoogland Municipality will strive to retain, protect and enhance the heritage value of these exhibits in a sustainable manner.

33.8 Sustainability policy

Water conservation

• A Water Conservation and Water Demand Management strategy must be implemented to reduce water losses in all three towns. • Rain water harvesting can potentially benefit individual households and the Municipality by reducing the strain on the existing ground water resources. • Re-use of effluent from the waste water treatment works must be investigated against the cost and technical requirements.

Energy efficiency

All new developments should demonstrate their commitment to energy efficiency by introducing measures such as:

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• Water heating: Each residential unit provides for solar heated hot water cylinders, or the development as a whole could consider a heat-pump driven water heating system.

• Cooking: Each residential unit makes provision for use of gas for cooking purposes, and should comply with the required legislation for piping and gas cylinder storage.

• Air conditioning: The installation of air conditioners to be limited to a maximum of two 1.5kW units per residential unit. If possible, green building designs should be done to limit the need for heating in winter and cooling in summer through electricity.

• Under floor heating: Under floor heating with electricity should not be allowed. Under floor heating with water heated systems are allowed, provided that the water is not heated with electricity during peak consumption periods.

• Washing machines, tumble dryers and dishwashers: Washing machines, tumble dryers and dishwashers should preferably be operated in Eskom’s standard and off-peak time slots and not in peak time-slots.

• Lighting: Lighting could contain power factor corrected energy efficient lamps. A building management system could be installed to switch of lights automatically when shops or offices are empty.

• Street lighting: Street lighting could be done by means of energy efficient lighting.

• Alternative energy: Each connection to the conventional electrical grid should be supplemented with alternative energy sources inter alia , solar, gas and wind.

34 Land Use Management System Guidelines

Section 26(e) of the Municipal Systems Act, (Act 32 of 2000) stipulates that the Local Municipality should prepare a SDF which must include basic guidelines for a Land Use Management System (LUMS) as part of the IDP.

The purpose of this section is to set out guidelines for land use management in order to facilitate a better understanding of what is desired in terms of the SDF. These guidelines are fundamental to consider when an application is made for a change in land use or any new development.

Currently land use management in Karoo Hoogland is done in terms of scheme regulations (September 2005) prepared in terms of Section 36(1) of the Northern Cape Planning and Development Act, 1998, without clear land use management guidelines.

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The guidelines below shall inform land use management decisions taken by Karoo Hoogland Municipality and the adherence thereto shall be the combined responsibility of the municipality and relevant sector departments.

34.1 Environmental conservation

Development or any human intervention within these areas should adhere to the following guidelines:

• Effective veld management plans and practices, in particular around catchment areas located in the high-lying regions of the Roggeveld Mountain, are critical if sustainability of land use is to be achieved in Karoo Hoogland. • Associated land uses may include nature conservation, tourism development, stock farming with the implementation of grazing management guidelines, scientific research, religious ceremonies and environmental education. • Encourage the utilisation of the environment as an economic asset in order to promote and develop agri-, edu- and eco-tourism. • The incursion of alien plants along water courses is a major threat to the health of the ecosystem in Karoo Hoogland. This requires effective control and eradication strategies to mitigate the loss of water and ecosystem integrity. • The outcome of an Environmental Impact Assessment is important when mining development is considered. • Prevent the development of any uses with a negative environmental or visually degrading impact. • Environmentally significant areas with a high conservation value must be included into or proclaimed as statutory protected areas. • Reference has to be made to the Namakwa Biodiversity Sector Plan with respect to specific land use regulations. Further environmental guidelines:

34.1.1 Water bodies

• Dams and rivers that form part of the Water Supply System, or any water resource, should be managed in a sustainable way, especially when development or change in land use is envisaged. • Compliance with the requirements of the Department of Water Affairs, when developing around dams, alongside rivers or when crossing rivers or streams, is a prerequisite. • Proposed watercourse crossings must be placed in areas where the impact on the watercourse will be minimal. • In terms of the National Water Act 1998, no development shall be permitted below the 1:100 year flood line, to be determined by a professional engineer. • A 100m buffer for rivers was demarcated for non-perennial rivers due to the absence of flood line calculations.

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• Wetlands and perched water tables need to be identified and protected from being encroached on by development.

34.1.2 Topography

34.1.3 Geotechnical considerations

• From a geological perspective “no development areas” include areas affected by undermining, dolomite and areas where heaving clays are present. • Areas underlain by geology types not suitable for development must be excluded from development and included into a conservation zone or an open space system. • Any township development should be headed by a geotechnical investigation to determine if the soils are likely to cause foundation problems, especially when densification or multiple storey development is proposed which impact heavily on underlying soils.

34.2 Tourism development

Resort development in rural areas should be informed by the following basic guidelines:

• Availability of a resource (natural feature, i.e., hotwater spring, lake, river, or a feature with cultural historic value) and environmental opportunities and constraints are the most important criteria for the location of tourism development. • Such a resource must make the property favourable above any other property in the area, be worthwhile for holidaymakers to travel from afar and spend more than one day, be protected in the development of the resort through proper management and mitigating measures. • A resort and its resources must be inseparable and access thereto must be guaranteed. • The outcome of an Environmental Impact Assessment is important when resort development is considered. • Topography, soils, flood plains, vegetation and infrastructure are other factors that need consideration in the establishment of tourist facilities.

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• The land uses should be restricted to tourism activities and uses ancillary and complementary thereto. • A Site Development Plan approved by the Municipality involving the design and functional utilisation of the site. • Resort categories: - small: 1-10 units and floor area not more than 120m² (60m² in sensitive natural areas); - medium: 11-30 units and floor area not more than 120m² per unit (or up to 175m²) and total floor area of all buildings not more than 3600m²; and - large: 30-50 units. • Maximum floor areas recommended for other buildings in resorts are: - Bed and breakfast establishments/guest house = 350m² (5 bedrooms per unit); - Farm stalls: 100m²; and - Businesses: 150m² (shops), 250m² (restaurants). • Height of resort units should generally be restricted to 6.5m measured from the natural ground level to the apex of the roof.

34.3 Mining development

Development of these areas should adhere to the following development guidelines:

• Mining will be allowed only after the necessary consents from the Department of Mineral Resources have been obtained. • The outcome of an Environmental Impact Assessment is important when mining development is considered. • Housing for mine workers should be accommodated within the nearest existing urban areas/towns where social and economic infrastructure exists. • Mining development should be avoided in environmentally significant areas with high biodiversity value. • The application for mining rights should be accompanied by a Social and Labour Plan as prescribed in terms of the Minerals and Petroleum Resources Development Act, (Act 28 of 2002). • The provision of resorts or lodges on farms to provide for the housing needs of mine personnel should not be allowed. • The commercial use of farms for ancillary uses to mining industry should not be allowed.

34.4 Agricultural development

Developments within the agricultural zone should adhere to the following development guidelines:

• Livestock and game farming practices must comply with the grazing management guidelines developed for the Northern Cape.

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• Cultivated dry land or cultivated irrigation along river banks should be managed in a sustainable manner not to impact negatively on the biodiversity value of these areas. • The land uses should be restricted to agricultural and tourism activities and uses ancillary and complementary thereto. A Site Development Plan approved by the Municipality involving the design and functional utilisation of the site. • An Environmental Management Program, headed by an Environmental Impact Assessment, should be provided with every new development or change in land use. • Subdivision of farm portions will be allowed, subject to a subdivision policy of the Municipality, provided that the consent of the National Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Minister of Rural Development and Land Reform or the Municipality has been obtained first.

34.4.1 Agri-village

• The size of agri-villages need to be balanced with the agricultural potential of the land and also the sustainability of the settlement in terms of the provision of minimum standard of social and engineering infrastructure. • Accessibility to viable transportation options and main roads is a determining factor in the location of agri-villages. • The settlement of people not directly involved with the use of the resource should not be allowed. • The outcome of an EIA is also a key consideration in the establishment of agri-villages.

34.4.2 Agri-industry

The Municipality may grant its consent for an agricultural industry provided that:

• It is satisfied as to the desirability of the agricultural industry on the land unit in question. • The agricultural industry is subservient and ancillary to the dominant agricultural use of the property. • The agricultural industry does not adversely affect the agricultural potential of the property. • The area allocated for purposes of an agricultural industry shall be clearly identified on a plan prepared by a suitably qualified person to the Municipality’s satisfaction.

34.5 Residential

In order to achieve sustainable residential development, infill development should be prioritised, particularly in the areas demarcated for urban infill and densification in the Spatial Development Framework.

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34.5.1 Affordable housing

The following guidelines are presented for the location of affordable housing projects:

Availability of Bulk Services As a rule, bulk municipal services are available in or next to existing urban areas. This favours infill development and opposes urban sprawl as a form of urban development.

Ownership of Land Land already owned by the Municipality avoids the tedious and expensive purchase and transfer of private owned land for affordable housing development.

Access to Social Amenities and Economic Opportunities Affordable housing projects should be located close to existing social and economic nodes or close to planned socio-economic nodes.

Access to Public Transportation The aim is to place higher-density land uses, such as affordable housing, in a strip abutting public transport routes and in doing so, increasing access to the public transportation systems.

Integration of Urban Structure Affordable housing should contribute to the establishment of integrated, economically viable and sustainable communities.

Located within Urban Edge No affordable housing projects must be developed outside the urban edge.

34.6 Industrial

As far as industrial development is concerned the following general guidelines should be complied with:

• For commercial and industrial land, ideally, a slope of 1:200 or less is suitable. The alternative is an expensive cut and fills exercise for each commercial or industrial building. • Industrial/commercial developments generally require fairly large areas, with gentle slopes. • Easy access to road and/or rail transport is imperative when new areas are planned for industrial development. • Service industries and light industries may develop in close proximity to residential areas. • Existing industrial/commercial zoned land should be substantially filled up before new industrial/commercial areas are developed.

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• Noxious industries should not be developed in close proximity to residential areas. Specific areas should be delineated for this kind of land use in order to isolate the impact it might have on its surroundings with specific reference to the direction of prevailing winds, natural resources downstream, accessibility, infrastructure provision and handling of waste. • All industries must comply with environmental and health standard regulations.

34.7 cemeteries

The following general guidelines should inform the development of cemeteries:

• An EIA and geotechnical study is a prerequisite for the approval of a cemetery site. • Distance from access roads and from churches needs careful consideration. • Distance from water courses is important to consider in order to prevent the contamination of water. • Public amenities need to be provided at cemetery sites. • A reversion clause must be registered in the Title Deed that, should the property not develop as a cemetery within a specified time frame, the land will be used for agricultural purposes.

Upon identification of preferred sites, detailed studies need to be undertaken to confirm the suitability of the sites in terms of the topography, geology and environmental restrictions.

34.8 Open space

34.8.1 Primary open space network

A primary open space network will function on a regional scale and includes all significant natural/ecological assets of the Municipality, i.e., mountain ranges, proclaimed nature reserves, river environments, wetlands and biodiversity corridors. By protecting such areas, urban areas are prohibited to sprawl freely and are therefore forced into denser urban agglomerations.

34.8.2 Secondary open space network

A secondary open space network has a neighbourhood function and scale, and includes all open space, parks and sports facilities within neighbourhoods.

Guidelines for planning and design of open spaces:

• Smaller and fewer active open spaces that are reasonably developed and maintained are far more useful than a large number of active open spaces that are not.

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• Larger parks should be located in areas with no or limited access to natural amenities, i.e., mountains or coastlines. It should be evenly distributed and where possible, connected by parkways (±500m walking distance or 10 min). • Larger parks can be juxtaposed to, and incorporate, urban agriculture, fuel wood planting, solid waste disposal and nature conservation sites. • Smaller parks can be located within easy walking distance (i.e. ±300m) of workers situated within busy commercial and industrial centres in order to create contrasting space of relief, within predominantly residential areas to create easy surveillance of child-play spaces, and within school clusters, which create safe, shared playtime space (300m to 700m or 10min). • Larger sports fields should be located within clusters of schools and close to private sports clubs, in order to facilitate the sharing of amenities between different user groups and to avoid under utilisation. Schools can have allocated times of use during the day, while sports clubs can use the amenities mainly during the evening (±300m of school buildings and 500m to 1500m of other user groups). • Sports fields should be located close to public transport services, in order to facilitate the access of visiting teams. • Sports fields can be located on low-lying land adjacent to water courses and incorporated into parkways, in order to act as part of the major storm water management system in the event of storms.

35 Sector plan alignment

The Spatial Development Framework integrates all actions and interests that manifest in the physical environment.

The SDF must, together with the municipal development priorities and objectives, inform the operational strategies and plans of the different departments in the Municipality (such as infrastructure master plans, housing delivery plans, public transport plans and plans for the delivery of social and community services such as health and educational facilities). These sector plans then become implementation mechanisms for the Spatial Development Framework.

The following sector plans are considered relevant implementation mechanisms for the Spatial Development Framework:

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Table 49: Status of sector plans Plan or strategy In place/absent Status/date Comment Water Services To be aligned with SDF proposals and In place 2010 Development Plan projects

Local Economic To be aligned with SDF proposals and Absent Development Strategy projects

Comprehensive To be aligned with SDF proposals and Infrastructure Plan Absent projects (CIP) Integrated Transport To be aligned with SDF proposals and Absent Plan projects To be aligned with SDF proposals and Housing Plan Absent projects

Tourism Plan/Strategy In place Nov-02 Update and consider SDF proposals

To be aligned with SDF proposals and Energy Master Plan Absent projects

Disaster Management To be aligned with SDF proposals and Absent Plan projects

Integrated Waste To be aligned with SDF proposals and Absent Management Plan projects

Sector plans that have not been prepared for Karoo Hoogland have to consider the proposals and projects listed in the Spatial Development Framework. Existing sector plans have to be reviewed to make provision for the SDF proposals.

36 Monitoring tools

Municipalities should be committed to evaluating and monitoring the impact of their activities, services and results. Assessment of these activities and outcomes can then be communicated back to its stakeholders and into the organisation in order for them to continue to grow and adapt in ways that best suit their beneficiaries.

Karoo Hoogland Municipality should develop a Results Based Management (RBM) framework, upon which its monitoring and evaluation can be based. This will also assist it in planning, implementing and assessing its interventions in terms of the extent to which they achieve their projected results. Progress therefore can be tracked in terms of the types of results that can be generated by its interventions.

The proposed RBM model will seek to reach the ultimate outcome of achieving its mission “to become an economical growth node in the Northern Cape, earmarked by active community participation.

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Council must create an environment that will enhance economic development with specific focus on poverty alleviation and the creation of direct and indirect job opportunities. Residents will have direct access to basic minimum services and a culture of “pay for services’ must be promoted. Special focus on the development of life skills, infrastructure and education will add to economical growth. A safe and healthy environment must be ensured for the communities of Karoo Hoogland.” Intermediate outcomes will then focus on:

• Exploiting economic opportunities • Creating sustainable urban and rural settlements • Protecting the natural and built environment

The Municipality should monitor and evaluate the impact of its activities on intermediate outcomes through regular assessments of its interventions using interim surveys linked to its financial cycles. This will use measurement indicators, such as:

• Number of jobs created • Number of new businesses • Increase in turnover of existing businesses • Number of new or improved roads • Number of households receiving water • Number of tourists visiting the area, decreasing/increasing • Quality of the natural and built environment

Immediate outcomes will be evaluated in terms of why these outcomes are changing, what steps or actions were taken to achieve them and whether the desired output was achieved. This might include looking more closely at such things as:

• Number of development incentives provided and taken up by residents • Number of tourist events held in the region • Number of people involved in improving roads

Quantitative Monitoring

The Municipality should engage an independent auditor to assess its performance based on agreed indicators. The performance audit will focus on measurable performance indicators relating to progress on a bi-yearly basis. Where possible, data will be disaggregated by gender, age, race and income group.

Qualitative Monitoring

Qualitative feedback will be a continuous process. The Municipality should hold focus groups and community feedback sessions, prepare regular case studies relating its projects, its results and community perceptions.

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Reporting

The Municipality should report on its progress made towards the benchmarks set for each of its outputs and outcomes as described above either on a monthly or quarterly basis. It should provide the community with quarterly reports and one annual summary report per year.

37 Marketing strategy

A Spatial Development Framework (SDF) should indicate areas where strategic intervention is required and act as a marketing tool to promote the development of the region from a business, tourism and social responsibility perspective. Marketing of the SDF should be driven by the officials and stakeholders responsible for its delivery and should play a prominent role in all structures within the Municipality. In order to develop a proactive and programmatic approach, the first step should be to develop a SDF Committee that can help guide the dissemination of the information to the public and private sector.

37.1 Establishment of an SDF committee

In terms of the NSDP principles, it is an essential requirement that each official and decision- maker have a copy of the Spatial Development Framework and that the key Provincial Departments understand, support and are committed to the Municipality’s SDF. There must be a vertical alignment and synergy between local, provincial and national government in order to work towards the successful achievement of this SDF.

An SDF committee should be established within the province to ensure that it is communicated to the appropriate audiences of public institutions and private sector individuals and companies that may have an interest in its success. This would include those that may benefit in some way from the implementation of the SDF as well as those that may play a role as investors or facilitators of the projects or goals of the SDF. Thus, the committee should act to coordinate the interests of both internal and external stakeholders and beneficiaries.

The Committee should play a key role in supporting the establishment of structures aimed at promoting or facilitating the goals of the SDF. These may take the form as suggested below.

37.2 Establishment of a trade and investment agency or directorate

Namakwa District Municipality must seek to establish a trade and investment agency or directorate in order to align the Karoo Hoogland Municipality’s Macro Strategic Development Concept with other municipalities and to facilitate access to finance or development assistance.

This may include the following units:

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37.2.1 District business support unit

The District Municipality should create a local business support unit that can offer assistance in compiling business plans, gaining access to business skills and networking opportunities. The aim will be to promote the sustainability of local SMME and BEE companies by creating an enabling small businesses environment that can support their growth over time. The aim will be to promote SMEs to encourage further economic growth and job creation.

37.2.2 Proactive direct sector marketing

Where key issues and needs have been identified, it is important that each sector and national department be contacted and be made aware of these, so that funding can be utilised towards addressing these specific requirements. As each department has a budget and a mandate to support these initiatives, they would have to be made aware of it and this responsibility would rest on the District and Local Municipalities. The SDF must be utilised as a key decision making tool when prioritising projects and allocating budgets.

37.2.3 Marketing to other sources of funding

• State-Owned Enterprises, such as parastatal utility companies like Transnet, Eskom and Telkom that provide important services in support of economic growth and social development. In addition, there are a number of development finance institutions such as the Development Bank of South Africa (DBSA), Industrial Development Corporation (IDC), Land Bank, USAID and Khula that finance commercially viable economic development projects and social projects and programmes utilising a range of financial instruments.

• Private Financial Institutions support SME development through a range of financial products. In addition, Enterprise Development funds are increasingly available to enable SMME’s and BEE companies to access funding from private financial institutions.

• Donor Funding can be a source of funding for qualifying social development projects and programmes.

• Other Funding may include the National Empowerment Fund and the Umsobomvu Fund, tourism and conservation groups, or other corporate development (CSI) funds.

37.2.4 Marketing of agricultural produce

The SDF can provide a strategic marketing role in terms of giving direction to the promotion of the agricultural sector in Karoo Hoogland. This would be advantageous for emerging farmers and game farmers across the area. In addition, linkages with commercial farmers should be promoted to provide incentives to forge partnerships with smaller farmers and to help them take part in supply chain initiatives.

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37.3 Establishment of a Tourism Marketing Directorate or Agency

A tourism marketing directorate or agency should be established on district or regional level to assist local municipalities such as Karoo Hoogland in developing a marketing plan. The main thrust of a Municipality’s marketing plan, in particular as it relates to the SDF, should address the region’s strengths, which primarily reside in its natural resources, historical value and its people. Thus, much of the attention from outside comes from an interest in viewing the region through tourism, which means that each region must be marketed using the full strength of the region as a destination.

In the main, the Municipality must ensure that it can:

• Offer the best quality experiences to visitors, with a better understanding of what they are seeking; • Provide service of the highest quality. e.g., doing more than people expect; • Have excellent, prize winning guesthouses and other places for visitors; • Host region-wide programmes of events and festivals that celebrate the region’s historical, cultural and environmental diversity; • Have a productive, highly talented workforce; • Demonstrate through action that the people in the region really care for the environment and for the people who visit the region and its destinations; and • Generate economic and social benefits for communities and for the region as a whole by adding value to them through this strategy.

The main constraint to promoting tourism as a development catalyst is an inadequate marketing approach to the region as a whole. There is currently no website dedicated to area or the district and thus no clear direction in terms of what to do while visiting the area. Most international visitors to the country, and increasingly local tourists, use the internet to choose their preferred travel targets, or they rely on travel agents or tour operators to do this for them. Likewise, travel agents use the internet to make inquiries and to seek out unique packages for their clients. Local travelers also increasingly use the internet to choose their holidays around the country. Those regions with a pre-defined plan of activities and events are clearly the most popular.

There are therefore two targets:

• Those seeking travel possibilities through the internet; and • Travel agents and tour operators seeking destinations for their clients.

The role of a Marketing Plan is to make it easy for both to achieve their desired results. A destination must define what makes it distinctive in order to understand the best strategy to attract guests that will appreciate what the destination has to offer, while having a positive impact on the local economy and no negative impact on the natural and built environment. Incorporating the principles of sustainable tourism into an innovative niche marketing strategy will attract the desired guest, enhance the local economy and preserve the destination for future generations.

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37.3.1 Developing the plan

It is envisaged that such a process of developing a marketing plan for the region will require the following key steps:

1. Development of a website and corresponding activity loops; 2. Accreditation and alignment to build quality value:

• “Quali-mark” in conjunction with operators, which designates: i. a quality brand; ii. sector standards; and iii. an effective regional accreditation framework for tourism.

3. Specific recommendations include:

• Developing and implementing a single, integrated, effective quality standards and accreditation; • Developing a framework for regional tourism products and services; • Supporting and providing incentives for the adoption of these by operators, building a regional tourism quality brand; • Clarifying the relationship of the quality brand to other industry standards and quality marks.

4. Gathering, analysing and disseminating information about the fit between visitors’ expectations and their actual experience; 5. Benchmarking international tourism standards and service levels; and 6. Ensuring operators have the necessary capability building tools, training and assistance.

The first major driver of this strategy is increased productivity and a bigger market share within the region, there are three tourism strategy aims that support the delivery of this:

• Enhanced communication with the region’s visitors through a dedicated “Destination Marketing Tourism” website; • Higher levels of productivity and performance from the businesses operating in the visitor economy through a localised capacity building organisation; and • Improved products and higher quality experiences for all of the visitors to the region, which will be monitored and promoted through the Municipality.

The second major driver within this strategy underpins the first, that is, to grow the size and capability of the workforce, ensuring a higher proportion of those able to work are able to do so.

37.3.2 Strategic objectives

The strategic objectives described below are those things that need to be achieved in order to realize the strategic aims of the marketing plan.

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a) Improved Visitor Experience

‘Visitor experience’ objectives are to promote:

• Productivity • Performance • Quality • Accessibility

These can be achieved by helping businesses improve their performance and the quality of the products and services that they provide. At the same time, competition must be stimulated in order to overcome barriers to higher productivity, performance and quality.

Superior skills will be achieved by improving the skills of our workforce and the attractiveness of the sector as an employer.

Creating a sense of place will improve the public realm as well as the built and natural environment.

Signature projects will support and encourage projects that will transform the region’s appeal to visitors.

Signature events will support and encourage a programme of sustainable events of national and international significance.

The Municipality can play a role in addressing the structural and policy barriers to improving productivity and working with other regional bodies. It can also play a role of quality assurance by maintaining the standards of the industry through an agreed grading scheme. In this regard, only quality-inspected properties will be marketed to visitors on the public visitor information sites.

This will add value in terms of improving market intelligence and sharing this with businesses in a way that helps them to make good investment decisions that support the vision and aims of this strategy. A key focus will be on regional “routes” to support beacon businesses and the development of clusters that have potential for growth and improvement. b) Easy Access

The transport infrastructure is a fundamental part of the visitor economy. Both leisure and business visitors require roads that are easy to travel, well-marked and offer options for dining or refueling. An important contribution that can be directly delivered by the Municipality is to ensure that integrated, comprehensive route planning information is available.

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c) The “Attack Brand” Approach to Destination Marketing

The “Attack Brand” approach is about leading tourism promotion with what is strongest and has most appeal to visitors. The region has several attractions that can act as attack brands that are capable of attracting the attention and meeting the needs of significant numbers of the high spending visitors who are needed to grow the visitor economy. They are:

• Sutherland telescope and related developments • Corbelled houses and unique architecture • The unique cemeteries and “Tombstone Route”

The methodology that will be applied to develop this concept will be based on:

a) Identifying a comprehensive programme to improve service standards and the quality of the establishments that will support this strategy;

b) Identifying tourism routes, following the “Attack Brand” approach, where individual or special transport can help to grow regions successfully. The focus will be on both “day routes” and “thematic routes”. In this regard:

• Day visits are an important element of the visitor economy. Day visitors also sustain the infrastructure of attractions, restaurants, and shops that are essential elements in attracting overnight visitors. Local communities will be responsible for leading actions to grow the day visitor economy in their area. Tourism agents or the Municipality will be responsible for developing approaches to dispersing visitors across the region through promotion and information. • Thematic marketing recognises that many people are motivated by a particular activity or interest. It is also a useful mechanism to tie together a range of destinations and present them to the market. A number of themes are identified at the regional level as having market potential: these are Cultural Activities, Natural Environment, Eco-Tourism and Mining. At the sub-regional level the communities will identify those themes that have the best market opportunity. Communities may work together on marketing common themes. There are also opportunities for tourist boards to link together places under a thematic approach.

c) The creation of a Destination Marketing Website, which encompasses the above Attack Brand model.

Thus, the development of a marketing plan will need to include:

a) Stakeholder consultations, particularly among:

• Communities forming part of the regional approach to branding • Local tourism groups • Government and its agencies

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b) Research into Destination Marketing “Attack Brands”. This will include research into existing programs and events that may form part of the overall attraction to the region, including signature events and signature projects:

• Local running and hiking events • 4x4 and other adventure tourism events • Local development projects promoting the history of diamond mining in the area.

With heightened awareness of the area and the corresponding impact of its marketing plan, this should bolster the number of visitors to the area. Correspondingly, developments of an industrial or service nature will organically grow based on an increasing demand for goods and services. This will at the same time bring more attention to the SDF, its goals and objectives, and provide potential investors with a more compelling reason to invest in the area, based upon evidence of sustainable development principles.

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38 List of References

1. Agricultural Geo-Referenced Information System (AGIS), 2010, , viewed July 2010 2. Council for Geoscience 2010. Geology types. Pretoria 3. Department of Land Affairs, 2001. Land Use Management Bill, Pretoria 4. Department of Rural Development & Land Reform, 2009. Comprehensive Rural Development Programme 5. Department of Trade and Industry, 2006. Draft Regional Industrial Development Strategy 6. Department of Transport, 2007. Rural Transport Strategy for South Africa 7. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, 2010. Annual Rainfall Data. Pretoria 8. Destination Niche Marketing, A Sustainable Tourism Strategy, by Karen Raymore 9. Driver et al, 2003. Succulent Karoo Ecosystem Plan Biodiversity: Component Technical Report , March 2003 10. ISRDS, p.22 11. Karoo Hoogland Municipality, 2001. Karoo Hoogland IDP 2001- 2005 12. Karoo Hoogland Municipality, 2009. Karoo Hoogland Draft IDP 2009-2011 13. Karoo Hoogland Municipality, 2010. Karoo Hoogland Budget Speech, 2010/11 14. Karoo Hoogland Municipality, 2008. Karoo Hoogland Valuation Roll. 2008 15. Karoo Hoogland Municipality, www.karoohoogland.co.za – accessed June 2010 16. Namakwa District Municipality, 2008. Namakwa District Biodiversity Sector Plan. 2008 17. Namakwa District, Namakwa District Growth and Development Strategy 2009 18. Namakwa District, Namakwa District Integrated Development Plan 2006-11 19. Namakwa District Municipality, Namakwa District Local Economic Development Strategy 2009 20. Province of the Northern Cape, Provincial Growth and Development Strategy, 2004- 2014 21. Republic of South Africa, 2007. Astronomy Geographic Advantage Act (Act No. 21 of 2007). Cape Town 22. Republic of South Africa, 1996. Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996). Cape Town 23. Republic of South Africa, 2006. Draft Regional Industrial Development Strategy, June 2006 24. Republic of South Africa, 1998. Local Government Municipal Structures Act (Act 117 of 1998 25. Republic of South Africa, 2000. Local Government Municipal Systems Act (Act 32 of 2000). Cape Town 26. Republic of South Africa, 2001. Municipal Planning and Performance Management Regulations 27. Republic of South Africa, 1995. The Development Facilitation Act (Act 67 of 1995). Cape Town 28. Republic of South Africa, 1998. Transformation of Certain Rural Areas Act ( Act No. 94 of 1998) 29. Republic of South Africa, 1998. Northern Cape Planning and Development Act (Act 7 of 1998). Cape Town 30. Republic of South Africa, 2006. National Spatial Development Perspective. 31. Republic of South Africa, 1996. Growth, Employment and Redistribution: A Macroeconomic Strategy . Pretoria

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32. Republic of South Africa, 2000. Integrated Rural Development Strategy , November 2000 33. Department Of Land Affairs, 1997. Rural Development Framework, May1997. 34. Statistics South Africa, 2001. Census Data 35. Statistics South Africa, 2007. Community Survey 2007: Municipal Data on Household service , Statistics South Africa. Pretoria. 36. The Presidency, 2006. Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative for South Africa (AsgiSA). RSA 37. www.saexplore.co.za/south-africa/distance/travel distance calculator.asp – accessed July 20 38. CSIR, 2000, Guidelines for human settlement planning and design, CTP Book Printers (Pty) Ltd, Cape Town 39. Karoo Hoogland Municipality, 2001. Karoo Hoogland IDP 2001- 2005 40. Karoo Hoogland Municipality, 2009. Karoo Hoogland Draft IDP 2009-2010 41. Karoo Hoogland Municipality, 2010. Karoo Hoogland Budget Speech, 2010/11 42. Karoo Hoogland Municipality, 2002. Framework for the development of a Tourism industry in Karoo Hoogland , November. 2002 43. Karoo Hoogland Municipality, www.karoohoogland.co.za – accessed June 2010 44. Namakwa District Municipality, 2008. Namakwa District Biodiversity Sector Plan. 2008 45. Namakwa District Municipality, 2006. Namakwa District IDP 2006-2011 46. Republic of South Africa, 1998. Municipal Structures Act 117 of 1998. Cape Town 47. Republic of South Africa, 2000. Local Government: Municipal Systems Act (Act 32 of 2000). Cape Town 48. Republic of South Africa, 1998. White Paper on Environment Policy for South Africa, 14 May 1998. Cape Town 49. Republic of South Africa, 1994. Water Supply and Sanitation Policy White Paper: Water- an indivisible national asset, Nov 1994. Cape town 50. Statistics South Africa, 1996. Census Data 51. Statistics South Africa, 2001. Census Data 52. Statistics South Africa, 2007. Community Survey 2007: Municipal Data on Household service, Statistics South Africa . Pretoria. 53. World Health Organization, www.who.or.id – accessed June 2010 54. www.investorwords.com – accessed June 2010 55. www.investorwords.com – accessed June 2010 56. www.arcdictionary.com – accessed June 2010 57. www.unodc.org – accessed June 2010

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39 ANNEXURE A: CAPITAL EXPENDITURE FRAMEWORK

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40 ANNEXURE B: MAPS

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