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East European Security Revisited: Institutions, Power, and Security Blagovest Tashev Old Dominion University

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East European Security Revisited: Institutions, Power, and Security Blagovest Tashev Old Dominion University Old Dominion University ODU Digital Commons Graduate Program in International Studies Theses & Graduate Program in International Studies Dissertations Spring 2002 East European Security Revisited: Institutions, Power, and Security Blagovest Tashev Old Dominion University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/gpis_etds Part of the Defense and Security Studies Commons, Eastern European Studies Commons, International Law Commons, and the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Tashev, Blagovest. "East European Security Revisited: Institutions, Power, and Security" (2002). Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), dissertation, International Studies, Old Dominion University, DOI: 10.25777/zt1f-6162 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/gpis_etds/97 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Program in International Studies at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Program in International Studies Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EAST EUROPEAN SECURITY REVISITED: INSTITUTIONS, POWER, AND SECURITY by Blagovest Tashev B.A. December 1989, St. Kliment Ohridski University M.A. December 1991, St. Kliment Ohridski University M.A. December 1997, Old Dominion University A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Old Dominion University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY INTERNATIONAL STUDIES OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY May 2002 Approved by: Donald J. Zeigler (Director) Daniel N. Nelson (Member) Regina C^. (Membe Austin Jersild (Member) Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT EAST EUROPEAN SECURITY REVISITED: INSTITUTIONS, POWER. AND SECURITY Blagovest Tashev Old Dominion University, 2001 Director: Dr. Donald J. Zeigler Drawing on the literatures on democratization, security studies, and small states this dissertation explores the relationship of small states’ domestic and international institutionalization and their security. Small states have limited power not only to affect their environment but also to guarantee national security. Small states, it is hypothesized, enhance their security through the consolidation of domestic institutions and the accumulation of capacities provided by their participation in capacity-reach international institutions. The dissertation tests the hypothesis by applying the comparative method to the post-communist states of Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, and Lithuania. The three case studies analyze the effects of domestic institution-building and integration in international institutions on the security of each state. The study analyzes the policies that the three states applied in the last ten years after the collapse of communism, which led to a profound transformation of their national security. The most important finding of this dissertation is that the security of each of the states was determined not only by external factors, traditionally identified by realist approaches, but also by domestic factors. States that were able to quickly consolidate their political institutions were able to achieve not only a greater degree of integration in international institutions but also a greater level of security. Hence, states' attempts to enhance their security should not only seek formal alliances and integration in powerful Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. international institutions but also a domestic institutional strength that would enable the state to achieve a further international integration and a greater capacity to address what the population perceives as security threats, both domestic and external. Thus, the security of small states is best achieved not only by attaining traditional security guarantees, i.e. alliances, but also by strengthening domestic institutions. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are many people who provided me with support, guidance, and encouragement throughout my studies at Old Dominion University. I would like to thank Dr. Donald J. Zeigler who made everything possible to ease the completion of this study. I express special gratitude to Dr. Daniel N. Nelson, a true friend and mentor, for our numerous conversations and polemics and everything he has done for me. Special thanks go to Dr. Regina C. Karp who encouraged me to think critically and for introducing me to international relations theory. Thanks to Dr. Simon Serfaty whose courses were an inspiration in social and political inquiry. My special thanks to Dr. Robin Remington (University of Missouri) for her invaluable help during my first year in the US. and for her unending support and encouragement during my years in graduate school. I am grateful to my parents and sister for believing in me and encouraging me to pursue my dreams. I am especially grateful to my wife Michelle who not only provided inspiration and encouragement but also tirelessly edited every page of this dissertation. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................... I II. PREVIOUS RESEARCH ON STATE SECU RITY ..................................... 23 III. RESEARCH D ESIG N ......................................................................................... 38 IV. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DOMESTIC INSTITUTIONALIZATION............................................................................70 V. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION................................................................................................ 144 VI. DEPENDENT VARIABLE SECURITY......................................................218 VII. CONCLUSION................................................................................................... 280 BIBLIOGRAPHY..........................................................................................................................296 VITA ...............................................................................................................................................326 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Trust in Civil and Political Institutions ......................................................................... 141 2 Satisfaction with Development of Democracy ...........................................................141 3 Approval of the Creation of Market Economy ........................................................... 141 4 Approval of Current Regime .......................................................................................... 142 5 Approval of Future Regime ............................................................................................ 142 6 Approval of Former Communist Regime .....................................................................142 7 Approval of Restoring Communist Regime ............................................................... 143 8 Approval of Military Rule ...............................................................................................143 9 Approval of the Direction of Country ............................................................................143 10 Respect for Human Rights in the Country ................................................................... 143 11 Approval of a Strong Leader, Ruling Without Parliament ...................................... 144 12 Trade with the European Union .....................................................................................216 13 Foreign Direct Investment .............................................................................................. 216 14 Cumulative Foreign Direct Investment Per Capita. 1989-2000 ...............................216 15 Public Approval of Membership in NATO ................................................................ 217 16 Public Approval of Membership in the European Union ........................................217 17 Military Budgets as Percentage of GDP ...................................................................... 277 18 Perceived Threat from Ethnic Minorities in the Country ........................................277 19 U nem ploym ent .................................................................................................................. 277 20 Inflation ..............................................................................................................................277 21 Infant Mortality Rates ...................................................................................................... 278 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. vii 22 Life Expectancy at Birth .................................................................................................278 23 Human Development Index ...........................................................................................278 24 Death Rate Caused by Homicide. Injury. Purposely Inflicted by Other Person and Other Violence ..............................................................................
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