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Reindeer Roundup! a K -12 Educator’S Guide to Reindeer in Alaska

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Reindeer Roundup! a K -12 Educator’S Guide to Reindeer in Alaska Reindeer Roundup! A K -12 Educator’s Guide to Reindeer in Alaska by Carrie Bucki with Greg Finstad and Tammy A. Smith Cover photo by Roy Corral. At 2 a.m., Seward Peninsula herders wait for the reindeer to be driven into the corral. © 2004 by the Reindeer Research Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks AFES Publication MP 2004-07, published in Fairbanks, Alaska, U.S.A. AFES Publications Office P.O. Box 757200 Fairbanks, AK 99775-7200 School of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences, and the Alaska Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station Copies of this publication may be downloaded from the AFES Publications website at http://www.uaf.edu/snras/afes/pubs/misc/index.html Reproduction allowed for educational purposes only not for resale For information on obtaining a Reindeer Roundup! Educational Kit, please contact the Reindeer Research Program at: http://reindeer.salrm.uaf.edu [email protected] 907.474.5449 (phone) 907.474.7175 (fax) or write to the attention of: Rhonda Wadeson, Reindeer Research Program, P.O. Box 757200 Fairbanks AK 99775-7200. Reindeer Roundup! A K-12 Educator’s Guide to Reindeer in Alaska Project Manager: Greg Finstad, Reindeer Research Program, School of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks. Author: Carrie Bucki, Reindeer Research Program, School of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks. Consultant: Tammy A. Smith, M.Ed., Fairbanks North Star Borough School District, Fairbanks, Alaska. Editing and Publication: Doreen Fitzgerald and Deirdre Helfferich, AFES Publications Office, School of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks. Table of Contents iv Acknowledgements v Preface vi Introduction 1 Reindeer, People, and Land 2 Where do Reindeer Come From? 3 Reindeer and Humans 8 Adaptations to the Arctic 12 What do Reindeer Eat? 16 Reindeer Behavior 20 Reindeer vs. Caribou 21 Concerns for Reindeer 27 Reindeer Research: Working to Preserve Alaska’s Reindeer Industry 31 Lesson Plans 32 1. Reindeer Herding in Alaska 49 2. Website Scavenger Hunt 53 3. Reindeer vs. Caribou 58 4. History of Reindeer in Alaska 61 5. Reindeer Numbers 64 6. Traditional Uses of Reindeer 74 7. Eskimo Ice Cream 77 8. Velvet Antlers 86 9. What Do Farmed Reindeer Eat? 93 10. How Much Do Reindeer Eat? 99 11. Hair Identification 104 12. Reindeer Rumen 107 13. Building a Radio and Transmitter 117 14. Creating a Reindeer Brochure 119 15. Reindeer Alphabet Book 123 16. Reindeer Bingo 137 17. Creating an Arctic Food Web 147 Extensions 148 18. Rangifer Tag 149 19. Thermal Regulation and Insulation ii Reindeer Roundup! 151 20. Reindeer: Cattle of the Arctic? 153 21. Reindeer Diorama 154 22. Recording Herding Culture 156 Glossary 160 For Further Study 160 Books 161 Children’s books 162 Audiovisual materials 163 Other reindeer- and education-related resources 164 Cross-Reference Indexes 164 Grade Index 166 Subject Index 167 Topic Index 168 Appendix A. Reindeer Roundup! Educational Kit Materials 170 Appendix B. Slide Indexes for PowerPoint Slide Shows on the Reindeer Visual Aids CD-ROM 170 Adaptations of Reindeer to Life in the Arctic 177 History of Reindeer in Alaska 184 Radio and Satellite Telemetry Reindeer Roundup! iii Acknowledgements This project is the culmination of years of hard work and dedication by many individuals. Their efforts are appreciated and do not go unnoticed. The author and project manager thank the staff at the University of Alaska Fairbanks Reindeer Research Program for support and assistance with materials collection: Rob Aikman, Darrell Blodgett, Robert van Buuren, Randy Fulweber, Rhonda Wadeson, and Suzanne Worker. Thanks go to Larry Davis, Carl Emmons, Rose Fosdick, Dan Karmun, Knut Kielland, Heather Oleson, Kumi Rattenbury, William Schneider, Tim Smith, and Suzanne Worker for workshop lectures present- ed to educators in Fairbanks and/or Nome. Your specialized knowledge and expertise was vital for the workshops’ success. The participants in the UAF Reindeer Curriculum Development Workshops held in both Fairbanks and Nome developed many of the ideas and some of the individual lesson plans presented in this book. Their enthusiasm motivated us to incorporate many of their ideas in this product. The participants included: Linnea Baker, Josephine Bourdon, Lisa Carlson, Annie Conger, Leslie Disbrow, Karen Dullen, Bruce Gard, Paula Gelineau, Heidi Imhof, Marilyn Janke, Urtha Lenahrr, Mary Maisch , Robart Marok, Joe Ortis, Julie Ortis, Dixie Ostland, Janice Ott, Mike Lee, Jim Lokken, Jane Sandstrom, Besty Smith, Rita Smith, Tim Smith, Eric Stone, Jeanne Turner, Richard Wolf. Special thanks are due to Dr. Carol Lewis, director and dean of the University of Alaska Fairbanks School of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences; her support for our vision of a reindeer edu- cational outreach program has been tremendous. An extra handful of lichen goes to the reindeer Elsa, who has assisted her caretakers in sharing the wonders of reindeer with students of all ages over the past five years. Unless noted, all photos and graphics in this book were taken or created by the UAF Reindeer Research Program. The historical photos presented here were taken from the following publications: Arctic Exodus: The Last Great Trail Drive by Dick North; Where Did the Reindeer Come From? Alaska Experience, the First Fifty Years by Alice Postell; The Yukon Relief Expedition and the Journal of Carl Johan Sakariassen edited by V.R. Rausch and D.L. Baldwin; Longest Reindeer Herder by Chester Seveck; and Reading, Religion, and Reindeer: Sheldon Jackson’s Legacy to Alaska by Elizabeth Tower. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation (project number OPP-9979473) and the Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service, U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, under special project number 2001-38426-11488, and supported by the University of Alaska Fairbanks, and the UAF College of Rural Alaska. iv Reindeer Roundup! Preface Reindeer have played a strong role in shaping Alaska history, particularly along the western coast. Alaska Natives and others have been raising reindeer for over one hundred years, both behind fence and on large, remote grazing areas. Reindeer are well adapted to thrive in northern climates and have provided meat, hides, antlers, and many other useful products to Alaskans. As an economic resource for rural Alaska, this industry has largely been obscure, even to many Alaska residents. The Reindeer Research Program (RRP), School of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks has a mission to further develop and promote the production of reindeer in Alaska through research and collaboration with producers and local communities. The RRP Educational Outreach Program began in 1998 in local schools in Nome and Fairbanks for all grade levels. The program is designed to teach students science and math, along with Alaska history, Alaska Native culture, economics, renewable resource use, and sustainable agriculture, using the context of the reindeer industry. By integrating region-specific information and knowledge with conventional disciplines, the program augments conventional school curriculums. Reindeer Roundup! is the response to countless requests received by the RRP to visit classrooms and present information on reindeer in Alaska. It was developed in part using lesson plans written by Nome and Fairbanks teachers who attended our reindeer education workshops. We wanted to produce a unit that uses Alaska’s reindeer industry as a working model to study the management of a sustainable natural resource in a northern ecosystem, a model that would broaden the curriculum and expose students to applied science. Reindeer are an excellent medium to study the characteristics of tundra ecosystems and adaptations of animals living in the Arctic. There are many excellent educational materials available on caribou, but Reindeer Roundup! is unique to the culture and history of Alaska. Through this educator’s guide, we hope that regional knowledge will be incorporated into the Alaska curriculum and the pedagogic scope of Alaska schools expanded. Throughout this project we have realized the benefit of university researchers and scientists working with local educators and people in the community to teach future generations to preserve and continue a traditional way of life in rural Alaska. Greg Finstad, Program Manager Carrie Bucki, Educational Outreach Coordinator Reindeer Research Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks Reindeer Roundup! v Introduction We hope that you, the educator, will find this book interesting, informative, and user-friendly. This section describes the features of this book and the Reindeer Roundup! Educational Kit. The Reindeer, People, and Land section contains factual background information about reindeer and how they interact with their Alaska environment. It is an overview that can be used for some basic research. Topics include arctic ecology, reindeer history, biological adaptations, behavior, disease, current research, and applied programs. The Lesson Plans and Extensions sections contain twenty-two activities that cover a wide range of subjects and grade levels. While most lessons were written for elementary and middle school students, many lessons can be used as an introductory lesson for older students, or be enhanced and developed for more rigorous study. Each lesson contains information on grade level, subject, duration, and performance objectives.
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