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Mulheres Zapatistas: Poderes E Saberes

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Mulheres Zapatistas: Poderes E Saberes UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JULIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” FFC – CAMPUS DE MARÍLIA PRISCILA DA SILVA NASCIMENTO Mulheres zapatistas: poderes e saberes . Uma análise das reivindicações das mulheres indígenas mexicanas na luta por seus direitos – anos 1990. Marília 2012 PRISCILA DA SILVA NASCIMENTO Mulheres zapatistas: poderes e saberes . Uma análise das reivindicações das mulheres indígenas mexicanas na luta por seus direitos – anos 1990. Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Sociais – UNESP, campus de Marília para obtenção de título de Mestre em Ciências Sociais. Linha de Pesquisa: Cultura, Identidade e Memória. Orientadora: Profª. Drª. Lídia Maria Vianna Possas. Marília 2012 Nascimento, Priscila da Silva. N244m Mulheres zapatistas : poderes e saberes : uma análise das reivindicações das mulheres indígenas mexicanas na luta por seus direitos – anos 1990 / Priscila da Silva Nascimento. – Marília, 2012. 187 f. ; 30 cm. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências Sociais) – Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências , 2012. Bibliografia: 172 - 187. Orientador: Lídia Maria Vianna Possas . 1. Mulheres indígenas – México, 1994-2000. 2. Movimento zapatista. 3. Movimentos sociais. 4. Identidade. 5. Papéis de gênero. I. Autor. II. Título. CDD 305.488 PRISCILA DA SILVA NASCIMENTO Mulheres zapatistas: poderes e saberes . Uma análise das reivindicações das mulheres indígenas mexicanas na luta por seus direitos – anos 1990. Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ciências Sociais – UNESP, campus de Marília para obtenção de título de Mestre em Ciências Sociais. Linha de Pesquisa: Cultura, Identidade e Memória. Orientadora: Profª. Drª. Lídia Maria Vianna Possas. Local e data de aprovação: BANCA EXAMINADORA ________________________________ Profª. Drª. Lídia Maria Vianna Possas. Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP / Marília ________________________________ Prof. Dr. Antonio Mendes da Costa Braga Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP / Marília ________________________________ Profª. Drª. Andrea Borelli Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul – UNICSUL/São Paulo SUPLENTES ________________________________ Profª. Drª. Rosângela de Lima Vieira Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP / Marília ________________________________ Prof. Dr. Célio José Losnak Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP / Bauru Dedico este trabalho ao homem que sempre, incondicionalmente, me apoiou em tudo o que eu acreditei mesmo que no minuto seguinte eu estivesse errada; que sempre tem uma palavra de conforto mesmo em meio às mais violentas tempestades e contradições da vida; que foi mãe e pai brilhantemente; ao homem que, em toda a sua simplicidade, me ensinou e continua me ensinando muito sobre a vida: meu pai, Messias Germano do Nascimento. AGRADECIMENTOS Primeiramente agradeço a minha pequena família, meu pai e minha irmã Adriana da Silva Nascimento pela compreensão e apoio em meus projetos mesmo quando eles me levavam para longe deles. Ao meu companheiro – no sentido mais pleno da palavra – Kiko, pela paciência, atenção e contribuições reflexivas que me ajudaram a concluir este trabalho. À uma convivência inegavelmente rica, intensa, que somam seis anos de muito carinho e de muitas aventuras. Aos meus amigos Roberta Sanches Stancato, Edilea Zacarias, Mildo Ferreira e aos amigos que fiz durante o tempo que cursei a graduação, em especial a Marcia Machado, e no mestrado na Unesp de Marília por me apoiarem, me encorajarem e torcerem pelo meu futuro. À professora Lídia Maria Viana Possas pelo cultivo de um livre exercício de reflexão que contribuiu imensamente para o meu aprimoramento pessoal. Agradeço ainda a CAPES por disponibilizar uma bolsa de pesquisa que financiou meus estudos durante o ano de 2011. RESUMO O movimento zapatista, desde o seu início na década de 1980, tem demonstrado a presença de espaços para tratar da questão da mulher indígena como podemos aferir em seus pronunciamentos, que evidenciam uma singular preocupação por seus direitos e revisão de papéis de gênero no cotidiano das comunidades indígenas. Podemos observar ainda o posicionamento nas reflexões e ações empreendidas pelas mulheres zapatistas que, ao proporem uma ressignificação de práticas culturais, provocam transformações na realidade excludente e desigual que segrega e diferencia as mulheres indígenas. Com isto, o objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar as reivindicações e as transformações ocorridas na experiência das mulheres indígenas zapatistas nos seis primeiros anos de visibilidade do movimento (1994 – 2000) e apreender as singularidades que o cercam como um espaço de interesse de atuação dessas mulheres. Para tal realizamos uma análise das experiências das mulheres zapatistas através de documentos e resoluções de encontros indígenas ocorridos na década de 1990 elaborados por elas ou com a sua participação. Palavras-chave: Mulheres indígenas; Movimento zapatista; Identidade; Papéis de gênero. ABSTRACT The zapatista movement, since its inception in the 1980s, has demonstrated the presence of places to address the issue of indigenous women – as we can assess in their pronouncements, which show a unique concern with their rights and for a review of gender roles in the routine of indigenous communities. We can also observe the placement on the reflections and actions taken by the zapatistas women that, when proposing a reinterpretation of cultural practices, cause changes in exclusionary and unequal reality that segregates and differentiates indigenous women. With this, the objective of this research is identify the demands and transformations that have occurred in the experience of the indigenous zapatista women in the first six years of visibility of the movement (1994 - 2000) and to conceive the peculiarities that surround it as an area of interest of these women’s work. To perform that analysis, we conducted a research about zapatista's experiences through documents and resolutions of indigenous meetings occurred in the 1990s produced by themselves or with their participation. Keywords: Indigenous women, Zapatista movement, Identity, Gender roles. SUMÁRIO Introdução .................................................................................................................. 9 1 A emergência da questão indígena em nível internacional e nacional e a configuração de um movimento organizado de mulheres indígenas no México ...................................................................................................................... 28 1.1 Reconhecimento dos direitos dos povos indígenas na esfera internacional ...... 29 1.2 A temática indígena nos debates acadêmicos.................................................... 35 1.3 A política indigenista do Estado mexicano.......................................................... 40 1.4 Movimento indígena e de mulheres indígenas.................................................... 49 2 As mulheres indígenas zapatistas e suas reivindicações nos anos 1990 ........................................................................................................................... 70 2.1 A história do movimento zapatista e a atuação de suas mulheres .................... 70 2.2 A vida das mulheres nas comunidades indígenas de Chiapas .......................... 83 2.3 A participação das mulheres dentro do movimento zapatista ............................ 88 2.4 Entendendo as reivindicações das mulheres zapatistas na década de 1990..... 93 2.4.1 Alimentação ................................................................................................... 107 2.4.2 Casamento, filhos e sexualidade ................................................................... 109 2.4.3 Educação ....................................................................................................... 114 2.4.4 Representatividade ........................................................................................ 119 2.4.5 Saúde ............................................................................................................ 120 2.4.6 Terra .............................................................................................................. 123 2.4.7 Trabalho ........................................................................................................ 126 2.4.8 Violência contra a mulher .............................................................................. 130 3 Mulheres indígenas zapatistas e a perspectiva de um feminismo indígena .................................................................................................................. 138 Considerações finais ............................................................................................ 168 Referencias ............................................................................................................ 172 INTRODUÇÃO El zapatismo no sería lo mismo sin sus mujeres rebeldes y nuevas. Las mujeres indias también hemos levantado nuestra voz y decimos: “Nunca más un México sin nosotras. Nunca más una rebelión sin nosotras” Comandante Ramona (apud MARCOS, 1997) 1 Um dos vícios que tem obscurecido em maior medida a compreensão adequada das instituições políticas, propostas e demandas das mulheres indígenas na atualidade tem sido a tentativa de revisitar o passado pré-hispânico. Na prática, esta perspectiva tem produzido uma equivocada construção de modelos analíticos que escassamente apreendem a complexa trama de relações e conflitos na qual estas mulheres estão inseridas. Em muitos estudos que visam
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