www.rersearch-chronicler.com Research Chronicler ISSN-2347-503X International Multidisciplinary Research journal Research Chronicler A Peer-Reviewed Refereed and Indexed International Multidisciplinary Research Journal Volume III Issue I: January – 2015
CONTENTS Sr. No. Author Title of the Paper Download 1 Prakash Chandra Pradhan Political Context of V.S. Naipaul’s Early 3101PDF Novels: Identity Crisis, Marginalization and Cultural Predicament in The Mystic Masseur, The Suffrage of Elvira and The Mimic Men 2 Dr. Shivaji Sargar & The Ecofeminist Approach in Alice Walker’s 3102PDF Moushmi Thombare The colour Purple 3 Dr. Anuradha Re-Reading of Shange’s for colored girls 3103PDF Nongmaithem who have considered suicide when the rainbow is enuf 4 A. Anbuselvi Dysfunctional family and Marriages in Anne 3104PDF Tyler’s Novel 5 Deepanjali Mishra Impact of Sociolinguistics in Technical 3105PDF Education 6 Dr. Pooja Singh, Dr. Girl, Boy or Both: My Sexuality, My Choice 3106PDF Archana Durgesh & Ms. Tusharkana Majumdar 7 Vasanthi Vasireddy Akhila’s Escape to Kanyakumari – a Travel 3107PDF in Search of ‘Self’ 8 Dr. Laxman Babasaheb Social Consciousness in Early Dalit Short 3108PDF Patil Stories 9 Sushree Sanghamitra Corporate Governance Codes in India- A 3109PDF Badjena Critical Legal Analysis 10 Dr. Ashok D. Wagh The Role of Budgeting in Enhancing 3110PDF Genuineness and Reliability in Financial Administration in Colleges of Thane District 11 Sushila Vijaykumar Consciousness-Raising in Thirst 3111PDF 12 L.X. Polin Hazarika Influence of Society on Assamese Poetry 3112PDF 13 Dr. Archana Durgesh & Reading Women and Colonization: Revenge 3113PDF Ajay Kumar Bajpai 14 Sachidananda Saikia Mahesh Dattani’s ‘On a Muggy Night in 3114PDF Mumbai’: A Critique on Heterosexuality
Volume III Issue I: January 2015 Editor-In-Chief: Prof. K.N. Shelke www.rersearch-chronicler.com Research Chronicler ISSN-2347-503X International Multidisciplinary Research journal 15 Nandini Sharma & Theatre and Phenomenology: Beckett’s 3115PDF Dr. V. Premlata Waiting for Godot within the Apparatus of Merleau Ponty’s Phenomenology of Perception 16 Mr. Suresh D. Sutar Ted Hughes’ Crow’s First Lesson: An Eco- 3116PDF critical Study 17 Goutam Karmakar A Study of Margaret Atwood and Her Poetic 3117PDF World 18 Dr. Ambreen Safder Havoc of Western Culture on Indian 3118PDF Kharbe Immigrants: A Study of Manju Kapur’s The Immigrant 19 Dr. Raja Ram Singh Ethnic Identity of Bagri caste: A Sociological 3119PDF Analysis
1 Hossein Sheikhzadeh Bāgādh, the Lizard - A Balochi Story 3120PDF
1 Dr. Chandra Shekhar On the 30th Anniversary of Bhopal Gas 3121PDF Sharma Tragedy
Volume III Issue I: January 2015 Editor-In-Chief: Prof. K.N. Shelke www.rersearch-chronicler.com Research Chronicler ISSN-2347-503X International Multidisciplinary Research journal
Influence of Society on Assamese Poetry L.X. Polin Hazarika Research Scholar, Department of Assamese, Dibrugarh University, (Assam) India
Abstract Literature has been considered as a mirror to society. It carries the essence of the society. The contemporary social, economic, political and cultural changes had played a crucial role in shaping up the literary scenario of late nineteenth century Assam. The works of notable Assamese poets such as, Anandaram Agarwalla, Lakshminath Bezbaroa, Hemchandra Goswami, Nalinibala Devi, Ganesh Gogoi, Devakanta Boruah carry the spirit of this glorious period of history of Assamese literature. Key Words: social background, romantic poetry, nineteenth century, patriotism, Bengal Renaissance, western education Key Words: contemporary social, Assamese, literary scenario.
1.1 Introduction: take a prominent role in the psychological Literature is a social evidence and make-up of man of that particular society testimony. Being a social creature, human which is expressed through literature. It is depicts his thought about the social true that literature may not carry the full situations and systems in his literary picture of the society but it can provide a creation. The economic, cultural and concise view and carry the essence of the political conditions of a society serve as society. causes in the creation of literature. Society 1.2 Objective and Methodology: serves both the manner and matter to The chief objective of the paper is to study literature. Hence, literature is considered as the r social influences on Assamese poetry a mirror of the society. The study of the with a specific focus on romantic period of relation between literature and society later nineteenth century. To achieve the brings into light that society provides objective analytical method has been applied necessary motifs, themes, subject matters, in the paper. Besides, historical, descriptive forms and styles in the creation of literature. and introductory methods have also been Every society of a period has a spirit of its applied wherever feels necessary. own. The spirit of the age is determined by 2.1 The Analysis: the geographic environment, natural calamities, demographic changes, racial The observation of the social background of structure, economic production, trade and Assamese Romantic poetry reveals three commerce, war, communication and major factors working behind its administration of a society. These factors development. They are: spread of British
Volume III Issue I: January 2015 (102) Editor-In-Chief: Prof. K.N. Shelke www.rersearch-chronicler.com Research Chronicler ISSN-2347-503X International Multidisciplinary Research journal imperialism and new social structure, the British administration. Later, in 1857 during coming of the American Baptist the sepoy mutiny Maniram Dewan was also missionaries and rise of the middle class and moved by the thought of removal of British Bengal Renaissance and access to western administration from Assam and restore of a education. Āhom king. But, he was caught red handed and later hanged on along with Piyoli During the nineteenth century mainly for political reason a new type of economy and Boruah, another revolutionist. social life was developed in Assam. In the After the advent of the British power in mean time the Āhom rule had gone into the Assam a large number of people migrated hands of the British, sequel to the Yandaboo from the nearby areas of the province. The Treaty on 24th February, 1826. The immigrants of this period are divided into introduction of new administration had two groups: the first one is immigrants from brought many changes to social, political the Bengal presidency who came for and economic areas. At the initial phase the cultivation in the wasteland and the other is newly introduced British administration was immigrants from distant areas coming for cherished by the common people of Assam. trade and commerce. People from Bengal Till 1826, the Burmese had invaded Assam viz Dacca (Dhaka), Mymensing, Rangpur for three times in 1816, 1819 and 1824, chiefly came to work as āmlāhs (officials), which caused a tremendous loss of the traders, boat men and khālāsī. Immigrants political, economical and social from Bihar worked as constables, domestic infrastructure of Assam. They snatched workers, masons, earth- cutters, carters, away the wealth of common people, burnt cobblers, fishermen and boatmen. As down villages, burnt down human alive and McCosh reported, in 1837 a good number of did inhumane brutality which resulted in a Mārwārīs settled in Assam for trading. The psychological break down of the people. Mārwārīs acted as money changers, bankers The Assamese people, therefore, considered and agents of the tea garden managers. A the British rule as a boon that saved them few immigrants belonged to the Punjabi from the cruelty of Burmese expedition. The community worked as contractors, British administration had introduced a new carpenters and skilled mechanics in railways tax system in lieu of the former pāik system. and tea gardens in Upper Assam. Moreover, But, the new tax system turned to be a the scarcity of labourers to work in the nuisance for the common people. Under the gardens of Sadiya, Chabua, Deenjoy and new administration some of the former Keyhung made it necessary to bring Āhom ministers found respectable positions, labourers from densely populated areas of but many of them lost their earlier ranks. Bihar, Odisha and Madras. In 1891, The deprive gentry who had lost their approximately 4, 23,199 immigrants were former ranks became disappointed. This found working in the tea- gardens of Assam. resulted in the revolt of the Gomdhar According to 1911-21 census report of Konwar and Piyoli Phukan in1828 and 1830 Assam 12, 90,157 were immigrants. As respectively, demanding removal of the Myron Weiner observes, the immigration
Volume III Issue I: January 2015 (103) Editor-In-Chief: Prof. K.N. Shelke www.rersearch-chronicler.com Research Chronicler ISSN-2347-503X International Multidisciplinary Research journal had changed social structure, economy and products made common people irresistible. influenced educational scenario of Assam. Moreover, the ban on poppy cultivation and Due to immigration into Assam from rumour about tax on areca- nuts and betel different areas, through assimilation of the leaves worked up common people‟s native and immigrant people a socio-cultural sentiment. In 1861, rāij mels were organised harmony had grown up in Assam. among the peasants of Phulaguri in Nagaon The extension of tea- gardens had increased district and later on, in the districts of the demand of coal as it was essential to run Kamrup and Darrang. In subsequent periods the factories. The Assam Company which in the place of rāij-mels, the ryot sabhās was originally formed for trading tea in were came into appearance to protest against Assam discovered coal in Assam. In 1892, enhancement of land revenues. In 1885, Indian National Congress was established by W.H. Cheethem visited Assam and reported about the good quality and high value of Lord Hume to protest the government in a constitutional manner. A number of Assam coal. Along with coal, since 1866 digging of oil wells were also started in Assamese people were also interested in the Assam. Finally The Assam Railway and way of congress. In the same decade, in Trading Company discovered oil at Digboi 1886, the Jorhāt Sārbajanik Sabhā was and the first oil well was completed in 1890. established with Raja Naranarayan Singha In 1901 the first oil refinery of India was as the president and Jagannath Barua as the established at Digboi. Thus, the Assam secretary. The sabhā strongly criticised the Company pioneered in all the ventures of British policy regarding land revenue. exploring minerals and expanding the Among these growing socially aware socio- commerce sector in Assam. In the later political organisations The Assam decades these ventures not only influenced Association (1903) and Assam Students the economy but also the socio- cultural life Association (Asam Chātra Sanmilan, 1916) of the province. were generating patriotism and social responsibility among people. During this On the other hand, the new revenue system period, some literary organisations such as, troubled the peasants with land taxes of Assam National Welfare Society (Asam higher rate. The poor people surrendered Desh Hitoisinī Sabhā, 1855), Assamese themselves to their fate and habit of taking Literary Society (Asamīyā Sāhitya Charā, opium made a section of people indolent. 1872) and Assamese Literary Society The opium affected Assamese society to a (Asamīyā Sāhitya Sabhā or Asamīyā Chātrar large extant. Anandaram Dhekial Phukan in Sāhitya Sabhā, 1872) were also formed to his memorial pointed out that since the generate nationalism among the native annexation of British little perceptible people of the province. Besides, change had been affected the condition of establishment of Cotton College in 1901, the Assamese people. Increase of land publication of The Honey (Mau) by revenue, imposition of the Stamp Duties in Bolinarayan Bora and The Friend of Assam 1858, income tax in 1860 and other taxes (Āsām Bandhu)) by Gunabhiram Barua like license tax for utilisation of forest
Volume III Issue I: January 2015 (104) Editor-In-Chief: Prof. K.N. Shelke www.rersearch-chronicler.com Research Chronicler ISSN-2347-503X International Multidisciplinary Research journal helped to promote lingual nationalism in a poet of love and youth, the patriotism and Assam. critique on the pseudo patriot are expressed. In this socio-cultural background the literary Following the advent of the British power to creation in Assamese language in the earlier preach Christianity, the American Baptist part of the nineteenth century had been Missionaries came into Assam in the third frozen. But in the later part of the nineteenth decade of the nineteen century. The century Assamese literature was illuminated Missionaries not only dealt with preaching with sense of patriotism. Love and respect Christianity but also gave emphasis on for the motherland is expressed in diverge education by establishing schools and ways in romantic poetry. Chandrakumar publishing grammar, lexicon and textbooks Agarwalla‟s respect for the motherland, on natural science and arithmetic etc. to greatness and fascination towards beauty enrich Assamese language. The American come into light in several poems included in Baptist Missionaries had also taken initiative the poetry collection The Idol (Pratimā). in publication of the first Assamese Agarwalla‟s contemporary Lakshminath newspaper Orunodoi (The Sun Rising, Bezbaroa didn‟t consider himself as a better 1846). Orunodoi has provided a platform to poet but, behind his life time achievement a host of emerging Assamese writers. the inspiration of nationalism was at the Through Orunodoi, the American most. In “My Nation” (“Mor Desh”), Missionaries also tried to propagate the idea “Motherland” (“Janambhumi”), “The Song of social reform. It is evident in the writings of Assam” (“Asam Sangīt”), The Song of like the death of an opium eating woman the Brahmaputra” (“Brahmaputra Sangīt”), (May, 1846), description of wine (June, “The Bard” (“Bīn Borāgī”) etc. his love for 1846), education in the childhood (May, the motherland has been expressed. In 1847), evils of bribery (May, 1853) etc. Ambikagari Raichoudhury‟s poetry In 1837 Bengali language had been declared patriotism appears in a revolutionary way. as the official language of Assam province. His love for the motherland is scattered in After the annexation of Assam by British poetry collections The Feeling (Anubhuti), many Bengali educated people migrated into The Meteor of Ache (Bedanār Ulkā), Nation Assam to hold different official jobs under is the God (Desei Bhagavān), songs the British administration. Under the collection and prose writings. Love and misguidance of Bengali officials the British respect for the motherland is expressed also administration took Assamese language as a in Nalibala Devi‟s poem “Motherland” byproduct of Bengali language. Some (“Janambhumi”), “Worship of Mother” historians observe that the Bengali officials (“Mātri Bandanā”), “The Freedom” worked under British administration are (“Swādhinatā”) etc. and in Ganesh Gogoi‟s responsible for provoking British officials to “Our Nation” (“Āmār Desh”). Besides, in introduce Bengali language as medium of “My Nation” (“Mor Desh”) and “Lāchit instruction in schools and courts of Assam. Phukan” of Devakanta Borua who is chiefly But, any particular Bengali official cannot be accused for it. Another point to note that,
Volume III Issue I: January 2015 (105) Editor-In-Chief: Prof. K.N. Shelke www.rersearch-chronicler.com Research Chronicler ISSN-2347-503X International Multidisciplinary Research journal when the British occupied Assam, they had features and the scientific and critical spirit not declared it as a separate state; rather they of English education enable them to reassess annexed Assam to Bengal presidency. and re-examine their literature and culture. Therefore, Assam became a part of Bengal. This middle class was as Macaulay pointed In 1837 the government according to the Act out „Indian in blood and colour but English 29, made the provincial language of British in taste, in opinions, in morals and in India as the medium of administration and intellect.‟ As Macaulay supposed the judiciary in the concerned province. As representative figures of emerging Assamese Assam had been a part of Bengal, therefore, middle class Anandaram Dhekial Phukan, Bengali was chosen as the medium of Hemchandra Barua, Gunabhiram Borua of instruction in schools and courts of Assam. the mid nineteenth century and Padmanath Gohainbarua, Hemchandra Goswami and The process of mobilization of Assamese language was started with the coming of the Lakshminath Bezbaroa of the later part of the nineteenth century also expressed their American Baptist Missionaries into Assam in 1836. They raised their voice with gratitude in their writings towards British documents and evidence against British Empire. The positive effect of this government for the wrong language policy westernization was that it let the educated by which the British forced Bengali Assamese to know about the orthodoxy and language on Assamese people. Andaram superstitions prevailing in the society. H. K. Dhekial Phukan in his A Few Remarks on Borpujari points out two basic consequences the Assamese Language and on Vernacular of the expanding new economy in Assam, at Education in Assam (1855) and A. J. Moffat first, it modified the rigidity of caste system Mills in Report on the Province of Assam and secondly, it removed although slowly (1854) supported the American Baptist some traditional beliefs and prejudices. Missionaries in this context. The American Nineteenth century‟s elite persons like Baptist Missionaries along with Anadaram Anandaram Dhekial Phukan, Hemchandra Dhekial Phukan had fought to establish and Barua, Gunabhiram Barua had openly rehabilitate Assamese language in its own criticized the prejudices and superstitions prevailing in the contemporary society. This place and in 1872 Assamese language was trio of the mid-nineteenth century Assam replaced as official language of Assam. represented the character and attitude of the The rise of the middle class in the nineteen new emerging educated middle class. century colonial Assam was a matter of Anandaram Dhekial Phukan has been importance in socio-economic context. The compared with Raja Rammohan Roy of education, monetary economy and the new Bengal for his contribution towards system of employment under the British reformations in Assam. Anadaram Dhekial government paved the way for emergence of Phukan became an inspiration for the middle class in Assam. The newly Gunabhiram Barua and others of his age. emerging middle class elite were aware of The writings of Gunabhiram Barua the dynamic nature of the western published in Orunodoi under the pseudonym civilisation, eagerly accepted its salient
Volume III Issue I: January 2015 (106) Editor-In-Chief: Prof. K.N. Shelke www.rersearch-chronicler.com Research Chronicler ISSN-2347-503X International Multidisciplinary Research journal „Ejan Asamīyā Lok‟ are infused with the poets. In “The Necessity of Life” indirect expressions of patriotic feelings. (“Jīvanar Prayojan”) the nationalistic and His social responsibility is exhibited in the revolutionary urges of the poet Ambikagiri play Rām-Navamī where he tackles the issue Raichoudhury is expressed. Nalinibala Devi of widowhood. Rām-Navamī also also in “Lakhmīnāth” (Parashmoni ) inaugurated the secular play tradition in criticises Assamese people for adopting Assamese literature. Hemchandra Barua Bengali culture. The non-cooperation who is designated by Dimbeswar Neog as movement under the leadership of Mahatma the „unofficial dictator‟ of the Assamese Gandhi that swept all over Assam served the language of his time, also has got inspiration background of many poems of Nalinibala from his predecessors Anadaram Dhekial Devi. Her anthologies The Touchstone Phukan and the American Baptist (Parashmoni), The God of the Era Missionary Union of Assam. (Jugadevatā) and The Awakening (Jāgriti) consist poems packed with nationalistic In the middle part of the nineteenth century some aristocratic Assamese people came fervour. Besides them, most of the poets of into touch with new awakening Bengal. the later part of the nineteenth century and During this period the feudal society first part of the twentieth century are moved gradually had transformed into a semi-urban by a strong nationalistic zeal. society. In the same time, Assamese middle During the nineteenth century two important class people tried to follow lifestyle of processes took place in Assam, educated Bengalis; as a result of which a westernisation and Bengalisation. After cultural-lingual self oblivion had grown up. taking up the charge of Assam, British In Autobiography (Ātmajīvan Charit), annexed Assam with Bengal presidency. Hemchandra Barua writes that in those days The British administration had began in „everyone hates his mother tongue‟. Bengal after the Battle of Plassey in 1757 However, towards the end of the first half of A.D., when Assam was still an independent the nineteenth century, a sense of state and it was ruled by Āhom king nationalism was infused among the middle Rajeswar Singha. Long before Assam, class Assamese people. This spirit of Bengal came into contact with English life nationalism inspired the writers of the later and culture as a consequence of which a part of the nineteenth century to be more current of modernism was gradually vocal in regard of the Assamese language developed in early nineteenth century and literature. Their consciousness towards Bengal. Drinking, dancing and dinning in a language and literature shows their sense of European style, westernised Hindustani nationalism. The idealistic view of the trio in music, use of luxury articles, art objects, the time of appearance of The Moonlit textiles, furniture were the effects of social (Jonāki) and the objectives of Assamese change. During this period, Calcutta Language Development Society (Asamīya emerged as the nerve centre of the political Bhāsā Unnati Sādhinī Sabhā in short and cultural India. The western literature, ABUSS) exhibits the nationalistic attitude of culture and civilization entered through the
Volume III Issue I: January 2015 (107) Editor-In-Chief: Prof. K.N. Shelke www.rersearch-chronicler.com Research Chronicler ISSN-2347-503X International Multidisciplinary Research journal corridor of communication with the west. Dwijendralal Roy had a powerful impact on The Bengali society as well as literature was the sensitive young minds of Assamese in influenced by the western idealism. In the Calcutta. Anandaram Dhekial Phukan, one social sector, importance was given on of the prominent educated middle class removing superstitions and prejudices figures of the mid-nineteenth century was prevailing in the society. Thus, the deeply inspired by the Young Bengal group education, literature and industrialisation in Calcutta and wished to have such a group changed the oriental mind of the Bengali of youngsters in Assam also. He knew, like people in early nineteenth century. many other contemporary Assamese elite During this period some social institutions people that British administration was grew up with a mission to reform the necessary for the improvement of the state at par excellence to Bengal. Anadaram Dhekial society. One such organisation was, Young Bengal group formed by Henry Vivian Phukan inspired other Assamese middle class people such as, Hemchandra Barua and Derozio, a professor of Hindu College, Calcutta. Derozio inspired his students to Gunabhiram Barua who took prominent protest against the prevailing traditional roles in inculcating European thought, values, religious prejudices and education, natural science, history, superstitions. He founded the Academic geography in Assam. Gunabhiram Barua Association in 1928, where discussions were was a ardent follower of Brahmo Samaj. He held on the prominent stalwarts of the ardently supported the Widow Remarriage western literature, culture and philosophy. Act which was passed on 1856 in India. In On the other hand, Brahmo Samaj was the same year Umesh Chandra Mitra wrote a established by Raja Rammohan Roy in a play Bidhabā Bibāh centred on the theme of mission to reform orthodoxy in Hindu widow remarriage. Gunabhiram Barua was religion. Some other eminent persons of deeply inspired by the play and he wrote the Bengal including Akshay Dutta, Bhudev play Rām- Navamī on the same theme Mukhopadhyay, Iswarchandra Vidyasagar, which was appeared in Orunodoi in 1857. Pyarimohan Sarkar, Rajnarayan Basu, The play was a strong protest against the contemporary social injustices towards Ramtanu Lahiri etc. contributed in their women. His deeper sincerity towards ways in reformation of Bengal. These social idealism was later on expressed when he activities helped to promote and generate ideas among Bengali people. married a Brahmin widow after the death of his first wife. Moreover, Gunabhiram Barua The works of Bengali reformers had been a was inspired by Iswarchandra Vidyasagar. source of inspiration for Assamese people He carried on the liberal ideas and modern then living in Calcutta. Introduction with outlook of Vidyasagar into Assam. English education and western thought had changed their age long believes, values and In this social background the Assamese students who went to Calcutta for higher concepts. The stirring public speeches of the Bengali leaders like Surendra Nath education were inspired by the works of Bengali social reformers and intelligentsia Benarjee, Rabindranth Tagore and
Volume III Issue I: January 2015 (108) Editor-In-Chief: Prof. K.N. Shelke www.rersearch-chronicler.com Research Chronicler ISSN-2347-503X International Multidisciplinary Research journal for their society, language and literature. prominent society. During the British period Two other factors- women education and the agricultural economy slowly diminished political movement also attracted the young and had paved the way for a monetary students. At the same time, they were pained economy. The economic changes brought to see the degraded position of Assamese change to the educational scenario of language in their mother land. As a result of Assam. The newly educated middle class which, Asamīyā Bhāsā Unnati Sādhinī played a prominent role in reforming the Sabhā (ABUSS) was formed in 1888 with a social evils and prejudices. In other words, view to develop Assamese language and they initiated the process of modernisation literature to the highest level of excellence. of Assamese society. Introduction to the Finally, the mouthpiece of ABUSS Jonākī, western literature and contact with the published in 1889 ushered in the romantic prominent figures of Bengal Renaissance period in Assamese literature. infused patriotism, nationalism along with the sense of equality and liberty among the Analysis of the social background of Assamese romantic poetry reveals that some elites of Assam. Thus, the contemporary factors are working behind its growth and social background of Assam helped to development. Among them the changes in germinate the seeds of romanticism in the economic and political sectors are Assamese literature.
References: 1. Nagen Saikia. Background of Modern Assamese Literature, pp. 21-31 2. H. K. Borpujari. Comprehensive History of Assam, Vol.-I, p.51 3. Nagen Saikia. op. cit., p.79 4. H. K. Borpujari. op. cit., p.51 5. “Distribution and Movement of Population.” Census of India. Web. 25 January, 2014.
Volume III Issue I: January 2015 (109) Editor-In-Chief: Prof. K.N. Shelke www.rersearch-chronicler.com Research Chronicler ISSN-2347-503X International Multidisciplinary Research journal 17. Prafull Mahanta. Madhyabitta Srenir Itihās, p.163.
Bibliography: 1. Barpujari, H. K., ed. The Comprehensive History of Assam, Vol.-III., Guwahati: Publication Board Assam, 1994. Print. 2. Mahanta, Prafulla. Asomīyā Madhyabitta Shreneer Itihās, 2nd edn., Guwahati: Lawyer‟s Book Stall, 2009. Print. 3. Misra, Tilottoma. Literature and Society in Assam, A study of the Assamese Renaisance 1826-1926, New Delhi: Omsons Publication, 1987. Print. 4. Phukan, Jyotimala Gohain, Asamīyā Ramanyāsik Sāhitya, 1st edn. Namrup: Rupantar Prakashan, February, 2004. Print. 5. Saikia, Nagen, ed. Jonākī, Guwahati: Assam Sahitya Sabha, 2001. Print. 6. Background of Modern Assamese Literature, 2nd revised edn., Guwahati: Purbanchal 7. Sharma, Satyendranath. Asamīyā Sāhityar Samītkhātmak Itibitta, 9th edn., Guwahati: Saumar Prakash, 2009. Print. 8. Talukdar, Nanda, ed. Ānandarām Dhekiāl Phukan Rachanā Samagra, Guwahati, 1977. Print. 9. Assam and the 19th Century, Guwahati: Bhabani Books; Guwahati: Nanda Talukdar Foundation. November, 2012. Print.
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