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Mountain Warfare and Cold Weather Operations

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Mountain Warfare and Cold Weather Operations ATP 3-90.97 Mountain Warfare and Cold Weather Operations APRIL 2016 Headquarters Department of the Army This publication is available at Army Knowledge Online (https://armypubs.us.army.mil/doctrine/index.html). To receive publishing updates, please subscribe at http://www.apd.army.mil/AdminPubs/new_subscribe.asp ATP 3-90.97 Army Techniques Publication Headquarters No. 3-90.97 Department of the Army Washington, DC, Mountain Warfare and Cold Weather Operations Contents Page PREFACE............................................................................................................... v INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. vii Chapter 1 THE ENVIRONMENT ......................................................................................... 1-1 Present Imperative for Mountain Doctrine .......................................................... 1-1 Mountainous Environment .................................................................................. 1-2 Cold Environment ............................................................................................... 1-3 Influence of Oceans and Land Masses .............................................................. 1-5 Terrain Characteristics ....................................................................................... 1-5 Terrain Analysis .................................................................................................. 1-7 Cold Weather Characteristics ............................................................................. 1-8 Mountain Classifications ................................................................................... 1-12 Weather ............................................................................................................ 1-13 Chapter 2 INTELLIGENCE ................................................................................................. 2-1 Plan and Direct ................................................................................................... 2-1 Collect ................................................................................................................. 2-2 Produce .............................................................................................................. 2-3 Disseminate ........................................................................................................ 2-3 Analyze and Assess ........................................................................................... 2-3 Chapter 3 OPERATIONS .................................................................................................... 3-1 Planning Considerations ..................................................................................... 3-1 Mission Command Considerations ..................................................................... 3-1 The Offense ....................................................................................................... 3-2 Offensive tasks ................................................................................................... 3-3 Forms of Maneuver ............................................................................................ 3-6 The Defense ...................................................................................................... 3-7 Mobile Defense ................................................................................................... 3-9 Area Defense ...................................................................................................... 3-9 Distribution Restriction: Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. i Contents Reverse Slope Defense .................................................................................... 3 - 10 Retrograde ........................................................................................................ 3 - 10 Stability Operations ........................................................................................ 3-11 Civil Considerations .......................................................................................... 3-11 Operational Advantages and Disadvantages ................................................... 3-11 Chapter 4 MANEUVER AND MOVEMENT ......................................................................... 4-1 Air Movement ...................................................................................................... 4-1 Mounted Movement ............................................................................................ 4-1 Dismounted Movement ....................................................................................... 4-3 Reconnaissance and Surveillance ...................................................................... 4-9 Chapter 5 ENGINEERING ................................................................................................... 5-1 Organization ........................................................................................................ 5-1 Mobility ................................................................................................................ 5-2 Counter-Mobility .................................................................................................. 5-4 Survivability ......................................................................................................... 5-5 General Engineering ........................................................................................... 5-6 Chapter 6 SUSTAINMENT .................................................................................................. 6-1 General Planning Considerations ....................................................................... 6-1 Supply ................................................................................................................. 6-3 Chapter 7 AVIATION ........................................................................................................... 7-1 Planning Considerations ..................................................................................... 7-1 Reconnaissance .................................................................................................. 7-2 Air Assault Support ............................................................................................. 7-4 Electronic Warfare ............................................................................................... 7-7 Offensive Air Support Planning Considerations .................................................. 7-8 Aviation Ground Support Planning Considerations .......................................... 7-10 Aviation Logistic Support in a Mountainous Environment Planning Considerations .................................................................................................. 7-10 Chapter 8 FIRES .................................................................................................................. 8-1 Organization for Artillery ..................................................................................... 8-1 Movement and Positioning .................................................................................. 8-1 Acquisition and Observation ............................................................................... 8-3 Survey Operations .............................................................................................. 8-5 Targeting ............................................................................................................. 8-5 Munitions ............................................................................................................. 8-6 Mortars ................................................................................................................ 8-7 Air Support .......................................................................................................... 8-7 Naval Surface Fires............................................................................................. 8-8 Nonlethal effects ................................................................................................. 8-8 Inormation Operations ........................................................................................ 8-8 Fire Support Coordination Measures .................................................................. 8-9 Artillery Logistics ................................................................................................. 8-9 Small Arms ........................................................................................................ 8-10 Ground Based Air Defense Considerations ...................................................... 8-11 ii ATP 3-90.97 Contents Chapter 9 COMMUNICATIONS .......................................................................................... 9-1 Planning Considerations ..................................................................................... 9-1 Requirements Identification ................................................................................ 9-1 Communications Systems Comparison ............................................................. 9-2 Chapter 10 TRAINING CONSIDERATIONS ...................................................................... 10-1 Military Mountaineering Skill Sets .................................................................... 10-1 Northern Warfare Training Center ...................................................................
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